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Photo by Russell Lee, 1942.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 164px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans-164x253.jpg\" alt=\"By McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942\" width=\"164\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WWII poster by McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Matt Shipman - Raleigh, NC\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States was very good at recycling during World War II. It was our patriotic duty. Families brought everything from scrap metal to old tires in to collection centers where they were used to make supplies for the war effort. But when the war ended, so did recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the late 1940s to the early 1970s, Americans were making (and buying) things but not recycling them. We made refrigerators the size of cars and cars the size of boats. And when a product was broken, or even if it wasn’t, it was thrown away. Used cars, refrigerators, mountains of cans, and countless other household products found their way into junkyards and landfills. Now, we may want them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: resources, such as metals, are becoming more and more expensive. A pound of copper set you back less than a dollar in 2000. Since then, copper prices have more than tripled, reaching a high of $3.92 per pound in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is likely that, in the distant future, landfills will become very valuable sources of many raw materials,” says Jamie Caswell, a spokesperson for the National Mining Association. “We are not there yet, though -- at least not in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other countries \u003cstrong>are \u003c/strong>there. The Belgian waste management company Group Machiels has \u003ca href=\"http://www.machiels.com/company-detail.aspx?ID=885c55e0-f3b6-4fe6-aa25-1fa7bfc312dd\">announced plans\u003c/a> to mine a landfill east of Brussels. Group Machiels estimates that 45 percent of the material in the landfill can be recycled, with the remainder to be converted into gas that can be used as a fuel source -- calling to mind images of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HYoq6vIVXc\">Doc Brown fueling his time machine\u003c/a> in the film \u003cstrong>Back to the Future\u003c/strong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The process, called \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/plasma-converter.htm\">plasmification\u003c/a>, uses extremely high temperatures to break organic material down into a sort of synthetic version of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57448\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Trashmore encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: King Kong 911 (link to flickr page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Trashmore Park encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\">King Kong 911\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What obstacles exist to landfill mining in the United States? For one thing, many older landfill sites have been developed, making them essentially inaccessible for mining operations. For example, in the 1970s, a landfill in Virginia Beach, Virginia was turned into a popular 165-acre recreation area called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks-trails/city-parks/Pages/mount-trashmore-park.aspx\">Mount Trashmore Park. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is the lack of precedent: with no federal landfill-mining laws on the books, there is uncertainty about how the process might be regulated. And companies hate uncertainty -- it’s hard to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, as any fan of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_Wars\">\u003cstrong>Storage Wars\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>will tell you, there is always a risk when bidding on something sight unseen. Companies want assurance that they will turn a profit, and that depends on what exactly is buried in a landfill. If it contains a lot of metal, it might be a good investment. If it’s full of old sofas and polystyrene fast-food containers, it is more likely to lose money. And if the mining uncovers asbestos or other hazardous materials, a company could find itself saddled with the costly task of disposing of hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that we don’t have a lot of information about what exactly is in our landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is only in recent years that accurate knowledge, and then only in broad terms, is available to assess what wastes a landfill site may contain,” according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iswa.org%2Findex.php%3FeID%3Dtx_iswaknowledgebase_download%26documentUid%3D3154&ei=RFK7UbmTOY3w8ATiiYCIAQ&usg=AFQjCNERHnQyaTPdML4wUfOagculUy4swg&sig2=y_S9E-f\">an issue paper\u003c/a> on landfill mining released by the International Solid Waste Association. And since those evaluation techniques are essential to estimate both profit and risk, they may need to improve before companies opt to pursue landfill mining in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if the cost of metals continues to rise, some companies may decide the risk is worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We made use of old materials in the 1940s because it was the patriotic thing to do. We may do the same in the 21st century because it is the practical thing to do. It might even be profitable, and there’s nothing more American than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 535px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57451 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image-535x360.jpg\" alt=\"UN Photo/Evan Schneider\" width=\"535\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Americans generate 250 million tons of trash each year, according to the EPA. United Nations photo by Evan Schneider\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57421\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57421\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lee, Russell, 1903-1986, photographer.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World War II salvage site in Butte, Montana. Photo by Russell Lee, 1942.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 164px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans-164x253.jpg\" alt=\"By McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942\" width=\"164\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WWII poster by McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Matt Shipman - Raleigh, NC\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States was very good at recycling during World War II. It was our patriotic duty. Families brought everything from scrap metal to old tires in to collection centers where they were used to make supplies for the war effort. But when the war ended, so did recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the late 1940s to the early 1970s, Americans were making (and buying) things but not recycling them. We made refrigerators the size of cars and cars the size of boats. And when a product was broken, or even if it wasn’t, it was thrown away. Used cars, refrigerators, mountains of cans, and countless other household products found their way into junkyards and landfills. Now, we may want them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: resources, such as metals, are becoming more and more expensive. A pound of copper set you back less than a dollar in 2000. Since then, copper prices have more than tripled, reaching a high of $3.92 per pound in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is likely that, in the distant future, landfills will become very valuable sources of many raw materials,” says Jamie Caswell, a spokesperson for the National Mining Association. “We are not there yet, though -- at least not in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other countries \u003cstrong>are \u003c/strong>there. The Belgian waste management company Group Machiels has \u003ca href=\"http://www.machiels.com/company-detail.aspx?ID=885c55e0-f3b6-4fe6-aa25-1fa7bfc312dd\">announced plans\u003c/a> to mine a landfill east of Brussels. Group Machiels estimates that 45 percent of the material in the landfill can be recycled, with the remainder to be converted into gas that can be used as a fuel source -- calling to mind images of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HYoq6vIVXc\">Doc Brown fueling his time machine\u003c/a> in the film \u003cstrong>Back to the Future\u003c/strong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The process, called \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/plasma-converter.htm\">plasmification\u003c/a>, uses extremely high temperatures to break organic material down into a sort of synthetic version of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57448\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Trashmore encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: King Kong 911 (link to flickr page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Trashmore Park encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\">King Kong 911\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What obstacles exist to landfill mining in the United States? For one thing, many older landfill sites have been developed, making them essentially inaccessible for mining operations. For example, in the 1970s, a landfill in Virginia Beach, Virginia was turned into a popular 165-acre recreation area called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks-trails/city-parks/Pages/mount-trashmore-park.aspx\">Mount Trashmore Park. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is the lack of precedent: with no federal landfill-mining laws on the books, there is uncertainty about how the process might be regulated. And companies hate uncertainty -- it’s hard to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, as any fan of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_Wars\">\u003cstrong>Storage Wars\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>will tell you, there is always a risk when bidding on something sight unseen. Companies want assurance that they will turn a profit, and that depends on what exactly is buried in a landfill. If it contains a lot of metal, it might be a good investment. If it’s full of old sofas and polystyrene fast-food containers, it is more likely to lose money. And if the mining uncovers asbestos or other hazardous materials, a company could find itself saddled with the costly task of disposing of hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that we don’t have a lot of information about what exactly is in our landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is only in recent years that accurate knowledge, and then only in broad terms, is available to assess what wastes a landfill site may contain,” according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iswa.org%2Findex.php%3FeID%3Dtx_iswaknowledgebase_download%26documentUid%3D3154&ei=RFK7UbmTOY3w8ATiiYCIAQ&usg=AFQjCNERHnQyaTPdML4wUfOagculUy4swg&sig2=y_S9E-f\">an issue paper\u003c/a> on landfill mining released by the International Solid Waste Association. And since those evaluation techniques are essential to estimate both profit and risk, they may need to improve before companies opt to pursue landfill mining in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if the cost of metals continues to rise, some companies may decide the risk is worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We made use of old materials in the 1940s because it was the patriotic thing to do. We may do the same in the 21st century because it is the practical thing to do. It might even be profitable, and there’s nothing more American than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 535px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57451 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image-535x360.jpg\" alt=\"UN Photo/Evan Schneider\" width=\"535\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Americans generate 250 million tons of trash each year, according to the EPA. United Nations photo by Evan Schneider\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis",
"title": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis",
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"content": "\u003cp>You could crawl through Sacramento during rush hour on your way to (or from) Reno and Tahoe, or you could take a 36-mile side trip through water, history, greenery and geology in the granite lands and early gold country of Folsom. Here's the route as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsommap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png\" alt=\"folsommap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this side trip, turn off I-80 just west of Sacramento onto US 50. This point is the western end of US 50; you can stay on that historic route past South Lake Tahoe and across Nevada to reach the Atlantic at Ocean City, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Route 50 starts at sea level and stays on the level ground of the Central Valley, following the American River toward the mountains. Twenty miles later you've climbed just 130 feet. All of the ups and downs of the road are related to interchanges and overcrossings, not topography. You won't see it from the highway, but most of the ground is gravel tailings, piled up over decades of gold mining in the bed of the American River. The river course is open to the public in Sacramento County's \u003ca href=\"http://www.msa2.saccounty.net/parks/Pages/RegionalParksDetails.aspx?pn=American%20River%20Parkway\">American River Parkway\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Hazel Avenue, 21 miles into the drive, exit and turn left (just above the \"E\" in Gold River on the map). It's a few hundred yards to the Nimbus Fish Hatchery, which has been here since the 1950s. You can tour the hatchery, or you can sit and watch the river flow. The last dam on the river, the relatively low Nimbus Dam, is just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-hatchery/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53746\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg\" alt=\"Nimbus Fish Hatchery\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And here we finally have topography, and rocks. The rock in the cliffs is mapped as the Turlock Lake Formation, which consists of sandstone and siltstone about a half million years old. At that time the rising Sierra Nevada was shedding this sediment in vast fan-shaped aprons up and down the eastern Central Valley. The wonderful \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">fossil beds of the Fairmead Landfill site\u003c/a>, down by Chowchilla, are in this formation, but no one has reported anything like that around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Return to US 50, go east another mile, and take Folsom Boulevard north. Now let's look at the geologic map of the route (derived from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">State Geologic Map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png\" alt=\"folsomgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turlock Lake Formation makes up most of the area marked QPc, and the pink area is granite. That's what you'll see in the northern half of this side trip, between the towns of Folsom and Loomis. But first you pass a high pile of clean boulder gravel, two miles from US 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgravel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg\" alt=\"folsomgravel\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a tiny bit of the tailings left behind by the gold syndicates, much of it over a century ago. Pull over if you can and climb on it. Folsom began as a gold-rush town, and if you have the time there's a lot of history to explore. Along here you'll also catch glimpses of the sprawling, monumental \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom Dam\u003c/a>, built in the 1950s for flood control and power generation. Folsom Lake behind it is a major outdoor asset for the capital region. There are several opportunities along the route to visit the lake and wet your feet in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=500\">Folsom Lake State Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Folsom, the road will take you all the way to Auburn if you like, but we'll leave it at the town of Granite Bay and take Laird Road north to I-80 at Loomis. This is the pleasant, green part of the drive. By now you've surely noticed the abundant granite boulders and outcrops. They're all part of the Rocklin Pluton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-granite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg\" alt=\"folsom-granite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same rock that makes up the High Sierra, but here it's humble and charming instead of grand and rugged. If it were lifted up three miles and sculpted by erosion for a few million years, it would look like Yosemite. The Rocklin Pluton is an outlier, far to the west of most Sierran granitic intrusions. Its high-quality stone, so convenient to rail and river shipping, was first quarried early during statehood and has been used in public buildings and industrial infrastructure ever since. To get deeper into the subject, once back on I-80 you can take the next exit, Penryn Road, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/\">visit the old Griffith Quarry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An hour of crowded freeway or a jaunt through granite, greenery and history? The choice is yours.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You could crawl through Sacramento during rush hour on your way to (or from) Reno and Tahoe, or you could take a 36-mile side trip through water, history, greenery and geology in the granite lands and early gold country of Folsom. Here's the route as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsommap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png\" alt=\"folsommap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this side trip, turn off I-80 just west of Sacramento onto US 50. This point is the western end of US 50; you can stay on that historic route past South Lake Tahoe and across Nevada to reach the Atlantic at Ocean City, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Route 50 starts at sea level and stays on the level ground of the Central Valley, following the American River toward the mountains. Twenty miles later you've climbed just 130 feet. All of the ups and downs of the road are related to interchanges and overcrossings, not topography. You won't see it from the highway, but most of the ground is gravel tailings, piled up over decades of gold mining in the bed of the American River. The river course is open to the public in Sacramento County's \u003ca href=\"http://www.msa2.saccounty.net/parks/Pages/RegionalParksDetails.aspx?pn=American%20River%20Parkway\">American River Parkway\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Hazel Avenue, 21 miles into the drive, exit and turn left (just above the \"E\" in Gold River on the map). It's a few hundred yards to the Nimbus Fish Hatchery, which has been here since the 1950s. You can tour the hatchery, or you can sit and watch the river flow. The last dam on the river, the relatively low Nimbus Dam, is just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-hatchery/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53746\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg\" alt=\"Nimbus Fish Hatchery\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And here we finally have topography, and rocks. The rock in the cliffs is mapped as the Turlock Lake Formation, which consists of sandstone and siltstone about a half million years old. At that time the rising Sierra Nevada was shedding this sediment in vast fan-shaped aprons up and down the eastern Central Valley. The wonderful \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">fossil beds of the Fairmead Landfill site\u003c/a>, down by Chowchilla, are in this formation, but no one has reported anything like that around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Return to US 50, go east another mile, and take Folsom Boulevard north. Now let's look at the geologic map of the route (derived from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">State Geologic Map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png\" alt=\"folsomgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turlock Lake Formation makes up most of the area marked QPc, and the pink area is granite. That's what you'll see in the northern half of this side trip, between the towns of Folsom and Loomis. But first you pass a high pile of clean boulder gravel, two miles from US 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgravel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg\" alt=\"folsomgravel\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a tiny bit of the tailings left behind by the gold syndicates, much of it over a century ago. Pull over if you can and climb on it. Folsom began as a gold-rush town, and if you have the time there's a lot of history to explore. Along here you'll also catch glimpses of the sprawling, monumental \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom Dam\u003c/a>, built in the 1950s for flood control and power generation. Folsom Lake behind it is a major outdoor asset for the capital region. There are several opportunities along the route to visit the lake and wet your feet in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=500\">Folsom Lake State Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Folsom, the road will take you all the way to Auburn if you like, but we'll leave it at the town of Granite Bay and take Laird Road north to I-80 at Loomis. This is the pleasant, green part of the drive. By now you've surely noticed the abundant granite boulders and outcrops. They're all part of the Rocklin Pluton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-granite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg\" alt=\"folsom-granite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same rock that makes up the High Sierra, but here it's humble and charming instead of grand and rugged. If it were lifted up three miles and sculpted by erosion for a few million years, it would look like Yosemite. The Rocklin Pluton is an outlier, far to the west of most Sierran granitic intrusions. Its high-quality stone, so convenient to rail and river shipping, was first quarried early during statehood and has been used in public buildings and industrial infrastructure ever since. To get deeper into the subject, once back on I-80 you can take the next exit, Penryn Road, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/\">visit the old Griffith Quarry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Landslide at the Calaveras Reservoir",
"title": "Landslide at the Calaveras Reservoir",
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"content": "\u003cp>Big construction projects are rarely straightforward. The new San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is a prime example, thanks to unexpected problems with the steel. But there, at least, nature was not to blame. This week a long-running dam project made the news when a geological discovery forced the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to move millions of dollars around and push back its schedule by three years. Big excavations are like exploratory surgery, no matter how carefully planned, because mapping the underground is never certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir dam, east of Milpitas, is a massive earthen structure built across Calaveras Creek in 1925. These traditional dam designs are generally robust—the Crystal Springs Reservoir on the Peninsula has one that easily weathered the 1906 earthquake while the fault moved beneath it. However, the Calaveras Dam needed more work. The reservoir needs to be a reliable six-month backup water supply in case the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct is out of action. And what could damage the aqueduct? Among other things, a major earthquake on the Calaveras fault, which happens to run right under the Calaveras Reservoir next to the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan for meeting this dire scenario was to build a new dam just downstream of the old one. It will use the existing hills on either side of the creek as buttresses and be largely made of the rock excavated from the hills. The work was proceeding without incident until June of last year when excavators on the western buttress found signs of a huge, ancient landslide in the Temblor Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting into the hillslope under those circumstances would risk reactivating the slide, which could endanger the workers and threaten the new dam ever afterward. So now they will cut deeper to create a shallower slope, producing about a million and a half cubic yards of extra rubble and pushing the construction schedule back three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a view of the project as seen looking south from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a> in July 2012. The reservoir, its water level drawn down for safety reasons, is just visible between the two cuts making up the buttresses for the new dam. The cut on the left (the right bank of Calaveras Creek) is in bluish metamorphic rock of the Franciscan Complex, and the cut on the right is in the much younger brown sandstone of the Temblor Formation. (The chopped-up hill in the middle is downstream from the dam site; the creek runs around it on the left side.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg\" alt=\"Calaveras Dam project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53214\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The hill on the right, where the landslide was discovered, is Observation Hill. Both it and the smaller hill at center are composed of Temblor Formation sandstone. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The landslide was discovered in the Temblor Formation. Here's the part of the Alameda County geologic map that covers the area. The photo above was taken from roughly the \"25\" mark at the top of the map. The solid black lines running north-south down the middle are major strands of the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53215\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png\" alt=\"Geologic map of the Calaveras Dam area.\" width=\"600\" height=\"341\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53215\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap-400x227.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From oldest to youngest: KJfm, Franciscan melange; Ks, sandstone of Cretaceous age; Ttem, Temblor Formation (Miocene age); Tcs, Claremont Shale (cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Monterey Formation\u003c/a>); To, Oursan Sandstone; Tbr, Briones Formation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amended dam plan, filed with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission last December, shows an east-west cross section of the dam site. The extra digging will happen on the left side to create a slope that is less steep and more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53216\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamdiagram/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53216\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\" width=\"600\" height=\"337\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have to say a little about the Temblor Formation, which occurs mostly in the southern Central Valley beneath the Monterey Formation. It gets its name from the Temblor Range, where its type section was described. And the Temblor Range got its name after the great 1857 earthquake ripped through the area. It's a coarse-grained marine sandstone full of fossils, and this spot appears to be its northernmost outcrop—right next to another earthquake fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Temblor is strong stone, but landslides can affect any kind of rock if it's fractured enough. And around major faults like the Calaveras, everything can be assumed to be fractured. The mountains of the Bay Area look beautiful and strong, but watch them for a few thousand years and you'll find them rather crumbly. Alternatively, scientists with the right equipment can survey the ground with millimeter precision. In the Bay Area's steeper hills they have detected many large, old landslides that are creeping very slowly, as they have for centuries. Maybe the landslide at the dam site was just pausing for breath. Better for the Calaveras Reservoir project to get this one out of the way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Big construction projects are rarely straightforward. The new San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is a prime example, thanks to unexpected problems with the steel. But there, at least, nature was not to blame. This week a long-running dam project made the news when a geological discovery forced the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to move millions of dollars around and push back its schedule by three years. Big excavations are like exploratory surgery, no matter how carefully planned, because mapping the underground is never certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir dam, east of Milpitas, is a massive earthen structure built across Calaveras Creek in 1925. These traditional dam designs are generally robust—the Crystal Springs Reservoir on the Peninsula has one that easily weathered the 1906 earthquake while the fault moved beneath it. However, the Calaveras Dam needed more work. The reservoir needs to be a reliable six-month backup water supply in case the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct is out of action. And what could damage the aqueduct? Among other things, a major earthquake on the Calaveras fault, which happens to run right under the Calaveras Reservoir next to the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan for meeting this dire scenario was to build a new dam just downstream of the old one. It will use the existing hills on either side of the creek as buttresses and be largely made of the rock excavated from the hills. The work was proceeding without incident until June of last year when excavators on the western buttress found signs of a huge, ancient landslide in the Temblor Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting into the hillslope under those circumstances would risk reactivating the slide, which could endanger the workers and threaten the new dam ever afterward. So now they will cut deeper to create a shallower slope, producing about a million and a half cubic yards of extra rubble and pushing the construction schedule back three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a view of the project as seen looking south from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a> in July 2012. The reservoir, its water level drawn down for safety reasons, is just visible between the two cuts making up the buttresses for the new dam. The cut on the left (the right bank of Calaveras Creek) is in bluish metamorphic rock of the Franciscan Complex, and the cut on the right is in the much younger brown sandstone of the Temblor Formation. (The chopped-up hill in the middle is downstream from the dam site; the creek runs around it on the left side.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg\" alt=\"Calaveras Dam project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53214\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The hill on the right, where the landslide was discovered, is Observation Hill. Both it and the smaller hill at center are composed of Temblor Formation sandstone. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The landslide was discovered in the Temblor Formation. Here's the part of the Alameda County geologic map that covers the area. The photo above was taken from roughly the \"25\" mark at the top of the map. The solid black lines running north-south down the middle are major strands of the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53215\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png\" alt=\"Geologic map of the Calaveras Dam area.\" width=\"600\" height=\"341\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53215\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap-400x227.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From oldest to youngest: KJfm, Franciscan melange; Ks, sandstone of Cretaceous age; Ttem, Temblor Formation (Miocene age); Tcs, Claremont Shale (cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Monterey Formation\u003c/a>); To, Oursan Sandstone; Tbr, Briones Formation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amended dam plan, filed with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission last December, shows an east-west cross section of the dam site. The extra digging will happen on the left side to create a slope that is less steep and more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53216\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamdiagram/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53216\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\" width=\"600\" height=\"337\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have to say a little about the Temblor Formation, which occurs mostly in the southern Central Valley beneath the Monterey Formation. It gets its name from the Temblor Range, where its type section was described. And the Temblor Range got its name after the great 1857 earthquake ripped through the area. It's a coarse-grained marine sandstone full of fossils, and this spot appears to be its northernmost outcrop—right next to another earthquake fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Temblor is strong stone, but landslides can affect any kind of rock if it's fractured enough. And around major faults like the Calaveras, everything can be assumed to be fractured. The mountains of the Bay Area look beautiful and strong, but watch them for a few thousand years and you'll find them rather crumbly. Alternatively, scientists with the right equipment can survey the ground with millimeter precision. In the Bay Area's steeper hills they have detected many large, old landslides that are creeping very slowly, as they have for centuries. Maybe the landslide at the dam site was just pausing for breath. Better for the Calaveras Reservoir project to get this one out of the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In Fremont, construction is underway on the Warm Springs Extension of the BART light-rail system. Two new stations are in the plans, the first one being the \"optional\" Irvington Station at the intersection of Washington Boulevard and Osgood Road. It will be right next to the century-old ruins of the Gallegos Winery, where cultural history coincides, as it so often does in the Bay Area, with geological history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What interests the geologist about the extension is that the rail line will cross the Hayward fault in two more places (BART already crosses the fault inside the tunnel between the Rockridge and Orinda stations). The Fremont Station, at the end of the line today, is just short of the fault. As you look south from the station, the fault comes from behind to the left and crosses to the right just across Walnut Avenue. Tule Pond, the little lake to your left, sits in a sag basin on the fault (learn more about them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/san-andreas-fault-trail-exploration/\">on the San Andreas Fault Trail\u003c/a> across the Bay at Los Trancos Preserve).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new track will cross the fault leftward, dive underground beneath Fremont's Central Park and re-emerge just north of the Irvington Station headed due south. It will cross the fault again, rightward this time, about where Washington Boulevard and Osgood Road meet. Here's the fault superimposed on a Google Maps image of the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegosfaultmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap.png\" alt=\"Gallegos Winery site. Fault map from Lienkaemper (1992)\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap-400x280.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Circles mark locations where evidence has been gathered on the fault. The red circle marks the Gallegos Winery site. Fault map from Lienkaemper (1992)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The low hill on the east side of Osgood is most probably a pressure ridge, the opposite of a sag basin, that marks the fault just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">the pressure ridge in Hayward\u003c/a>. Here's how it looks a little south of the station site; the Gallegos Winery was dug into it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegoshill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill.jpg\" alt=\"How the Irvington Station area looked in June 2009\" width=\"500\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How the Irvington Station area looked in June 2009. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hayward fault was attractive to builders before anyone understood faults. One reason is that faults often bring water to the surface; the other is that faults often build useful elevations in the ground. In Irvington, Juan Gallegos built a large state-of-the-art winemaking plant here in 1884 so that grapes could be loaded from the high ground in back and processed with the help of gravity. A rail spur served the front side, carrying thousands of barrels of excellent East Bay zinfandel to a ready market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-story brick structure was a landmark much like its counterparts in Napa today, surrounded by gardens and palm trees. The building was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake (107 years ago today), but the land remained a garden estate, having been subdivided long before when phylloxera and a poor economy ended the good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegostop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop.jpg\" alt=\"gallegostop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much later, the Hayward fault was mapped through here, and the abandoned site lent itself to scientific monitoring. One of the fault's \u003ca href=\"http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/CREEPDATA/HaywardCreepmeterSimple.html\">four creepmeter installations\u003c/a> is here. A creepmeter is a rod of quartz or Invar metal, securely mounted and housed in an underground climate-controlled vault that extends across the fault (\u003ca href=\"http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/CREEPDATA/HaywardScience/FremontCreepSite.jpg\">see the plans here\u003c/a>). It's regularly measured to track the slow, steady fault movement known as creep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegoswalls/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls.jpg\" alt=\"Solar power panel serving the Gallegos creepmeter\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar power panel serving the Gallegos creepmeter\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The creepmeter shows the fault here moving between 6 and 7 millimeters a year. The wall at the right side of the photo is also being bent by creep. Ideally, when the Irvington Station is built, this site will be spruced up and some interpretive signage put in. Fremont, unlike most \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/\">cities along the Hayward fault\u003c/a>, has done a lot to inform the public about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, Fremont was a celebrated wine district. It was good land, watered by thrust-faulted hills. If not for one or two accidents of history, today Fremont might be as prominent as Livermore and Napa as a wine region. Indeed, the whole East Bay could have made a superb viticultural region if the timing of its earthquakes had been a little different. Something to ponder with your aperitif.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Fremont, construction is underway on the Warm Springs Extension of the BART light-rail system. Two new stations are in the plans, the first one being the \"optional\" Irvington Station at the intersection of Washington Boulevard and Osgood Road. It will be right next to the century-old ruins of the Gallegos Winery, where cultural history coincides, as it so often does in the Bay Area, with geological history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What interests the geologist about the extension is that the rail line will cross the Hayward fault in two more places (BART already crosses the fault inside the tunnel between the Rockridge and Orinda stations). The Fremont Station, at the end of the line today, is just short of the fault. As you look south from the station, the fault comes from behind to the left and crosses to the right just across Walnut Avenue. Tule Pond, the little lake to your left, sits in a sag basin on the fault (learn more about them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/san-andreas-fault-trail-exploration/\">on the San Andreas Fault Trail\u003c/a> across the Bay at Los Trancos Preserve).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new track will cross the fault leftward, dive underground beneath Fremont's Central Park and re-emerge just north of the Irvington Station headed due south. It will cross the fault again, rightward this time, about where Washington Boulevard and Osgood Road meet. Here's the fault superimposed on a Google Maps image of the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegosfaultmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap.png\" alt=\"Gallegos Winery site. Fault map from Lienkaemper (1992)\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegosfaultmap-400x280.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Circles mark locations where evidence has been gathered on the fault. The red circle marks the Gallegos Winery site. Fault map from Lienkaemper (1992)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The low hill on the east side of Osgood is most probably a pressure ridge, the opposite of a sag basin, that marks the fault just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">the pressure ridge in Hayward\u003c/a>. Here's how it looks a little south of the station site; the Gallegos Winery was dug into it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegoshill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill.jpg\" alt=\"How the Irvington Station area looked in June 2009\" width=\"500\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoshill-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How the Irvington Station area looked in June 2009. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hayward fault was attractive to builders before anyone understood faults. One reason is that faults often bring water to the surface; the other is that faults often build useful elevations in the ground. In Irvington, Juan Gallegos built a large state-of-the-art winemaking plant here in 1884 so that grapes could be loaded from the high ground in back and processed with the help of gravity. A rail spur served the front side, carrying thousands of barrels of excellent East Bay zinfandel to a ready market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-story brick structure was a landmark much like its counterparts in Napa today, surrounded by gardens and palm trees. The building was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake (107 years ago today), but the land remained a garden estate, having been subdivided long before when phylloxera and a poor economy ended the good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegostop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop.jpg\" alt=\"gallegostop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegostop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much later, the Hayward fault was mapped through here, and the abandoned site lent itself to scientific monitoring. One of the fault's \u003ca href=\"http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/CREEPDATA/HaywardCreepmeterSimple.html\">four creepmeter installations\u003c/a> is here. A creepmeter is a rod of quartz or Invar metal, securely mounted and housed in an underground climate-controlled vault that extends across the fault (\u003ca href=\"http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/CREEPDATA/HaywardScience/FremontCreepSite.jpg\">see the plans here\u003c/a>). It's regularly measured to track the slow, steady fault movement known as creep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52559\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/18/gallegos-winery-and-the-hayward-fault/gallegoswalls/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls.jpg\" alt=\"Solar power panel serving the Gallegos creepmeter\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/gallegoswalls-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar power panel serving the Gallegos creepmeter\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The creepmeter shows the fault here moving between 6 and 7 millimeters a year. The wall at the right side of the photo is also being bent by creep. Ideally, when the Irvington Station is built, this site will be spruced up and some interpretive signage put in. Fremont, unlike most \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/21/faulty-civic-awareness-with-the-hayward-fault/\">cities along the Hayward fault\u003c/a>, has done a lot to inform the public about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, Fremont was a celebrated wine district. It was good land, watered by thrust-faulted hills. If not for one or two accidents of history, today Fremont might be as prominent as Livermore and Napa as a wine region. Indeed, the whole East Bay could have made a superb viticultural region if the timing of its earthquakes had been a little different. Something to ponder with your aperitif.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Great Valley Rivers and Grasslands",
"title": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Great Valley Rivers and Grasslands",
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"content": "\u003cp>Springtime is my favorite time to see the floor of the Great Valley. If the weather is fine, the temperatures are moderate and the mountains on both sides of the valley—the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada—are visible wherever you can get a clear view of the horizon. Such were conditions when I took this side trip from I-5, which leaves the freeway at the Patterson exit, in Stanislaus County, and returns to it at the Mercey Springs Road exit, in Merced County. Along the way it crosses two of the Valley's major rivers and the heart of its wetlands. Both ends are at the dramatic uplifted front of the Coast Range, exposing the thick section of sedimentary rocks that lie beneath that flat valley floor and record its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the route along with the geology (made, as usual, with the help of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/grassrivermaps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52179\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-52179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/grassrivermaps.png\" alt=\"Route map and geologic map.\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/grassrivermaps.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/grassrivermaps-400x344.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Great Valley Sequence rocks are upturned along the east edge of the Coast Range, increasing in age to the west: QPc, Quaternary-Pliocene continental sediment; E, Eocene marine rocks; Ep, Paleocene marine rocks; Ku, Cretaceous marine rocks. Qoa, aprons of old alluvium. The main valley floor is young alluvial sediment. The area east of Irwin is Ice Age sand from the Merced River. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drive through Patterson and get on Las Palmas Avenue. This may be the Valley's grandest allee of palm trees, although there's another one near Chowchilla you could see in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">another I-5 side trip\u003c/a>. (Note to geologists: Turlock has an excellent brewpub if your trip calls for one.) Once out of town, you enter some of California's hardest-working farmland, based on excellent soils and abundant water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South of Turlock, keep an eye on the roadside and notice as the soil turns sandy. Just below the \"165\" mark, you cross the Merced River, which is responsible for all that sand, marked on the geologic map by the lighter patch. Here Hagaman County Park offers a good view of the river, which still flows at a good clip all this way from Yosemite Valley. Notice, too, the levee north of the river, which keeps the annual floods from spilling wide over the countryside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/mercedriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52181\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52181\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/mercedriver.jpg\" alt=\"mercedriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/mercedriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/mercedriver-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South of State Route 140 at the edge of the sand unit, the road crosses the San Joaquin River and enters the moist bottomland of the San Joaquin Valley. From here almost all the way to Los Banos is widespread tule marsh. Water is harvested from here and pumped to the San Luis Reservoir to regulate flow in the canals that serve the farms. That little squiggle of roadway west of 165 is actually the levee paths in Great Valley Grasslands State Park, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=25155\">six-mile walk\u003c/a> through a patch of the habitat that once covered vast stretches of the Valley. The path takes you along the San Joaquin River itself, much quieter than the Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/sjriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52183\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52183\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/SJriver.jpg\" alt=\"SJriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/SJriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/SJriver-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grasslands include some vernal pools: shallow basins that fill with water in the winter and dry out slowly over the course of the spring, offering habitat for a great variety of plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/vernalpool/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52184\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52184\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vernalpool.jpg\" alt=\"vernalpool\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vernalpool.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vernalpool-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter was very dry, so the pools were not spectacular. As I walked I was reminded of William Brewer's \u003ca href=\"http://upanddowncalifornia.wordpress.com/2013/04/09/april-9-1863-kings-river/\">description of this country exactly 150 years earlier\u003c/a>: \"We rode upward of thirty miles without any tree or bush—except once a single small willow was visible for two hours, but we passed nearly two miles from it; it was a mere speck. Hour after hour we plodded on. The road was good but a dead level—no hill or ridge ten feet high relieved the even surface—no house, no tree—one hour was but like the next—it was like the ocean, but it depressed the spirits more.\" But then I spotted a nice patch of goldfields and gave my camera a treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/goldfields/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52185\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52185\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldfields.jpg\" alt=\"goldfields\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldfields.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldfields-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Banos, the Los Banos County Park just a few blocks west on route 152 has a museum, as well as bathrooms and shade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/hornito/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52186\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hornito.jpg\" alt=\"hornito\" width=\"500\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hornito.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hornito-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Los Baños\" means \"the baths,\" and it got its name from the clear pools in Los Banos Creek where it leaves the Coast Range, so refreshing to Father Arroyo in the Mission days that he made a point of returning regularly. Today everyone has bathtubs and it's hard to imagine being excited by such a thing. Father Arroyo's baths were soon erased as the creek was dammed, an early step in the immense and still incomplete project of harnessing and managing California's water. Los Banos Creek Reservoir is just west of the lowest I-5 symbol on the map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steep face of the Laguna Seca Hills, eastern rampart of the Coast Range, looms as route 165 approaches the freeway again. Along the road you may notice long piles of white rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/diatomitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52187\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomitepile.jpg\" alt=\"diatomitepile\" width=\"600\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomitepile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomitepile-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pull over and take a look at some. It's \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/diatomite.htm\">diatomite\u003c/a>, a styrofoam-light rock made exclusively of microscopic diatom shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/diatomite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52188\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomite.jpg\" alt=\"diatomite\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomite.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomite-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This material testifies to a long-lived, quiet brackish or alkaline lake that existed here millions of years ago. Different accidents of tectonics have turned the Valley, at various times in the geologic past, into a freshwater lake, an inland sea or a dry desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarry that yields this material is up in the Laguna Seca Hills just behind this view; you can see it in Google Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/lagunasecahills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52189\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52189\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/lagunasecahills.jpg\" alt=\"lagunasecahills\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/lagunasecahills.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/lagunasecahills-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state geologic map shows that the Laguna Seca Hills expose an unusually complete and compact cross section of the Great Valley Sequence. If only we could access the rocks! But it's private land, and anyway here's the freeway again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Springtime is my favorite time to see the floor of the Great Valley. If the weather is fine, the temperatures are moderate and the mountains on both sides of the valley—the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada—are visible wherever you can get a clear view of the horizon. Such were conditions when I took this side trip from I-5, which leaves the freeway at the Patterson exit, in Stanislaus County, and returns to it at the Mercey Springs Road exit, in Merced County. Along the way it crosses two of the Valley's major rivers and the heart of its wetlands. Both ends are at the dramatic uplifted front of the Coast Range, exposing the thick section of sedimentary rocks that lie beneath that flat valley floor and record its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the route along with the geology (made, as usual, with the help of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/grassrivermaps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52179\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-52179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/grassrivermaps.png\" alt=\"Route map and geologic map.\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/grassrivermaps.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/grassrivermaps-400x344.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Great Valley Sequence rocks are upturned along the east edge of the Coast Range, increasing in age to the west: QPc, Quaternary-Pliocene continental sediment; E, Eocene marine rocks; Ep, Paleocene marine rocks; Ku, Cretaceous marine rocks. Qoa, aprons of old alluvium. The main valley floor is young alluvial sediment. The area east of Irwin is Ice Age sand from the Merced River. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drive through Patterson and get on Las Palmas Avenue. This may be the Valley's grandest allee of palm trees, although there's another one near Chowchilla you could see in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">another I-5 side trip\u003c/a>. (Note to geologists: Turlock has an excellent brewpub if your trip calls for one.) Once out of town, you enter some of California's hardest-working farmland, based on excellent soils and abundant water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South of Turlock, keep an eye on the roadside and notice as the soil turns sandy. Just below the \"165\" mark, you cross the Merced River, which is responsible for all that sand, marked on the geologic map by the lighter patch. Here Hagaman County Park offers a good view of the river, which still flows at a good clip all this way from Yosemite Valley. Notice, too, the levee north of the river, which keeps the annual floods from spilling wide over the countryside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/mercedriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52181\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52181\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/mercedriver.jpg\" alt=\"mercedriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/mercedriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/mercedriver-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South of State Route 140 at the edge of the sand unit, the road crosses the San Joaquin River and enters the moist bottomland of the San Joaquin Valley. From here almost all the way to Los Banos is widespread tule marsh. Water is harvested from here and pumped to the San Luis Reservoir to regulate flow in the canals that serve the farms. That little squiggle of roadway west of 165 is actually the levee paths in Great Valley Grasslands State Park, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=25155\">six-mile walk\u003c/a> through a patch of the habitat that once covered vast stretches of the Valley. The path takes you along the San Joaquin River itself, much quieter than the Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/sjriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52183\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52183\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/SJriver.jpg\" alt=\"SJriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/SJriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/SJriver-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grasslands include some vernal pools: shallow basins that fill with water in the winter and dry out slowly over the course of the spring, offering habitat for a great variety of plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/vernalpool/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52184\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52184\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vernalpool.jpg\" alt=\"vernalpool\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vernalpool.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vernalpool-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter was very dry, so the pools were not spectacular. As I walked I was reminded of William Brewer's \u003ca href=\"http://upanddowncalifornia.wordpress.com/2013/04/09/april-9-1863-kings-river/\">description of this country exactly 150 years earlier\u003c/a>: \"We rode upward of thirty miles without any tree or bush—except once a single small willow was visible for two hours, but we passed nearly two miles from it; it was a mere speck. Hour after hour we plodded on. The road was good but a dead level—no hill or ridge ten feet high relieved the even surface—no house, no tree—one hour was but like the next—it was like the ocean, but it depressed the spirits more.\" But then I spotted a nice patch of goldfields and gave my camera a treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/goldfields/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52185\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52185\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldfields.jpg\" alt=\"goldfields\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldfields.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldfields-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Banos, the Los Banos County Park just a few blocks west on route 152 has a museum, as well as bathrooms and shade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/hornito/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52186\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hornito.jpg\" alt=\"hornito\" width=\"500\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hornito.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hornito-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Los Baños\" means \"the baths,\" and it got its name from the clear pools in Los Banos Creek where it leaves the Coast Range, so refreshing to Father Arroyo in the Mission days that he made a point of returning regularly. Today everyone has bathtubs and it's hard to imagine being excited by such a thing. Father Arroyo's baths were soon erased as the creek was dammed, an early step in the immense and still incomplete project of harnessing and managing California's water. Los Banos Creek Reservoir is just west of the lowest I-5 symbol on the map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steep face of the Laguna Seca Hills, eastern rampart of the Coast Range, looms as route 165 approaches the freeway again. Along the road you may notice long piles of white rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/diatomitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52187\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomitepile.jpg\" alt=\"diatomitepile\" width=\"600\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomitepile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomitepile-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pull over and take a look at some. It's \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/diatomite.htm\">diatomite\u003c/a>, a styrofoam-light rock made exclusively of microscopic diatom shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/diatomite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52188\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomite.jpg\" alt=\"diatomite\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomite.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/diatomite-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This material testifies to a long-lived, quiet brackish or alkaline lake that existed here millions of years ago. Different accidents of tectonics have turned the Valley, at various times in the geologic past, into a freshwater lake, an inland sea or a dry desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarry that yields this material is up in the Laguna Seca Hills just behind this view; you can see it in Google Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/11/side-trips-from-interstate-5-great-valley-rivers-and-grasslands/lagunasecahills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52189\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52189\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/lagunasecahills.jpg\" alt=\"lagunasecahills\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/lagunasecahills.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/lagunasecahills-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state geologic map shows that the Laguna Seca Hills expose an unusually complete and compact cross section of the Great Valley Sequence. If only we could access the rocks! But it's private land, and anyway here's the freeway again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A New \"Rosetta Stone\" Tropical Ice Core",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to studying glacier ice for records of past climates, the poles are easy: Antarctica and Greenland have huge ice caps that we can drill cores in to our hearts' content. The real problem is in the rest of the world, where we all live. Scientists cannot model the global climate of the past with data from the poles alone. So a newly published ice-core record from the tropics is real news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical glaciers are few, scattered and endangered. South America and the Himalaya have most of them, and nearly all have been shrinking rapidly for several decades. Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/faculty_bios.php?id=52\">Lonnie Thompson\u003c/a> of Ohio State University has specialized in drilling ice cores from them for more than 30 years, and the very first one he cored, in 1983, is a remote ice cap south of the equator in Peru named Quelccaya whose top sits above 18,000 feet. There he pioneered the use of a lightweight, solar-powered drill rig and succeeded in collecting two complete cores through the ice, about 160 meters long. Unable to keep them frozen, he had to cut them into sections and let them melt, then brought the water home in bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayagoogle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51986\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg\" alt=\"The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years later Thompson returned and brought two new cores, intact this time, to Ohio State's ice locker. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/04/03/science.1234210\">a paper published today in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Thompson's team shows that the 1983 and 2003 cores faithfully preserve a year-by-year record of tropical climate 18 centuries long, extending back to the year 683 with annual resolution and a little less perfectly back to almost 200. Thompson calls it \"the longest and highest-resolution tropical ice core record to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of retrieving such precise records was what excited Thompson from the beginning. The ice consists of spectacular annual layers that represent dry winters and wet summers. The winter layers collect the lion's share of the year's dust and dissolved chemicals while the summer layers represent rainwater from the Atlantic Ocean, filtered through the tropical Amazon basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayalayers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51987\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg\" alt=\"Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data from the Quelccaya cores shed light on many scientific problems related to climate. Most notably, the extent of summer snow from the east depends strongly on Pacific Ocean influences from the west, such as El Niño cycles—so strongly that the Atlantic snow record shows us the temperature of the Pacific as if in a mirror. And Pacific sea-surface temperature is one of the most important numbers in the planetary climate because it's the best gauge of how much water vapor enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccaya-sstcurve/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51988\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51988 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png\" alt=\"Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve-400x170.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years reconstructed from the oxygen-isotope record of Quelccaya ice. Image from \"Science\".\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The climate record in the Quelccaya cores gives us the nearest thing to real truth in the centuries before modern science. It helps sharpen the picture provided by other ice cores, especially those in the tropics. And that in turn makes global climate records, and the models built upon them, more robust as we peer into the past and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have little time to waste. Thompson's latest expedition to Quelccaya documented hundreds of meters of shrinkage since his first visit. Newly exposed plant remains at the glacier's retreating edges were found to be 6000 years old. And the top layers of ice, deposited since Thompson's first visit, show signs of summer melting for the first time in the entire record.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to studying glacier ice for records of past climates, the poles are easy: Antarctica and Greenland have huge ice caps that we can drill cores in to our hearts' content. The real problem is in the rest of the world, where we all live. Scientists cannot model the global climate of the past with data from the poles alone. So a newly published ice-core record from the tropics is real news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical glaciers are few, scattered and endangered. South America and the Himalaya have most of them, and nearly all have been shrinking rapidly for several decades. Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/faculty_bios.php?id=52\">Lonnie Thompson\u003c/a> of Ohio State University has specialized in drilling ice cores from them for more than 30 years, and the very first one he cored, in 1983, is a remote ice cap south of the equator in Peru named Quelccaya whose top sits above 18,000 feet. There he pioneered the use of a lightweight, solar-powered drill rig and succeeded in collecting two complete cores through the ice, about 160 meters long. Unable to keep them frozen, he had to cut them into sections and let them melt, then brought the water home in bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayagoogle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51986\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg\" alt=\"The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years later Thompson returned and brought two new cores, intact this time, to Ohio State's ice locker. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/04/03/science.1234210\">a paper published today in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Thompson's team shows that the 1983 and 2003 cores faithfully preserve a year-by-year record of tropical climate 18 centuries long, extending back to the year 683 with annual resolution and a little less perfectly back to almost 200. Thompson calls it \"the longest and highest-resolution tropical ice core record to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of retrieving such precise records was what excited Thompson from the beginning. The ice consists of spectacular annual layers that represent dry winters and wet summers. The winter layers collect the lion's share of the year's dust and dissolved chemicals while the summer layers represent rainwater from the Atlantic Ocean, filtered through the tropical Amazon basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayalayers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51987\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg\" alt=\"Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data from the Quelccaya cores shed light on many scientific problems related to climate. Most notably, the extent of summer snow from the east depends strongly on Pacific Ocean influences from the west, such as El Niño cycles—so strongly that the Atlantic snow record shows us the temperature of the Pacific as if in a mirror. And Pacific sea-surface temperature is one of the most important numbers in the planetary climate because it's the best gauge of how much water vapor enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccaya-sstcurve/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51988\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51988 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png\" alt=\"Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve-400x170.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years reconstructed from the oxygen-isotope record of Quelccaya ice. Image from \"Science\".\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The climate record in the Quelccaya cores gives us the nearest thing to real truth in the centuries before modern science. It helps sharpen the picture provided by other ice cores, especially those in the tropics. And that in turn makes global climate records, and the models built upon them, more robust as we peer into the past and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have little time to waste. Thompson's latest expedition to Quelccaya documented hundreds of meters of shrinkage since his first visit. Newly exposed plant remains at the glacier's retreating edges were found to be 6000 years old. And the top layers of ice, deposited since Thompson's first visit, show signs of summer melting for the first time in the entire record.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Flooding Fields Could Alleviate Water Supply Stress",
"title": "How Flooding Fields Could Alleviate Water Supply Stress",
"headTitle": "Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because if water flooding into the fields can’t penetrate through the dense Corcoran clay, it can’t recharge the deepest aquifers where farmers are pumping the most. And the weight of the water pushing down on that clay layer could make the land sink even faster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Rocks of Devil's Slide",
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"content": "\u003cp>With the opening of the Lantos Tunnel this week at the notorious Devil's Slide on state Route 1, the work is not finished. The winding, vertiginous old road and the 70 acres of land it sits on will be handed over to San Mateo County, which has pledged to give it a makeover and splice it into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastaltrail.info/cms/pages/main/index.html\">California Coastal Trail\u003c/a>, adding a new attraction to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.devilsslidecoast.org/map/\">Devil's Slide Coast\u003c/a>. The facilities will include parking lots at each end, water, bathrooms, trash bins, rails and pedestrian crossings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hikers and bicyclists will be thrilled with the high views up and down the coast. They may feel a tickle as they look at the surf hundreds of feet below. And some of them will feel curiosity as they look inland at the sides of the road, about 1.3 miles of it, that they could never stop and see before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stretch of road passes through two very different sets of rocks. The south end is the granite of Montara Mountain; I showed you some of this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">at Quarry Park in El Granada\u003c/a>, a bit farther south, in 2011. It holds up the rugged headlands around the tunnel's mouth. It dates from Cretaceous time, just like the granite in the Sierra Nevada—and in fact it's the same stuff, ripped out of the range and pulled northward here by the San Andreas fault. The same granite is found as far north as Bodega Head and south to San Luis Obispo County (including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/\">Pinnacles\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>, part of a sliver of tectonic plate that geologists know as the Salinian block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51773\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/28/the-rocks-of-devils-slide/devilslidesouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidesouth.jpg\" alt=\"Caltrans photo\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidesouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidesouth-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caltrans\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The north end is a thick pile of mudstone that dates from Paleocene time, slightly younger than the granite. This is the material that gave Devil's Slide its name. It's been falling into the sea for untold centuries, including the last century in which we have been vainly putting roads across the cliffs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/28/the-rocks-of-devils-slide/devilslidewest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidewest.jpg\" alt=\"Caltrans\" width=\"600\" height=\"445\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidewest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidewest-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caltrans\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Mateo County geologic map describes it as marine shale and sandstone with beds of conglomerate. The conglomerate is basically sandstone that includes \"angular boulders of granitic rock as long as 2 meters and smaller boulders, cobbles, and rounded pebbles of hornblende gneiss, muscovite gneiss and schist, Franciscan chert, quartzite, limestone, sandstone, and shale.\" That variety of material represents a long-vanished countryside rather like today's, with vigorous rivers that carried this coarse sedimentary material straight out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contact between the granite and the mudstone is an inactive fault. Both units are in the Salinian block. And now it's time to show them on the geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/28/the-rocks-of-devils-slide/devilslidegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51775\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidegeomap.png\" alt=\"Kgr, granitic rocks of Montara Mountain; Tss, Paleocene sandstone and shale; fs and fg, Franciscan sedimentary rocks; blue, Franciscan limestone\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51775\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidegeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidegeomap-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major units: Kgr, granitic rocks of Montara Mountain; Tss, Paleocene sandstone and shale; fs and fg, Franciscan sedimentary rocks; blue, Franciscan limestone. The \"V\" signs mark the tunnel entrances.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That fault contact will be an attraction for many geologists and students. Local researcher Kathleen Burnham describes what she looks forward to seeing here: \"Among the notable features now hazardous and difficult to access are bedding-plane trace fossils, vertical burrows filled with white carbonate, some isoclinal bedding folds, and the contact between the strata of Point San Pedro and the underlying Montara Granodiorite. The Devil's Slide project as a whole will greatly enhance accessibility of these spectacular outcrops when the project is finished, traffic diverted, and vehicles no longer whizzing by within inches.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologists at Caltrans have been good friends of the geological community. Now that the old roadbed is in the County's hands, let's hope they don't decide to hide these rocks. Who knows how long we have to enjoy them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With the opening of the Lantos Tunnel this week at the notorious Devil's Slide on state Route 1, the work is not finished. The winding, vertiginous old road and the 70 acres of land it sits on will be handed over to San Mateo County, which has pledged to give it a makeover and splice it into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastaltrail.info/cms/pages/main/index.html\">California Coastal Trail\u003c/a>, adding a new attraction to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.devilsslidecoast.org/map/\">Devil's Slide Coast\u003c/a>. The facilities will include parking lots at each end, water, bathrooms, trash bins, rails and pedestrian crossings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hikers and bicyclists will be thrilled with the high views up and down the coast. They may feel a tickle as they look at the surf hundreds of feet below. And some of them will feel curiosity as they look inland at the sides of the road, about 1.3 miles of it, that they could never stop and see before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stretch of road passes through two very different sets of rocks. The south end is the granite of Montara Mountain; I showed you some of this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">at Quarry Park in El Granada\u003c/a>, a bit farther south, in 2011. It holds up the rugged headlands around the tunnel's mouth. It dates from Cretaceous time, just like the granite in the Sierra Nevada—and in fact it's the same stuff, ripped out of the range and pulled northward here by the San Andreas fault. The same granite is found as far north as Bodega Head and south to San Luis Obispo County (including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/\">Pinnacles\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>, part of a sliver of tectonic plate that geologists know as the Salinian block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51773\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/28/the-rocks-of-devils-slide/devilslidesouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidesouth.jpg\" alt=\"Caltrans photo\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidesouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidesouth-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caltrans\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The north end is a thick pile of mudstone that dates from Paleocene time, slightly younger than the granite. This is the material that gave Devil's Slide its name. It's been falling into the sea for untold centuries, including the last century in which we have been vainly putting roads across the cliffs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/28/the-rocks-of-devils-slide/devilslidewest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidewest.jpg\" alt=\"Caltrans\" width=\"600\" height=\"445\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidewest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidewest-400x297.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caltrans\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Mateo County geologic map describes it as marine shale and sandstone with beds of conglomerate. The conglomerate is basically sandstone that includes \"angular boulders of granitic rock as long as 2 meters and smaller boulders, cobbles, and rounded pebbles of hornblende gneiss, muscovite gneiss and schist, Franciscan chert, quartzite, limestone, sandstone, and shale.\" That variety of material represents a long-vanished countryside rather like today's, with vigorous rivers that carried this coarse sedimentary material straight out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contact between the granite and the mudstone is an inactive fault. Both units are in the Salinian block. And now it's time to show them on the geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/28/the-rocks-of-devils-slide/devilslidegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51775\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidegeomap.png\" alt=\"Kgr, granitic rocks of Montara Mountain; Tss, Paleocene sandstone and shale; fs and fg, Franciscan sedimentary rocks; blue, Franciscan limestone\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51775\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidegeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/devilslidegeomap-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major units: Kgr, granitic rocks of Montara Mountain; Tss, Paleocene sandstone and shale; fs and fg, Franciscan sedimentary rocks; blue, Franciscan limestone. The \"V\" signs mark the tunnel entrances.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That fault contact will be an attraction for many geologists and students. Local researcher Kathleen Burnham describes what she looks forward to seeing here: \"Among the notable features now hazardous and difficult to access are bedding-plane trace fossils, vertical burrows filled with white carbonate, some isoclinal bedding folds, and the contact between the strata of Point San Pedro and the underlying Montara Granodiorite. The Devil's Slide project as a whole will greatly enhance accessibility of these spectacular outcrops when the project is finished, traffic diverted, and vehicles no longer whizzing by within inches.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologists at Caltrans have been good friends of the geological community. Now that the old roadbed is in the County's hands, let's hope they don't decide to hide these rocks. Who knows how long we have to enjoy them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Historic Devil's Slide Tunnels Finally About To Open",
"title": "Historic Devil's Slide Tunnels Finally About To Open",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png\" alt=\"Ariel view of Devil's Slide tunnel project. \" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51304\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial-400x231.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of Devil's Slide tunnel project. Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Devil's_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Carwil\u003c/a> / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's been a long time coming. The first highway tunnels to open in California in nearly fifty years are about ready for motorists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two mile-long, state-of-the-art tunnels will offer a new route to what has been a stunning, cliffhanger of a drive along Highway 1 above Northern California's coast. The passage, between Pacifica and Half Moon Bay, has been the site of so many landslides, prolonged closures and deadly car accidents that it earned the name, \"Devil's Slide.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png\" alt=\"Photo: Jenny Oh\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51311\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10-400x215.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tunnel consists of two bores each about 4,200 feet long with one lane and wide shoulder. The cutting edge tunnels have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/11/the-turns-and-twists-of-devils-slide/\">a major engineering project\u003c/a> and will feature jet-powered exhaust fans and carbon monoxide sensors. That's much more high-tech than Cal Trans' last tunnel, the third bore of the Caldecott Tunnel, which opened in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Jenny Oh\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After five decades of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303210900\">political and environmental roadblocks\u003c/a>, the 439-million dollar federally funded project is finished. Its opening will roll out over two days. Opening ceremonies for the twin tunnels and accompanying bridges is Monday, March 25th. The tunnels will be ready for commuters the following morning. The old Devil's Slide stretch of California coastline will soon open up to hikers and bike riders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: www.dot.ca.gov\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: www.dot.ca.gov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png\" alt=\"Ariel view of Devil's Slide tunnel project. \" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51304\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Devils_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial-400x231.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of Devil's Slide tunnel project. Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Devil's_Slide_Tunnel_Entrance-aerial.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Carwil\u003c/a> / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's been a long time coming. The first highway tunnels to open in California in nearly fifty years are about ready for motorists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two mile-long, state-of-the-art tunnels will offer a new route to what has been a stunning, cliffhanger of a drive along Highway 1 above Northern California's coast. The passage, between Pacifica and Half Moon Bay, has been the site of so many landslides, prolonged closures and deadly car accidents that it earned the name, \"Devil's Slide.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png\" alt=\"Photo: Jenny Oh\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51311\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-10-400x215.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tunnel consists of two bores each about 4,200 feet long with one lane and wide shoulder. The cutting edge tunnels have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/11/the-turns-and-twists-of-devils-slide/\">a major engineering project\u003c/a> and will feature jet-powered exhaust fans and carbon monoxide sensors. That's much more high-tech than Cal Trans' last tunnel, the third bore of the Caldecott Tunnel, which opened in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Jenny Oh\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DevilSlide-21-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After five decades of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303210900\">political and environmental roadblocks\u003c/a>, the 439-million dollar federally funded project is finished. Its opening will roll out over two days. Opening ceremonies for the twin tunnels and accompanying bridges is Monday, March 25th. The tunnels will be ready for commuters the following morning. The old Devil's Slide stretch of California coastline will soon open up to hikers and bike riders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: www.dot.ca.gov\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5668907_orig-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: www.dot.ca.gov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale",
"title": "Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Ant-Driven Landscape",
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"content": "\u003cp>In this part of California we may thank our lucky stars for being free of \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/python.shtml\">Burmese pythons\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loxosceles_reclusa_range.png\">brown recluse spiders\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=11059&page=6\">Africanized honeybees\u003c/a>. But during the last few decades, while most of us weren't paying attention, much of California was taken over by ants from Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Argentine ants, \u003ci>Linepithema humile\u003c/i>, love the environment of our homes and gardens. The soil is watered regularly, there's warmth nearby in the winter, and it almost never floods. The species is aggressive, and unlike most ants they don't fight each other's colonies. Recent research suggests that even though they're genetically diverse, Argentine ants always smell the same to each other, so undistracted by internal wars they combine forces and simply overwhelm most other ant species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our different kinds of native ants are crucial members of the local ecosystem. Some eat corpses, while others scavenge the ground for dead plant matter. Some live like farmers, cultivating certain fungus species by feeding them plant materials. Some depend on specific plants, which benefit from the attention. (KQED has a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/interactive-map-ants-of-the-bay-area/\">cool gallery of Bay Area native ant species\u003c/a> and their lifeways.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Argentine ants move in, all of those specialized services are handicapped or disappear. There's plenty of reading out there about the effect of these ants on ecosystems, but as a geologist I wonder about their effect on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/glossaryofgeology/g/defbioturbation.htm\">bioturbation\u003c/a>, the processes by which living things stir the soil. Ground-dwelling animals have profound effects on soil: the way it breathes, circulates water and cycles nutrients. Ants and worms are the most important of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the various ant species, Argentine ants are small and their nests are shallow. That means, for instance, they're not capable of building the piles of coarse sand and gravel, brought up from meters below the ground, that desert red ants made in this example from Nevada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/anthill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51002\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51002\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately Argentine ants have trouble where it's dry and cold, so gold prospectors in the Mojave can continue their practice of sampling buried rocks from anthills. But around here, how does the soil respond when the deep-digging ant species are gone? I also wonder about the various bee species that dig holes in the ground, like these ones I spotted on a San Mateo County seacliff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/bees/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51003\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg\" alt=\"bees\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-51003\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists learn more about invasive species, it's clear that no matter wherever they live, people need to raise their game and learn defensive practices: call it eco-hygeine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the earthworms of Minnesota. Did you know that in Minnesota and much of its neighboring states there aren't any native earthworms? Since the ice age glaciers melted, some 10,000 years ago, the earthworms haven't managed to crawl north fast enough, and the forests there are adapted to worm-free soils that consist of raw glacier sediment with a thick layer of organic matter on top. Worms eat all that stuff and dig it into the dirt. That's why we love them in most places, but in Minnesota the worms brought in with nursery plants and baitworms thrown away during fishing trips are ruining the woods. Up there, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/soil.html\">Great Lakes Worm Watch\u003c/a> is trying to raise consciousness and fight the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around here, we have to think more about our ants. At Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve they've been \u003ca href=\"http://jrbp.stanford.edu/db/projects/project_display.php?project_id=56\">monitoring the Argentine ant invasion\u003c/a> and are learning what limits them: cold, dry ground and ant species with strong defenses. Volunteers all over the Bay Area can act locally by gathering data through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/citizen_science/ants/\">Bay Area Ant Survey\u003c/a>, coordinated by the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of talk lately about \"Anthropocene time,\" a name for the geological time period that includes the present and future. It represents a concept I might call the human-driven planet: our actions and influences have become as important as natural forces in governing the planetary environment. The root \"anthropo-\" refers to human causes, but for teaching purposes it may be better just to look down at our feet and think \"ant-\" instead. Because humans brought the invaders here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Argentine ants are well controlled with \u003ca href=\"http://insects.about.com/od/HouseholdPests/a/How-To-Make-And-Use-Homemade-Ant-Baits.htm\">boric acid bait\u003c/a>. I've had lasting success with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ps.uci.edu/~tomba/ants/\">this simple method\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In this part of California we may thank our lucky stars for being free of \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/python.shtml\">Burmese pythons\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loxosceles_reclusa_range.png\">brown recluse spiders\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=11059&page=6\">Africanized honeybees\u003c/a>. But during the last few decades, while most of us weren't paying attention, much of California was taken over by ants from Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Argentine ants, \u003ci>Linepithema humile\u003c/i>, love the environment of our homes and gardens. The soil is watered regularly, there's warmth nearby in the winter, and it almost never floods. The species is aggressive, and unlike most ants they don't fight each other's colonies. Recent research suggests that even though they're genetically diverse, Argentine ants always smell the same to each other, so undistracted by internal wars they combine forces and simply overwhelm most other ant species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our different kinds of native ants are crucial members of the local ecosystem. Some eat corpses, while others scavenge the ground for dead plant matter. Some live like farmers, cultivating certain fungus species by feeding them plant materials. Some depend on specific plants, which benefit from the attention. (KQED has a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/interactive-map-ants-of-the-bay-area/\">cool gallery of Bay Area native ant species\u003c/a> and their lifeways.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Argentine ants move in, all of those specialized services are handicapped or disappear. There's plenty of reading out there about the effect of these ants on ecosystems, but as a geologist I wonder about their effect on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/glossaryofgeology/g/defbioturbation.htm\">bioturbation\u003c/a>, the processes by which living things stir the soil. Ground-dwelling animals have profound effects on soil: the way it breathes, circulates water and cycles nutrients. Ants and worms are the most important of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the various ant species, Argentine ants are small and their nests are shallow. That means, for instance, they're not capable of building the piles of coarse sand and gravel, brought up from meters below the ground, that desert red ants made in this example from Nevada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/anthill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51002\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51002\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately Argentine ants have trouble where it's dry and cold, so gold prospectors in the Mojave can continue their practice of sampling buried rocks from anthills. But around here, how does the soil respond when the deep-digging ant species are gone? I also wonder about the various bee species that dig holes in the ground, like these ones I spotted on a San Mateo County seacliff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/bees/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51003\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg\" alt=\"bees\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-51003\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists learn more about invasive species, it's clear that no matter wherever they live, people need to raise their game and learn defensive practices: call it eco-hygeine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the earthworms of Minnesota. Did you know that in Minnesota and much of its neighboring states there aren't any native earthworms? Since the ice age glaciers melted, some 10,000 years ago, the earthworms haven't managed to crawl north fast enough, and the forests there are adapted to worm-free soils that consist of raw glacier sediment with a thick layer of organic matter on top. Worms eat all that stuff and dig it into the dirt. That's why we love them in most places, but in Minnesota the worms brought in with nursery plants and baitworms thrown away during fishing trips are ruining the woods. Up there, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/soil.html\">Great Lakes Worm Watch\u003c/a> is trying to raise consciousness and fight the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around here, we have to think more about our ants. At Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve they've been \u003ca href=\"http://jrbp.stanford.edu/db/projects/project_display.php?project_id=56\">monitoring the Argentine ant invasion\u003c/a> and are learning what limits them: cold, dry ground and ant species with strong defenses. Volunteers all over the Bay Area can act locally by gathering data through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/citizen_science/ants/\">Bay Area Ant Survey\u003c/a>, coordinated by the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of talk lately about \"Anthropocene time,\" a name for the geological time period that includes the present and future. It represents a concept I might call the human-driven planet: our actions and influences have become as important as natural forces in governing the planetary environment. The root \"anthropo-\" refers to human causes, but for teaching purposes it may be better just to look down at our feet and think \"ant-\" instead. Because humans brought the invaders here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Argentine ants are well controlled with \u003ca href=\"http://insects.about.com/od/HouseholdPests/a/How-To-Make-And-Use-Homemade-Ant-Baits.htm\">boric acid bait\u003c/a>. I've had lasting success with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ps.uci.edu/~tomba/ants/\">this simple method\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Still Mining Gold in the Golden State",
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"content": "\u003cp>Since California became a state in 1850, it has had a gold industry: sometimes booming, sometimes just thriving and sometimes under its own version of Prohibition. Lately California gold has become an endangered species. The last producers in the Mother Lode are down to less than a handful, but it looks like the industry is ready to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold was always known in the mountains of California, even before James Marshall famously spotted nuggets in his new millrace near Coloma on 24 January 1848. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.coloma.com/california-gold-discovery/\">Marshall's find\u003c/a> sparked the first serious flush of gold production as thousands of men waded into the Sierra Nevada rivers, sifting the gravel with their pans and sluices. They've been there ever since, ranging from weekend panners to elaborate syndicates. It was the syndicates that ruined things for everyone else with their \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">notorious hydraulic methods\u003c/a>. Before the courts shut down the industry in 1884, operations progressed from the gravel terraces of the Central Valley into the mountains, where hydraulickers stripped large swaths of land of their woods and soils and sent the waste sediment downstream to smother the farmlands of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining was banned from discharging waste into the Sacramento River. That left two ways to keep doing it. One was to strip other rivers instead, most notably the Trinity River, where the practice lasted into the mid-1900s. The other was to dredge Central Valley gravels without affecting the river. The huge gravel beds laid down in the Valley by the Yuba and Feather rivers, where the first gold dredger set to work in 1850, nurtured a long-lasting industry based on floating dredges. The last of these, Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17, is still at work there today. By digging up one side of a pond and depositing the waste on the other, the great dredge slowly travels across the gravel fields east of Yuba City collecting enough powder-fine gold to pay for itself. The sand and gravel can be quarried again and sold later as aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/golddredge17/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg\" alt=\"Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17 works its way across the Deep Reserve Area on behalf of Cal Sierra Development Inc., digging gravel with a belt of buckets (seen below the control room at center), sifting out fine-grained gold and heavy minerals, and dumping the rest out the stern with its high stacker (left). Launched in 1918 and refurbished twice, it makes the damnedest noise you ever heard. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hard-rock mines of the Sierra Nevada, hundreds of them, produced the majority of California's gold and populated the region with strong communities. Without them the Mother Lode country would be a thinly peopled land of loggers like the northern Coast Range. The death blow to this industry was a federal wartime order in 1942 that halted all work. For the next five years the shafts filled with groundwater and the workers dispersed, making it uneconomical to reopen any but the richest deposits. Over the next decades the slow decline in the value of gold squeezed out what mines could be revived, and then the regulatory climate shifted to give nature a little more say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Carson Hill Rock Products, south of Angels Camp, still digs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calaverashistory.org/post/carson-hill\">fabulous ground\u003c/a> that yielded the 195-pound Calaveras Nugget in 1854. But its main business is the green-veined decorative rock called mariposite. I am told that the operators keep their eye out for gold as they go, but produce it from the richest pockets only as a byproduct and thus avoid many of the regulations imposed on a gold mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/mariposite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg\" alt=\"Mariposite rock\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariposite rock is named for the green phyllosilicate mineral mariposite, a variety of phengite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steady—apparently permanent—high price of gold today is driving a few long-standing efforts to reopen large-scale gold mining in the Sierra. Foremost of these is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.suttergoldmining.com/s/Home.asp\">Lincoln Mine project\u003c/a>, in Amador County between Jackson and Plymouth, where the Sutter Gold Mining company has methodically gotten all its permits in order and anticipates starting to produce ore for real this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one little mine, started in 1896, still runs as an artisan operation: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.origsix.com/\">Original Sixteen to One Mine\u003c/a>, up in Sierra County in the hamlet of Alleghany. Its business model today is based solely on specimen gold, doing its work by hand and making no toxic waste. If you ever run across decorative California gold like this, with visible metal in creamy quartz, you're surely looking at the mine's output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/matrixgoldspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg\" alt=\"A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite, a rock closely associated with the Mother Lode\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Occasionally the miners hit a jackpot, like this specimen called \"The Whopper,\" that can pay for more than a year's expenses all by itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50499\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/califgoldwhopper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\" width=\"480\" height=\"279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Original Sixteen to One Mine will let you spend a day in the mine with the miners for $400, lunch included. There's no word on the website on whether you can keep what you find, but other rewards in Alleghany include \u003ca href=\"http://www.caseys-place.com/\">Casey's Place\u003c/a> and, if you make an appointment, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.undergroundgold.com/Index.html\">Underground Gold Miners Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California is not yet finished producing the gold that made it wealthy and famous.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since California became a state in 1850, it has had a gold industry: sometimes booming, sometimes just thriving and sometimes under its own version of Prohibition. Lately California gold has become an endangered species. The last producers in the Mother Lode are down to less than a handful, but it looks like the industry is ready to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold was always known in the mountains of California, even before James Marshall famously spotted nuggets in his new millrace near Coloma on 24 January 1848. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.coloma.com/california-gold-discovery/\">Marshall's find\u003c/a> sparked the first serious flush of gold production as thousands of men waded into the Sierra Nevada rivers, sifting the gravel with their pans and sluices. They've been there ever since, ranging from weekend panners to elaborate syndicates. It was the syndicates that ruined things for everyone else with their \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">notorious hydraulic methods\u003c/a>. Before the courts shut down the industry in 1884, operations progressed from the gravel terraces of the Central Valley into the mountains, where hydraulickers stripped large swaths of land of their woods and soils and sent the waste sediment downstream to smother the farmlands of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining was banned from discharging waste into the Sacramento River. That left two ways to keep doing it. One was to strip other rivers instead, most notably the Trinity River, where the practice lasted into the mid-1900s. The other was to dredge Central Valley gravels without affecting the river. The huge gravel beds laid down in the Valley by the Yuba and Feather rivers, where the first gold dredger set to work in 1850, nurtured a long-lasting industry based on floating dredges. The last of these, Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17, is still at work there today. By digging up one side of a pond and depositing the waste on the other, the great dredge slowly travels across the gravel fields east of Yuba City collecting enough powder-fine gold to pay for itself. The sand and gravel can be quarried again and sold later as aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/golddredge17/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg\" alt=\"Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17 works its way across the Deep Reserve Area on behalf of Cal Sierra Development Inc., digging gravel with a belt of buckets (seen below the control room at center), sifting out fine-grained gold and heavy minerals, and dumping the rest out the stern with its high stacker (left). Launched in 1918 and refurbished twice, it makes the damnedest noise you ever heard. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hard-rock mines of the Sierra Nevada, hundreds of them, produced the majority of California's gold and populated the region with strong communities. Without them the Mother Lode country would be a thinly peopled land of loggers like the northern Coast Range. The death blow to this industry was a federal wartime order in 1942 that halted all work. For the next five years the shafts filled with groundwater and the workers dispersed, making it uneconomical to reopen any but the richest deposits. Over the next decades the slow decline in the value of gold squeezed out what mines could be revived, and then the regulatory climate shifted to give nature a little more say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Carson Hill Rock Products, south of Angels Camp, still digs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calaverashistory.org/post/carson-hill\">fabulous ground\u003c/a> that yielded the 195-pound Calaveras Nugget in 1854. But its main business is the green-veined decorative rock called mariposite. I am told that the operators keep their eye out for gold as they go, but produce it from the richest pockets only as a byproduct and thus avoid many of the regulations imposed on a gold mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/mariposite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg\" alt=\"Mariposite rock\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariposite rock is named for the green phyllosilicate mineral mariposite, a variety of phengite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steady—apparently permanent—high price of gold today is driving a few long-standing efforts to reopen large-scale gold mining in the Sierra. Foremost of these is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.suttergoldmining.com/s/Home.asp\">Lincoln Mine project\u003c/a>, in Amador County between Jackson and Plymouth, where the Sutter Gold Mining company has methodically gotten all its permits in order and anticipates starting to produce ore for real this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one little mine, started in 1896, still runs as an artisan operation: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.origsix.com/\">Original Sixteen to One Mine\u003c/a>, up in Sierra County in the hamlet of Alleghany. Its business model today is based solely on specimen gold, doing its work by hand and making no toxic waste. If you ever run across decorative California gold like this, with visible metal in creamy quartz, you're surely looking at the mine's output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/matrixgoldspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg\" alt=\"A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite, a rock closely associated with the Mother Lode\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Occasionally the miners hit a jackpot, like this specimen called \"The Whopper,\" that can pay for more than a year's expenses all by itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50499\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/califgoldwhopper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\" width=\"480\" height=\"279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Original Sixteen to One Mine will let you spend a day in the mine with the miners for $400, lunch included. There's no word on the website on whether you can keep what you find, but other rewards in Alleghany include \u003ca href=\"http://www.caseys-place.com/\">Casey's Place\u003c/a> and, if you make an appointment, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.undergroundgold.com/Index.html\">Underground Gold Miners Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
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