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"content": "\u003cp>In 2008, I produced a QUEST TV feature story called, \"Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril\" (UPDATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/\">The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster\u003c/a>). The story focused on the earthquake fault that runs from San Jose in the south to San Pablo Bay in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. A magnitude 7 earthquake occurred along this fault in 1868 that killed several people and destroyed buildings throughout the East Bay as well as in San Francisco. The 1868 quake was referred to as 'the great earthquake' prior to the epic 1906 earthquake that happened along the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gist of the 2008 TV story was that geologists are now able to use special paleoseismic techniques to analyze earthquake faults and determine their seismic history over several thousand years. By noticing patterns in earthquake activity over long periods of time, they can also make predictions about when major events are likely to happen in the future. They determined that a major event of 6.8 or higher happens every 140 years or so on the Hayward Fault. It's been 143 since the last one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_Khalid_6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_Khalid_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24808\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Khalid Mosalam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A 2003 report by the USGS found that there is a \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/results.php\">62% probability of at least one magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake in the 3-decade interval 2003-2032 within the San Francisco Bay region\u003c/a>. With odds like this, I'm grateful that there are people like Khalid Mosalam and his colleagues at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center's Shaking Table Laboratory who dedicate their careers to learning how to make the built environment that we live in, work in and travel on more safe in an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd included about a minute of video from the Shaking Table Lab in the 2008 piece but I always regretted that I wasn't able to show more of this facility. So when we started putting together an entire episode focused around the theme of earthquakes, I thought a short segment about the Shaking Table would be perfect for this show. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_electric_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_electric_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24812\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Substation equipment getting shaken up on the table\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we were there shooting in 2008, they were testing some electrical substation switches which were interesting but definitely not as dramatic as some of the other structures they build and shake in three axes, often until collapse. The generous engineers at PEER were able to provide us some videos of other structures they tested including a two story house, a masonry wall and a bridge pier support. The 20' x 20' table is one of the largest in the world to be able to move in three directions (translation and rotation) so, according to Mosalam, it's an extremely important piece of equipment at UC Berkeley and has contributed to important research that will result in people being safer when the next 'big one' hits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2008, I produced a QUEST TV feature story called, \"Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril\" (UPDATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/\">The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster\u003c/a>). The story focused on the earthquake fault that runs from San Jose in the south to San Pablo Bay in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. A magnitude 7 earthquake occurred along this fault in 1868 that killed several people and destroyed buildings throughout the East Bay as well as in San Francisco. The 1868 quake was referred to as 'the great earthquake' prior to the epic 1906 earthquake that happened along the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gist of the 2008 TV story was that geologists are now able to use special paleoseismic techniques to analyze earthquake faults and determine their seismic history over several thousand years. By noticing patterns in earthquake activity over long periods of time, they can also make predictions about when major events are likely to happen in the future. They determined that a major event of 6.8 or higher happens every 140 years or so on the Hayward Fault. It's been 143 since the last one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_Khalid_6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_Khalid_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24808\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Khalid Mosalam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A 2003 report by the USGS found that there is a \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/results.php\">62% probability of at least one magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake in the 3-decade interval 2003-2032 within the San Francisco Bay region\u003c/a>. With odds like this, I'm grateful that there are people like Khalid Mosalam and his colleagues at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center's Shaking Table Laboratory who dedicate their careers to learning how to make the built environment that we live in, work in and travel on more safe in an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd included about a minute of video from the Shaking Table Lab in the 2008 piece but I always regretted that I wasn't able to show more of this facility. So when we started putting together an entire episode focused around the theme of earthquakes, I thought a short segment about the Shaking Table would be perfect for this show. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_electric_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_electric_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24812\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Substation equipment getting shaken up on the table\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we were there shooting in 2008, they were testing some electrical substation switches which were interesting but definitely not as dramatic as some of the other structures they build and shake in three axes, often until collapse. The generous engineers at PEER were able to provide us some videos of other structures they tested including a two story house, a masonry wall and a bridge pier support. The 20' x 20' table is one of the largest in the world to be able to move in three directions (translation and rotation) so, according to Mosalam, it's an extremely important piece of equipment at UC Berkeley and has contributed to important research that will result in people being safer when the next 'big one' hits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The recent \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami\">Tōhoku quake that struck Japan\u003c/a> on March 11th, is a devastating reminder of the sheer power and velocity of a magnitude 9 earthquake. Such reminders are very rare; in the 20th-century only three earthquakes reached or exceeded magnitude 9.0 worldwide. In the US, there are only two locations where a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake \u003c/a>is possible—\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Trench\">the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone \u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/cascadia_zone.html\">Cascadia Subduction Zone\u003c/a>—the region west of the Cascade Range from southern British Columbia to northern California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With recent lessons from Japan in mind, I wanted to look at what might happen if an earthquake struck the Cascadia Zone. However, an in-depth look at megathrust quakes has a unique set of challenges because one can’t snap their fingers and inspire nature to shake the ground. As a television journalist I have to be slightly obsessive about capturing enough footage to cover a story because a bunch of talking heads will put the audience to sleep. It’s easy to end up with a bunch of lackluster clips from expert interviewees strung together in a timeline. Fortunately, my early research revealed that the last \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake in 1700\u003c/a> left behind some very interesting visuals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, Cascadia did not have any written records of local earthquakes larger than magnitude 7.5, nor of transpacific tsunamis. However, in the early 1980’s earth scientists began looking a little closer. Hints from oral histories of native peoples were analyzed in detail, and geologists began uncovering unusual and exciting physical clues, both suggesting that very large earthquakes had struck the Pacific Northwest. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the detectives who pinpointed the timing of the 1700 quake were geologist, Brian Atwater, and tree ring scientist, Dave Yamaguchi. Our camera crew joined this duo for a day in the field on a sunny June morning. Videographer, Tim Griffis, and I followed Atwater a few hundred feet up a stream near Discovery Bay on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. Atwater scraped away at the riverbank to reveal a light grey layer of sand filled with microscopic siliceous shells of marine diatoms. According to Atwater, the simplest explanation for this unique sand layer is a tsunami from an earthquake in which a tectonic plate, in a seismic shift, abruptly displaced the sea while lowering the adjoining coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a megathrust earthquake strikes, the land can drop by five feet or more. Imagine a tsunami wave powerfully driving towards a shoreline. Sand from the sea is swept up into the current and carried far inland and then deposited, coating the land with a fresh layer of sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Atwater concluded that the sand layers likely revealed evidence of past tsunamis, he recruited tree ring scientist, Dave Yamaguchi to help him pinpoint when the last giant quake struck. Yamaguchi suggested they look to trees that were drowned by incoming waters from the past giant tsunami. He pointed to ghost forests—groves of weather-beaten tree trunks in tidal marshes and meadows in southern Washington. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When incoming waters from a tsunami rush inland the bases of trees are submerged underwater and the trees are killed. Thousands of rotting stumps can be seen along the banks of tidal streams up and down the west coast. By dating the final ring on one of these trees Yamaguchi determined the past giant quake happened in 1700. According to Yamaguchi, “It’s important for us to know how big the earthquakes in the past have been in this region because the past tells us what can happen in the future.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the Cascadia fault is susceptible to giant quakes allows engineers to plan ahead and construct structures to withstand that kind of force. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although footage from the Tōhoku quake was the primary footage used to illustrate our story about megathrust quakes, my favorite visuals revealed the signs of an earthquake that hit over three hundred years ago. Not only did we witness unique science in action, we shared in the joy of two scientists who clearly love connecting the dots between geologic evidence and history. Plus, it was obvious they enjoyed striding through tidal muck in hip waders giddily digging away the shoreline to reveal an unusual and important discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network Homepage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/INFO_GENERAL/platecontours.html\">PNSN Deep Quakes in Washington and Oregon\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/pacnw/hazards.php\">USGS Pacific Northwest Hazards and Preparedness\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\">USGS Liquefaction information in coordination with the California Geological Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/animate.html\">NOAA Center for Tsunami Research Animations\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/geo_history_wa/index.htm\">The Burke Museum online exhibit on the geological evolution of Washington\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Experts warn that an offshore quake powerful enough to kill thousands and discharge a tsunami could hit the West Coast any time. QUEST Northwest talks with geologists and seismologists about cutting-edge research in earthquake prediction, and what it would look like if the next “Big One\" hits close to home.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The recent \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami\">Tōhoku quake that struck Japan\u003c/a> on March 11th, is a devastating reminder of the sheer power and velocity of a magnitude 9 earthquake. Such reminders are very rare; in the 20th-century only three earthquakes reached or exceeded magnitude 9.0 worldwide. In the US, there are only two locations where a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake \u003c/a>is possible—\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Trench\">the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone \u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/cascadia_zone.html\">Cascadia Subduction Zone\u003c/a>—the region west of the Cascade Range from southern British Columbia to northern California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With recent lessons from Japan in mind, I wanted to look at what might happen if an earthquake struck the Cascadia Zone. However, an in-depth look at megathrust quakes has a unique set of challenges because one can’t snap their fingers and inspire nature to shake the ground. As a television journalist I have to be slightly obsessive about capturing enough footage to cover a story because a bunch of talking heads will put the audience to sleep. It’s easy to end up with a bunch of lackluster clips from expert interviewees strung together in a timeline. Fortunately, my early research revealed that the last \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake in 1700\u003c/a> left behind some very interesting visuals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, Cascadia did not have any written records of local earthquakes larger than magnitude 7.5, nor of transpacific tsunamis. However, in the early 1980’s earth scientists began looking a little closer. Hints from oral histories of native peoples were analyzed in detail, and geologists began uncovering unusual and exciting physical clues, both suggesting that very large earthquakes had struck the Pacific Northwest. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the detectives who pinpointed the timing of the 1700 quake were geologist, Brian Atwater, and tree ring scientist, Dave Yamaguchi. Our camera crew joined this duo for a day in the field on a sunny June morning. Videographer, Tim Griffis, and I followed Atwater a few hundred feet up a stream near Discovery Bay on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. Atwater scraped away at the riverbank to reveal a light grey layer of sand filled with microscopic siliceous shells of marine diatoms. According to Atwater, the simplest explanation for this unique sand layer is a tsunami from an earthquake in which a tectonic plate, in a seismic shift, abruptly displaced the sea while lowering the adjoining coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a megathrust earthquake strikes, the land can drop by five feet or more. Imagine a tsunami wave powerfully driving towards a shoreline. Sand from the sea is swept up into the current and carried far inland and then deposited, coating the land with a fresh layer of sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Atwater concluded that the sand layers likely revealed evidence of past tsunamis, he recruited tree ring scientist, Dave Yamaguchi to help him pinpoint when the last giant quake struck. Yamaguchi suggested they look to trees that were drowned by incoming waters from the past giant tsunami. He pointed to ghost forests—groves of weather-beaten tree trunks in tidal marshes and meadows in southern Washington. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When incoming waters from a tsunami rush inland the bases of trees are submerged underwater and the trees are killed. Thousands of rotting stumps can be seen along the banks of tidal streams up and down the west coast. By dating the final ring on one of these trees Yamaguchi determined the past giant quake happened in 1700. According to Yamaguchi, “It’s important for us to know how big the earthquakes in the past have been in this region because the past tells us what can happen in the future.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the Cascadia fault is susceptible to giant quakes allows engineers to plan ahead and construct structures to withstand that kind of force. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although footage from the Tōhoku quake was the primary footage used to illustrate our story about megathrust quakes, my favorite visuals revealed the signs of an earthquake that hit over three hundred years ago. Not only did we witness unique science in action, we shared in the joy of two scientists who clearly love connecting the dots between geologic evidence and history. Plus, it was obvious they enjoyed striding through tidal muck in hip waders giddily digging away the shoreline to reveal an unusual and important discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network Homepage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/INFO_GENERAL/platecontours.html\">PNSN Deep Quakes in Washington and Oregon\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/pacnw/hazards.php\">USGS Pacific Northwest Hazards and Preparedness\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\">USGS Liquefaction information in coordination with the California Geological Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/animate.html\">NOAA Center for Tsunami Research Animations\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/geo_history_wa/index.htm\">The Burke Museum online exhibit on the geological evolution of Washington\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24480\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandsfship/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24480\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandSFship\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Gold Rush-era ship is excavated from historical fill at a San Francisco construction site in 2005. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have been making land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at it, but nature has a head start of a few billion years, and we don't work with nature's infinite care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the largest scale, land grows because volcanoes and tectonic movements elevate rocks above sea level. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">The Bay Area has no volcanoes at present\u003c/a>, and the basic framework of our terrain is tectonism organized around the San Andreas fault system. On the scale of human history, that's too slow to be relevant. For growing new land, erosion and deposition matter more to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New land grows naturally around the Bay as wetlands capture sediment washed in with the seawater. Unfortunately for builders, it's soft black mud and it's barely at sea level. And unfortunately for shippers, \"bay mud\" bars vessels from approaching the shore almost everywhere except around steep bodies of bedrock, like Yerba Buena and Alcatraz Islands. When Gold Rush settlers came here to stay, making bay mud into useful land—reclamation—was one of their chief concerns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there were so many abandoned ships in the harbor that many were simply scuttled and buried in fill—dredged sand and mud from the Bay, mostly, along with waste rock and debris. We dig up the old ships occasionally while building around the Financial District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More land was made elsewhere simply by diking off sections of the Bay, letting it dry out, and putting it to use growing crops or harvesting sea salt. (Today the salt ponds of the South Bay are carefully being restored to working wetland.) In San Mateo County, levees were built to create Brewer's Island around the turn of the last century. The dry bay mud served as hayfields and salt ponds until T. Jack Foster set out to turn Brewer's Island into a complete planned city. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/community_info/Creating-the-Land.cfm\">creation of Foster City\u003c/a> in the 1960s was overseen by geotechnical engineers, but the basic method was age-old: dredge, dump, drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has mapped artificial land along with all the other geologic units around the Bay. The majority of this reclaimed land is in the central Bay, in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/bayfillmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/bayfillmap-640x232.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"bayfillmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24479\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclaimed land shows its weakness in earthquakes. In the 1906 quake it was widely noted that buildings placed on \"made land\" were prone to failure. Nonetheless the city's rubble was used for fill at the site of the 1915 Pan Pacific Exposition, which later became developed as the Marina district. In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake the Marina had the deadliest damage in the city. Likewise, the Cypress section of Interstate 880, in west Oakland, failed where it crossed old fill. In San Francisco the notorious Embarcadero Freeway, also built upon old fill, was torn down shortly after Loma Prieta, before it could fail. Our areas of fill, old and new, will continue to be tested by earthquakes while our reclamation practices continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geology enthusiasts, Oakland's reclaimed land has given us an unexpected treat, seen in the new Middle Harbor Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica seawall recycles rock from an early land reclamation project: the port of Oakland. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1880s, early in the creation of Oakland's harbor, a pair of \"training walls\" was built to guide the tides into scouring the ship channel clean. The project required lots of large boulders, and every quarry along the Bay Area shoreline was recruited to supply the stones. When the old north training wall was demolished in 2001, some of the best rocks were set aside. These were made into \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/oakland-stone-landmarks-middle-harbor-parks-replica-training-wall/\">a replica pier\u003c/a>, nicely laid down in drystone masonry, that displays excellent specimens of Bay Area rock types.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24480\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandsfship/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24480\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandSFship\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Gold Rush-era ship is excavated from historical fill at a San Francisco construction site in 2005. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have been making land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at it, but nature has a head start of a few billion years, and we don't work with nature's infinite care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the largest scale, land grows because volcanoes and tectonic movements elevate rocks above sea level. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">The Bay Area has no volcanoes at present\u003c/a>, and the basic framework of our terrain is tectonism organized around the San Andreas fault system. On the scale of human history, that's too slow to be relevant. For growing new land, erosion and deposition matter more to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New land grows naturally around the Bay as wetlands capture sediment washed in with the seawater. Unfortunately for builders, it's soft black mud and it's barely at sea level. And unfortunately for shippers, \"bay mud\" bars vessels from approaching the shore almost everywhere except around steep bodies of bedrock, like Yerba Buena and Alcatraz Islands. When Gold Rush settlers came here to stay, making bay mud into useful land—reclamation—was one of their chief concerns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there were so many abandoned ships in the harbor that many were simply scuttled and buried in fill—dredged sand and mud from the Bay, mostly, along with waste rock and debris. We dig up the old ships occasionally while building around the Financial District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More land was made elsewhere simply by diking off sections of the Bay, letting it dry out, and putting it to use growing crops or harvesting sea salt. (Today the salt ponds of the South Bay are carefully being restored to working wetland.) In San Mateo County, levees were built to create Brewer's Island around the turn of the last century. The dry bay mud served as hayfields and salt ponds until T. Jack Foster set out to turn Brewer's Island into a complete planned city. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/community_info/Creating-the-Land.cfm\">creation of Foster City\u003c/a> in the 1960s was overseen by geotechnical engineers, but the basic method was age-old: dredge, dump, drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has mapped artificial land along with all the other geologic units around the Bay. The majority of this reclaimed land is in the central Bay, in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/bayfillmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/bayfillmap-640x232.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"bayfillmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24479\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclaimed land shows its weakness in earthquakes. In the 1906 quake it was widely noted that buildings placed on \"made land\" were prone to failure. Nonetheless the city's rubble was used for fill at the site of the 1915 Pan Pacific Exposition, which later became developed as the Marina district. In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake the Marina had the deadliest damage in the city. Likewise, the Cypress section of Interstate 880, in west Oakland, failed where it crossed old fill. In San Francisco the notorious Embarcadero Freeway, also built upon old fill, was torn down shortly after Loma Prieta, before it could fail. Our areas of fill, old and new, will continue to be tested by earthquakes while our reclamation practices continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geology enthusiasts, Oakland's reclaimed land has given us an unexpected treat, seen in the new Middle Harbor Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica seawall recycles rock from an early land reclamation project: the port of Oakland. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1880s, early in the creation of Oakland's harbor, a pair of \"training walls\" was built to guide the tides into scouring the ship channel clean. The project required lots of large boulders, and every quarry along the Bay Area shoreline was recruited to supply the stones. When the old north training wall was demolished in 2001, some of the best rocks were set aside. These were made into \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/oakland-stone-landmarks-middle-harbor-parks-replica-training-wall/\">a replica pier\u003c/a>, nicely laid down in drystone masonry, that displays excellent specimens of Bay Area rock types.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>At first glance, it seems like a pretty esoteric controversy: Did a famous, now-vanished lake ever exist in the first place? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Dolores Lagoon isn't just any old lake. It's San Francisco's Plymouth Rock, the place where the modern city was supposedly founded. Questioning its existence is a little like suggesting that Plymouth Rock wasn’t in Massachusetts at all, or the Gold Rush didn’t begin at Sutter’s Mill. For Christopher Richard, a curator at the Oakland Museum, it’s become an obsession. For others, it’s sacrilege. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24228\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/1912-Eldridge.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/1912-Eldridge-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"San Francisco\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-24228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 1912 map includes the Laguna Dolores\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This month, Richard, along with his collaborator, geologist Janet Sowers, are getting something like a final word on the matter: A \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/creeks/crkmap.html\">new revised version\u003c/a> of San Francisco’s Creek and Watershed Map is being released by the Oakland Museum. For the first time, it excludes the old Dolores Lagoon that was once said to engulf Mission and Valencia streets between 15th and 18th streets. I called Richard to ask for an explanation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We met in a porn studio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though you wouldn’t know it from their wide range of video offerings online, Kink.com is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfarmory.com/\">one of the best places\u003c/a> in San Francisco to see the ways fresh water still moves underneath the Mission district, despite the efforts of a century of city planners to excise San Francisco's erstwhile creeks and marshes from the urban landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kink's basement is below the neighborhood's water table, which means water is constantly seeping in through cracks in the walls. In the rainy season, sump pumps suck thousands of gallons of fresh water out of this basement each day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24393\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Kink-Creek.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Kink-Creek-353x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Kink Creek\" width=\"353\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-24393\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kink.com's underground creek is not something you want to throw a line into. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chris Gaw, who directs arts and facilities for kink, and unit production manager Duke Cole, were kind enough to give us a tour. Chris says once, not long after Kink.com bought the historic building, they held a mud-wrestling match in one of the ponds that form on the floor of the basement. That was before they took the water in for testing. Lab results showed e.coli. Now they steer clear of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What has Sowers and Richard tromping through adult film sets is a longstanding interest in water. Not just any water, but the streams and marshes that are now invisible, because they have been filled and paved over, channeled into pipes and sewers under our city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that way, Richard and Sowers function as water detectives, looking for clues of the city’s long-lost aquatic past. Recently, they believe, they solved a mystery that had nagged them for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where a modern multicultural city began\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After we leave Kink.com, Richard, Sowers, and I walk a few blocks south, to Albion Street, a narrow lane between Valencia and Guerrero, and bordered by 16th and 17th streets. We stop at a bronze plaque. Richard reads the first sentence aloud:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Site of the original Mission Dolores Chapel and Dolores Lagoon. On June 29th, 1776, Father Francisco Palou, a member of the Anza expedition, had a brushwood shelter built here, on the edge of a now-vanished lake, \u003cem>Lago de los Dolores\u003c/em> (Lake of the Sorrows), and offered the first mass.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/lagunadolores_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlers had walked north from Monterey, up to San Francisco. But what they found was sand. There was nowhere to graze the cattle. So they set up camp in the city’s south east corner, on the shores of a lagoon, called Laguna Dolores, where Ohlone Indians fished and paddled canoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At that moment, two cultures encountered each other, tried to deal with each other,\" says Andy Galvan, an Ohlone and curator at \u003ca href=\"http://www.missiondolores.org/\">Mission Dolores\u003c/a>. \"And today we are a very multicultural city, and that’s something to be very proud of.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decoding the myth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with this long-told story, as recounted on the plaque on Albion street, says Christopher Richard, is that a lagoon couldn’t have existed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pulls out a topographical map, and points to the place we’re standing. He says back in the 18th century, it overlooked a creek bed, a canyon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can't have a lake on a highland,\" he says. \"You can't have a lake in a bathtub when you've pulled the plug. The water would have immediately drained away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Richard and Sowers produced the 2007 version of the map, they left the lake on it. \"We couldn't come up with a strong enough argument to not put it on,\" says Sowers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24395\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/OMCA-20112.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/OMCA-20112-257x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"OMCA 2011\" width=\"257\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-24395\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the updated, 2011 Watershed Map, the historic Dolores Lagoon is gone.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the mystery of the Laguna nagged at Richard, so he started looking into historical records, many of which had only recently become available online. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he says the myth of the lagoon can be traced back to a single paragraph, written by the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza in March, 1776.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After continuing to the southeast a league and a half along the coast of the \u003cem>estero\u003c/em>, I found a good site for planting crops with irrigation by taking the water from an \u003cem>ojo de agua o fuente\u003c/em>…” the passage begins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s confusing about this passage, according to Richard, is that de Anza is actually talking about three separate bodies of water: A creek, here in the Mission, and two different lakes: one in the Presidio, one in Cow Hollow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a hundred years later, historians got confused. They thought deAnza had described a lake in the Mission District. San Francisco, they said, was founded on the banks of a lake. Generations of map-makers then followed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What difference does it make? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard’s and Sowers' work has ignited a controversy. One local resident, who helped get the plaque put up, said he was too angry to even be interviewed. He and others spent years researching the Lagoon and its history. They feel confident there was a lake here. Now someone’s telling them they were wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Richard, Sowers and I were studying the plaque, a car pulled into the driveway of the adjacent apartment building. Tom Schmidt, a software engineer got out. I asked him what he thinks of the plaque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly it’s the bane of my existence, that sign,\" said Schmidt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told us the sign attracts tour buses, groups of school kids, drunk teenagers. It's a nuisance. But even beyond that, he's just not really sure what the point is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be one thing if there were some historical buildings to look at here,\" he said. \"But there are just apartment buildings now, bars and homeless people. There's nothing here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To, Janet Sowers, that is the point. We can't see anymore what this city looked like 250 years ago. So you have to you use your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Imagine it as grassland,\" she says. \"Imagine it with cattle grazing on it. And imagine being able to see the Mission Dolores over that distance, without any of these buildings in the way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to do this, it helps to have a few clues. Richard says his job is making sure they’re good ones. \"Our lives are dedicated to finding out what is from what isn’t,\" he says. \"That’s what a scientist does.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard and Sowers would like to see the plaque taken down, or at least revised, but that idea is bound to be controversial in the neighborhood. The final decision belongs to California's Office of Historic Preservation. That process could take years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At first glance, it seems like a pretty esoteric controversy: Did a famous, now-vanished lake ever exist in the first place? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Dolores Lagoon isn't just any old lake. It's San Francisco's Plymouth Rock, the place where the modern city was supposedly founded. Questioning its existence is a little like suggesting that Plymouth Rock wasn’t in Massachusetts at all, or the Gold Rush didn’t begin at Sutter’s Mill. For Christopher Richard, a curator at the Oakland Museum, it’s become an obsession. For others, it’s sacrilege. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24228\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/1912-Eldridge.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/1912-Eldridge-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"San Francisco\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-24228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 1912 map includes the Laguna Dolores\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This month, Richard, along with his collaborator, geologist Janet Sowers, are getting something like a final word on the matter: A \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/creeks/crkmap.html\">new revised version\u003c/a> of San Francisco’s Creek and Watershed Map is being released by the Oakland Museum. For the first time, it excludes the old Dolores Lagoon that was once said to engulf Mission and Valencia streets between 15th and 18th streets. I called Richard to ask for an explanation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We met in a porn studio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though you wouldn’t know it from their wide range of video offerings online, Kink.com is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfarmory.com/\">one of the best places\u003c/a> in San Francisco to see the ways fresh water still moves underneath the Mission district, despite the efforts of a century of city planners to excise San Francisco's erstwhile creeks and marshes from the urban landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kink's basement is below the neighborhood's water table, which means water is constantly seeping in through cracks in the walls. In the rainy season, sump pumps suck thousands of gallons of fresh water out of this basement each day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24393\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Kink-Creek.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Kink-Creek-353x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Kink Creek\" width=\"353\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-24393\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kink.com's underground creek is not something you want to throw a line into. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chris Gaw, who directs arts and facilities for kink, and unit production manager Duke Cole, were kind enough to give us a tour. Chris says once, not long after Kink.com bought the historic building, they held a mud-wrestling match in one of the ponds that form on the floor of the basement. That was before they took the water in for testing. Lab results showed e.coli. Now they steer clear of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What has Sowers and Richard tromping through adult film sets is a longstanding interest in water. Not just any water, but the streams and marshes that are now invisible, because they have been filled and paved over, channeled into pipes and sewers under our city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that way, Richard and Sowers function as water detectives, looking for clues of the city’s long-lost aquatic past. Recently, they believe, they solved a mystery that had nagged them for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where a modern multicultural city began\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After we leave Kink.com, Richard, Sowers, and I walk a few blocks south, to Albion Street, a narrow lane between Valencia and Guerrero, and bordered by 16th and 17th streets. We stop at a bronze plaque. Richard reads the first sentence aloud:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Site of the original Mission Dolores Chapel and Dolores Lagoon. On June 29th, 1776, Father Francisco Palou, a member of the Anza expedition, had a brushwood shelter built here, on the edge of a now-vanished lake, \u003cem>Lago de los Dolores\u003c/em> (Lake of the Sorrows), and offered the first mass.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/lagunadolores_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlers had walked north from Monterey, up to San Francisco. But what they found was sand. There was nowhere to graze the cattle. So they set up camp in the city’s south east corner, on the shores of a lagoon, called Laguna Dolores, where Ohlone Indians fished and paddled canoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At that moment, two cultures encountered each other, tried to deal with each other,\" says Andy Galvan, an Ohlone and curator at \u003ca href=\"http://www.missiondolores.org/\">Mission Dolores\u003c/a>. \"And today we are a very multicultural city, and that’s something to be very proud of.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decoding the myth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with this long-told story, as recounted on the plaque on Albion street, says Christopher Richard, is that a lagoon couldn’t have existed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pulls out a topographical map, and points to the place we’re standing. He says back in the 18th century, it overlooked a creek bed, a canyon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can't have a lake on a highland,\" he says. \"You can't have a lake in a bathtub when you've pulled the plug. The water would have immediately drained away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Richard and Sowers produced the 2007 version of the map, they left the lake on it. \"We couldn't come up with a strong enough argument to not put it on,\" says Sowers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24395\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/OMCA-20112.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/OMCA-20112-257x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"OMCA 2011\" width=\"257\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-24395\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the updated, 2011 Watershed Map, the historic Dolores Lagoon is gone.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the mystery of the Laguna nagged at Richard, so he started looking into historical records, many of which had only recently become available online. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he says the myth of the lagoon can be traced back to a single paragraph, written by the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza in March, 1776.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After continuing to the southeast a league and a half along the coast of the \u003cem>estero\u003c/em>, I found a good site for planting crops with irrigation by taking the water from an \u003cem>ojo de agua o fuente\u003c/em>…” the passage begins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s confusing about this passage, according to Richard, is that de Anza is actually talking about three separate bodies of water: A creek, here in the Mission, and two different lakes: one in the Presidio, one in Cow Hollow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a hundred years later, historians got confused. They thought deAnza had described a lake in the Mission District. San Francisco, they said, was founded on the banks of a lake. Generations of map-makers then followed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What difference does it make? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard’s and Sowers' work has ignited a controversy. One local resident, who helped get the plaque put up, said he was too angry to even be interviewed. He and others spent years researching the Lagoon and its history. They feel confident there was a lake here. Now someone’s telling them they were wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Richard, Sowers and I were studying the plaque, a car pulled into the driveway of the adjacent apartment building. Tom Schmidt, a software engineer got out. I asked him what he thinks of the plaque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly it’s the bane of my existence, that sign,\" said Schmidt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told us the sign attracts tour buses, groups of school kids, drunk teenagers. It's a nuisance. But even beyond that, he's just not really sure what the point is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be one thing if there were some historical buildings to look at here,\" he said. \"But there are just apartment buildings now, bars and homeless people. There's nothing here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To, Janet Sowers, that is the point. We can't see anymore what this city looked like 250 years ago. So you have to you use your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Imagine it as grassland,\" she says. \"Imagine it with cattle grazing on it. And imagine being able to see the Mission Dolores over that distance, without any of these buildings in the way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to do this, it helps to have a few clues. Richard says his job is making sure they’re good ones. \"Our lives are dedicated to finding out what is from what isn’t,\" he says. \"That’s what a scientist does.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard and Sowers would like to see the plaque taken down, or at least revised, but that idea is bound to be controversial in the neighborhood. The final decision belongs to California's Office of Historic Preservation. That process could take years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Local Geological State Parks to Close",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23897\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/08/local-geological-state-parks-to-close/geostateparkstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23897\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkstop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geostateparkstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23897\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Castle Rock State Park; photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bbum/\"}Bill Bumgarner{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the most heartbreaking casualties of California's political crisis are dozens of state parks that are scheduled to be shut down during the coming year, some sooner and some later. Historical monuments, wildlife preserves and simple recreation areas are on the chopping block, along with the experienced staffers who guard and maintain them. Causes for hope are small, but they do exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the closures are cause for mourning (visit the California State Parks Foundation site to \u003ca href=\"http://my.calparks.org/site/PageServer?pagename=2011ParkClosures\">see the whole list\u003c/a>), but I will speak for the geologizers among us. From north to south, here are some of the significant properties to close in the Bay Area counties. In some cases there are organized groups active on the park's behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sonoma County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Austin Creek State Recreation Area:\u003c/em> About 6000 acres of meadows and oak-studded hills north of Guerneville are set in classic Franciscan rocks including serpentinite, sandstone, greenstone and silica-carbonate rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sugarloaf Ridge State Park:\u003c/em> East of Santa Rosa is 2700 acres of varied rocks including Franciscan serpentinite, melange and greenstone, mudrocks of the Great Valley sequence, and young Sonoma Volcanics. The \u003ca href=\"http://rfo.org/index.html\">Ferguson Observatory\u003c/a> is also there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marin County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Olompali State Historic Park:\u003c/em> Trails in this former ranch give access to the Miocene volcanic rocks of Burdell Mountain, kin to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/\">the Moraga basalt of the East Bay hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Samuel P. Taylor State Park:\u003c/em> The steep walls of Lagunitas Creek and the grassy uplands of Barnabe Mountain lie within Franciscan melange and other rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tomales Bay State Park:\u003c/em> The stick-straight ditch of Tomales Bay marks the trace of the San Andreas fault, and the Salinian granitic rocks on the western shore contrast sharply with the Franciscan rocks on the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Mateo County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gray Whale Cove State Beach:\u003c/em> On the shore below Devil's Slide is this intimate beach exposing the long-traveled granitic rock known as Montara Quartz Diorite (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">which I showed you at Quarry Park in El Granada\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Portola Redwoods State Park:\u003c/em> Along with the mighty redwoods and pristine creeks are exposures of the young Monterey Formation and the shelly Purisima Formation as well as basalt. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=22075\">Portola and Castle Rock Foundation\u003c/a> has an interest here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Henry Coe State Park:\u003c/em> Northern California's largest state park has every rock type found in the Diablo Range (Franciscan and Great Valley Sequence) in its 80,000 acres, with the rugged terrain that displays them best. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.coepark.org/pra.html\">Pine Ridge Association\u003c/a> has been involved with the park since 1975, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coeparkfund.org/\">Coe Park Preservation Fund\u003c/a> is taking donations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Santa Cruz County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Castle Rock State Park:\u003c/em> At the county's northern tip is a climber's and photographer's playland, and a geologizer's place to study the Vaqueros Sandstone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.thatsmypark.org/\">The Friends of Santa Cruz State Parks\u003c/a> are involved, as is the local \u003ca href=\"http://ventana.sierraclub.org/conservation/castle_rock/index.shtml\">Sierra Club chapter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go farther afield, there are other precious places set to close all over the state: Castle Crags, Malakoff Diggins, Palomar Mountain, Picacho, Providence Mountains, Mono Lake Tufa, and the California State Mining and Mineral Museum. My colleague, blogger and teacher Garry Hayes, has strong feelings for \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2011/09/other-california-limekiln-state-park.html\">Limekiln State Park\u003c/a> on the Bug Sur coast. If you have more, by all means mention them in a comment. The California State Parks Foundation has just launched its \u003ca href=\"http://mag70.calparks.org/\">Magnificent 70 site\u003c/a> to ratchet up the argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/08/local-geological-state-parks-to-close/geostateparkmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23898\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geostateparkmuseum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23898\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkmuseum.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkmuseum-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California State Mining and Mineral Museum in Mariposa, a world-class resource set to be shuttered. I have several mineral specimens that I bought here. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Photographer Eliya Selhub has set out to document the parks that are slated to close, at \u003ca>\u003c/a>closingcaliforniaparks.com; so have Melody and David Noceti at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.70in70.com/\">70 in 70 site\u003c/a>. Again, if you find more of these, mention them in a comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One cause for hope is the passage of Assembly Bill 42 on September 6, which would allow nonprofit organizations to help operate parks on the kill list. Governor Brown loves the outdoors—I greeted him just this week as we shared a parkland trail—and he has a month to sign AB42 into law. Considering the vagaries of legislation, things may change for the better before anything can actually happen under AB42. Still, I think the park closures should be taken seriously. The bill may seem a pitifully small step, and not every park has a Friends organization with the resources to do what's needed, but this is all we have for now. The Parks Foundation has \u003ca href=\"https://secure3.convio.net/cspf/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=300\">a page to facilitate your support\u003c/a>; an old-fashioned letter addressed to \"Governor Jerry Brown, Sacramento\" will do too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state is set to close 70 state park properties this fiscal year. I call out nine that are special to Bay Area geologizers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23897\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/08/local-geological-state-parks-to-close/geostateparkstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23897\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkstop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geostateparkstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23897\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Castle Rock State Park; photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bbum/\"}Bill Bumgarner{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the most heartbreaking casualties of California's political crisis are dozens of state parks that are scheduled to be shut down during the coming year, some sooner and some later. Historical monuments, wildlife preserves and simple recreation areas are on the chopping block, along with the experienced staffers who guard and maintain them. Causes for hope are small, but they do exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the closures are cause for mourning (visit the California State Parks Foundation site to \u003ca href=\"http://my.calparks.org/site/PageServer?pagename=2011ParkClosures\">see the whole list\u003c/a>), but I will speak for the geologizers among us. From north to south, here are some of the significant properties to close in the Bay Area counties. In some cases there are organized groups active on the park's behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sonoma County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Austin Creek State Recreation Area:\u003c/em> About 6000 acres of meadows and oak-studded hills north of Guerneville are set in classic Franciscan rocks including serpentinite, sandstone, greenstone and silica-carbonate rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sugarloaf Ridge State Park:\u003c/em> East of Santa Rosa is 2700 acres of varied rocks including Franciscan serpentinite, melange and greenstone, mudrocks of the Great Valley sequence, and young Sonoma Volcanics. The \u003ca href=\"http://rfo.org/index.html\">Ferguson Observatory\u003c/a> is also there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marin County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Olompali State Historic Park:\u003c/em> Trails in this former ranch give access to the Miocene volcanic rocks of Burdell Mountain, kin to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/\">the Moraga basalt of the East Bay hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Samuel P. Taylor State Park:\u003c/em> The steep walls of Lagunitas Creek and the grassy uplands of Barnabe Mountain lie within Franciscan melange and other rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tomales Bay State Park:\u003c/em> The stick-straight ditch of Tomales Bay marks the trace of the San Andreas fault, and the Salinian granitic rocks on the western shore contrast sharply with the Franciscan rocks on the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Mateo County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gray Whale Cove State Beach:\u003c/em> On the shore below Devil's Slide is this intimate beach exposing the long-traveled granitic rock known as Montara Quartz Diorite (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">which I showed you at Quarry Park in El Granada\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Portola Redwoods State Park:\u003c/em> Along with the mighty redwoods and pristine creeks are exposures of the young Monterey Formation and the shelly Purisima Formation as well as basalt. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=22075\">Portola and Castle Rock Foundation\u003c/a> has an interest here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Henry Coe State Park:\u003c/em> Northern California's largest state park has every rock type found in the Diablo Range (Franciscan and Great Valley Sequence) in its 80,000 acres, with the rugged terrain that displays them best. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.coepark.org/pra.html\">Pine Ridge Association\u003c/a> has been involved with the park since 1975, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coeparkfund.org/\">Coe Park Preservation Fund\u003c/a> is taking donations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Santa Cruz County\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Castle Rock State Park:\u003c/em> At the county's northern tip is a climber's and photographer's playland, and a geologizer's place to study the Vaqueros Sandstone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.thatsmypark.org/\">The Friends of Santa Cruz State Parks\u003c/a> are involved, as is the local \u003ca href=\"http://ventana.sierraclub.org/conservation/castle_rock/index.shtml\">Sierra Club chapter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go farther afield, there are other precious places set to close all over the state: Castle Crags, Malakoff Diggins, Palomar Mountain, Picacho, Providence Mountains, Mono Lake Tufa, and the California State Mining and Mineral Museum. My colleague, blogger and teacher Garry Hayes, has strong feelings for \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2011/09/other-california-limekiln-state-park.html\">Limekiln State Park\u003c/a> on the Bug Sur coast. If you have more, by all means mention them in a comment. The California State Parks Foundation has just launched its \u003ca href=\"http://mag70.calparks.org/\">Magnificent 70 site\u003c/a> to ratchet up the argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/08/local-geological-state-parks-to-close/geostateparkmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23898\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geostateparkmuseum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23898\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkmuseum.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geostateparkmuseum-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California State Mining and Mineral Museum in Mariposa, a world-class resource set to be shuttered. I have several mineral specimens that I bought here. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Photographer Eliya Selhub has set out to document the parks that are slated to close, at \u003ca>\u003c/a>closingcaliforniaparks.com; so have Melody and David Noceti at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.70in70.com/\">70 in 70 site\u003c/a>. Again, if you find more of these, mention them in a comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One cause for hope is the passage of Assembly Bill 42 on September 6, which would allow nonprofit organizations to help operate parks on the kill list. Governor Brown loves the outdoors—I greeted him just this week as we shared a parkland trail—and he has a month to sign AB42 into law. Considering the vagaries of legislation, things may change for the better before anything can actually happen under AB42. Still, I think the park closures should be taken seriously. The bill may seem a pitifully small step, and not every park has a Friends organization with the resources to do what's needed, but this is all we have for now. The Parks Foundation has \u003ca href=\"https://secure3.convio.net/cspf/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=300\">a page to facilitate your support\u003c/a>; an old-fashioned letter addressed to \"Governor Jerry Brown, Sacramento\" will do too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23439\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/eqengpeertable/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23439\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengPEERtable.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQengPEERtable\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23439\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengPEERtable.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengPEERtable-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 20-foot shake table at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center in Richmond. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earthquake engineering is a discipline that uses a wide range of techniques: There's forensics, for diagnosing collapsed structures. There's 3D dynamic computer simulations, to test building designs \u003ci>in silico\u003c/i>. And there's the mechanical joy of giving things a good hard shake. The last part, clearly, is the sugar that draws the news flies. It certainly brings out the little boy in me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are all kinds of ways to subject things to seismic-style shaking. At a scientific meeting not long ago I watched a contest that took student-designed model buildings and put them on a shake table the size of a large microwave oven. A shake table is outfitted with actuators—pistons pushing in all directions—that \"play\" a seismogram, the record of an actual earthquake. The students and judges were serious, but somehow gleeful too, as the models began to shed pieces onto the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/eqengcontest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23437\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengcontest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQengcontest\" width=\"500\" height=\"536\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23437\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengcontest.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengcontest-400x429.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the same meeting we could ride in a much larger apparatus as it played the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake for us. As a veteran of that quake, I found this an uncanny experience but still couldn't keep a smile off my face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/eqengeqplayer/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23438\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengEQplayer.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQengEQplayer\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23438\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengEQplayer.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengEQplayer-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://peer.berkeley.edu/\">Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center\u003c/a>, in Richmond, is a leading institute for this stuff. (If you can get a tour, don't miss PEER's 4 Million Pound Universal Testing Machine, a steel behemoth built in 1932, and the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/earthquakes/ig/EQengineering/richmondboneyard.htm\">boneyard\u003c/a> of broken stuff out back.) It has the biggest shake table in the Bay Area, 20 feet square. That's big enough to subject a full-sized cottage or model house to a realistic earthquake experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Buffalo used two of these at once to test a full-sized two-story townhouse in 2006 at its \u003ca href=\"http://seesl.buffalo.edu/\">Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Lab\u003c/a>. (Both PEER and SEESL share resources as part of the nationwide \u003ca href=\"http://nees.org/\">George Brown Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation\u003c/a> or NEES.) In that experiment, the building danced to the tune of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. . . a break dance, you might say. \u003ca href=\"http://nees.buffalo.edu/projects/NEESWood/video.asp\">Videos from the project\u003c/a> are uncanny, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when something is too big to put on a shake table—like the Earth itself—we have to use a different approach. There's the equivalent of a submarine's sonar or the doctor's tap on your chest (a technique called auscultation, you should know) called active-source seismology. This has a long history and is best developed by oil companies and geotechnical consultants. The actuator that sends out the seismic signal can be as small as a sledgehammer blow or as large as blowing up a ton of dynamite, but I think that a fleet of Vibroseis trucks, pushing their thick steel baseplates against the ground in unison, may be the most impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/eqengvibroseis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23436\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengvibroseis.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQengvibroseis\" width=\"500\" height=\"306\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23436\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengvibroseis.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengvibroseis-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy Wikimedia Commons under CC-BY-SA license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week a California research project went to the Sacramento Delta, a water source for some 23 million people among other things, and did some shaking experiments to help get a handle on what a Big One might do there. The news people made a point of getting out to Sherman Island, because what could be cooler? There was a big shiny machine with whirling weights, used to shake nuclear plants, mounted on a segment of simulated levee on top of pure Delta peat. It was easy to visualize mayhem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test was not a realistic one: the actuator didn't play a seismogram, just a straight eyeball-rattling vibration. The model levee wasn't twice as tall, a hundred years old, or holding back 20 feet of water like the real levees. The point was to do a basic test of the underlying peat soil—something simple, fundamental and not too dangerous. It was just the start of the thorough science we need, but the experiment made great video. Three newspapers gave it coverage and included footage; links below. In its own way it was as cool as Burning Man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>San Jose Mercury News, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18782550\">Earthquake simulator gives model levee a big shake\u003c/a>\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sacramento Bee, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/08/30/3870868/ucla-researchers-shake-model-levee.html\">UCLA researchers shake model levee, for peat's sake\u003c/a>\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stockton Record, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110830/A_NEWS/108300313/-1/a_news14\">Ground rumbles for sake of research\u003c/a>\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23439\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/eqengpeertable/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23439\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengPEERtable.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQengPEERtable\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23439\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengPEERtable.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengPEERtable-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 20-foot shake table at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center in Richmond. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earthquake engineering is a discipline that uses a wide range of techniques: There's forensics, for diagnosing collapsed structures. There's 3D dynamic computer simulations, to test building designs \u003ci>in silico\u003c/i>. And there's the mechanical joy of giving things a good hard shake. The last part, clearly, is the sugar that draws the news flies. It certainly brings out the little boy in me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are all kinds of ways to subject things to seismic-style shaking. At a scientific meeting not long ago I watched a contest that took student-designed model buildings and put them on a shake table the size of a large microwave oven. A shake table is outfitted with actuators—pistons pushing in all directions—that \"play\" a seismogram, the record of an actual earthquake. The students and judges were serious, but somehow gleeful too, as the models began to shed pieces onto the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/eqengcontest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23437\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengcontest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQengcontest\" width=\"500\" height=\"536\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23437\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengcontest.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengcontest-400x429.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the same meeting we could ride in a much larger apparatus as it played the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake for us. As a veteran of that quake, I found this an uncanny experience but still couldn't keep a smile off my face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/eqengeqplayer/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23438\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengEQplayer.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQengEQplayer\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23438\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengEQplayer.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengEQplayer-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://peer.berkeley.edu/\">Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center\u003c/a>, in Richmond, is a leading institute for this stuff. (If you can get a tour, don't miss PEER's 4 Million Pound Universal Testing Machine, a steel behemoth built in 1932, and the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/earthquakes/ig/EQengineering/richmondboneyard.htm\">boneyard\u003c/a> of broken stuff out back.) It has the biggest shake table in the Bay Area, 20 feet square. That's big enough to subject a full-sized cottage or model house to a realistic earthquake experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Buffalo used two of these at once to test a full-sized two-story townhouse in 2006 at its \u003ca href=\"http://seesl.buffalo.edu/\">Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Lab\u003c/a>. (Both PEER and SEESL share resources as part of the nationwide \u003ca href=\"http://nees.org/\">George Brown Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation\u003c/a> or NEES.) In that experiment, the building danced to the tune of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. . . a break dance, you might say. \u003ca href=\"http://nees.buffalo.edu/projects/NEESWood/video.asp\">Videos from the project\u003c/a> are uncanny, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when something is too big to put on a shake table—like the Earth itself—we have to use a different approach. There's the equivalent of a submarine's sonar or the doctor's tap on your chest (a technique called auscultation, you should know) called active-source seismology. This has a long history and is best developed by oil companies and geotechnical consultants. The actuator that sends out the seismic signal can be as small as a sledgehammer blow or as large as blowing up a ton of dynamite, but I think that a fleet of Vibroseis trucks, pushing their thick steel baseplates against the ground in unison, may be the most impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/eqengvibroseis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23436\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengvibroseis.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQengvibroseis\" width=\"500\" height=\"306\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23436\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengvibroseis.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/EQengvibroseis-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy Wikimedia Commons under CC-BY-SA license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week a California research project went to the Sacramento Delta, a water source for some 23 million people among other things, and did some shaking experiments to help get a handle on what a Big One might do there. The news people made a point of getting out to Sherman Island, because what could be cooler? There was a big shiny machine with whirling weights, used to shake nuclear plants, mounted on a segment of simulated levee on top of pure Delta peat. It was easy to visualize mayhem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test was not a realistic one: the actuator didn't play a seismogram, just a straight eyeball-rattling vibration. The model levee wasn't twice as tall, a hundred years old, or holding back 20 feet of water like the real levees. The point was to do a basic test of the underlying peat soil—something simple, fundamental and not too dangerous. It was just the start of the thorough science we need, but the experiment made great video. Three newspapers gave it coverage and included footage; links below. In its own way it was as cool as Burning Man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>San Jose Mercury News, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18782550\">Earthquake simulator gives model levee a big shake\u003c/a>\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sacramento Bee, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/08/30/3870868/ucla-researchers-shake-model-levee.html\">UCLA researchers shake model levee, for peat's sake\u003c/a>\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stockton Record, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110830/A_NEWS/108300313/-1/a_news14\">Ground rumbles for sake of research\u003c/a>\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation",
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"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23203\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pillar of Moraga Formation lava sets off the view across Strawberry Canyon and the Bay from Grizzly Peak Boulevard in northernmost Oakland. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Hills are not just a great vantage point above the central Bay Area—they're also a textbook for geology students. And one of the main chapters in that textbook is our local lava, the Moraga Formation. Dating from 9 to 10 million years ago, this distinctive set of rocks can be visited in many places. Let's have a look at five localities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere it occurs, the Moraga is a strong volcanic rock that underlies hills. But it was laid down on flat ground in late Miocene time, erupting from two or three vents near a range of high hills to its west, where the Bay lies today. The outcrops of the Moraga Formation lie on the map in the outline of a firebird flying northwest. Here's what I mean. Click the image for a 1000-pixel version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23200\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmmap-502x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmmap\" width=\"502\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moraga Formation is brown on this geologic map, derived from {link url=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\"}USGS Misc. Field Studies Map 2342{/link}. Localities 1 through 5 are shown in this article.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This view from the southeast shows the high hills above Berkeley, Grizzly Peak on the left and Vollmer Peak on the right. Both consist of lava flows (Vollmer is made of the slightly younger Bald Peak Basalt). Locality 1 is near Grizzly Peak on Grizzly Peak Boulevard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizview\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23205\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foreground with the winding road is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve (locality 3); behind it is the hidden canyon of Route 24 (locality 2).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzly Peak Boulevard is reached from the west on Claremont Avenue and from the east on Fish Ranch Road; head north and you're immediately in the Moraga Formation. Stop early and often to inspect the rocks. You'll note that everything is strongly tilted, like nearly all rocks of the East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23204\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizcrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moraga1sthandspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23198\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moraga1sthandspec.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moraga1sthandspec\" width=\"360\" height=\"259\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23198\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moraga Formation consists of lava flows, sedimentary rocks that were laid down between eruptions, and occasional beds of tuff—rock composed of volcanic ash. Rocks like this hand specimen show former gas bubbles, or vesicles. These are a sign that the lava was near the ground surface, allowing water vapor and carbon dioxide to come out of solution and propel eruptions. The Moraga formation is noteworthy for the amount of vesiculated lava it has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just south of the trailhead to Grizzly Peak, a rampart of lava stands up on the west side of the road. Enjoy the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrampart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23201\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrampart\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23201\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, the Moraga Formation underlies most of Tilden Park all the way up to Inspiration Point. But let's turn around and \u003ci>really\u003c/i> see it. This photo is a view south showing the next two localities, the Route 24 cut and behind it Sibley Volcanic Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragavwsouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23197\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragavwsouth\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23197\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fish Ranch Road down to Route 24 and head east; make a u-turn at the Wilder Road exit and pull off on the Fish Ranch Road exit heading west. You may observe signs forbidding pedestrians. This is what you'll see across the highway. (Of course, when traffic is backed up from the Caldecott Tunnel you can admire these at leisure from your car.) The Moraga Formation consists of two packages, each consisting of five large lava flows, with a section of mostly sedimentary rocks between them. This is the lower set of flows; up is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrt24/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23202\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrt24\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you turn your attention northward, you may see the basal contact of the Moraga Formation, where the first lava flows came down upon the coarse conglomerate beds of the Orinda Formation. The lavas are of basalt and andesite composition and are quite dark, but they may also be red where they flowed into water or over wet ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmcontact/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23199\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmcontact\" width=\"640\" height=\"324\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact-400x203.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragasibfly/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23208\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragasibfly.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragasibfly\" width=\"360\" height=\"475\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23208\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 3 is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, which you reach by going back up Fish Ranch Road and taking Grizzly Peak Boulevard the other direction. Sibley deserves its own separate article, so I will be brief today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides rocks, Sibley has a lot of wonderful habitat and is interesting at all times of year for its plant and animal life. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/the-labyrinths-of-sibley/\">several labyrinths\u003c/a> to discover. And the views are fine in all directions. The only disadvantage is that the parking lot fills up on nice weekends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sibley's great value to geologists is that it exposes a cross section of a volcano's guts, from its feeder dikes coming up through the underlying Orinda and Claremont formations to the remains of the central vent and a short-lived crater lake. These are things you won't see without a lot of legwork and educated eyes, but a history of quarry operations here has unveiled excellent exposures of features that even duffers can spot. One is the presence of \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2009/06/09/amygdules/\">amygdules\u003c/a>, or mineral-filled vesicles. You'll find these throughout the Moraga, but they are most visible at Sibley. Collect them only with your camera, please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern exposures of the Moraga are smaller and less well known, but you will surely have them to yourself. At locality 4, the dark lava crops out in a deep cleft along Valley View Drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragaorinda/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23207\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragaorinda.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragaorinda\" width=\"360\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23207\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have mapped the structure at this location as an anticline or arch, meaning that the whole volcanic section has been folded like a bedsheet being pushed up. The northern part of the Moraga, in contrast, is a syncline or downfold. All three previous localities are on the west side of that syncline, and its axis or center is at the Wilder Road exit on Route 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 5 is where Canyon Road cuts across a narrow ridge of Moraga lava. The roadway itself is very narrow, and I can't recommend it. Nor are the rocks exposed there especially revealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you drive a little farther and park at the Valle Vista Staging Area, it's easy to walk back along the old railroad bed, which has been turned into the Lafayette/Moraga Regional Trail. This is a much more peaceful way to see the rocks, which also include conglomerate of the Orinda Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragamoraga/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23206\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragamoraga.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragamoraga\" width=\"360\" height=\"567\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23206\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the slope are the remains of several old quarries, probably borrow pits for the railroad and road builders. Investigate them carefully, if at all, and watch for rattlesnakes—not that I know they occur here, but doing so is good practice. The Moraga here is dark and cryptic, but I did find a small outcrop of the red variety and—behold—some of the same vesiculated lava we saw at locality 1.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Moraga Formation's distinctive set of volcanic rocks can be visited in many places in the East Bay hills. Let's have a look at five localities.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23203\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pillar of Moraga Formation lava sets off the view across Strawberry Canyon and the Bay from Grizzly Peak Boulevard in northernmost Oakland. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Hills are not just a great vantage point above the central Bay Area—they're also a textbook for geology students. And one of the main chapters in that textbook is our local lava, the Moraga Formation. Dating from 9 to 10 million years ago, this distinctive set of rocks can be visited in many places. Let's have a look at five localities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere it occurs, the Moraga is a strong volcanic rock that underlies hills. But it was laid down on flat ground in late Miocene time, erupting from two or three vents near a range of high hills to its west, where the Bay lies today. The outcrops of the Moraga Formation lie on the map in the outline of a firebird flying northwest. Here's what I mean. Click the image for a 1000-pixel version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23200\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmmap-502x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmmap\" width=\"502\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moraga Formation is brown on this geologic map, derived from {link url=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\"}USGS Misc. Field Studies Map 2342{/link}. Localities 1 through 5 are shown in this article.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This view from the southeast shows the high hills above Berkeley, Grizzly Peak on the left and Vollmer Peak on the right. Both consist of lava flows (Vollmer is made of the slightly younger Bald Peak Basalt). Locality 1 is near Grizzly Peak on Grizzly Peak Boulevard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizview\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23205\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foreground with the winding road is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve (locality 3); behind it is the hidden canyon of Route 24 (locality 2).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzly Peak Boulevard is reached from the west on Claremont Avenue and from the east on Fish Ranch Road; head north and you're immediately in the Moraga Formation. Stop early and often to inspect the rocks. You'll note that everything is strongly tilted, like nearly all rocks of the East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23204\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizcrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moraga1sthandspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23198\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moraga1sthandspec.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moraga1sthandspec\" width=\"360\" height=\"259\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23198\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moraga Formation consists of lava flows, sedimentary rocks that were laid down between eruptions, and occasional beds of tuff—rock composed of volcanic ash. Rocks like this hand specimen show former gas bubbles, or vesicles. These are a sign that the lava was near the ground surface, allowing water vapor and carbon dioxide to come out of solution and propel eruptions. The Moraga formation is noteworthy for the amount of vesiculated lava it has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just south of the trailhead to Grizzly Peak, a rampart of lava stands up on the west side of the road. Enjoy the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrampart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23201\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrampart\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23201\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, the Moraga Formation underlies most of Tilden Park all the way up to Inspiration Point. But let's turn around and \u003ci>really\u003c/i> see it. This photo is a view south showing the next two localities, the Route 24 cut and behind it Sibley Volcanic Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragavwsouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23197\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragavwsouth\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23197\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fish Ranch Road down to Route 24 and head east; make a u-turn at the Wilder Road exit and pull off on the Fish Ranch Road exit heading west. You may observe signs forbidding pedestrians. This is what you'll see across the highway. (Of course, when traffic is backed up from the Caldecott Tunnel you can admire these at leisure from your car.) The Moraga Formation consists of two packages, each consisting of five large lava flows, with a section of mostly sedimentary rocks between them. This is the lower set of flows; up is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrt24/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23202\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrt24\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you turn your attention northward, you may see the basal contact of the Moraga Formation, where the first lava flows came down upon the coarse conglomerate beds of the Orinda Formation. The lavas are of basalt and andesite composition and are quite dark, but they may also be red where they flowed into water or over wet ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmcontact/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23199\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmcontact\" width=\"640\" height=\"324\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact-400x203.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragasibfly/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23208\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragasibfly.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragasibfly\" width=\"360\" height=\"475\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23208\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 3 is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, which you reach by going back up Fish Ranch Road and taking Grizzly Peak Boulevard the other direction. Sibley deserves its own separate article, so I will be brief today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides rocks, Sibley has a lot of wonderful habitat and is interesting at all times of year for its plant and animal life. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/the-labyrinths-of-sibley/\">several labyrinths\u003c/a> to discover. And the views are fine in all directions. The only disadvantage is that the parking lot fills up on nice weekends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sibley's great value to geologists is that it exposes a cross section of a volcano's guts, from its feeder dikes coming up through the underlying Orinda and Claremont formations to the remains of the central vent and a short-lived crater lake. These are things you won't see without a lot of legwork and educated eyes, but a history of quarry operations here has unveiled excellent exposures of features that even duffers can spot. One is the presence of \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2009/06/09/amygdules/\">amygdules\u003c/a>, or mineral-filled vesicles. You'll find these throughout the Moraga, but they are most visible at Sibley. Collect them only with your camera, please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern exposures of the Moraga are smaller and less well known, but you will surely have them to yourself. At locality 4, the dark lava crops out in a deep cleft along Valley View Drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragaorinda/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23207\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragaorinda.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragaorinda\" width=\"360\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23207\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have mapped the structure at this location as an anticline or arch, meaning that the whole volcanic section has been folded like a bedsheet being pushed up. The northern part of the Moraga, in contrast, is a syncline or downfold. All three previous localities are on the west side of that syncline, and its axis or center is at the Wilder Road exit on Route 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 5 is where Canyon Road cuts across a narrow ridge of Moraga lava. The roadway itself is very narrow, and I can't recommend it. Nor are the rocks exposed there especially revealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you drive a little farther and park at the Valle Vista Staging Area, it's easy to walk back along the old railroad bed, which has been turned into the Lafayette/Moraga Regional Trail. This is a much more peaceful way to see the rocks, which also include conglomerate of the Orinda Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragamoraga/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23206\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragamoraga.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragamoraga\" width=\"360\" height=\"567\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23206\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the slope are the remains of several old quarries, probably borrow pits for the railroad and road builders. Investigate them carefully, if at all, and watch for rattlesnakes—not that I know they occur here, but doing so is good practice. The Moraga here is dark and cryptic, but I did find a small outcrop of the red variety and—behold—some of the same vesiculated lava we saw at locality 1.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "There's Nothing Like a Rock Show",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22956\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22956\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22956\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Display at the annual American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco, world's largest gathering of Earth scientists. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was not a rock-and-mineral maniac growing up, but after getting my geology degree I started easing into that world. Now I can testify that rock shows—put on each year by any number of local societies—will use geology's loveliest faces to entice you into Earth science. Beauty is its own truth, and rock shows proffer beauty of all kinds, physical \u003cem>and\u003c/em> intellectual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all know about gems and jewels, which are merely minerals cut and polished to show off their optical distinctions. But many people are enthralled by the minerals and stones in their less finished form, as natural crystals or smooth-faced cabochons or simply tumbled in a lapidary mill. Others love to make beautiful objects with their hands. And I've found that even the most cerebral scientists may have a mineral kickshaw or pet rock on their desk. No one is above the appeal of a pretty rock. Rock shows won't turn someone into a scientist, a lapidarist, a crystal therapist or a fossil hunter, but they give all those types a common place to rub shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowarray/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22952\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowarray\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22952\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collectible specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rock-and-mineral shows are determined to serve every level of interest, from jade carving and gem cutting to buying another pair of earrings. You can acquire a large fossil or glittering geode for a corporate atrium, or just a trilobite magnet for the fridge. At the core of the experience is education, whether for an afternoon or a lifetime if you are pulled into the orbit of the sponsoring gem-and-mineral society. At least ten of them hold annual shows in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtektites/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22955\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtektites.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtektites\" width=\"320\" height=\"233\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22955\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe beauty of a rock-and-mineral show is what might catch your eye there for the first time. You can own a meteorite, fresh from outer space, or a mysterious tektite, thought to be melted Earth rocks splashed into orbit by giant impacts. You might find just the thing to accent your miniature train set, or a good-luck charm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rock shows are also, naturally, a great place to shop for gifts. Skilled amateurs, working in their garages and spare rooms, make more exquisite things than they can give away. Help them clear the space to continue their obsession, whether it's agate bolo ties or jade lampshades or carved stone animals. And every one of them will be glad to talk with you. Who knows? Maybe you'll be seduced into joining their ranks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools like an extra magnifier might tempt you, or the $5 pocket ultraviolet light I got at the last show I attended. What's that good for? Well, there's a whole separate world of fluorescent minerals you can enter, whether it's just for a moment at the show, for an occasionally relevant mineral test (that's my case), or as a consuming hobby that will draw you out into the field with a gang of compatriates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowfluor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowfluor\" width=\"640\" height=\"353\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22953\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor-400x221.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fluorescent scorpion and mineral specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowjaspers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22954\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowjaspers.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowjaspers\" width=\"280\" height=\"402\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22954\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following are Bay Area organizations that (1) have a website and (2) host annual shows. For a larger list, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfmsinc.org/\">California Federation for Mineralogical Societies\u003c/a>, an association of more than 130 groups around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochlapidaryclub.com/\">Antioch Lapidary Club\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ccmgs.org/\">Contra Costa Mineral & Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.lithophiles.com/\">Livermore Valley Lithophiles Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.mgscv.org/\">Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pggs.org/\">Peninsula Gem & Geology Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgms.org/\">San Francisco Gem & Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.scvgms.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://scmgs.org/\">Santa Cruz Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.srmgs.org/\">Santa Rosa Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://stocktonlapidary.com/\">Stockton Lapidary & Mineral Club\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren't the only avenue into the world of geology. Geological societies are what I prefer, but they don't reach out to beginners. Treasure-hunting clubs are another, as are hiking organizations and conservation groups, but in each of these you'll find that geology comes second to their primary mission. That's OK—science begins with wonder.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22956\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22956\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22956\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Display at the annual American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco, world's largest gathering of Earth scientists. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was not a rock-and-mineral maniac growing up, but after getting my geology degree I started easing into that world. Now I can testify that rock shows—put on each year by any number of local societies—will use geology's loveliest faces to entice you into Earth science. Beauty is its own truth, and rock shows proffer beauty of all kinds, physical \u003cem>and\u003c/em> intellectual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all know about gems and jewels, which are merely minerals cut and polished to show off their optical distinctions. But many people are enthralled by the minerals and stones in their less finished form, as natural crystals or smooth-faced cabochons or simply tumbled in a lapidary mill. Others love to make beautiful objects with their hands. And I've found that even the most cerebral scientists may have a mineral kickshaw or pet rock on their desk. No one is above the appeal of a pretty rock. Rock shows won't turn someone into a scientist, a lapidarist, a crystal therapist or a fossil hunter, but they give all those types a common place to rub shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowarray/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22952\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowarray\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22952\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collectible specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rock-and-mineral shows are determined to serve every level of interest, from jade carving and gem cutting to buying another pair of earrings. You can acquire a large fossil or glittering geode for a corporate atrium, or just a trilobite magnet for the fridge. At the core of the experience is education, whether for an afternoon or a lifetime if you are pulled into the orbit of the sponsoring gem-and-mineral society. At least ten of them hold annual shows in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtektites/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22955\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtektites.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtektites\" width=\"320\" height=\"233\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22955\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe beauty of a rock-and-mineral show is what might catch your eye there for the first time. You can own a meteorite, fresh from outer space, or a mysterious tektite, thought to be melted Earth rocks splashed into orbit by giant impacts. You might find just the thing to accent your miniature train set, or a good-luck charm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rock shows are also, naturally, a great place to shop for gifts. Skilled amateurs, working in their garages and spare rooms, make more exquisite things than they can give away. Help them clear the space to continue their obsession, whether it's agate bolo ties or jade lampshades or carved stone animals. And every one of them will be glad to talk with you. Who knows? Maybe you'll be seduced into joining their ranks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools like an extra magnifier might tempt you, or the $5 pocket ultraviolet light I got at the last show I attended. What's that good for? Well, there's a whole separate world of fluorescent minerals you can enter, whether it's just for a moment at the show, for an occasionally relevant mineral test (that's my case), or as a consuming hobby that will draw you out into the field with a gang of compatriates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowfluor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowfluor\" width=\"640\" height=\"353\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22953\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor-400x221.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fluorescent scorpion and mineral specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowjaspers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22954\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowjaspers.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowjaspers\" width=\"280\" height=\"402\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22954\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following are Bay Area organizations that (1) have a website and (2) host annual shows. For a larger list, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfmsinc.org/\">California Federation for Mineralogical Societies\u003c/a>, an association of more than 130 groups around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochlapidaryclub.com/\">Antioch Lapidary Club\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ccmgs.org/\">Contra Costa Mineral & Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.lithophiles.com/\">Livermore Valley Lithophiles Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.mgscv.org/\">Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pggs.org/\">Peninsula Gem & Geology Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgms.org/\">San Francisco Gem & Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.scvgms.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://scmgs.org/\">Santa Cruz Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.srmgs.org/\">Santa Rosa Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://stocktonlapidary.com/\">Stockton Lapidary & Mineral Club\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren't the only avenue into the world of geology. Geological societies are what I prefer, but they don't reach out to beginners. Treasure-hunting clubs are another, as are hiking organizations and conservation groups, but in each of these you'll find that geology comes second to their primary mission. That's OK—science begins with wonder.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Rumors and Truth in Lake Tahoe",
"title": "Rumors and Truth in Lake Tahoe",
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"content": "\u003cp>A few weeks ago, scuba divers in \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.html\">Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes me shudder, years after I first heard it. Apparently, years ago, Cousteau went scuba diving in Lake Tahoe. He emerged from the water shaken, but not with cold. He said, “The world is not ready for what I have seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did Cousteau see? Maybe the bodies of unlucky gamblers who crossed the Mafia in 1950s Reno. Or maybe it was Tahoe Tessie, the Loch Ness likeness of the lake. But, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-missing-diver-20110809,0,7841332.story\">coverage\u003c/a> of the recent discovery, the LA Times said that Cousteau never actually visited Lake Tahoe. The Cousteau story may be a myth, but it is no less chilling, because the physical conditions of the lake are such that bodies could still be drifting beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 1645 feet (depending on the level of water in the basin), Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the US. (Crater Lake in Oregon is the deepest in the country. The world record goes to Russia’s Lake Baikal, which is some 5,369 feet deep.) Lake Tahoe is located between two fault zones, and it formed through a tectonic combo of uplift and subsidence. The Sierra Nevada mountains rose up on the west and the Carson Range rose up on the east. The rock underneath the lake sank down to form a flat-bottomed basin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben\">graben\u003c/a>. The word is German for “grave” and refers to the lake’s low-lying nature—and perhaps also to whatever Cousteau purportedly saw underwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is cold. The temperature at the surface of the lake varies, from a low of about 40 degrees in February or March to a high of about 75 degrees towards the end of the summer. Below the surface, the temperature is a chilly 39 degrees. In the winter, when the surface and the deep waters are relatively close in temperature, the wind blowing across the surface of the lake mixes the water. This brings oxygen from the surface layer down to the depths, and nutrients from the depths up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, the mixing occurred from the surface down to about 550 feet, because the surface of the lake remained relatively warm throughout the winter. In previous years, mixing has occurred down to about 1500 feet. Since the 1970s, the surface layer of the lake has gotten warmer in the summer, and it retains that heat throughout the winter. Just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/08/the-deep-cold-secret-behind-summer-fog/\">in the ocean\u003c/a>, stratification—a warm surface layer that is distinct from the cold bottom layer—means it is hard to get the surface and deep waters to mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is famous for its clear waters. But, as UC Davis’s recently released \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/stateofthelake/\">Tahoe: State of the Lake Report\u003c/a> explains, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/08/12/state/n133751D33.DTL\">not as clear as it used to be\u003c/a>. In the 1960s, you could see down to a depth of about 100 feet, but now you can see down to only about 70 feet. The lake has become cloudier because nutrients enter the lake via 63 rivers and streams, and those nutrients fuel the growth of algae. And, global warming plays a role: the warm surface of the lake gives a particular species of microalgae a competitive advantage, and the tiny bodies of the microalgae cloud the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarity of the lake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/about-tahoe/threats-to-tahoe/\">its invasive species\u003c/a>, will be on the agenda today at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/events/the-2011-lake-tahoe-environmental-summit/\">Lake Tahoe Environmental Summit\u003c/a>. Nevada Senator Harry Reid and California Senator Dianne Feinstein will both be at the Homewood Resort, discussing Lake Tahoe’s economic and ecological challenges.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A few weeks ago, scuba divers in Lake Tahoe found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes me shudder, years after I first heard it. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few weeks ago, scuba divers in \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.html\">Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes me shudder, years after I first heard it. Apparently, years ago, Cousteau went scuba diving in Lake Tahoe. He emerged from the water shaken, but not with cold. He said, “The world is not ready for what I have seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did Cousteau see? Maybe the bodies of unlucky gamblers who crossed the Mafia in 1950s Reno. Or maybe it was Tahoe Tessie, the Loch Ness likeness of the lake. But, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-missing-diver-20110809,0,7841332.story\">coverage\u003c/a> of the recent discovery, the LA Times said that Cousteau never actually visited Lake Tahoe. The Cousteau story may be a myth, but it is no less chilling, because the physical conditions of the lake are such that bodies could still be drifting beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 1645 feet (depending on the level of water in the basin), Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the US. (Crater Lake in Oregon is the deepest in the country. The world record goes to Russia’s Lake Baikal, which is some 5,369 feet deep.) Lake Tahoe is located between two fault zones, and it formed through a tectonic combo of uplift and subsidence. The Sierra Nevada mountains rose up on the west and the Carson Range rose up on the east. The rock underneath the lake sank down to form a flat-bottomed basin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben\">graben\u003c/a>. The word is German for “grave” and refers to the lake’s low-lying nature—and perhaps also to whatever Cousteau purportedly saw underwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is cold. The temperature at the surface of the lake varies, from a low of about 40 degrees in February or March to a high of about 75 degrees towards the end of the summer. Below the surface, the temperature is a chilly 39 degrees. In the winter, when the surface and the deep waters are relatively close in temperature, the wind blowing across the surface of the lake mixes the water. This brings oxygen from the surface layer down to the depths, and nutrients from the depths up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, the mixing occurred from the surface down to about 550 feet, because the surface of the lake remained relatively warm throughout the winter. In previous years, mixing has occurred down to about 1500 feet. Since the 1970s, the surface layer of the lake has gotten warmer in the summer, and it retains that heat throughout the winter. Just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/08/the-deep-cold-secret-behind-summer-fog/\">in the ocean\u003c/a>, stratification—a warm surface layer that is distinct from the cold bottom layer—means it is hard to get the surface and deep waters to mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is famous for its clear waters. But, as UC Davis’s recently released \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/stateofthelake/\">Tahoe: State of the Lake Report\u003c/a> explains, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/08/12/state/n133751D33.DTL\">not as clear as it used to be\u003c/a>. In the 1960s, you could see down to a depth of about 100 feet, but now you can see down to only about 70 feet. The lake has become cloudier because nutrients enter the lake via 63 rivers and streams, and those nutrients fuel the growth of algae. And, global warming plays a role: the warm surface of the lake gives a particular species of microalgae a competitive advantage, and the tiny bodies of the microalgae cloud the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarity of the lake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/about-tahoe/threats-to-tahoe/\">its invasive species\u003c/a>, will be on the agenda today at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/events/the-2011-lake-tahoe-environmental-summit/\">Lake Tahoe Environmental Summit\u003c/a>. Nevada Senator Harry Reid and California Senator Dianne Feinstein will both be at the Homewood Resort, discussing Lake Tahoe’s economic and ecological challenges.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Happens to Old Quarries?",
"title": "What Happens to Old Quarries?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Stony Point Rock Quarry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sprqinc.com/prod_cotati.html\">a working business in Cotati\u003c/a>, busy making money and serving its community's needs from the humblest of materials. Today, you can't open a quarry without a plan for shutting it down—covering the scars and fixing any pollution. However, the Bay Area is dotted with older quarries, some in your own neighborhood, that closed without full remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won't be addressing the problems of mines (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">mercury mines\u003c/a>), whether underground or open-pit types. Those foster chemical activity that threatens the environment and they require special care. Today I'll show you some simpler quarries with fairly benign footprints. They can be turned into assets, and they offer some geological interest as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my knowledge, we don't have any dimension-stone quarries around here, the stereotypical kind (think Carrara, or Vermont) where blocks of solid stone are cut from pits. Our old quarries produced limestone, crushed stone, and sand and gravel. Let's look at an example of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limestone:\u003c/strong> The former Cowell limestone quarry sits south of Concord in the Lime Ridge Regional Preserve. It's accessible \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/lime_ridge_open_space_.asp\">from Walnut Creek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.concord.ca.us/pdf/recreation/parks/lime-ridge-map.pdf\">from Concord\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell1\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Division of Mines, the Cowell quarry was opened in 1908 and closed in 1946, \"at which time depletion of local limestone reserves and loss of rail facilities forced a permanent shutdown.\" We may also surmise that the end of wartime conditions affected the market. Not much has been done to the pits, and you can enjoy two great features of the space at your leisure. The first is the view, or views, including this prospect of the Briones Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22729\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell2\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22729\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2-400x187.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the stone itself. Apparently the regional rock, sandstone of the Domengine Formation, featured a thick layer of travertine (hot-spring) limestone. In the rubble you'll see sheets of calcite crystals and intricate layering from that setting. It's safe to assume that no collecting is allowed. Limestone from this site was roasted into lime and used to make cement (as was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>). Other Bay Area limestone quarries served sugar refiners, foundries and many other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowellcryst/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22730\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowellcryst\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22730\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crushed stone\u003c/strong> is a necessity of engineering: road beds, runways, and foundations of all kinds use it at many different tightly specified grades. The main prerequisite is sound rock of benign minerals that can be reliably crushed and stay that way without crumbling further into sand. Near the little planned town of El Granada, on the San Mateo coast north of Half Moon Bay, a quarry produced construction stone from a large body of granitic rock, the Montara Quartz Diorite. This stone is closely related to the granite of the High Sierra, and plate tectonics brought it here. It's full of flaky biotite (black mica) and lath-shaped crystals of hornblende in a setting of white quartz and feldspar. Iron from the black minerals has stained the stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22735\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranite\" width=\"640\" height=\"405\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone was used locally in highways and the Half Moon Bay Airport, especially during World War II. It then sat quietly until the landowner sold it in 1995. Now called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpl.sanmateo.org/qpinfo.html\">Quarry Park\u003c/a>, it serves several low-key uses: a playground in front, woodsy trails in back, and an amphitheater-like space in the former pit that looks suited for frisbeeing or picnics. A viewing platform has been built on its top edge for occasions when the sun comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitefloor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitefloor\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor-400x278.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work to be done, of course: eucalyptus and other invasives are rampant, for instance. Also the stone itself is suspect. Natural fracturing from our long history of faulting (the site is only a kilometer from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San Gregorio fault zone\u003c/a>) has made the rock easy to mine, but prone to crumble. This is not a place to linger during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitepile\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sand and gravel\u003c/strong> are also mainstays of civilization. In the Livermore valley, enormous beds of river gravel were exploited, starting in 1923 with Henry J. Kaiser, and they continue to produce today. Kaiser Industries donated one of its oldest pits, along the Arroyo del Valle, to the East Bay Regional Parks District. This became the mixed-use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/shadow_cliffs\">Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>. You can swim and fish in the lake, birdwatch in the riverine habitat, geologize in the gravel and enjoy the views, which include \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> and the neighboring pits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22733\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowview\" width=\"640\" height=\"310\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in the former pit became something useful, from fine sand to \"river rock\" to the head-sized boulders that constitute rip-rap. A close look at the raw material reveals a wide range of rock types, eroded from the Diablo Range and East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowgrav/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowgrav\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the east end of the pit the sediments can be seen with their original layering. They represent the heritage of a lengthy time of vigorous rivers and plenty of rainfall. Perhaps the park will grow as more gravel quarries mine out their claims here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowstrata/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22732\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowstrata\" width=\"639\" height=\"369\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22732\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks aren't the only thing that old quarries are good for. The \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/rockridge-shopping-center-quarry/\">former Bilger quarry\u003c/a> in Oakland, at the intersection of Broadway and 51st Street, produced construction stone and aggregate for the growing city starting a century ago. Now it houses a shopping center, with the California College of the Arts perched above it and a deep water-filled pit at its east end. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarryoakland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarryoakland\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Catholic cemetery, from which I took this photo, is not likely to be torn down to fill the pond, so the pit appears to be here to stay. Fortunately the stone here is strong. Other former quarries encompass homes at Larkspur Landing in Marin County and around Telegraph Hill in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/04/23/six-oakland-quarries/\">There are even churches sitting in them\u003c/a>, truly looking at the stars from the gutter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some of our older quarries left fairly benign footprints. These can be turned into assets that offer some geological interest as well.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stony Point Rock Quarry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sprqinc.com/prod_cotati.html\">a working business in Cotati\u003c/a>, busy making money and serving its community's needs from the humblest of materials. Today, you can't open a quarry without a plan for shutting it down—covering the scars and fixing any pollution. However, the Bay Area is dotted with older quarries, some in your own neighborhood, that closed without full remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won't be addressing the problems of mines (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">mercury mines\u003c/a>), whether underground or open-pit types. Those foster chemical activity that threatens the environment and they require special care. Today I'll show you some simpler quarries with fairly benign footprints. They can be turned into assets, and they offer some geological interest as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my knowledge, we don't have any dimension-stone quarries around here, the stereotypical kind (think Carrara, or Vermont) where blocks of solid stone are cut from pits. Our old quarries produced limestone, crushed stone, and sand and gravel. Let's look at an example of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limestone:\u003c/strong> The former Cowell limestone quarry sits south of Concord in the Lime Ridge Regional Preserve. It's accessible \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/lime_ridge_open_space_.asp\">from Walnut Creek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.concord.ca.us/pdf/recreation/parks/lime-ridge-map.pdf\">from Concord\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell1\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Division of Mines, the Cowell quarry was opened in 1908 and closed in 1946, \"at which time depletion of local limestone reserves and loss of rail facilities forced a permanent shutdown.\" We may also surmise that the end of wartime conditions affected the market. Not much has been done to the pits, and you can enjoy two great features of the space at your leisure. The first is the view, or views, including this prospect of the Briones Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22729\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell2\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22729\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2-400x187.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the stone itself. Apparently the regional rock, sandstone of the Domengine Formation, featured a thick layer of travertine (hot-spring) limestone. In the rubble you'll see sheets of calcite crystals and intricate layering from that setting. It's safe to assume that no collecting is allowed. Limestone from this site was roasted into lime and used to make cement (as was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>). Other Bay Area limestone quarries served sugar refiners, foundries and many other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowellcryst/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22730\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowellcryst\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22730\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crushed stone\u003c/strong> is a necessity of engineering: road beds, runways, and foundations of all kinds use it at many different tightly specified grades. The main prerequisite is sound rock of benign minerals that can be reliably crushed and stay that way without crumbling further into sand. Near the little planned town of El Granada, on the San Mateo coast north of Half Moon Bay, a quarry produced construction stone from a large body of granitic rock, the Montara Quartz Diorite. This stone is closely related to the granite of the High Sierra, and plate tectonics brought it here. It's full of flaky biotite (black mica) and lath-shaped crystals of hornblende in a setting of white quartz and feldspar. Iron from the black minerals has stained the stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22735\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranite\" width=\"640\" height=\"405\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone was used locally in highways and the Half Moon Bay Airport, especially during World War II. It then sat quietly until the landowner sold it in 1995. Now called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpl.sanmateo.org/qpinfo.html\">Quarry Park\u003c/a>, it serves several low-key uses: a playground in front, woodsy trails in back, and an amphitheater-like space in the former pit that looks suited for frisbeeing or picnics. A viewing platform has been built on its top edge for occasions when the sun comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitefloor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitefloor\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor-400x278.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work to be done, of course: eucalyptus and other invasives are rampant, for instance. Also the stone itself is suspect. Natural fracturing from our long history of faulting (the site is only a kilometer from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San Gregorio fault zone\u003c/a>) has made the rock easy to mine, but prone to crumble. This is not a place to linger during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitepile\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sand and gravel\u003c/strong> are also mainstays of civilization. In the Livermore valley, enormous beds of river gravel were exploited, starting in 1923 with Henry J. Kaiser, and they continue to produce today. Kaiser Industries donated one of its oldest pits, along the Arroyo del Valle, to the East Bay Regional Parks District. This became the mixed-use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/shadow_cliffs\">Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>. You can swim and fish in the lake, birdwatch in the riverine habitat, geologize in the gravel and enjoy the views, which include \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> and the neighboring pits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22733\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowview\" width=\"640\" height=\"310\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in the former pit became something useful, from fine sand to \"river rock\" to the head-sized boulders that constitute rip-rap. A close look at the raw material reveals a wide range of rock types, eroded from the Diablo Range and East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowgrav/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowgrav\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the east end of the pit the sediments can be seen with their original layering. They represent the heritage of a lengthy time of vigorous rivers and plenty of rainfall. Perhaps the park will grow as more gravel quarries mine out their claims here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowstrata/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22732\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowstrata\" width=\"639\" height=\"369\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22732\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks aren't the only thing that old quarries are good for. The \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/rockridge-shopping-center-quarry/\">former Bilger quarry\u003c/a> in Oakland, at the intersection of Broadway and 51st Street, produced construction stone and aggregate for the growing city starting a century ago. Now it houses a shopping center, with the California College of the Arts perched above it and a deep water-filled pit at its east end. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarryoakland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarryoakland\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Catholic cemetery, from which I took this photo, is not likely to be torn down to fill the pond, so the pit appears to be here to stay. Fortunately the stone here is strong. Other former quarries encompass homes at Larkspur Landing in Marin County and around Telegraph Hill in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/04/23/six-oakland-quarries/\">There are even churches sitting in them\u003c/a>, truly looking at the stars from the gutter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply",
"title": "From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-08-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel boring machine\" title=\"hetch640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time we see this machine, it'll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you head past East Palo Alto, toward the soon-to-be western end of the new Bay tunnel, it is easy to start thinking you're in the wrong place. There's nothing to see, just acres of flat bayside grassland off of Highway 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, suddenly, there it is: a big, deep hole in the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What looks like a round elevator shaft the width of a five-lane freeway is the start of \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectDetail.aspx?prj_id=259\">a tunnel\u003c/a> that will, eventually, stretch five miles across the Bay. Bob Mues, like a lot of people here, says it’s one of the most exciting engineering projects he’s ever worked on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like me, he’s wearing a hard hat, neon vest, and safety glasses. \u003ci>(See them for yourself in the slide show farther down on this page.)\u003c/i> He’s a construction manager for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which is running this project. Mues says this is the first tunnel \u003ci>ever\u003c/i> dug beneath the bay, despite what many BART riders may believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was around when we built the BART tunnel,\" he says. \"The BART tunnel is a sunken tube.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>(Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see an amazing 1940 silent film about Hetch Hetchy's construction -- a colossal undertaking at the time -- starring the ever-thirsty \"Miss San Francisco.\" A few highlights: a 28.5 mile tunnel \"the longest ever driven by man,\" workers being searched for tobacco before they enter the mine... probably a good idea when you're working with explosives, and the moment, on October 28, 1943, when the first trickle of water from Hetchy Hetchy reached the Peninsula.)\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mues points to the bottom of the shaft, to a white steel cylinder the size of a school bus, with a red tip. This is the star of the show, a state-of-the-art tunnel boring machine, arrived from Japan in May. To picture how it works, think about a circular cheese grater. The kind where you crank the wheel, and grated cheese falls out the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the machine does more than just dig. Mues says it functions like an underground factory. \"The machine eats dirt, and extrudes finished concrete pipe in 5-foot lengths,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that discarded dirt (with a consistency like potters' clay, Mues says) will ooze out past the drill and onto conveyor belts that snake back through the tunnel, to Palo Alto. From there, it'll be trucked to Bair Island, near Redwood City, where it'll be used for \u003ca href=\"http://www.redwoodcity.org/manager/news/2007/bair-restoration.html\">wetland restoration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the next time anyone sees the drill, it’ll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark. Mues says tunnel construction will take about 23 months. On average, that's 50 feet of tunnel a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hetch Hetchy's Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay tunnel is just one part of a \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">vast overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, which carries water 167 miles from the Tuolumne River, near Yosemite, to Bay Area taps. There are \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectList.aspx\">81 projects in all\u003c/a>: pipes, water treatment centers, dams, reservoirs, all replaced or retrofitted with stronger, more durable parts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, these projects will cost 4.6 billion dollars, and if you drink Hetch Hetchy water, you’re helping pay for it, thanks to a ballot measure that voters approved in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it seems surprising, especially in this current budget climate, that Hetch Hetchy customers would have approved such an expensive project, one that essentially doubles many customers’ water bills (at a time when water systems seemed to be working just fine), consider what was then still a recent memory: Loma Prieta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Really, 1989 was a catalyst,\" says David Schwartz, an earthquake geologist with the United States Geological Survey. \"It told everyone 'Hey, wake up Bay Area. You know, we’ve gone a long time, since 1906 with nothing happening, but we have big quakes in our future.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and other geologists believe the next big quake is likely to come from the Hayward Fault, which runs through Berkeley and Oakland. Carbon dating shows that over the last 1700 years, the Hayward Fault has erupted approximately once every 140 years. The last major quake on it was in 1868, 143 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So certainly in the next couple decades we really expect to see a 6.8 or a 6.9, maybe a 7 on the Hayward Fault,\" says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/hetchhetchy_radio_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All earthquakes are wake-up calls. Take the 1906 quake, which rendered San Francisco, and its fire stations, virtually without water for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially the entire city burned down,\" says Julie Labonte. She's a civil engineer tasked with overseeing all 81 projects of the Water System Improvement Program, as it's called. Labonte says after 1906, city officials vowed never to let the city burn again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s when city officials went to the Department of the Interior, to petition for the rights to water on the Hetch Hetchy Valley,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision -- to build a dam in Yosemite -- sparked \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/ca/hetchhetchy/\">a bitter battle\u003c/a> with the Sierra Club. Some environmentalists still want the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">dam torn down\u003c/a>. But today, Hetch Hetchy supplies 90 percent of the water to San Francisco and Penninsula residents. It’s some of the cleanest water in the country. The 1906 earthquake is what got the system built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers at the Bay tunnel hope they can get it done before the next big quake hits. The tunnel is designed to last a century. It’s projected to cost $313 million and be complete by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Bay Area's vast Hetchy Hetchy system, \"a dream in granite, concrete, and steel,\" is getting an overhaul. The system carries water 167 miles from Yosemite to Bay Area taps; pretty soon that voyage will include the Bay's first true tunnel. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-08-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel boring machine\" title=\"hetch640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time we see this machine, it'll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you head past East Palo Alto, toward the soon-to-be western end of the new Bay tunnel, it is easy to start thinking you're in the wrong place. There's nothing to see, just acres of flat bayside grassland off of Highway 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, suddenly, there it is: a big, deep hole in the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What looks like a round elevator shaft the width of a five-lane freeway is the start of \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectDetail.aspx?prj_id=259\">a tunnel\u003c/a> that will, eventually, stretch five miles across the Bay. Bob Mues, like a lot of people here, says it’s one of the most exciting engineering projects he’s ever worked on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like me, he’s wearing a hard hat, neon vest, and safety glasses. \u003ci>(See them for yourself in the slide show farther down on this page.)\u003c/i> He’s a construction manager for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which is running this project. Mues says this is the first tunnel \u003ci>ever\u003c/i> dug beneath the bay, despite what many BART riders may believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was around when we built the BART tunnel,\" he says. \"The BART tunnel is a sunken tube.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>(Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see an amazing 1940 silent film about Hetch Hetchy's construction -- a colossal undertaking at the time -- starring the ever-thirsty \"Miss San Francisco.\" A few highlights: a 28.5 mile tunnel \"the longest ever driven by man,\" workers being searched for tobacco before they enter the mine... probably a good idea when you're working with explosives, and the moment, on October 28, 1943, when the first trickle of water from Hetchy Hetchy reached the Peninsula.)\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mues points to the bottom of the shaft, to a white steel cylinder the size of a school bus, with a red tip. This is the star of the show, a state-of-the-art tunnel boring machine, arrived from Japan in May. To picture how it works, think about a circular cheese grater. The kind where you crank the wheel, and grated cheese falls out the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the machine does more than just dig. Mues says it functions like an underground factory. \"The machine eats dirt, and extrudes finished concrete pipe in 5-foot lengths,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that discarded dirt (with a consistency like potters' clay, Mues says) will ooze out past the drill and onto conveyor belts that snake back through the tunnel, to Palo Alto. From there, it'll be trucked to Bair Island, near Redwood City, where it'll be used for \u003ca href=\"http://www.redwoodcity.org/manager/news/2007/bair-restoration.html\">wetland restoration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the next time anyone sees the drill, it’ll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark. Mues says tunnel construction will take about 23 months. On average, that's 50 feet of tunnel a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hetch Hetchy's Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay tunnel is just one part of a \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">vast overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, which carries water 167 miles from the Tuolumne River, near Yosemite, to Bay Area taps. There are \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectList.aspx\">81 projects in all\u003c/a>: pipes, water treatment centers, dams, reservoirs, all replaced or retrofitted with stronger, more durable parts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, these projects will cost 4.6 billion dollars, and if you drink Hetch Hetchy water, you’re helping pay for it, thanks to a ballot measure that voters approved in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it seems surprising, especially in this current budget climate, that Hetch Hetchy customers would have approved such an expensive project, one that essentially doubles many customers’ water bills (at a time when water systems seemed to be working just fine), consider what was then still a recent memory: Loma Prieta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Really, 1989 was a catalyst,\" says David Schwartz, an earthquake geologist with the United States Geological Survey. \"It told everyone 'Hey, wake up Bay Area. You know, we’ve gone a long time, since 1906 with nothing happening, but we have big quakes in our future.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and other geologists believe the next big quake is likely to come from the Hayward Fault, which runs through Berkeley and Oakland. Carbon dating shows that over the last 1700 years, the Hayward Fault has erupted approximately once every 140 years. The last major quake on it was in 1868, 143 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So certainly in the next couple decades we really expect to see a 6.8 or a 6.9, maybe a 7 on the Hayward Fault,\" says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/hetchhetchy_radio_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All earthquakes are wake-up calls. Take the 1906 quake, which rendered San Francisco, and its fire stations, virtually without water for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially the entire city burned down,\" says Julie Labonte. She's a civil engineer tasked with overseeing all 81 projects of the Water System Improvement Program, as it's called. Labonte says after 1906, city officials vowed never to let the city burn again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s when city officials went to the Department of the Interior, to petition for the rights to water on the Hetch Hetchy Valley,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision -- to build a dam in Yosemite -- sparked \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/ca/hetchhetchy/\">a bitter battle\u003c/a> with the Sierra Club. Some environmentalists still want the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">dam torn down\u003c/a>. But today, Hetch Hetchy supplies 90 percent of the water to San Francisco and Penninsula residents. It’s some of the cleanest water in the country. The 1906 earthquake is what got the system built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers at the Bay tunnel hope they can get it done before the next big quake hits. The tunnel is designed to last a century. It’s projected to cost $313 million and be complete by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Access to Geologic Maps: The Landscape's Hidden Rooms",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/geomap-sftop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"geomap-SFtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop-400x215.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portion of USGS Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2337, \"Geologic Map and Map Database of Parts of Marin, San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, and Sonoma Counties, California\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a child, I loved stories that featured secret passages and hidden rooms. I cherished the suspicion that there was a different world beneath this one—or around some corner where it was waiting to meet me. C. S. Lewis, H. P. Lovecraft, even Thoreau fed this feeling. Then I discovered geologic maps and felt something of the same thrill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the glimpse beneath San Francisco in the image above. Telegraph Hill stands out in the upper right corner, a near-island of old bedrock surrounded by artificial fill (Qaf). Once upon a time, North Point was really a point. What is that odd river of purple, marked by dotted lines? Isn't that big purple blob Potrero Hill? Isn't that orange patch Mount Sutro? The rocks in the two places must be completely different! And that light color marked \"Qd\"—that must mark the old sand dunes that got turned into Golden Gate Park and paved over everywhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map's explanation provides all the letter codes (and yes, Qd stands for Quaternary dunes) and keys to the symbols. It won't tell you everything; even all this detail is just a sketch. But it will give you a set of clues, in the form of literature citations, that you could pursue in a university library. And of course the map patterns are another set of clues that you could pursue in the field. Slowly, with the map's help, you can learn to perceive the hidden rooms of the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this kind of thing excites you, then you owe yourself a visit to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/offices/Pages/sf_office.aspx\">Map Sales Room\u003c/a> on the U.S. Geological Survey's campus in Menlo Park. Yes, most of these maps are available online at \u003ca href=\"http://store.usgs.gov\">store.usgs.gov\u003c/a>, but (1) the USGS store includes products from the state geological survey too, and (2) there is still something about well-selected inks on strong paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One map worth starting with is the \"Geologic Map of the San Francisco Bay Region\" poster. It's packed with explanation to help you get the most from the map. \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/downloads.html\">You can peruse the whole poster online\u003c/a> in PDF or Google Earth formats and \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/details.html\">explore it directly by zoom and pan\u003c/a>, but for seven bucks the paper version is a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below I list a bunch of USGS geologic maps for the Bay Area that are mostly online-only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>USGS County geologic maps\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAlameda (bedrock): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/\">Open-File Report 96-252\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAlameda (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of97-97/\"> Open-File Report 97-97\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nContra Costa (bedrock): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Open-File Report 94-622\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nContra Costa (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-098/\">Open-File Report 97-98\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">Open-File Report 98-137\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSanta Clara (southern part): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-710/\">Open-File Report 97-710\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSanta Cruz: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-489/\">Open-File Report 97-489\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other areas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts of Marin/Sonoma/San Francisco/Contra Costa: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2337/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2337\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nNortheastern Bay Area: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2403/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2403\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOakland area: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2342\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPoint Reyes: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-456/\">Open-File Report 97-456\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSouthern San Francisco: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-354/\">Open-File Report 98-354\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWest Sonoma/Southern Mendocino: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2402\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quad Maps\u003c/strong> (30 x 60 minutes—see the key \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/geoindex.html\">here\u003c/a>)\u003cbr>\nNapa (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-460/\">Open-File Report 98-460\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPalo Alto: \u003ca href=\"http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/mf-maps/mf-2332\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2332\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSan Jose: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">Open-File Report 98-795\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/geolist.html\">See more Bay Area maps from the USGS\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the USGS helps you explore the whole state's geology (and every other state) at the \u003ca href=\"http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology/state/\">Geologic Maps of U.S. States site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also highly recommend the state geologic map and database I keep on my iPod: \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/geograph-ca/id321234316?mt=8\">Geograph_CA\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/geomap-sftop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"geomap-SFtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop-400x215.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portion of USGS Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2337, \"Geologic Map and Map Database of Parts of Marin, San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, and Sonoma Counties, California\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a child, I loved stories that featured secret passages and hidden rooms. I cherished the suspicion that there was a different world beneath this one—or around some corner where it was waiting to meet me. C. S. Lewis, H. P. Lovecraft, even Thoreau fed this feeling. Then I discovered geologic maps and felt something of the same thrill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the glimpse beneath San Francisco in the image above. Telegraph Hill stands out in the upper right corner, a near-island of old bedrock surrounded by artificial fill (Qaf). Once upon a time, North Point was really a point. What is that odd river of purple, marked by dotted lines? Isn't that big purple blob Potrero Hill? Isn't that orange patch Mount Sutro? The rocks in the two places must be completely different! And that light color marked \"Qd\"—that must mark the old sand dunes that got turned into Golden Gate Park and paved over everywhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map's explanation provides all the letter codes (and yes, Qd stands for Quaternary dunes) and keys to the symbols. It won't tell you everything; even all this detail is just a sketch. But it will give you a set of clues, in the form of literature citations, that you could pursue in a university library. And of course the map patterns are another set of clues that you could pursue in the field. Slowly, with the map's help, you can learn to perceive the hidden rooms of the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this kind of thing excites you, then you owe yourself a visit to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/offices/Pages/sf_office.aspx\">Map Sales Room\u003c/a> on the U.S. Geological Survey's campus in Menlo Park. Yes, most of these maps are available online at \u003ca href=\"http://store.usgs.gov\">store.usgs.gov\u003c/a>, but (1) the USGS store includes products from the state geological survey too, and (2) there is still something about well-selected inks on strong paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One map worth starting with is the \"Geologic Map of the San Francisco Bay Region\" poster. It's packed with explanation to help you get the most from the map. \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/downloads.html\">You can peruse the whole poster online\u003c/a> in PDF or Google Earth formats and \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/details.html\">explore it directly by zoom and pan\u003c/a>, but for seven bucks the paper version is a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below I list a bunch of USGS geologic maps for the Bay Area that are mostly online-only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>USGS County geologic maps\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAlameda (bedrock): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/\">Open-File Report 96-252\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAlameda (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of97-97/\"> Open-File Report 97-97\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nContra Costa (bedrock): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Open-File Report 94-622\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nContra Costa (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-098/\">Open-File Report 97-98\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">Open-File Report 98-137\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSanta Clara (southern part): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-710/\">Open-File Report 97-710\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSanta Cruz: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-489/\">Open-File Report 97-489\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other areas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts of Marin/Sonoma/San Francisco/Contra Costa: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2337/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2337\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nNortheastern Bay Area: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2403/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2403\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOakland area: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2342\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPoint Reyes: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-456/\">Open-File Report 97-456\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSouthern San Francisco: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-354/\">Open-File Report 98-354\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWest Sonoma/Southern Mendocino: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2402\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quad Maps\u003c/strong> (30 x 60 minutes—see the key \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/geoindex.html\">here\u003c/a>)\u003cbr>\nNapa (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-460/\">Open-File Report 98-460\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPalo Alto: \u003ca href=\"http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/mf-maps/mf-2332\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2332\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSan Jose: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">Open-File Report 98-795\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/geolist.html\">See more Bay Area maps from the USGS\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the USGS helps you explore the whole state's geology (and every other state) at the \u003ca href=\"http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology/state/\">Geologic Maps of U.S. States site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also highly recommend the state geologic map and database I keep on my iPod: \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/geograph-ca/id321234316?mt=8\">Geograph_CA\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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