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At a cost of $4.6 billion, paid for by 2.5 million residents in Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco counties who rely on a blend of Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been installing new pipes and employing state-of-the-art engineering elements designed to withstand, for example, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault. Water storage capacity is also being expanded under the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. When the program is completed in 2016, a new tunnel built 100 feet below the San Francisco Bay will carry a steel water pipeline 5 miles from the peninsula to the East Bay. The nearly 90 year-old, earthen Calaveras dam in southern Alameda county will also be replaced, allowing the adjacent reservoir to finally be filled to its original storage capacity of 31 billion gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24626\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills pipelines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josiah Hooper and Producer Sheraz Sadiq inside a concrete vault containing two Hetch Hetchy water pipelines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I was assigned this story, I knew that it would be a challenge to describe key features of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program while also explaining the controversial history of the creation of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct after San Francisco officials received federal permission in 1913 to flood and dam Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite National Park. Fortunately, my job was made much easier thanks to the assistance provided by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to film the construction activities on several key projects and to interview members of their staff, including General Manager Ed Harrington and the director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program, Julie Labonte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helped to find an eloquent historian, \u003ca href=\"http://graybrechin.net/\">Gray Brechin\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley, to share with me the colorful history of Hetch Hetchy. He used to work as a TV Producer at KQED in the '80s, so he knew the importance of delivering concise and engaging soundbites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest and most vocal champion for Hetch Hetchy water was San Francisco Mayor James Phelan, who served from 1897 to 1902. Mayor Phelan hired an official at the USGS who was willing to moonlight on Phelan's behalf and file water rights to stretches of the Tuolumne River which flows through the Hetch Hetchy valley. Other water sources such as the American River, Sacramento River and even Lake Tahoe were also considered, and while they would have been cheaper to divert for the bustling metropolis of San Francisco, they wouldn't provide the quality of drinking water passing through the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley\">Hetch Hetchy valley\u003c/a> in Yosemite National Park. Even President Theodore Roosevelt, a pragmatic conservationist who had camped with John Muir in Yosemite and established five national parks during his presidency, sympathized with San Francisco's request for the Sierra water flowing through Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir, a Scottish-born naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club, led the fight to save Hetch Hetchy. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, local publications like \u003cem>The Call\u003c/em> pilloried Muir for refusing to go along with the city's plans to dam the valley. But Muir stood firm, writing passionately about the \"cathedral\" of Hetch Hetchy in national publications and trying to rally wealthy East Coast contacts and friends to his cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Phelan left office in 1902, a corruption scandal involving his successor and a series of ineffectual, caretaker mayors didn't help the city's grasp for the waters of Hetch Hetchy. But the tide began to turn with the election of James Rolph Jr. in 1911 and President Woodrow Wilson's appointment of Phelan business associate and attorney, Franklin K. Lane, as Secretary of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed into law the Raker Act which allowed the city to move forward with the construction of the Hetch Hetchy water system. Muir died just a year later, embittered by the loss of his David vs. Goliath struggle to protect the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we didn't have the resources to visit the reservoir created by the dam at Hetch Hetchy, we were granted rare access inside a new tunnel being adjacent to the Irvington Tunnel. This tunnel transports 95% of the system's water from Sunol to Fremont and it has not been taken out of service for maintenance and repair since 1966. When it's completed in 2014, the nearly 9-foot in diameter new Irvington Tunnel will offer an important level of redundancy to back-up a critical piece of Hetch Hetchy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24627\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills roadheader\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A roadheader inside the New Irvington Tunnel which is being built alongside the old Irvington Tunnel to convey Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water from Sunol Valley to Fremont.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Redundancy\" is a word that came up quite often during my research into the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program which, in addition to the New Irvington Tunnel, is building other infrastructure to ensure the continued delivery of 265 million gallons of water a day within 24 hours of a major earthquake. Take for example the new Bay Division Pipeline, a fifth regional pipeline that will extend for 21 miles, including a five mile-section bored under the San Francisco Bay that will connect to a seven mile-section of pipe extending from Newark to the New Irvington Tunnel in Fremont. The new 6-foot diameter, welded steel water pipeline will also extend nine miles from Menlo Park across the peninsula in San Mateo county. The last time a regional water pipeline was added to the Hetch Hetchy water system was Bay Division Pipeline #4, built in 1973 to carry water south of the San Francisco Bay alongside another regional pipeline completed 17 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24628\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2 trailing gear\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two sections of trailing gear located next to the new Bay Tunnel construction site in Menlo Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So the overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system will improve earthquake reliability, in part through redundant, back-up structures like the New Irvington Tunnel and the new Bay Division Pipeline #5. The upgrades to the water system will also boost storage capacity and, according to Julie Labonte and Ed Harrington, will also enable more efficient use of water through enhanced delivery of recycled water or groundwater. Given the likely increase in the Bay Area's population, and the effects of climate change on rainfall and Sierra snowpack levels, making sure the taps continue to flow with Hetch Hetchy water for future generations is a daunting task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also a race against time. A stretch of Hetch Hetchy water pipelines cross the Hayward fault, an active fault which last ruptured in 1868. The past five earthquakes on that fault had intervals of roughly 140 years, so the fault could slip at any time, triggering a massive earthquake in a dense urban corridor. Having water on hand to drink and fight fires will be essential to minimizing the repercussions of a massive, magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ancient Rome, water has been essential to the growth of cities and the expansion of empires. To paraphrase William Mulholland, the visionary engineer behind the 230-mile Owens Valley aqueduct that serves Los Angeles, \"if we don't get it, we won't need it.\" Indeed, empires may come and go but the need for water will persist. The challenge today, it would seem, is how to continue to meet this need while upgrading these marvels of 20th-century engineering to adapt to a 21st-century landscape of seismic hazards, urban growth and stretches of hot, dry days.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is hard at work on a $4.6 billion, decade-long construction project to overhaul the Hetch Hetchy water system, which delivers water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park and five local reservoirs to 2.5 million residents in the Bay Area. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2002, San Francisco voters passed a ballot measure that would more than double their water rates by 2016. Why? Because the majority of those voters felt that spending billions of dollars to seismically retrofit and upgrade their water system was worth such an investment, especially when that water, most of which originated as Sierra Nevada snow melt 167 miles to the east, crosses three active faults on its way to Bay Area faucets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long overdue for an upgrade, much of the Hetch Hetchy water delivery system was built in the 1920s and 1930s, with large swathes of pipelines made of riveted steel that don't perform well during big earthquakes. At a cost of $4.6 billion, paid for by 2.5 million residents in Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco counties who rely on a blend of Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been installing new pipes and employing state-of-the-art engineering elements designed to withstand, for example, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault. Water storage capacity is also being expanded under the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. When the program is completed in 2016, a new tunnel built 100 feet below the San Francisco Bay will carry a steel water pipeline 5 miles from the peninsula to the East Bay. The nearly 90 year-old, earthen Calaveras dam in southern Alameda county will also be replaced, allowing the adjacent reservoir to finally be filled to its original storage capacity of 31 billion gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24626\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills pipelines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josiah Hooper and Producer Sheraz Sadiq inside a concrete vault containing two Hetch Hetchy water pipelines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I was assigned this story, I knew that it would be a challenge to describe key features of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program while also explaining the controversial history of the creation of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct after San Francisco officials received federal permission in 1913 to flood and dam Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite National Park. Fortunately, my job was made much easier thanks to the assistance provided by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to film the construction activities on several key projects and to interview members of their staff, including General Manager Ed Harrington and the director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program, Julie Labonte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helped to find an eloquent historian, \u003ca href=\"http://graybrechin.net/\">Gray Brechin\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley, to share with me the colorful history of Hetch Hetchy. He used to work as a TV Producer at KQED in the '80s, so he knew the importance of delivering concise and engaging soundbites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest and most vocal champion for Hetch Hetchy water was San Francisco Mayor James Phelan, who served from 1897 to 1902. Mayor Phelan hired an official at the USGS who was willing to moonlight on Phelan's behalf and file water rights to stretches of the Tuolumne River which flows through the Hetch Hetchy valley. Other water sources such as the American River, Sacramento River and even Lake Tahoe were also considered, and while they would have been cheaper to divert for the bustling metropolis of San Francisco, they wouldn't provide the quality of drinking water passing through the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley\">Hetch Hetchy valley\u003c/a> in Yosemite National Park. Even President Theodore Roosevelt, a pragmatic conservationist who had camped with John Muir in Yosemite and established five national parks during his presidency, sympathized with San Francisco's request for the Sierra water flowing through Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir, a Scottish-born naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club, led the fight to save Hetch Hetchy. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, local publications like \u003cem>The Call\u003c/em> pilloried Muir for refusing to go along with the city's plans to dam the valley. But Muir stood firm, writing passionately about the \"cathedral\" of Hetch Hetchy in national publications and trying to rally wealthy East Coast contacts and friends to his cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Phelan left office in 1902, a corruption scandal involving his successor and a series of ineffectual, caretaker mayors didn't help the city's grasp for the waters of Hetch Hetchy. But the tide began to turn with the election of James Rolph Jr. in 1911 and President Woodrow Wilson's appointment of Phelan business associate and attorney, Franklin K. Lane, as Secretary of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed into law the Raker Act which allowed the city to move forward with the construction of the Hetch Hetchy water system. Muir died just a year later, embittered by the loss of his David vs. Goliath struggle to protect the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we didn't have the resources to visit the reservoir created by the dam at Hetch Hetchy, we were granted rare access inside a new tunnel being adjacent to the Irvington Tunnel. This tunnel transports 95% of the system's water from Sunol to Fremont and it has not been taken out of service for maintenance and repair since 1966. When it's completed in 2014, the nearly 9-foot in diameter new Irvington Tunnel will offer an important level of redundancy to back-up a critical piece of Hetch Hetchy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24627\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills roadheader\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A roadheader inside the New Irvington Tunnel which is being built alongside the old Irvington Tunnel to convey Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water from Sunol Valley to Fremont.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Redundancy\" is a word that came up quite often during my research into the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program which, in addition to the New Irvington Tunnel, is building other infrastructure to ensure the continued delivery of 265 million gallons of water a day within 24 hours of a major earthquake. Take for example the new Bay Division Pipeline, a fifth regional pipeline that will extend for 21 miles, including a five mile-section bored under the San Francisco Bay that will connect to a seven mile-section of pipe extending from Newark to the New Irvington Tunnel in Fremont. The new 6-foot diameter, welded steel water pipeline will also extend nine miles from Menlo Park across the peninsula in San Mateo county. The last time a regional water pipeline was added to the Hetch Hetchy water system was Bay Division Pipeline #4, built in 1973 to carry water south of the San Francisco Bay alongside another regional pipeline completed 17 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24628\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2 trailing gear\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two sections of trailing gear located next to the new Bay Tunnel construction site in Menlo Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So the overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system will improve earthquake reliability, in part through redundant, back-up structures like the New Irvington Tunnel and the new Bay Division Pipeline #5. The upgrades to the water system will also boost storage capacity and, according to Julie Labonte and Ed Harrington, will also enable more efficient use of water through enhanced delivery of recycled water or groundwater. Given the likely increase in the Bay Area's population, and the effects of climate change on rainfall and Sierra snowpack levels, making sure the taps continue to flow with Hetch Hetchy water for future generations is a daunting task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also a race against time. A stretch of Hetch Hetchy water pipelines cross the Hayward fault, an active fault which last ruptured in 1868. The past five earthquakes on that fault had intervals of roughly 140 years, so the fault could slip at any time, triggering a massive earthquake in a dense urban corridor. Having water on hand to drink and fight fires will be essential to minimizing the repercussions of a massive, magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ancient Rome, water has been essential to the growth of cities and the expansion of empires. To paraphrase William Mulholland, the visionary engineer behind the 230-mile Owens Valley aqueduct that serves Los Angeles, \"if we don't get it, we won't need it.\" Indeed, empires may come and go but the need for water will persist. The challenge today, it would seem, is how to continue to meet this need while upgrading these marvels of 20th-century engineering to adapt to a 21st-century landscape of seismic hazards, urban growth and stretches of hot, dry days.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fremont Peak",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fremont Peak",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26775\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremonttop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26775\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fremont Peak is renowned for its views of Monterey Bay to the west and the Hollister Valley to the east. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I often think of the Bay Area as a series of regions dominated by a particular mountain. San Francisco is under the sway of Mount Tamalpais, of course, and the East Bay is Mount Diablo territory. Farther south the skylines feature Black Mountain on the west and Mission Peak on the east, then Loma Prieta and Mount Hamilton respectively. And the area stretching from Gilroy to Monterey is the land of Fremont Peak. It makes a good focus for a day trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the area in the online \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/RGM/monterey/monterey.html\">Geologic Map of the Monterey Quadrangle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremontpkmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremontpkmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from California Department of Conservation\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault slashes across the area southwest of Hollister. To its east are young (Miocene and Pliocene, 7 to 4 million years old) sedimentary rocks that correlate with the huge young sequences in the Central Valley. To its west (on the north side) are older sedimentary rocks mostly dating from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs around 35 million years old. The southern part of the map area, where Fremont Peak lies, is granite and related rocks making up the Gabilan Range. You reach the peak through the town of San Juan Bautista, located directly under the \"San Andreas fault\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have the time to find Anzar Road, north of San Juan Bautista, pay a visit to Anzar Lake, one of the best-developed sag ponds on the San Andreas fault. These form where fault movement causes the ground to sink below the water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremanzarlake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremanzarlake\" width=\"600\" height=\"412\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anzar Road runs right along the fault trace pointing straight toward San Juan Bautista, where the old Spanish mission sits next to the fault overlooking the fertile soils that once formed the bottom of ancient Lake San Benito. The uplifted ground here made a desirable location, but the mission has suffered several large earthquakes during its history. The town is a good place to acquire lunch, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">GeoZeum\u003c/a>, and admire Fremont Peak from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremsjbmission/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26780\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremSJBmission\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fremont Peak, formerly known as Gabilan Peak, is the centerpiece of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=564\">Fremont Peak State Park\u003c/a>. The road up the mountain offers eastward views over Hollister Valley to the southern Diablo Range. The vegetation changes as you leave the sedimentary rocks and enter the granite zone. The granite of the Gabilan Range is part of the geologic province called Salinia. It's a segment of the Sierra Nevada that has been carried northward along the San Andreas fault. Other pieces of Salinia occur in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Point Reyes, and as far north as Bodega Head in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26776\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkeast\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26776\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault runs in front of the chaparral-covered hill at center. Note the change in vegetation as the bedrock changes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The peak itself is not made up of granite, but rather of the much older metamorphic rocks that lay on top when the granite was emplaced from below. The most distinctive of these rocks is marble. The rock has been so thoroughly squeezed that it contains no fossils from which to determine its age. On the map it's the blue zone labeled \"PzMz\" or Paleozoic-Mesozoic, the scientific version of \"beats me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkmarble/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkmarble\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak itself bears a plaque commemorating the famous stunt pulled by Captain John C. Frémont to taunt the Mexican authorities in early 1846, raising the American flag within sight of the capital in Monterey and Mexican troops gathered to the east. He soon took the flag down, blaming the bad weather, but his point had been made: the United States was coming into the country. The peak itself is a tumble of big marble boulders, worth a close look even if the views are good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkplaque/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkplaque\" width=\"500\" height=\"365\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26778\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a clear day the whole sweep of Monterey Bay is visible. The western spine of the mountain consists of marble and beautifully displays the difference that topography makes to plant communities. The cool, sheltered north face is forest while the south face is parched grasslands and wildflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkwest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26779\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkwest\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26779\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock is riddled with small barite mines, and visitors with black lights will get a nice show inside them. At night, the park allows stargazers to \u003ca href=\"http://isthe.com/chongo/fpo/index.html\">view the sky through a 30-inch telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fremont Peak oversees a large region of the Coast Ranges between Monterey and Hollister. When you pay it a visit, be sure to look around your feet too.",
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"description": "Fremont Peak oversees a large region of the Coast Ranges between Monterey and Hollister. When you pay it a visit, be sure to look around your feet too.",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fremont Peak | KQED",
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"headline": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fremont Peak",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26775\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremonttop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26775\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fremont Peak is renowned for its views of Monterey Bay to the west and the Hollister Valley to the east. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I often think of the Bay Area as a series of regions dominated by a particular mountain. San Francisco is under the sway of Mount Tamalpais, of course, and the East Bay is Mount Diablo territory. Farther south the skylines feature Black Mountain on the west and Mission Peak on the east, then Loma Prieta and Mount Hamilton respectively. And the area stretching from Gilroy to Monterey is the land of Fremont Peak. It makes a good focus for a day trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the area in the online \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/RGM/monterey/monterey.html\">Geologic Map of the Monterey Quadrangle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremontpkmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremontpkmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from California Department of Conservation\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault slashes across the area southwest of Hollister. To its east are young (Miocene and Pliocene, 7 to 4 million years old) sedimentary rocks that correlate with the huge young sequences in the Central Valley. To its west (on the north side) are older sedimentary rocks mostly dating from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs around 35 million years old. The southern part of the map area, where Fremont Peak lies, is granite and related rocks making up the Gabilan Range. You reach the peak through the town of San Juan Bautista, located directly under the \"San Andreas fault\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have the time to find Anzar Road, north of San Juan Bautista, pay a visit to Anzar Lake, one of the best-developed sag ponds on the San Andreas fault. These form where fault movement causes the ground to sink below the water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremanzarlake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremanzarlake\" width=\"600\" height=\"412\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anzar Road runs right along the fault trace pointing straight toward San Juan Bautista, where the old Spanish mission sits next to the fault overlooking the fertile soils that once formed the bottom of ancient Lake San Benito. The uplifted ground here made a desirable location, but the mission has suffered several large earthquakes during its history. The town is a good place to acquire lunch, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">GeoZeum\u003c/a>, and admire Fremont Peak from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremsjbmission/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26780\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremSJBmission\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fremont Peak, formerly known as Gabilan Peak, is the centerpiece of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=564\">Fremont Peak State Park\u003c/a>. The road up the mountain offers eastward views over Hollister Valley to the southern Diablo Range. The vegetation changes as you leave the sedimentary rocks and enter the granite zone. The granite of the Gabilan Range is part of the geologic province called Salinia. It's a segment of the Sierra Nevada that has been carried northward along the San Andreas fault. Other pieces of Salinia occur in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Point Reyes, and as far north as Bodega Head in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26776\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkeast\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26776\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault runs in front of the chaparral-covered hill at center. Note the change in vegetation as the bedrock changes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The peak itself is not made up of granite, but rather of the much older metamorphic rocks that lay on top when the granite was emplaced from below. The most distinctive of these rocks is marble. The rock has been so thoroughly squeezed that it contains no fossils from which to determine its age. On the map it's the blue zone labeled \"PzMz\" or Paleozoic-Mesozoic, the scientific version of \"beats me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkmarble/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkmarble\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak itself bears a plaque commemorating the famous stunt pulled by Captain John C. Frémont to taunt the Mexican authorities in early 1846, raising the American flag within sight of the capital in Monterey and Mexican troops gathered to the east. He soon took the flag down, blaming the bad weather, but his point had been made: the United States was coming into the country. The peak itself is a tumble of big marble boulders, worth a close look even if the views are good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkplaque/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkplaque\" width=\"500\" height=\"365\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26778\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a clear day the whole sweep of Monterey Bay is visible. The western spine of the mountain consists of marble and beautifully displays the difference that topography makes to plant communities. The cool, sheltered north face is forest while the south face is parched grasslands and wildflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkwest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26779\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkwest\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26779\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock is riddled with small barite mines, and visitors with black lights will get a nice show inside them. At night, the park allows stargazers to \u003ca href=\"http://isthe.com/chongo/fpo/index.html\">view the sky through a 30-inch telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Affinity for Stone: The Public Art of Ruth Asawa",
"title": "Affinity for Stone: The Public Art of Ruth Asawa",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26378\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawatop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26378\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detail of the rock garden in Ruth Asawa's 'Garden of Remembrance' at UCSF. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stone is more than the peculiar specialty of geologists. All of us have dealt with stone since our deepest ancestors' days in the African savanna, and I welcome the variety of viewpoints that center around it. The child, the builder, the fabricator, the gravestone cutter and the artist see stone in special ways. Lately I've noticed the affinity for stone that Ruth Asawa displays in her art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruthasawa.com/index.html\">Ruth Asawa\u003c/a> has created public art in the Bay Area and elsewhere for more than 40 years. Unlike her signature woven wire pieces, Asawa's public commissions are in bronze or stone. The bronze is carefully sculpted and cast, but the stone is as nearly natural as can be. Let's look at two interesting examples in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Buchanan Mall (Nihonmachi) Fountain\u003c/strong> is an installation meant for use and enjoyment as an integral part of the Japantown center. It immediately calls to mind the traditional Japanese rock garden in the streamlines of its cobblestone pavers and island stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawajapantown/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26374\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawajapantown\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawastele/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26377\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawastele\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bronze sculptures, one of them a fountain, sit in two stone circles like islands or ponds. Both were inspired by origami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawalotus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26375\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawalotus\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both circles include island stones and are harmoniously faced with Californian river rocks. It interests me that Japan and California, facing each other across the Pacific, both owe their geology to subduction, the plate tectonic process of clashing plates that pushes their rocks together into mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawacloseup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26372\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawacloseup\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Garden of Remembrance\u003c/strong> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsu.edu/~puboff/tour/garden_remembrance.htm\">in a courtyard at San Francisco State University\u003c/a>, built to commemorate the imprisonment of Japanese-Americans during World War II—a troubling act of U.S. public policy and a formative event in Asawa's life. It has two parts, a grassy square and a waterfall rock garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaucsflawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26371\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaucsflawn\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently Asawa's intent for the square was to bring together rocks from each of the ten \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment#WRA_Relocation_Centers\">War Relocation Centers\u003c/a>. But the first stone I approached told me immediately that geology had thwarted this purpose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaperid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26376\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaperid\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26376\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This classic peridotite, streaked blue with serpentine minerals, could not have come from California's Tule Lake or Manzanar. The first would have been black Cascades lava, the second Sierran granite or gneiss. This boulder comes from the Klamath Range. Clearly these stones were symbolic, not literal representatives of the camps. It was a relief at that point to put down my geologist's mindset, because an artwork like this should not distract anyone from its true purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later I learned that the Rohwer, Arkansas, camp where Asawa spent the war years (along with George Takei, Janice Mirikitani and more than 8,000 other American citizens) was located in a marshy lowland with no rocks at all. The same was true of the camp at Jerome, Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there is some color among the ten boulders, most are structureless mudstones, dark and mute. They populate their lawn in a scatter that schematically matches their pattern on the American map. (In that context, the blue peridotite represents Tule Lake and its exceptional role in the camp system. Maybe my geologist's mind has something to work on after all.) Asawa collaborated with stonesetters Isao Ogura and Shigeru Namba in selecting and placing the stones here, and in the uplifting rock garden next to the lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawagarden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26373\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawagarden\" width=\"600\" height=\"368\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at shady times of day or in the typical fog, this garden must be a bright place thanks to the light-colored Sierran boulders. On a sunny day, the combined direct and reflected light makes it almost dazzling. The top photo of this post shows a closeup. The stones themselves are luscious, coaxing even the geologist to simply stand and gaze.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Stone is more than the plaything of geologists. Each of us sees it in special ways. Take a look at stone in two masterworks by San Francisco artist Ruth Asawa.",
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"description": "Stone is more than the plaything of geologists. Each of us sees it in special ways. Take a look at stone in two masterworks by San Francisco artist Ruth Asawa.",
"title": "Affinity for Stone: The Public Art of Ruth Asawa | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26378\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawatop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26378\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detail of the rock garden in Ruth Asawa's 'Garden of Remembrance' at UCSF. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stone is more than the peculiar specialty of geologists. All of us have dealt with stone since our deepest ancestors' days in the African savanna, and I welcome the variety of viewpoints that center around it. The child, the builder, the fabricator, the gravestone cutter and the artist see stone in special ways. Lately I've noticed the affinity for stone that Ruth Asawa displays in her art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruthasawa.com/index.html\">Ruth Asawa\u003c/a> has created public art in the Bay Area and elsewhere for more than 40 years. Unlike her signature woven wire pieces, Asawa's public commissions are in bronze or stone. The bronze is carefully sculpted and cast, but the stone is as nearly natural as can be. Let's look at two interesting examples in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Buchanan Mall (Nihonmachi) Fountain\u003c/strong> is an installation meant for use and enjoyment as an integral part of the Japantown center. It immediately calls to mind the traditional Japanese rock garden in the streamlines of its cobblestone pavers and island stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawajapantown/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26374\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawajapantown\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawastele/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26377\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawastele\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bronze sculptures, one of them a fountain, sit in two stone circles like islands or ponds. Both were inspired by origami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawalotus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26375\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawalotus\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both circles include island stones and are harmoniously faced with Californian river rocks. It interests me that Japan and California, facing each other across the Pacific, both owe their geology to subduction, the plate tectonic process of clashing plates that pushes their rocks together into mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawacloseup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26372\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawacloseup\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Garden of Remembrance\u003c/strong> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsu.edu/~puboff/tour/garden_remembrance.htm\">in a courtyard at San Francisco State University\u003c/a>, built to commemorate the imprisonment of Japanese-Americans during World War II—a troubling act of U.S. public policy and a formative event in Asawa's life. It has two parts, a grassy square and a waterfall rock garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaucsflawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26371\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaucsflawn\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently Asawa's intent for the square was to bring together rocks from each of the ten \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment#WRA_Relocation_Centers\">War Relocation Centers\u003c/a>. But the first stone I approached told me immediately that geology had thwarted this purpose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaperid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26376\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaperid\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26376\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This classic peridotite, streaked blue with serpentine minerals, could not have come from California's Tule Lake or Manzanar. The first would have been black Cascades lava, the second Sierran granite or gneiss. This boulder comes from the Klamath Range. Clearly these stones were symbolic, not literal representatives of the camps. It was a relief at that point to put down my geologist's mindset, because an artwork like this should not distract anyone from its true purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later I learned that the Rohwer, Arkansas, camp where Asawa spent the war years (along with George Takei, Janice Mirikitani and more than 8,000 other American citizens) was located in a marshy lowland with no rocks at all. The same was true of the camp at Jerome, Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there is some color among the ten boulders, most are structureless mudstones, dark and mute. They populate their lawn in a scatter that schematically matches their pattern on the American map. (In that context, the blue peridotite represents Tule Lake and its exceptional role in the camp system. Maybe my geologist's mind has something to work on after all.) Asawa collaborated with stonesetters Isao Ogura and Shigeru Namba in selecting and placing the stones here, and in the uplifting rock garden next to the lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawagarden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26373\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawagarden\" width=\"600\" height=\"368\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at shady times of day or in the typical fog, this garden must be a bright place thanks to the light-colored Sierran boulders. On a sunny day, the combined direct and reflected light makes it almost dazzling. The top photo of this post shows a closeup. The stones themselves are luscious, coaxing even the geologist to simply stand and gaze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What's in a Clay? Finding the right minerals for Salt Glaze Pottery",
"headTitle": "What’s in a Clay? Finding the right minerals for Salt Glaze Pottery | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=201900843989539653390.0004aef340168b65523ab&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=6&ll=41.640078,-47.636719&spn=46.921768,112.324219&z=3&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003csmall>View \u003ca style=\"color: #0000ff; text-align: left;\" href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=201900843989539653390.0004aef340168b65523ab&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=6&ll=41.640078,-47.636719&spn=46.921768,112.324219&z=3&source=embed\">Clay Minerals\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26170\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(2)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"pottery \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Clay \u003ca title=\"minerals\" href=\"http://geology.com/minerals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minerals\u003c/a> found naturally in soils around the U.S. and world form the three main types of clay used in pottery: porcelain, earthenware, and stoneware. A unique combination of the minerals kaolin, illite, chlorite, sepiolite, and smectite are collected into each ball of clay to determine the type, glaze, structure and color used in a single piece of pottery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potters base their mixture of clay on the plasticity of each material. Plasticity is “the ability to undergo deformation without cracking.” The easiest way to determine a clay’s plasticity is using the “coil” test where a sample of clay is taken, rolled into a coil, and tested for its deformability. The chemical make-up in each clay mineral determines the particle size, permeability, and firing temperature for a piece of pottery. Between the five main minerals found in clay, kaolinite is the most common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaolinite holds the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and is an aluminum silicate material with a low “\u003ca title=\"shrink-swell\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink-swell_capacity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shrink-swell\u003c/a>” capacity. It is a soft, white mineral but is often colored orange or red by iron oxide found in the soil. Kaolinite is found all over the country and is the most common clay in the Mountain and \u003ca title=\"Piedmont\" href=\"http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc570/student_projects/fall_2003/whiteoakcreek/Wetland_Soils.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piedmont\u003c/a> regions of \u003ca title=\"North Carolina\" href=\"http://rla.unc.edu/bragg/ceramics/Ch4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Carolina\u003c/a>. It is the most prominent mineral found in kaolin, or porcelain, pottery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Illite is a white clay mineral that was first discovered in Calhoun County, Illinois. Its composition is (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)]. Illite has an absence of swelling due to its tightly interlaced molecular spacing. It is a common mineral found in sediments, soils, and metamorphic rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorite, found in large quantities in Wales, is actually a group of silicate minerals with similar properties. Chlorite, typically found as a pale green to grey color, is composed of (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6. The combination of minerals allows chlorite to hold a great range in composition, temperature and pressure conditions. It is most commonly found in hydrothermal ore deposits and has a soft, flexible consistency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sepiolite is a clay mineral found throughout in high quantities in New England, Arizona, and California. Its chemical makeup Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O contains a hydrous magnesium silicate, causing a non-swelling, lightweight, porous clay. Sepiolite based clays are stable in high salt environments and are typically found as dull, white colored deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smectite clay minerals are unique in their ability to interaction with liquids and their finite crystal shape. The composition (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2·nH2O causes a high plasticity allowing Smecitite clays to absorb and swell easily. These can be found as white, pale green, pink and yellow deposits.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=201900843989539653390.0004aef340168b65523ab&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=6&ll=41.640078,-47.636719&spn=46.921768,112.324219&z=3&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003csmall>View \u003ca style=\"color: #0000ff; text-align: left;\" href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=201900843989539653390.0004aef340168b65523ab&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=6&ll=41.640078,-47.636719&spn=46.921768,112.324219&z=3&source=embed\">Clay Minerals\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26170\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(2)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"pottery \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Clay \u003ca title=\"minerals\" href=\"http://geology.com/minerals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minerals\u003c/a> found naturally in soils around the U.S. and world form the three main types of clay used in pottery: porcelain, earthenware, and stoneware. A unique combination of the minerals kaolin, illite, chlorite, sepiolite, and smectite are collected into each ball of clay to determine the type, glaze, structure and color used in a single piece of pottery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potters base their mixture of clay on the plasticity of each material. Plasticity is “the ability to undergo deformation without cracking.” The easiest way to determine a clay’s plasticity is using the “coil” test where a sample of clay is taken, rolled into a coil, and tested for its deformability. The chemical make-up in each clay mineral determines the particle size, permeability, and firing temperature for a piece of pottery. Between the five main minerals found in clay, kaolinite is the most common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaolinite holds the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and is an aluminum silicate material with a low “\u003ca title=\"shrink-swell\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink-swell_capacity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shrink-swell\u003c/a>” capacity. It is a soft, white mineral but is often colored orange or red by iron oxide found in the soil. Kaolinite is found all over the country and is the most common clay in the Mountain and \u003ca title=\"Piedmont\" href=\"http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc570/student_projects/fall_2003/whiteoakcreek/Wetland_Soils.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piedmont\u003c/a> regions of \u003ca title=\"North Carolina\" href=\"http://rla.unc.edu/bragg/ceramics/Ch4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Carolina\u003c/a>. It is the most prominent mineral found in kaolin, or porcelain, pottery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Illite is a white clay mineral that was first discovered in Calhoun County, Illinois. Its composition is (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)]. Illite has an absence of swelling due to its tightly interlaced molecular spacing. It is a common mineral found in sediments, soils, and metamorphic rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorite, found in large quantities in Wales, is actually a group of silicate minerals with similar properties. Chlorite, typically found as a pale green to grey color, is composed of (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6. The combination of minerals allows chlorite to hold a great range in composition, temperature and pressure conditions. It is most commonly found in hydrothermal ore deposits and has a soft, flexible consistency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sepiolite is a clay mineral found throughout in high quantities in New England, Arizona, and California. Its chemical makeup Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O contains a hydrous magnesium silicate, causing a non-swelling, lightweight, porous clay. Sepiolite based clays are stable in high salt environments and are typically found as dull, white colored deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smectite clay minerals are unique in their ability to interaction with liquids and their finite crystal shape. The composition (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2·nH2O causes a high plasticity allowing Smecitite clays to absorb and swell easily. These can be found as white, pale green, pink and yellow deposits.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cycads: No Longer \"Living Fossils\"",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/20/cycads-no-longer-living-fossils/cycadsf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26007\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cycadSF\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Living fossil\" is a term for species alive today that have been unchanged for millions of years. Among the animals, the horseshoe crab is considered a classic example, looking just like its remotest ancestor from early Paleozoic times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the plants, people often cite the cycads: a line of fernlike, cone-bearing shrubs that have looked the same since the Permian Period nearly 300 million years ago. Their heyday was in the Jurassic, but today they have dwindled to about 300 species in 11 genera, still with the same old looks and lifestyle. However, in a new paper just published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencexpress.org/\">Science Express\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, a team led by UC Berkeley paleobotanist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/about/profile.php?lastname=Nagalingum&firstname=Nathalie\">Nathalie Nagalingum\u003c/a> used genetic methods to show that nearly all of today's cycad species are actually quite young. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nagalingum, whose team included five other plant specialists, tested two independent gene lines in 199 different cycad species to estimate the speed and timing of their evolution. They also used fossil cycads to calibrate the genetic results, yielding a pair of \"timetrees\" of cycad evolution. The timetrees show just six slender stems, representing ancestral cycad lineages, that extend from the deeper past beyond the end of the Mesozoic Era (and the dinosaurs) 65 million years ago. The stems burst into thick bundles of twigs, like the explosion of skyrockets, much later in geologic time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This news overturns a favorite theory that today's cycad species inherit their characteristics from evolutionary pressures during the days when dinosaurs browsed upon them. Today's species instead arose in the late Miocene, about 10 to 5 million years ago. Nagalingum's team surmises that the reason was rearrangements of the continents that interrupted tropical ocean currents, causing the world to have stronger seasons. Even though the cycads responded to this change with a burst of speciation, two-thirds of existing cycad species are nevertheless on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species\u003c/a>. They don't have good tools to thrive in today's colder, drier world. Call them victims of plate tectonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research means that cycads aren't really living fossils—relict species bearing the marks of a world now vanished—but ordinary twigs on the bushy tree of life. Only one line of cycads does appear to date from the dinosaur age, little changed to this day: \u003cem>Bowenia spectabilis\u003c/em> and \u003cem>B. serrulata\u003c/em>, of coastal Queensland, Australia. That's not enough to support the dinosaur-browsing theory, but \u003ci>Bowenia\u003c/i> leaves are commonly used in the floral trade for an echo of ages past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/20/cycads-no-longer-living-fossils/cycaduc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26026\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cycadUC\" width=\"600\" height=\"478\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26026\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC-400x319.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit a variety of cycads in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">Strybing Arboretum\u003c/a> in Golden Gate Park and in the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley Botanical Garden\u003c/a>, among other places.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cycads are considered \"living fossils,\" unchanged from the days when Jurassic dinosaurs fed upon them. New research shows that today's cycads are much younger than that.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/20/cycads-no-longer-living-fossils/cycadsf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26007\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cycadSF\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Living fossil\" is a term for species alive today that have been unchanged for millions of years. Among the animals, the horseshoe crab is considered a classic example, looking just like its remotest ancestor from early Paleozoic times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the plants, people often cite the cycads: a line of fernlike, cone-bearing shrubs that have looked the same since the Permian Period nearly 300 million years ago. Their heyday was in the Jurassic, but today they have dwindled to about 300 species in 11 genera, still with the same old looks and lifestyle. However, in a new paper just published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencexpress.org/\">Science Express\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, a team led by UC Berkeley paleobotanist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/about/profile.php?lastname=Nagalingum&firstname=Nathalie\">Nathalie Nagalingum\u003c/a> used genetic methods to show that nearly all of today's cycad species are actually quite young. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nagalingum, whose team included five other plant specialists, tested two independent gene lines in 199 different cycad species to estimate the speed and timing of their evolution. They also used fossil cycads to calibrate the genetic results, yielding a pair of \"timetrees\" of cycad evolution. The timetrees show just six slender stems, representing ancestral cycad lineages, that extend from the deeper past beyond the end of the Mesozoic Era (and the dinosaurs) 65 million years ago. The stems burst into thick bundles of twigs, like the explosion of skyrockets, much later in geologic time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This news overturns a favorite theory that today's cycad species inherit their characteristics from evolutionary pressures during the days when dinosaurs browsed upon them. Today's species instead arose in the late Miocene, about 10 to 5 million years ago. Nagalingum's team surmises that the reason was rearrangements of the continents that interrupted tropical ocean currents, causing the world to have stronger seasons. Even though the cycads responded to this change with a burst of speciation, two-thirds of existing cycad species are nevertheless on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species\u003c/a>. They don't have good tools to thrive in today's colder, drier world. Call them victims of plate tectonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research means that cycads aren't really living fossils—relict species bearing the marks of a world now vanished—but ordinary twigs on the bushy tree of life. Only one line of cycads does appear to date from the dinosaur age, little changed to this day: \u003cem>Bowenia spectabilis\u003c/em> and \u003cem>B. serrulata\u003c/em>, of coastal Queensland, Australia. That's not enough to support the dinosaur-browsing theory, but \u003ci>Bowenia\u003c/i> leaves are commonly used in the floral trade for an echo of ages past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/20/cycads-no-longer-living-fossils/cycaduc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26026\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cycadUC\" width=\"600\" height=\"478\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26026\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC-400x319.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit a variety of cycads in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">Strybing Arboretum\u003c/a> in Golden Gate Park and in the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley Botanical Garden\u003c/a>, among other places.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25773\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritobart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritobart\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is the classic view of Albany Hill from the El Cerrito BART station. With the sun behind it, you can see that much of the hill's apparent size is due to a high hairstyle of eucalyptus trees. Beneath them is an isolated body of Franciscan sandstone dating from late in the Cretaceous Period, about 70 to 83 million years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area landmarks had different names before the Gold Rush. Albany Hill was first named \"Cerrito de San Antonio\" by the Peralta family. Afterward it became El Cerrito, \"little hill,\" and got its current name just a century ago when the city of Albany incorporated. During those years it served first as a rock quarry and the site of an explosives factory (when the eucalyptus forest was planted, as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">at Pinole Point\u003c/a>, to muffle accidents) and later as a fine place to build homes and apartment buildings. Today much of it is preserved in Albany Hill Park in a benign stasis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Hill appears on the geologic map as a patch of unit Kfn, Franciscan rocks of the Novato Quarry terrane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25775\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritomap-566x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritomap\" width=\"566\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-25775\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The line labeled \"A\" marks part of cross-section A–A' that conveniently starts right at Albany Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritoxsec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25771\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritoxsec\" width=\"640\" height=\"410\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25771\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec-400x256.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-section showing interpreted structure beneath the map; the portion shown in the map segment reaches to the \"Qls\" symbol (landslide deposits).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To visit the rocks of Albany Hill, park along Taft Avenue, which runs up the east side of the hill. The street boasts an extensive roadcut where you can inspect and sample the rock. It's a hard, massive, medium-grained sandstone that has undergone some metamorphism. This has wiped out any original structural features that may have been there, such as bedding and erosion marks. This isn't the dramatic stuff of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritoweathered/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritoweathered\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Weathered sandstone of Albany Hill in Taft Avenue roadcut. The light patch is rich in calcite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Up at the end of Taft is a parking area for Albany Hill Park. Enjoy the woods and the views and watch for the occasional outcrops underfoot. In many of these, foot traffic exposes the sandstone's true tan color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map shows two other exposures of this rock nearby. The one at Point Isabel is almost entirely covered today, but at Fleming Point, behind the racetrack stands at Golden Gate Fields, years of (again) explosives manufacturing and quarrying have left it well exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerr-flemingpoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25772\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerr-flemingpoint\" width=\"600\" height=\"364\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25772\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint-400x243.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three outcrops are part of a longer discontinuous belt of rocks of the Novato Quarry terrane. It runs from Piedmont on the south to Point Richmond, to Novato across the Bay, and beyond in patches all the way to Bodega Head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're on this side of the freeway, take a hike out the Albany Bulb, an artificial peninsula studded with anonymous art works. There you can see the \u003ci>other\u003c/i> classic view of Albany Hill, sitting in front of the much younger rocks of the Berkeley Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritobulb/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritobulb\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Among the commuters who pass it twice a day, surely thousands of people wonder about that dramatic little hill next to I-80/580 just north of Berkeley. Wonder no more.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25773\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritobart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritobart\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is the classic view of Albany Hill from the El Cerrito BART station. With the sun behind it, you can see that much of the hill's apparent size is due to a high hairstyle of eucalyptus trees. Beneath them is an isolated body of Franciscan sandstone dating from late in the Cretaceous Period, about 70 to 83 million years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area landmarks had different names before the Gold Rush. Albany Hill was first named \"Cerrito de San Antonio\" by the Peralta family. Afterward it became El Cerrito, \"little hill,\" and got its current name just a century ago when the city of Albany incorporated. During those years it served first as a rock quarry and the site of an explosives factory (when the eucalyptus forest was planted, as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">at Pinole Point\u003c/a>, to muffle accidents) and later as a fine place to build homes and apartment buildings. Today much of it is preserved in Albany Hill Park in a benign stasis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Hill appears on the geologic map as a patch of unit Kfn, Franciscan rocks of the Novato Quarry terrane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25775\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritomap-566x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritomap\" width=\"566\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-25775\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The line labeled \"A\" marks part of cross-section A–A' that conveniently starts right at Albany Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritoxsec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25771\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritoxsec\" width=\"640\" height=\"410\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25771\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec-400x256.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-section showing interpreted structure beneath the map; the portion shown in the map segment reaches to the \"Qls\" symbol (landslide deposits).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To visit the rocks of Albany Hill, park along Taft Avenue, which runs up the east side of the hill. The street boasts an extensive roadcut where you can inspect and sample the rock. It's a hard, massive, medium-grained sandstone that has undergone some metamorphism. This has wiped out any original structural features that may have been there, such as bedding and erosion marks. This isn't the dramatic stuff of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritoweathered/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritoweathered\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Weathered sandstone of Albany Hill in Taft Avenue roadcut. The light patch is rich in calcite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Up at the end of Taft is a parking area for Albany Hill Park. Enjoy the woods and the views and watch for the occasional outcrops underfoot. In many of these, foot traffic exposes the sandstone's true tan color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map shows two other exposures of this rock nearby. The one at Point Isabel is almost entirely covered today, but at Fleming Point, behind the racetrack stands at Golden Gate Fields, years of (again) explosives manufacturing and quarrying have left it well exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerr-flemingpoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25772\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerr-flemingpoint\" width=\"600\" height=\"364\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25772\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint-400x243.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three outcrops are part of a longer discontinuous belt of rocks of the Novato Quarry terrane. It runs from Piedmont on the south to Point Richmond, to Novato across the Bay, and beyond in patches all the way to Bodega Head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're on this side of the freeway, take a hike out the Albany Bulb, an artificial peninsula studded with anonymous art works. There you can see the \u003ci>other\u003c/i> classic view of Albany Hill, sitting in front of the much younger rocks of the Berkeley Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritobulb/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritobulb\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tales from the Ghost Forests",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"black and white image of dead upright trees and water\" title=\"WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25811\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost forest on Washington state's Copalis River during a very high fair-weather tide in December 1997. Photo courtesy of the USGS public domain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a megathrust earthquake struck the modern world, most of us would know about it within seconds. Bill Steele, Director of Information Services at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network\u003c/a>, would get a detailed account from an extensive array of seismometers located around the globe. Regular citizens would probably get an email, tweet, or Facebook note from a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if the quake hit hundreds of years ago? How were scientists able to determine that a Cascadia Subduction Zone megathrust trembler hit sometime between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. on January 26, 1700?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts in the 1980s when geologist Brian Atwater, dendrochronologist David Yamaguchi, and others began to investigate the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington. Traveling by foot and boat through the region’s many bays and river mouths, the scientists examined thousands of dead western red cedar and Sitka spruce. The trees had not fallen to the ground but stuck upright out of the sand in great groves, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/bigone/detective.html\" target=\"_blank\">ghost forests\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intriguingly, James Graham Cooper, a naturalist living on the Washington coast in 1853-1854, had noticed the dead trees, too. He thought they had died slowly, sinking into quicksand. Atwater, however, knew differently. When a magnitude 9.5 earthquake hit Chile in 1960, coastal marshes had dropped several feet, allowing sea water to flow in and quickly kill the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spruce and cedar still stood in place, Atwater and Yamaguchi realized they had a clock that would tell precisely when the trees died. All they had to do was look at the trees’ growth rings. Those rings would reveal how the trees had lived and when they had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/tree_rings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tree ring analysis\u003c/a>, or dendrochonology, is based on the fact that trees add new material each year: early, lighter-colored cells followed by darker cells. Each set is known as a tree, annual, or growth ring. Width depends on the climatic conditions with wider rings in a good growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamaguchi found that the trees had wide rings right up until the time they died. This indicated that disease had not killed the trees. He and other researchers then compared the rings of the dead trees with those living nearby. These trees spanned nearly a thousand years of time, from 993 to 1986. Using this data, they tried to match the growth rings of the living trees with the growth ring of the dead trees. A match would tell when the ghost forest trees died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had a problem, though. Erosion of the tree’s trunks had obliterated the final rings. Fortunately, in 1996, they dug up eight stumps whose roots had not decayed. In all but one case the rings showed the trees had died between August 1699 and May 1700. Narrowing the timing down to January 26 required another line of evidence, and the assistance of colleagues and documents from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When a megathrust earthquake strikes, scientists around the world know in seconds. But what about hundreds of years ago? How, exactly, do scientists know there was a megathrust quake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone on January 26, 1700 between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m.? The answer lies in a ghost forest discovered on the Washington coast that reveals the secrets of one of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the planet. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"black and white image of dead upright trees and water\" title=\"WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25811\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost forest on Washington state's Copalis River during a very high fair-weather tide in December 1997. Photo courtesy of the USGS public domain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a megathrust earthquake struck the modern world, most of us would know about it within seconds. Bill Steele, Director of Information Services at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network\u003c/a>, would get a detailed account from an extensive array of seismometers located around the globe. Regular citizens would probably get an email, tweet, or Facebook note from a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if the quake hit hundreds of years ago? How were scientists able to determine that a Cascadia Subduction Zone megathrust trembler hit sometime between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. on January 26, 1700?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts in the 1980s when geologist Brian Atwater, dendrochronologist David Yamaguchi, and others began to investigate the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington. Traveling by foot and boat through the region’s many bays and river mouths, the scientists examined thousands of dead western red cedar and Sitka spruce. The trees had not fallen to the ground but stuck upright out of the sand in great groves, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/bigone/detective.html\" target=\"_blank\">ghost forests\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intriguingly, James Graham Cooper, a naturalist living on the Washington coast in 1853-1854, had noticed the dead trees, too. He thought they had died slowly, sinking into quicksand. Atwater, however, knew differently. When a magnitude 9.5 earthquake hit Chile in 1960, coastal marshes had dropped several feet, allowing sea water to flow in and quickly kill the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spruce and cedar still stood in place, Atwater and Yamaguchi realized they had a clock that would tell precisely when the trees died. All they had to do was look at the trees’ growth rings. Those rings would reveal how the trees had lived and when they had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/tree_rings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tree ring analysis\u003c/a>, or dendrochonology, is based on the fact that trees add new material each year: early, lighter-colored cells followed by darker cells. Each set is known as a tree, annual, or growth ring. Width depends on the climatic conditions with wider rings in a good growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamaguchi found that the trees had wide rings right up until the time they died. This indicated that disease had not killed the trees. He and other researchers then compared the rings of the dead trees with those living nearby. These trees spanned nearly a thousand years of time, from 993 to 1986. Using this data, they tried to match the growth rings of the living trees with the growth ring of the dead trees. A match would tell when the ghost forest trees died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had a problem, though. Erosion of the tree’s trunks had obliterated the final rings. Fortunately, in 1996, they dug up eight stumps whose roots had not decayed. In all but one case the rings showed the trees had died between August 1699 and May 1700. Narrowing the timing down to January 26 required another line of evidence, and the assistance of colleagues and documents from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Point Pinole and the Hayward fault",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Point Pinole and the Hayward fault",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25658\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinoletop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25658\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoletop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinoletop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25658\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoletop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoletop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward fault separates tidal marsh and coastal grassland at Point Pinole Regional Park just north of Richmond. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hayward fault threatens a lot of people and structures as it runs straight through the East Bay. But at its northern end, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/pt_pinole\">Point Pinole Regional Shoreline\u003c/a>, the fault can be walked and traced across open land with trees and grass. You can imagine the fault's biggest earthquake, a magnitude 7.5 event, doing little more than knocking you on your butt there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinole Point is a gently rolling peninsula that points north-northwest into San Pablo Bay. It's underlain by 10-million-year-old gravelly sandstone of the Orinda Formation, but much more recent changes in sea level have left it draped in Pleistocene sediments, old soils and offshore peat beds. Still more recently the point was the home of an explosives manufacturer from 1881 to 1960. The East Bay Regional Park District bought the land in 1972, and today it's a nice place to stroll, run, ride, fish, picnic and geologize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the point is wooded, but the forest is exclusively eucalyptus, planted during the tree's heyday to help muffle the noise of explosives manufacturing and no doubt to provide shade. You can walk off the path easily when your curiosity beckons, and the light is beautiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinoleforest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25663\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoleforest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinoleforest\" width=\"600\" height=\"440\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25663\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoleforest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoleforest-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see the green woods in this Google Earth view of the point, along with the mapped fault trace. Note that the park is named Point Pinole, but the point itself is Pinole Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinolesat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25667\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolesat.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinolesat\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25667\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolesat.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolesat-400x219.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frame grab from the US Geological Survey's {link url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/haywardfault/}Hayward Fault Tour{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But let's peek under the trees with the lidar digital elevation model. (I showed you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">lidar imagery of the San Gregorio fault\u003c/a> a couple months ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinoledem/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25661\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoledem.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinoledem\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25661\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from {link url=http://opentopo.sdsc.edu/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=otgoogleearth}OpenTopography{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fault crosses the railroad tracks at the south (right) edge, skirts the edge of the coastal marsh and traverses the west side of the point until it runs offshore into San Pablo Bay. (It's been traced most of the way across the bay, but it dies out as seismic motion steps eastward to the Rodgers Creek fault in the North Bay.) The maps at the park show a different line, which is incorrect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photo at the top of this post looks straight down the fault trace from the southern marshland toward the train tracks. The next photo below is looking north up the fault trace; on the lidar image it's where the fault trace, displaced west by a large landslide, returns to its straight track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinole-fault-trace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25662\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-fault-trace.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinole-fault-trace\" width=\"600\" height=\"393\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25662\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-fault-trace.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-fault-trace-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass was very tall here when I visited (goats will clean it up this winter), so the going was a bit hard. But it's quiet here off the trails, and I can recommend it as a place to meditate on the fault. The hollows along the break in slope all were much greener than the surrounding ground because faults tend to block the movement of groundwater. Very near here is where a trench was dug across the fault, one of several such scientific dissections made on the point in recent years. You can follow the fault north for a ways through the woods, but eventually it reaches the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinolebeach/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25659\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolebeach.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinolebeach\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25659\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolebeach.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolebeach-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslides triggered by wave erosion have disturbed the western bluffs nearly everywhere on this part of the point, but where I was standing is as close as can be to where the fault meets the coast. As researcher Glenn Borchardt puts it, \"the erosion produces seasonal changes in the exposure, so some lucky earth scientist or astute passerby may be the first to see the landward end of the fault.\" In the 1980s, a trench dug here in the surf zone revealed serpentinite on one side of the fault and mudstone on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you go farther north along the trail here, the bluffs grow quite high. The material they expose is coarse gravel, and the larger stones in the surf zone have an entertaining variety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinole-bluff/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25660\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-bluff.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinole-bluff\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25660\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-bluff.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-bluff-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the point itself, the ground surface appears to be uplifted and tilted eastward. This is not unexpected around a major fault, but I have not seen anything documented about it. If you go out on the fishing pier at Pinole Point and look back, the tilt looks obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinolepoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25666\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolepoint.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinolepoint\" width=\"600\" height=\"336\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25666\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolepoint.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolepoint-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look all the way around while you're there; Pinole Point is uncommonly peaceful and remote while being in the center of a lot of North Bay landmarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the scenery at Point Pinole Park really shows the threat of the Hayward fault. But just south of the park is the Parchester Village neighborhood, a cookie-cutter of 1950-vintage suburbia planted right on the fault. There, just as clearly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">as in downtown Hayward\u003c/a>, you can see the classic signs of aseismic creep slowly tearing apart the homes, lots and pavement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinole-parchester/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25664\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-parchester.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinole-parchester\" width=\"600\" height=\"369\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25664\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-parchester.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-parchester-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show that the fault is moving around 5 millimeters a year there. Only our human encroachments reveal the ongoing action of the tectonic plates that brings the next big Hayward fault quake closer every day.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25658\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinoletop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25658\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoletop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinoletop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25658\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoletop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoletop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward fault separates tidal marsh and coastal grassland at Point Pinole Regional Park just north of Richmond. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hayward fault threatens a lot of people and structures as it runs straight through the East Bay. But at its northern end, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/pt_pinole\">Point Pinole Regional Shoreline\u003c/a>, the fault can be walked and traced across open land with trees and grass. You can imagine the fault's biggest earthquake, a magnitude 7.5 event, doing little more than knocking you on your butt there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinole Point is a gently rolling peninsula that points north-northwest into San Pablo Bay. It's underlain by 10-million-year-old gravelly sandstone of the Orinda Formation, but much more recent changes in sea level have left it draped in Pleistocene sediments, old soils and offshore peat beds. Still more recently the point was the home of an explosives manufacturer from 1881 to 1960. The East Bay Regional Park District bought the land in 1972, and today it's a nice place to stroll, run, ride, fish, picnic and geologize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the point is wooded, but the forest is exclusively eucalyptus, planted during the tree's heyday to help muffle the noise of explosives manufacturing and no doubt to provide shade. You can walk off the path easily when your curiosity beckons, and the light is beautiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinoleforest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25663\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoleforest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinoleforest\" width=\"600\" height=\"440\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25663\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoleforest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoleforest-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see the green woods in this Google Earth view of the point, along with the mapped fault trace. Note that the park is named Point Pinole, but the point itself is Pinole Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinolesat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25667\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolesat.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinolesat\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25667\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolesat.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolesat-400x219.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Frame grab from the US Geological Survey's {link url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/haywardfault/}Hayward Fault Tour{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But let's peek under the trees with the lidar digital elevation model. (I showed you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">lidar imagery of the San Gregorio fault\u003c/a> a couple months ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinoledem/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25661\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinoledem.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinoledem\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25661\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from {link url=http://opentopo.sdsc.edu/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=otgoogleearth}OpenTopography{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fault crosses the railroad tracks at the south (right) edge, skirts the edge of the coastal marsh and traverses the west side of the point until it runs offshore into San Pablo Bay. (It's been traced most of the way across the bay, but it dies out as seismic motion steps eastward to the Rodgers Creek fault in the North Bay.) The maps at the park show a different line, which is incorrect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photo at the top of this post looks straight down the fault trace from the southern marshland toward the train tracks. The next photo below is looking north up the fault trace; on the lidar image it's where the fault trace, displaced west by a large landslide, returns to its straight track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinole-fault-trace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25662\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-fault-trace.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinole-fault-trace\" width=\"600\" height=\"393\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25662\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-fault-trace.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-fault-trace-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass was very tall here when I visited (goats will clean it up this winter), so the going was a bit hard. But it's quiet here off the trails, and I can recommend it as a place to meditate on the fault. The hollows along the break in slope all were much greener than the surrounding ground because faults tend to block the movement of groundwater. Very near here is where a trench was dug across the fault, one of several such scientific dissections made on the point in recent years. You can follow the fault north for a ways through the woods, but eventually it reaches the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinolebeach/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25659\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolebeach.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinolebeach\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25659\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolebeach.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolebeach-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslides triggered by wave erosion have disturbed the western bluffs nearly everywhere on this part of the point, but where I was standing is as close as can be to where the fault meets the coast. As researcher Glenn Borchardt puts it, \"the erosion produces seasonal changes in the exposure, so some lucky earth scientist or astute passerby may be the first to see the landward end of the fault.\" In the 1980s, a trench dug here in the surf zone revealed serpentinite on one side of the fault and mudstone on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you go farther north along the trail here, the bluffs grow quite high. The material they expose is coarse gravel, and the larger stones in the surf zone have an entertaining variety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinole-bluff/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25660\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-bluff.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinole-bluff\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25660\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-bluff.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-bluff-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the point itself, the ground surface appears to be uplifted and tilted eastward. This is not unexpected around a major fault, but I have not seen anything documented about it. If you go out on the fishing pier at Pinole Point and look back, the tilt looks obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinolepoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25666\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolepoint.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinolepoint\" width=\"600\" height=\"336\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25666\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolepoint.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinolepoint-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look all the way around while you're there; Pinole Point is uncommonly peaceful and remote while being in the center of a lot of North Bay landmarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the scenery at Point Pinole Park really shows the threat of the Hayward fault. But just south of the park is the Parchester Village neighborhood, a cookie-cutter of 1950-vintage suburbia planted right on the fault. There, just as clearly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">as in downtown Hayward\u003c/a>, you can see the classic signs of aseismic creep slowly tearing apart the homes, lots and pavement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/pinole-parchester/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25664\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-parchester.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinole-parchester\" width=\"600\" height=\"369\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25664\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-parchester.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/pinole-parchester-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show that the fault is moving around 5 millimeters a year there. Only our human encroachments reveal the ongoing action of the tectonic plates that brings the next big Hayward fault quake closer every day.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "GeoZeum: A Personal Museum of Geology",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumtop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geozeumtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GeoZeum is a brand-new boutique education center of geology in historic—and geologically rich—San Juan Bautista. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of us have a retirement dream: What would we do once our daily grind is over? Retired geologists I know indulge their devotion to poetry, photography, winemaking, philosophy, or Burning Man. A common idea is to open a little rock shop. Phil Stoffer is a born teacher with a huge rock collection, and his retirement project is to run a little museum in San Juan Bautista, a superb place to personally introduce the pleasures and treasures of Earth science to all comers. \"It's all about keeping geology going,\" he says. I have seen nothing like it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stoffer has dipped into a lot of the geologist's typical career options: mining, oil and gas, scientific librarian, college instructor, and website creator and field hand for the U.S. Geological Survey. He's collected rocks and fossils and photographed geology in all fifty states. All of that, experience and photos and specimens, is the nucleus of Stoffer's \u003ca href=\"http://www.geozeum.com/\">GeoZeum\u003c/a>, just a short stroll from the San Andreas fault and, of course, on the Web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/geozeumrox/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumrox.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geozeumrox\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumrox.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumrox-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the best rocks in GeoZeum are found near San Juan Bautista.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>GeoZeum has shelves of rocks, minerals and fossils. It also has tables covered with them, meant to be handled. It has an earthquake machine and a tsunami tank. It has big 3D photos of landforms and glasses to view them with. It even has a closet filled with fluorescent minerals. A lapidary lab is in the planning stage. And the key ingredient is the owner, eager to show and tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A project like GeoZeum relies on a lot of synergy. First, there's the Spanish mission in San Juan Bautista. California's unique \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuca.k12.ca.us/lessons/missions/contents/index.html\">4th-grade curriculum emphasizing the missions\u003c/a> brings busloads of children to San Juan Bautista. \u003ca href=\"http://www.san-juan-bautista.ca.us/\">The city itself is a draw for tourists\u003c/a>, too. The mission owes its very location to the scarp raised along the San Andreas fault, and more than any other California mission its history is tied to earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/geozeumsjbmission/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumSJBmission.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geozeumSJBmission\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumSJBmission.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumSJBmission-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault runs along the foot of the rise on which the San Juan Bautista mission sits. GeoZeum's Phil Stoffer leads walks here every weekend.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Second, GeoZeum shares a building with \u003ca href=\"http://www.topsarockshop.com/index.htm\">TOPS A Rock Shop\u003c/a>, an uncommonly well-stocked example of its genre. TOPS will be a natural gathering place for the rock-and-mineral club that Stoffer is launching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third, San Juan Bautista is a remarkable nexus of geological sites every bit as interesting as the Bay Area. Indeed, just a million years ago you could say the area \u003ci>was\u003c/i> the Bay Area, because the rivers of the Central Valley reached the Pacific through here. The area is full of mines and quarries, several earthquake faults, and diverse packages of rocks that those faults have carried here from far away. The GeoZeum website has a lot of maps and other material about the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Stoffer's favorite places is the riverbed of the San Benito River, where the gravel contains an enormous variety of rock types. But when I visited him earlier this week, we went instead to Gabilan (Fremont) Peak and explored some old barite mines in the ancient marble that makes up the mountaintop. We brought along ultraviolet flashlights and admired the veins of blue and yellow fluorescence in the mine passages. Stoffer has dozens of ideas like these for geologic walks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/geozeumsteps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumsteps.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geozeumsteps\" width=\"500\" height=\"410\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumsteps.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumsteps-400x328.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GeoZeum is already operating Thursday through Sunday, but its formal Grand Opening is October 15. Stoffer will welcome you to his museum, whether you're a kid, a fellow retired geologist or anything between. Just look for the dinosaur tracks on the sidewalk.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumtop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geozeumtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GeoZeum is a brand-new boutique education center of geology in historic—and geologically rich—San Juan Bautista. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of us have a retirement dream: What would we do once our daily grind is over? Retired geologists I know indulge their devotion to poetry, photography, winemaking, philosophy, or Burning Man. A common idea is to open a little rock shop. Phil Stoffer is a born teacher with a huge rock collection, and his retirement project is to run a little museum in San Juan Bautista, a superb place to personally introduce the pleasures and treasures of Earth science to all comers. \"It's all about keeping geology going,\" he says. I have seen nothing like it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stoffer has dipped into a lot of the geologist's typical career options: mining, oil and gas, scientific librarian, college instructor, and website creator and field hand for the U.S. Geological Survey. He's collected rocks and fossils and photographed geology in all fifty states. All of that, experience and photos and specimens, is the nucleus of Stoffer's \u003ca href=\"http://www.geozeum.com/\">GeoZeum\u003c/a>, just a short stroll from the San Andreas fault and, of course, on the Web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/geozeumrox/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumrox.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geozeumrox\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumrox.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumrox-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the best rocks in GeoZeum are found near San Juan Bautista.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>GeoZeum has shelves of rocks, minerals and fossils. It also has tables covered with them, meant to be handled. It has an earthquake machine and a tsunami tank. It has big 3D photos of landforms and glasses to view them with. It even has a closet filled with fluorescent minerals. A lapidary lab is in the planning stage. And the key ingredient is the owner, eager to show and tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A project like GeoZeum relies on a lot of synergy. First, there's the Spanish mission in San Juan Bautista. California's unique \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuca.k12.ca.us/lessons/missions/contents/index.html\">4th-grade curriculum emphasizing the missions\u003c/a> brings busloads of children to San Juan Bautista. \u003ca href=\"http://www.san-juan-bautista.ca.us/\">The city itself is a draw for tourists\u003c/a>, too. The mission owes its very location to the scarp raised along the San Andreas fault, and more than any other California mission its history is tied to earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/geozeumsjbmission/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumSJBmission.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geozeumSJBmission\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumSJBmission.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumSJBmission-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault runs along the foot of the rise on which the San Juan Bautista mission sits. GeoZeum's Phil Stoffer leads walks here every weekend.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Second, GeoZeum shares a building with \u003ca href=\"http://www.topsarockshop.com/index.htm\">TOPS A Rock Shop\u003c/a>, an uncommonly well-stocked example of its genre. TOPS will be a natural gathering place for the rock-and-mineral club that Stoffer is launching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third, San Juan Bautista is a remarkable nexus of geological sites every bit as interesting as the Bay Area. Indeed, just a million years ago you could say the area \u003ci>was\u003c/i> the Bay Area, because the rivers of the Central Valley reached the Pacific through here. The area is full of mines and quarries, several earthquake faults, and diverse packages of rocks that those faults have carried here from far away. The GeoZeum website has a lot of maps and other material about the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Stoffer's favorite places is the riverbed of the San Benito River, where the gravel contains an enormous variety of rock types. But when I visited him earlier this week, we went instead to Gabilan (Fremont) Peak and explored some old barite mines in the ancient marble that makes up the mountaintop. We brought along ultraviolet flashlights and admired the veins of blue and yellow fluorescence in the mine passages. Stoffer has dozens of ideas like these for geologic walks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/geozeumsteps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumsteps.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"geozeumsteps\" width=\"500\" height=\"410\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumsteps.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/geozeumsteps-400x328.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GeoZeum is already operating Thursday through Sunday, but its formal Grand Opening is October 15. Stoffer will welcome you to his museum, whether you're a kid, a fellow retired geologist or anything between. Just look for the dinosaur tracks on the sidewalk.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/22/care-and-feeding-of-geology-teachers/sunkensfhome/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24865\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/sunkenSFhome.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunkenSFhome\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24865\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/sunkenSFhome.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/sunkenSFhome-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunken entrances of this San Francisco house attest to geological subsidence. A free excursion for geology teachers during Earth Science Week helps teachers see the unnoticed. Photo courtesy Ray Sullivan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California, once upon a time, set great store by geologists. They were visionaries who could forecast promising sites for gold and silver mines, helpful specialists for keeping infrastructure soundly built, canny mappers of earthquake faults. Today geoscience does not have many friends, probably because it tends to bring unrealistic schemes down to Earth. When money raises its voice, the countervailing facts of geology are often inconvenient truths. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geology is not a science of easy answers; it doesn't fit the current climate of jobs-centered projects and test-oriented curricula. It rewards lateral thinking, tentative conclusions, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/history_of_geology/a/aa_geothinking.htm\">multiple working hypotheses\u003c/a>. It also requires field trips. And in California high schools, geology doesn't qualify as a science lab course for college prep. For these and other reasons, teaching geology is a challenge. If you know (or are!) an Earth science teacher, they could probably use some help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncgeolsoc.org/\">Northern California Geological Society\u003c/a> has an unusual degree of dedication to teachers of geology. The NCGS not only takes part in a national geology teachers' contest, but it also has its own cash grants for local Earth science teachers reaching out to kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national contest for the \u003ca href=\"http://foundation.aapg.org/toty/\">K-12 Earth Science Teacher of the Year Award\u003c/a>, run by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, culminates in a $5,000 prize, but the NCGS \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncgeolsoc.org/TOTYInfo/2011%20-%202012/TOTY%202011-2012%20Entry%20Forms.pdf\">gives $750 to its local winner\u003c/a>. That person goes on to the regional AAPG contest in Long Beach, with its own $500 prize, before reaching the national level. It rewards well-established Earth science programs and requires 3 years of teaching experience. The application form is on the NCGS website. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other pair of NCGS prizes, the $500 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncgeolsoc.org/Geoscience%20Announcements/2011%20-%202012/2011-2012%20NCGS%20Geosci%20Teacher%20Announce.pdf\">Geoscience Teaching Awards\u003c/a>, go to a Northern California geology teacher regardless of experience—one for grades K–8 and one for grades 9–12—for \"excellence in the teaching of earth or environmental sciences.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another society that gives cash prizes to geology teachers is the \u003ca href=\"http://nagt-fws.org/\">Far West chapter of the National Association of Geoscience Teachers\u003c/a>. And there are other state groups, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascience.org/csta/csta.asp\">California Science Teachers Association\u003c/a>, and even the White House's \u003ca href=\"http://www.paemst.org/\">Presidential Awards for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching\u003c/a>, that may single out a geoscience teacher if they think them worthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although these prizes are great, they reward only a few winners, and that's not the true teacher's way. The California societies I've mentioned do a lot more for teachers by offering them group learning experiences. The NCGS has several field trips a year, open to all comers and run by scientists. The Far West NAGT holds field conferences each spring and fall. And the CSTA meets every fall in a different California city. What could be better than hanging out with geologists \u003ci>and\u003c/i> teachers together?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year in October there's a nationwide festival of geology called \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/\">Earth Science Week\u003c/a>; this year it officially runs from October 9 to 15. The NCGS will take part by offering a walk around San Francisco's landmarks of the 1906 earthquake, including lunch in Chinatown, that's free to 30 geoscience teachers. It's on Saturday the 15th, and leading it will be the irrepressible Ray Sullivan, emeritus professor of geoscience at San Francisco State University. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncgeolsoc.org/EducatorsDay/2011%20NCGS%20-%20Walk%20SF.pdf\">The PDF from the NCGS has the details.\u003c/a> Let your friendly neighborhood geology teacher know about it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Opening the eyes of geology teachers to geology in everyday life helps open their students' eyes in turn. The coming events of Earth Science Week can do the same for the rest of us.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/22/care-and-feeding-of-geology-teachers/sunkensfhome/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24865\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/sunkenSFhome.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunkenSFhome\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24865\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/sunkenSFhome.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/sunkenSFhome-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunken entrances of this San Francisco house attest to geological subsidence. A free excursion for geology teachers during Earth Science Week helps teachers see the unnoticed. Photo courtesy Ray Sullivan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California, once upon a time, set great store by geologists. They were visionaries who could forecast promising sites for gold and silver mines, helpful specialists for keeping infrastructure soundly built, canny mappers of earthquake faults. Today geoscience does not have many friends, probably because it tends to bring unrealistic schemes down to Earth. When money raises its voice, the countervailing facts of geology are often inconvenient truths. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geology is not a science of easy answers; it doesn't fit the current climate of jobs-centered projects and test-oriented curricula. It rewards lateral thinking, tentative conclusions, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/history_of_geology/a/aa_geothinking.htm\">multiple working hypotheses\u003c/a>. It also requires field trips. And in California high schools, geology doesn't qualify as a science lab course for college prep. For these and other reasons, teaching geology is a challenge. If you know (or are!) an Earth science teacher, they could probably use some help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncgeolsoc.org/\">Northern California Geological Society\u003c/a> has an unusual degree of dedication to teachers of geology. The NCGS not only takes part in a national geology teachers' contest, but it also has its own cash grants for local Earth science teachers reaching out to kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national contest for the \u003ca href=\"http://foundation.aapg.org/toty/\">K-12 Earth Science Teacher of the Year Award\u003c/a>, run by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, culminates in a $5,000 prize, but the NCGS \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncgeolsoc.org/TOTYInfo/2011%20-%202012/TOTY%202011-2012%20Entry%20Forms.pdf\">gives $750 to its local winner\u003c/a>. That person goes on to the regional AAPG contest in Long Beach, with its own $500 prize, before reaching the national level. It rewards well-established Earth science programs and requires 3 years of teaching experience. The application form is on the NCGS website. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other pair of NCGS prizes, the $500 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncgeolsoc.org/Geoscience%20Announcements/2011%20-%202012/2011-2012%20NCGS%20Geosci%20Teacher%20Announce.pdf\">Geoscience Teaching Awards\u003c/a>, go to a Northern California geology teacher regardless of experience—one for grades K–8 and one for grades 9–12—for \"excellence in the teaching of earth or environmental sciences.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another society that gives cash prizes to geology teachers is the \u003ca href=\"http://nagt-fws.org/\">Far West chapter of the National Association of Geoscience Teachers\u003c/a>. And there are other state groups, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascience.org/csta/csta.asp\">California Science Teachers Association\u003c/a>, and even the White House's \u003ca href=\"http://www.paemst.org/\">Presidential Awards for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching\u003c/a>, that may single out a geoscience teacher if they think them worthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although these prizes are great, they reward only a few winners, and that's not the true teacher's way. The California societies I've mentioned do a lot more for teachers by offering them group learning experiences. The NCGS has several field trips a year, open to all comers and run by scientists. The Far West NAGT holds field conferences each spring and fall. And the CSTA meets every fall in a different California city. What could be better than hanging out with geologists \u003ci>and\u003c/i> teachers together?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year in October there's a nationwide festival of geology called \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/\">Earth Science Week\u003c/a>; this year it officially runs from October 9 to 15. The NCGS will take part by offering a walk around San Francisco's landmarks of the 1906 earthquake, including lunch in Chinatown, that's free to 30 geoscience teachers. It's on Saturday the 15th, and leading it will be the irrepressible Ray Sullivan, emeritus professor of geoscience at San Francisco State University. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncgeolsoc.org/EducatorsDay/2011%20NCGS%20-%20Walk%20SF.pdf\">The PDF from the NCGS has the details.\u003c/a> Let your friendly neighborhood geology teacher know about it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically",
"title": "Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300.jpg\" alt=\"sketch elevation of tower / berm\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24958\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed tower and berm structure by Ronald Kasprisin. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CAMP MURRAY, WASHINGTON- When natural disaster strikes, most of us instinctively run for the hills. But what if you live in the flats, and can't outrun or even out-drive a fast-approaching tsunami wave?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying coast on the west coast of Washington state is one such region. Residents face both the risk of a major earthquake from the Cascadia fault, and tsunami waves predicted to pummel the shore only 30-40 minutes after the quake. John Schelling, Earthquake Program Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/\">Washington State Emergency Management Division\u003c/a>, claims that when a tsunami is approaching, residents need to be prepared to evacuate—vertically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schelling worked with a team of engineers to plan a series of \u003ca href=\"https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/file/download/e466fc0f6a68c61dae189b1a0ab9d2b36c6c0502e30f0e6271fa76c56b903097?inline=1\">towers, buildings and berms\u003c/a> to provide a vertical escape option that is easily accessible and can withstand the massive force of a tsunami. The proposal, dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?ref=ts\">Project Safe Haven\u003c/a>,\" is well underway in Washington's coastal communities, including Ocean Shores and Westport where community members have come together to figure out what “heading for higher ground” will look like for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community members themselves have been the drivers for a lot of the effort that’s gone on in the Safe Haven Project,” says Schelling. “We’ve tried to make sure all of these are multipurpose so that people interact with them on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there will be much more physics and engineering going into these buildings than meets the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-map300.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-map300\" width=\"300\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24950\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Locations on Washington coast for proposed vertical evacuation structures. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The structures themselves have to be designed to withstand at least a magnitude 9 earthquake,” says Schelling. “You’re talking about a significant amount of geotechnical engineering and analysis to make sure the footings that are placed support the weight of the structure, as well as account for the forces that are coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a structure to withstand an earthquake of that size is a task in itself, but these buildings and towers will also then need to withstand the force of the approaching tsunami wave. The engineering answer to this challenge? “The ground floor would be sacrificial, the walls are designed to wash away, and allow water to flow in and out,” says Schelling. Meanwhile, the top floors, where the evacuees would be gathered, are left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a different design concept than berms which are essentially small, hollow hills that can be easily accessed, including by those people who may have trouble quickly climbing to safety in towers or buildings. These structures will be strategically placed throughout the communities most vulnerable to a tsunami. The goal is not only to get as many people to safety as possible; it’s to get as many people to safety as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the berms would have the largest foot print on the landscape, they will be able to hold anywhere from 100 to 10,000 people above the water. The outer mound will be constructed from soil to provide a natural slope that can easily be climbed. Schelling says the inside will be a “reinforced concrete core” to keep the berm from collapsing during an earthquake and steady as the tsunami waves hit the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit to berms is that the mound of earth, similar to the one in Gasworks Park in Seattle, can provide safety without looking too man-made and disrupting the natural environment. “It’s designed to blend in and provide a nice aesthetic to the natural and built environment that people love about the coast,” says Schelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these safe havens, the sky is the limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?sk=info\">Project Safe Haven: Tsunami Vertical Evacuation on the Washington Coast on Facebook\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/preparedness/prep_tsunami_evacuation.shtml\">Washington Military Department: Emergency Management Division's Tsunami Evacuation Tips\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Colette Kent\u003c/strong>, intern at KCTS 9 and student at George Washington University, contributed to this blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Northwest disaster officials and communities propose new structures for people to get to safety when a killer tsunami wave is on the way, not by trying to outrun the wave, but by trying to out-climb it. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300.jpg\" alt=\"sketch elevation of tower / berm\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24958\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed tower and berm structure by Ronald Kasprisin. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CAMP MURRAY, WASHINGTON- When natural disaster strikes, most of us instinctively run for the hills. But what if you live in the flats, and can't outrun or even out-drive a fast-approaching tsunami wave?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying coast on the west coast of Washington state is one such region. Residents face both the risk of a major earthquake from the Cascadia fault, and tsunami waves predicted to pummel the shore only 30-40 minutes after the quake. John Schelling, Earthquake Program Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/\">Washington State Emergency Management Division\u003c/a>, claims that when a tsunami is approaching, residents need to be prepared to evacuate—vertically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schelling worked with a team of engineers to plan a series of \u003ca href=\"https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/file/download/e466fc0f6a68c61dae189b1a0ab9d2b36c6c0502e30f0e6271fa76c56b903097?inline=1\">towers, buildings and berms\u003c/a> to provide a vertical escape option that is easily accessible and can withstand the massive force of a tsunami. The proposal, dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?ref=ts\">Project Safe Haven\u003c/a>,\" is well underway in Washington's coastal communities, including Ocean Shores and Westport where community members have come together to figure out what “heading for higher ground” will look like for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community members themselves have been the drivers for a lot of the effort that’s gone on in the Safe Haven Project,” says Schelling. “We’ve tried to make sure all of these are multipurpose so that people interact with them on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there will be much more physics and engineering going into these buildings than meets the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-map300.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-map300\" width=\"300\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24950\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Locations on Washington coast for proposed vertical evacuation structures. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The structures themselves have to be designed to withstand at least a magnitude 9 earthquake,” says Schelling. “You’re talking about a significant amount of geotechnical engineering and analysis to make sure the footings that are placed support the weight of the structure, as well as account for the forces that are coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a structure to withstand an earthquake of that size is a task in itself, but these buildings and towers will also then need to withstand the force of the approaching tsunami wave. The engineering answer to this challenge? “The ground floor would be sacrificial, the walls are designed to wash away, and allow water to flow in and out,” says Schelling. Meanwhile, the top floors, where the evacuees would be gathered, are left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a different design concept than berms which are essentially small, hollow hills that can be easily accessed, including by those people who may have trouble quickly climbing to safety in towers or buildings. These structures will be strategically placed throughout the communities most vulnerable to a tsunami. The goal is not only to get as many people to safety as possible; it’s to get as many people to safety as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the berms would have the largest foot print on the landscape, they will be able to hold anywhere from 100 to 10,000 people above the water. The outer mound will be constructed from soil to provide a natural slope that can easily be climbed. Schelling says the inside will be a “reinforced concrete core” to keep the berm from collapsing during an earthquake and steady as the tsunami waves hit the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit to berms is that the mound of earth, similar to the one in Gasworks Park in Seattle, can provide safety without looking too man-made and disrupting the natural environment. “It’s designed to blend in and provide a nice aesthetic to the natural and built environment that people love about the coast,” says Schelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these safe havens, the sky is the limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?sk=info\">Project Safe Haven: Tsunami Vertical Evacuation on the Washington Coast on Facebook\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/preparedness/prep_tsunami_evacuation.shtml\">Washington Military Department: Emergency Management Division's Tsunami Evacuation Tips\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Colette Kent\u003c/strong>, intern at KCTS 9 and student at George Washington University, contributed to this blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In California, more renewable energy comes from geothermal energy than solar and wind, combined. Today, a new technology known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system\">Enhanced Geothermal Systems\u003c/a> has the potential to extract even more heat and consequently energy to power steam turbines, but it’s not without challenges, including man-made earthquakes which are a consequence of breaking up rock more than a mile below the earth’s surface. Such earthquake activity is referred to as \"induced seismicity\" and can occur in other fields of energy production, including oil and natural gas production and hydropower. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of these earthquake events are miniscule, registering less than a 2.0 in magnitude, occasionally, they can result in larger magnitude earthquakes, especially when the engineering activity which precipitates them occurs within the proximity of active fault zones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., the buzz over Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) started ratcheting up after the publication of a \u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/future_geothermal.html\">2006 Department of Energy study\u003c/a> investigating its potential, spearheaded by researchers at M.I.T. Among their findings was that EGS could meet 10% of the U.S.' electricity supply by 2050. Ten percent doesn't seem to be that much but it would represent a 40-fold increase over the current amount of geothermal power being harnessed nationally and if realized, it could significantly boost the nation's efforts to wean itself off its carbon-heavy diet, with more than 60% of energy consumption in the U.S. currently coming from coal and petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Department of Energy is spending millions of dollars to fund seven demonstration EGS projects, including a grant of $5.5 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine's\u003c/a> to develop the EGS field featured in our QUEST story on induced seismicity. Calpine has invested $9.5 million of its own money on the project, an impressive sum it's willing to spend to demonstrate the success of this green, renewable technology. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is how Calpine Senior Vice President Mike Rogers described the project's energy potential to me: \"We expect to produce between 5 to 7 megawatts of additional steam (which is) enough for a small city, say, 6,000 people (and) depending on what we find, possibly up to 50 megawatts in that part of the field.\" Calpine has measured a temperature of 725 degrees Fahrenheit at a depth of 11,000 feet at their new enhanced geothermal project site. That's roughly 300 degrees warmer than their other geothermal fields at the Geysers, and with more heat comes more energy potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calpine is working with Ernie Majer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> to monitor the risk of induced seismicity with additional, around-the-clock seismic monitoring next to their EGS production and injection wells located in the northwestern region of the Geysers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is proud of their efforts to reach out to nearby communities such as the town of Anderson Springs that are impacted by the year-round geothermal activities at the Geysers. Not only has Calpine created a seismic monitoring committee comprised of representatives from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USGS and community members to review recent earthquake activity in the vicinity of the Geysers, they also have set up a hotline to report earthquake activity and an annual fund which communities can use to pay for repairs to buildings and homes possibly damaged by earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should also be noted that Calpine has the support of some prominent members of Anderson Springs for the development of their EGS demonstration project. Jeff Gospe, the President of \u003ca href=\"http://www.andersonsprings.org/\">Anderson Springs Community Alliance\u003c/a>, wrote a letter of support for the project in September 2010 to Sonoma County District Supervisor Paul Kelly. Although Jeff and other community members still have concerns about seismicity in the southern portion of the Geysers, Jeff maintains that the work on the EGS demonstration project is an example of \"pro-community geothermal development\" that is far enough away to pose little risk to residents of the town. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the course of my research on the story, I discovered several international EGS projects, including two that are online in France and Germany. Given the concern with nuclear energy in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in Japan, and the phasing out of nuclear energy programs in Germany, Italy and Switzerland, the need for more renewable energy sources like geothermal power becomes more pressing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nuclear energy also reveals, no matter how green the energy source is, its exploitation must be safe for the public to get behind it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Ernie Majer of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory told me, \"Over the past 20 years, it started out as the (geothermal energy) industry almost ignored induced seismicity. But as the recent issues have come up, the industry has finally said, 'Alright, we need to deal with this properly and we need to take it very seriously.'\" \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In California, more renewable energy comes from geothermal energy than solar and wind, combined. Today, a new technology known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system\">Enhanced Geothermal Systems\u003c/a> has the potential to extract even more heat and consequently energy to power steam turbines, but it’s not without challenges, including man-made earthquakes which are a consequence of breaking up rock more than a mile below the earth’s surface. Such earthquake activity is referred to as \"induced seismicity\" and can occur in other fields of energy production, including oil and natural gas production and hydropower. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of these earthquake events are miniscule, registering less than a 2.0 in magnitude, occasionally, they can result in larger magnitude earthquakes, especially when the engineering activity which precipitates them occurs within the proximity of active fault zones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., the buzz over Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) started ratcheting up after the publication of a \u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/future_geothermal.html\">2006 Department of Energy study\u003c/a> investigating its potential, spearheaded by researchers at M.I.T. Among their findings was that EGS could meet 10% of the U.S.' electricity supply by 2050. Ten percent doesn't seem to be that much but it would represent a 40-fold increase over the current amount of geothermal power being harnessed nationally and if realized, it could significantly boost the nation's efforts to wean itself off its carbon-heavy diet, with more than 60% of energy consumption in the U.S. currently coming from coal and petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Department of Energy is spending millions of dollars to fund seven demonstration EGS projects, including a grant of $5.5 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine's\u003c/a> to develop the EGS field featured in our QUEST story on induced seismicity. Calpine has invested $9.5 million of its own money on the project, an impressive sum it's willing to spend to demonstrate the success of this green, renewable technology. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is how Calpine Senior Vice President Mike Rogers described the project's energy potential to me: \"We expect to produce between 5 to 7 megawatts of additional steam (which is) enough for a small city, say, 6,000 people (and) depending on what we find, possibly up to 50 megawatts in that part of the field.\" Calpine has measured a temperature of 725 degrees Fahrenheit at a depth of 11,000 feet at their new enhanced geothermal project site. That's roughly 300 degrees warmer than their other geothermal fields at the Geysers, and with more heat comes more energy potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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