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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Not crystals, not meteorites and not fossils, concretions puzzle people who find them. Geologists find them only slightly less puzzling than the general public.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Most Earthly Mineral on Mars",
"title": "A Most Earthly Mineral on Mars",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypsum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypsum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solid vein of white mineral near Endeavour crater, up to 2 centimeters thick, has every appearance of the well-known mineral gypsum. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have been studying Mars with spacecraft for almost 40 years now, starting with fly-bys and progressing to landers and then rovers. Each of these scientific missions has been more ambitious than the one before, and each has found more and more Earth-like features on Mars. The latest example was announced last month in San Francisco at the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/\">annual AGU meeting\u003c/a>: Mars has veins of gypsum. I've seen gypsum veins myself, right here in California. And you can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The currently operating Mars rover is named \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, and it has managed to roll across the pristine Martian ground for more than 33 kilometers since it landed in 2004. Nosing around the rampart of the crater Endeavour in a monotonous area of basalt rock, Opportunity came upon the vein of solid bone-white mineral shown above. It approached closer and turned its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer on the stuff, along with its close-up camera. The spectrometer indicated sulfur and calcium in the right proportions, and the camera images reminded NASA scientists of nothing but \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a>, hydrated calcium sulfate or CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>·2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29078\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypclose.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29078\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of the Martian gypsum vein. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All right, so what? Well, gypsum points directly and unmistakably to liquid water, something that we've been looking for on Mars but never quite proving. There is gypsum-like dust blowing around parts of Mars, like it does at White Sands in New Mexico, but no sign of its origin. The mission's chief scientist, Steve Squyres, said at the AGU press conference, \"This stuff was formed right here. There was a fracture in the rock, water flowed through it, gypsum was precipitated from the water. End of story. Okay, there is no ambiguity about this. This is what makes it so cool. . . . Here the chemistry and mineralogy of it just scream of water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, gypsum is found in two main settings: wherever seawater begins to dry up, gypsum comes out of solution first and can accumulate in thick beds. And wherever hot-spring type fluids concentrate dissolved matter, gypsum is a likely mineral. The Martian vein appears to be of the latter, hydrothermal type. California's Central Valley, for much of recent geologic time, has been the former type of setting—a shallow sea basin or brackish lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gypsum is especially abundant in the Kettleman Hills, an area of former Central Valley seabed that has been gently lifted by recent tectonic activity. If you have an extra hour next time you're on Interstate 5 going to Los Angeles, turn off at 25th Avenue, south of Kettleman City, and pull over once you enter the hills. Gypsum litters the ground there, and farther south near Lost Hills gypsum is being mined to make drywall, soil additives and plaster of Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettlemangyp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29077\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettlemangyp\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gypsum of the Kettleman Hills. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're there in nice weather, enjoy the scene and think of Mars. Maybe you'll share the tantalizing feeling that the discovery of Martian gypsum arouses in geologists despite their best mental effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettleman/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29076\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettleman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kettleman Hills, 26 May 2010. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/endeavour/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"endeavour\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour crater, Mars, 6 August 2011. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like one of those 1950s-vintage Cuban taxis, Opportunity has hung on far longer than people originally planned. Planetary space missions have a fairly short \"prime mission\" of a few months or maybe a year, but everyone knows without admitting it that the rugged, overdesigned machinery will last a lot longer. NASA makes a big deal out of extending the mission, a year or so at a time, and we all feel good about getting our money's worth. In the case of Opportunity, its prime mission began eight years ago and the solar-powered contraption is still plugging along. Imagine what its successor, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, might do once it lands in Gale crater in August of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">Read more about the discovery from NASA.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The planet Mars tantalizes with its resemblance to parts of Earth. Now space geologists with their trusty field assistant, the rover Opportunity, have found gypsum veins there like those in our own countryside.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypsum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypsum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solid vein of white mineral near Endeavour crater, up to 2 centimeters thick, has every appearance of the well-known mineral gypsum. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have been studying Mars with spacecraft for almost 40 years now, starting with fly-bys and progressing to landers and then rovers. Each of these scientific missions has been more ambitious than the one before, and each has found more and more Earth-like features on Mars. The latest example was announced last month in San Francisco at the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/\">annual AGU meeting\u003c/a>: Mars has veins of gypsum. I've seen gypsum veins myself, right here in California. And you can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The currently operating Mars rover is named \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, and it has managed to roll across the pristine Martian ground for more than 33 kilometers since it landed in 2004. Nosing around the rampart of the crater Endeavour in a monotonous area of basalt rock, Opportunity came upon the vein of solid bone-white mineral shown above. It approached closer and turned its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer on the stuff, along with its close-up camera. The spectrometer indicated sulfur and calcium in the right proportions, and the camera images reminded NASA scientists of nothing but \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a>, hydrated calcium sulfate or CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>·2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29078\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypclose.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29078\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of the Martian gypsum vein. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All right, so what? Well, gypsum points directly and unmistakably to liquid water, something that we've been looking for on Mars but never quite proving. There is gypsum-like dust blowing around parts of Mars, like it does at White Sands in New Mexico, but no sign of its origin. The mission's chief scientist, Steve Squyres, said at the AGU press conference, \"This stuff was formed right here. There was a fracture in the rock, water flowed through it, gypsum was precipitated from the water. End of story. Okay, there is no ambiguity about this. This is what makes it so cool. . . . Here the chemistry and mineralogy of it just scream of water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, gypsum is found in two main settings: wherever seawater begins to dry up, gypsum comes out of solution first and can accumulate in thick beds. And wherever hot-spring type fluids concentrate dissolved matter, gypsum is a likely mineral. The Martian vein appears to be of the latter, hydrothermal type. California's Central Valley, for much of recent geologic time, has been the former type of setting—a shallow sea basin or brackish lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gypsum is especially abundant in the Kettleman Hills, an area of former Central Valley seabed that has been gently lifted by recent tectonic activity. If you have an extra hour next time you're on Interstate 5 going to Los Angeles, turn off at 25th Avenue, south of Kettleman City, and pull over once you enter the hills. Gypsum litters the ground there, and farther south near Lost Hills gypsum is being mined to make drywall, soil additives and plaster of Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettlemangyp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29077\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettlemangyp\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gypsum of the Kettleman Hills. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're there in nice weather, enjoy the scene and think of Mars. Maybe you'll share the tantalizing feeling that the discovery of Martian gypsum arouses in geologists despite their best mental effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettleman/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29076\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettleman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kettleman Hills, 26 May 2010. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/endeavour/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"endeavour\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour crater, Mars, 6 August 2011. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like one of those 1950s-vintage Cuban taxis, Opportunity has hung on far longer than people originally planned. Planetary space missions have a fairly short \"prime mission\" of a few months or maybe a year, but everyone knows without admitting it that the rugged, overdesigned machinery will last a lot longer. NASA makes a big deal out of extending the mission, a year or so at a time, and we all feel good about getting our money's worth. In the case of Opportunity, its prime mission began eight years ago and the solar-powered contraption is still plugging along. Imagine what its successor, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, might do once it lands in Gale crater in August of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">Read more about the discovery from NASA.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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Contribute your stories to QUEST!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We're looking to include folks who are actively involved in the science, environment and nature blogging community – e.g. have a blog, guest post on others' site, and comment / participate in relevant discussions. And we're looking locally. Our blog has a strong SF Bay Area focus, though we do occasionally cover and/or perform analysis on how this stuff elsewhere that affects the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we cover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST’s geographic coverage is from Mendocino to Monterey and from Sacramento to Santa Clara, and generally covers 9 content areas: astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, environment, geology, health, physics and weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Original posts, 3-500 words with at least 1 image. Schedule determined on availability, but weekly or bi-monthly is preferred.\u003cbr>\n• Posts should relate back to at least one of our 9 themes for the program: Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics, Weather, Geology, Biology, Environment, Health.\u003cbr>\n• Topic should be something about which you have some expertise and/or passion.\u003cbr>\n• A unique voice and ability to follow our QUEST writing guidelines (see below).\u003cbr>\n• Experience with WordPress or similar blogging platform.\u003cbr>\n• Willingness to occasionally be assigned a post topic by the editor as current events dictate.\u003cbr>\n• Respect for copyright and fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would I get paid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes – we offer a small stipend on a per post basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alrighty, then. How do I apply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email us a note and bio to questeditor@kqed.org explaining what you'd like to write for us. Please also include some links to relevant blogs you admire, and/or participate in, and why. Send us a writing sample or two (links are fine), and we'll review it in the next couple weeks. Last day to submit is February 1st. Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\" alt=\"farallones\" title=\"farallones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29014\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do you have a unique voice that sets you apart from the crowd? Contribute your stories to QUEST!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We're looking to include folks who are actively involved in the science, environment and nature blogging community – e.g. have a blog, guest post on others' site, and comment / participate in relevant discussions. And we're looking locally. Our blog has a strong SF Bay Area focus, though we do occasionally cover and/or perform analysis on how this stuff elsewhere that affects the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we cover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST’s geographic coverage is from Mendocino to Monterey and from Sacramento to Santa Clara, and generally covers 9 content areas: astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, environment, geology, health, physics and weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Original posts, 3-500 words with at least 1 image. Schedule determined on availability, but weekly or bi-monthly is preferred.\u003cbr>\n• Posts should relate back to at least one of our 9 themes for the program: Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics, Weather, Geology, Biology, Environment, Health.\u003cbr>\n• Topic should be something about which you have some expertise and/or passion.\u003cbr>\n• A unique voice and ability to follow our QUEST writing guidelines (see below).\u003cbr>\n• Experience with WordPress or similar blogging platform.\u003cbr>\n• Willingness to occasionally be assigned a post topic by the editor as current events dictate.\u003cbr>\n• Respect for copyright and fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would I get paid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes – we offer a small stipend on a per post basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alrighty, then. How do I apply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email us a note and bio to questeditor@kqed.org explaining what you'd like to write for us. Please also include some links to relevant blogs you admire, and/or participate in, and why. Send us a writing sample or two (links are fine), and we'll review it in the next couple weeks. Last day to submit is February 1st. Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28674\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/sf_sand640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The next time you go to the beach, whether at the ocean or beside a river, take a closer look at the sand and think about the stories those grains can tell! \" title=\"sf_sand640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28674\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The next time you go to the beach, whether at the ocean or beside a river, take a closer look at the sand and think about the stories those grains can tell! \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sand . . . we play in it, we stroll on it, we make castles out of it, but what do we really know about it? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people use the term “sand” to refer to loose material on a beach, but sand is actually a grain size measurement used by geologists to describe sediments varying in size from about 1/16 mm to 2 mm in diameter. Sand can be found not only along ocean beaches, but along flowing rivers and beside land-locked lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mineral and volcanic sands are terrigenous, meaning that they come from the land. Mineral sands start as mountains and boulders and are gradually broken into smaller and smaller particles by weathering and erosion. Being alternately heated and cooled through the seasons, rolling and tumbling around in mountain streams and rivers, rocks are broken apart by the water’s movement. The black sand beaches of some islands (e.g. Hawai’i) are volcanic in origin. Lava rocks, chunks of cooled molten lava, are broken down into sand over time by physical and chemical weathering. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some sand is biogenous, meaning that it comes from living things, such as mollusk shells and corals. The energy from water breaks shells down into tiny pieces that eventually are washed onto beaches. Parrotfish in the tropics use their teeth to scrape off and grind down bits of coral reefs; the undigested particles pass through the fishes’ digestive systems and end up as sand on tropical beaches!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you examine the beauty of beach sand with a magnifying glass, the shape, size, and color of the sand grains can tell many stories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shape indicates the age of sand grains. Different materials break down at different rates. For example, quartz is very sturdy and takes longer to become sand than the calcium carbonate material of mollusk shells. Younger sand has sharp and angled edges; it needs time and wave action to become rounded. Sand particles that are smooth and well-rounded are evidence that they have been rolled around for awhile. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wave action is the story told with grain size. The story is simple: small waves move small sand grains around; large waves move large grains. In addition, Aeolian transport, or sand movement driven by winds, shifts the sand around on the beach, shaping and reshaping, covering and uncovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Color offers evidence for source materials – sand particles that are clear, tan, gray, or brown might be quartz or feldspar, black or gray particles could be ilmenite (titanium oxide) or magnetite (iron oxide); garnets are red, mica is silvery black or gray, and shells are purple, white, black, or brown.\u003cbr>\nThe chorus from the song “Mountain in my Hand” (on the Only One Ocean CD by the \u003ca href=\"http://bananaslugs.bandcamp.com/track/mountain-in-my-hand\">Banana Slug String Band\u003c/a>) explains it best:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve got a mountain in my hand from the rain-washed land; down by the sea now is where I stand, with this mountain in my hand trying to understand; Oh, oh, wonderful sand.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/\">Sea Grant North Carolina\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sand . . . we play in it, we stroll on it, we make castles out of it, but what do we really know about it? The size, shape and location of a grain a sand can tell us a lot about it's origin, makeup and history.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shape indicates the age of sand grains. Different materials break down at different rates. For example, quartz is very sturdy and takes longer to become sand than the calcium carbonate material of mollusk shells. Younger sand has sharp and angled edges; it needs time and wave action to become rounded. Sand particles that are smooth and well-rounded are evidence that they have been rolled around for awhile. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wave action is the story told with grain size. The story is simple: small waves move small sand grains around; large waves move large grains. In addition, Aeolian transport, or sand movement driven by winds, shifts the sand around on the beach, shaping and reshaping, covering and uncovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Color offers evidence for source materials – sand particles that are clear, tan, gray, or brown might be quartz or feldspar, black or gray particles could be ilmenite (titanium oxide) or magnetite (iron oxide); garnets are red, mica is silvery black or gray, and shells are purple, white, black, or brown.\u003cbr>\nThe chorus from the song “Mountain in my Hand” (on the Only One Ocean CD by the \u003ca href=\"http://bananaslugs.bandcamp.com/track/mountain-in-my-hand\">Banana Slug String Band\u003c/a>) explains it best:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve got a mountain in my hand from the rain-washed land; down by the sea now is where I stand, with this mountain in my hand trying to understand; Oh, oh, wonderful sand.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/\">Sea Grant North Carolina\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28656\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/diablo-xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28656\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diablo-xmasquiz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28656\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You know Mount Diablo. But do you know what kind of rock it's made of? Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, one highlight of your Christmas celebration is the consternating quiz that columnist Jon Carroll publishes in the \u003ci>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/i> every year. Acknowledging the greatness as well as the priority of the Carroll quiz, I am humbly pleased to bring a geological version to the pages of KQED Quest Science Blogs. The quiz is centered on the Bay Area, which in addition to its other virtues is a premier destination for Earth scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 20 questions, each with one correct answer. Some answers may be found in my posts from this year. Some answers can be found on Google and others cannot, but you're coolest if you don't need to search. There is one big hint on this page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on Boxing Day; until then please post questions, not answers, in the comments. All right? OK!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What is California's state rock: gold, mariposite, quartz, serpentine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. How big was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 9.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Which of these places is on the North American plate: Aptos, Bolinas, Colma, Davenport?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Which of these places is on the Pacific plate: San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What is the highest magnitude earthquake that the Hayward fault is capable of: 6.7, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily what rock type: blueschist, chert, marble, melange?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral resource has NOT been produced in the Bay Area: coal, mercury, petroleum, uranium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What fossils are NOT found in the Bay Area: ammonites, dinosaurs, hypsodonts, mammoths?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas, Zayante?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily what rock type: gneiss, granite, graywacke, greenstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What fault continues north where the Concord fault ends: Flint Hills, Green Valley, Greenville, Maacama?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Which Spanish word tells you there was once a lime kiln here: calabaza, calavera, calera, calesitas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore in what county?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called what: belts, formations, melanges, terranes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What rock type is at the top of Mount Diablo: basalt, harzburgite, rhyolite, schist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. Which entity allows personal fossil collecting: BLM, Caltrans, Coastal Commission, state parks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. Which North Bay mountain is an actual (former) volcano: Burdell, Konocti, St. Helena, Tamalpais?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily what rock type: diatomite, serpentinite, slate, tuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. What kind of ore was mined south of Livermore during World War II: iron, magnesium, uranium, vanadium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Where is the Bay Area's only geyser: Calistoga, The Geysers, Great America Park, Mount Diablo?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And here are the answers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. California's state rock is serpentine, better known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicserpentinite.htm\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. The \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/historicearthquakes/a/aa_frisco06.htm\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a> was magnitude 7.8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Colma is east of the San Andreas fault and therefore on the North American plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Santa Cruz, conversely, is on the Pacific plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. The Hayward fault is considered capable of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">melange\u003c/a>, an intimate mixture of metamorphic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. To my knowledge, uranium has never been produced in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. No dinosaur fossils are known from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. The Rodgers Creek fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a>, a variety of sandstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. The Green Valley fault continues north where the Concord fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">Calera\u003c/a>\" is the Spanish term for a limekiln, where limestone is roasted into lime. You may now look up the other three words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore only in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Mateo\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">County\u003c/a>, just missing San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called terranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. The top of Mount Diablo consists mostly of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/basalt/\">basalt\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">The Bureau of Land Management allows personal fossil collecting\u003c/a> on the public lands it administers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Mount Konocti\u003c/a>, overlooking Clear Lake, is a former volcano, although the others contain volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpictuff.htm\">tuff\u003c/a>, or volcanic sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Magnesium ore, the mineral \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpiccarbonates/minpicmagnesite.htm\">magnesite\u003c/a>, was mined in the ultramafic rocks south of Livermore during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. The Bay Area's only geyser \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/bloldfaithful.htm\">is in Calistoga\u003c/a>, but it's an artificial one that erupts in a drilled hole.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28656\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/diablo-xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28656\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diablo-xmasquiz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28656\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You know Mount Diablo. But do you know what kind of rock it's made of? Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, one highlight of your Christmas celebration is the consternating quiz that columnist Jon Carroll publishes in the \u003ci>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/i> every year. Acknowledging the greatness as well as the priority of the Carroll quiz, I am humbly pleased to bring a geological version to the pages of KQED Quest Science Blogs. The quiz is centered on the Bay Area, which in addition to its other virtues is a premier destination for Earth scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 20 questions, each with one correct answer. Some answers may be found in my posts from this year. Some answers can be found on Google and others cannot, but you're coolest if you don't need to search. There is one big hint on this page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on Boxing Day; until then please post questions, not answers, in the comments. All right? OK!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What is California's state rock: gold, mariposite, quartz, serpentine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. How big was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 9.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Which of these places is on the North American plate: Aptos, Bolinas, Colma, Davenport?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Which of these places is on the Pacific plate: San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What is the highest magnitude earthquake that the Hayward fault is capable of: 6.7, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily what rock type: blueschist, chert, marble, melange?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral resource has NOT been produced in the Bay Area: coal, mercury, petroleum, uranium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What fossils are NOT found in the Bay Area: ammonites, dinosaurs, hypsodonts, mammoths?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas, Zayante?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily what rock type: gneiss, granite, graywacke, greenstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What fault continues north where the Concord fault ends: Flint Hills, Green Valley, Greenville, Maacama?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Which Spanish word tells you there was once a lime kiln here: calabaza, calavera, calera, calesitas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore in what county?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called what: belts, formations, melanges, terranes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What rock type is at the top of Mount Diablo: basalt, harzburgite, rhyolite, schist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. Which entity allows personal fossil collecting: BLM, Caltrans, Coastal Commission, state parks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. Which North Bay mountain is an actual (former) volcano: Burdell, Konocti, St. Helena, Tamalpais?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily what rock type: diatomite, serpentinite, slate, tuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. What kind of ore was mined south of Livermore during World War II: iron, magnesium, uranium, vanadium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Where is the Bay Area's only geyser: Calistoga, The Geysers, Great America Park, Mount Diablo?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And here are the answers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. California's state rock is serpentine, better known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicserpentinite.htm\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. The \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/historicearthquakes/a/aa_frisco06.htm\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a> was magnitude 7.8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Colma is east of the San Andreas fault and therefore on the North American plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Santa Cruz, conversely, is on the Pacific plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. The Hayward fault is considered capable of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">melange\u003c/a>, an intimate mixture of metamorphic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. To my knowledge, uranium has never been produced in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. No dinosaur fossils are known from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. The Rodgers Creek fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a>, a variety of sandstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. The Green Valley fault continues north where the Concord fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">Calera\u003c/a>\" is the Spanish term for a limekiln, where limestone is roasted into lime. You may now look up the other three words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore only in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Mateo\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">County\u003c/a>, just missing San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called terranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. The top of Mount Diablo consists mostly of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/basalt/\">basalt\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">The Bureau of Land Management allows personal fossil collecting\u003c/a> on the public lands it administers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Mount Konocti\u003c/a>, overlooking Clear Lake, is a former volcano, although the others contain volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpictuff.htm\">tuff\u003c/a>, or volcanic sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Magnesium ore, the mineral \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpiccarbonates/minpicmagnesite.htm\">magnesite\u003c/a>, was mined in the ultramafic rocks south of Livermore during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. The Bay Area's only geyser \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/bloldfaithful.htm\">is in Calistoga\u003c/a>, but it's an artificial one that erupts in a drilled hole.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Top KQED QUEST Stories of 2011",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-lost-lagoon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lost Lagoon\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco’s “Sludge Puddle” \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/24/supercomputing-draft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercomputers Hit an Energy Wall \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Big, Captivating Idea”: The Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/architecture-for-the-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Architecture for the Birds \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BLOG:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explosive hypothesis about humans’ lack of genetic diversity \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/01/diet-sodas-may-not-be-as-harmless-as-you-think/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diet Sodas May Not Be As Harmless As You Think\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Officials to Consider Tightening Vaccine Exemptions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/18/scientists-understand-heart-disease-better-still-give-bad-advice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientists Understand Heart Disease Better, Still Give Bad Advice\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/24/the-megalodons-descendents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Megalodon’s Descendants \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swine Flu – A Virus or a Bacteria? \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyber Wolves in (Fire)Sheep Clothing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese - it's been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here's a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts that you've enjoyed from the past year.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-lost-lagoon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lost Lagoon\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco’s “Sludge Puddle” \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/24/supercomputing-draft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercomputers Hit an Energy Wall \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Big, Captivating Idea”: The Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/architecture-for-the-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Architecture for the Birds \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BLOG:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explosive hypothesis about humans’ lack of genetic diversity \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/01/diet-sodas-may-not-be-as-harmless-as-you-think/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diet Sodas May Not Be As Harmless As You Think\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Officials to Consider Tightening Vaccine Exemptions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/18/scientists-understand-heart-disease-better-still-give-bad-advice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientists Understand Heart Disease Better, Still Give Bad Advice\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/24/the-megalodons-descendents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Megalodon’s Descendants \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swine Flu – A Virus or a Bacteria? \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyber Wolves in (Fire)Sheep Clothing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Getting Started on Earthquake Preparedness",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/15/getting-started-on-earthquake-preparedness/eqpreptop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28518\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/EQpreptop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQpreptop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28518\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've talked about some of the science related to earthquakes here on KQED, things like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/\">shake-table studies\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/12/deep-jiggles-with-distant-triggers/\">triggered creep\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/30/salton-sea-15-months-pregnant/\">long earthquake cycles\u003c/a>. And I've introduced some of the Bay Area's earthquake-producing faults like the San Andreas fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">here\u003c/a>), the Hayward fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">here\u003c/a>), the San Gregorio fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">here\u003c/a>) and the Green Valley fault (\u003ca>here\u003c/a>). I've showed you some ways to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/17/befriend-your-local-fault/\">friend your local fault\u003c/a> on your own, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But talking about all this cool fun science is circling around something that's more urgent: earthquakes are on their way, wherever you live in the Bay Area. And by preparing in advance for these earthquakes, you can save a whole lot of trouble for yourself, your family and your neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know all this; I've known it and written about it for years. But I shy away from the implications, like a lot of people, and as a result I haven't done much serious preparation. Truth be told, I'm kind of paralyzed at the prospect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are people out there who understand this resistance to action. They are being as creative as they know how in a sincere effort to draw us into doing the right things. What works?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I go there, I can tell you what has and hasn't worked for me:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The authorities tell us that \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027/\">a big, damaging earthquake is a certainty (over 99 percent) in the next 30 years in California\u003c/a>. (My instinctive, self-justifying response is, \"\u003ci>Fine, the Big One will be down south.\u003c/i>\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. They tell us that a big, damaging earthquake has \u003ca href=\"http://www.scec.org/core/public/sceccontext.php/3935/13663\">2-to-1 odds of happening in the Bay Area\u003c/a> in the next 30 years. (\u003ci>Yeah, the epicenter will most likely be somewhere else and not this year either.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. They tell us that damaging shaking from that big quake will affect my area. \u003ca href=\"http://quake.abag.ca.gov/shaking/\">The scenarios\u003c/a> show that problems from the quake will affect my area's infrastructure, its traffic, its economy. (\u003ci>Well . . . that's hard to ignore.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/simulations/\">Recent, realistic simulations\u003c/a> show that the experience will be scary and challenging under the best of circumstances. (\u003ci>Imagining this keeps me awake sometimes.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. You insure yourself against sudden death, illness and car crashes, don't you, so why not treat earthquakes the same way? (\u003ci>Um, O.K.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, all that feels more like being harangued than being helped. Can earthquake preparation be easy instead? Or failing that, can it be simple? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you settle for orderly? That is definitely doable. Some things come before other things, and those sincere, creative people have sorted them out in a program called \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/seven_steps.html\">Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety\u003c/a>. That turns the daunting mountain of earthquake preparedness into a path, with one step at a time. For instance, step 1 is \"Secure it now!\" That sounds like something with a beginning and an end; like something I could incorporate into my routine, one errand at a time, a small new item in the family-meeting agenda and the household budget. That sounds like something I can actually manage. And once it's done, step 2——but let's not get ahead of ourselves; that's how the paralysis started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is coaching available, too. At least I think of it that way. A creative team at \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/\">TotallyUnprepared.com\u003c/a> has a growing set of stories and demonstrations of the small, ordinary things that make up \"securing it now.\" There's a lovely set of videos answering the simple question, \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/our-tv-shows/will-it-shake/\">Will it shake?\u003c/a> The newest one \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/2011/12/will-it-shake-snowglobe-edition/\">tests a snowglobe collection\u003c/a>. Of course it will shake; you know that; but it still helps to \u003ci>see\u003c/i> it shake. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/get-ready-quick/\">how-to section\u003c/a> covers lots of specific problems, from securing refrigerators to getting earthquake insurance. You can even sign up for a regular email message from the Totally Unprepared team with tips and encouragement. Links from Totally Unprepared go to lots of good background info. It seems like just the place to bookmark and, dare I say it, make part of a New Year's resolution.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/15/getting-started-on-earthquake-preparedness/eqpreptop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28518\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/EQpreptop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQpreptop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28518\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've talked about some of the science related to earthquakes here on KQED, things like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/\">shake-table studies\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/12/deep-jiggles-with-distant-triggers/\">triggered creep\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/30/salton-sea-15-months-pregnant/\">long earthquake cycles\u003c/a>. And I've introduced some of the Bay Area's earthquake-producing faults like the San Andreas fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">here\u003c/a>), the Hayward fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">here\u003c/a>), the San Gregorio fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">here\u003c/a>) and the Green Valley fault (\u003ca>here\u003c/a>). I've showed you some ways to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/17/befriend-your-local-fault/\">friend your local fault\u003c/a> on your own, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But talking about all this cool fun science is circling around something that's more urgent: earthquakes are on their way, wherever you live in the Bay Area. And by preparing in advance for these earthquakes, you can save a whole lot of trouble for yourself, your family and your neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know all this; I've known it and written about it for years. But I shy away from the implications, like a lot of people, and as a result I haven't done much serious preparation. Truth be told, I'm kind of paralyzed at the prospect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are people out there who understand this resistance to action. They are being as creative as they know how in a sincere effort to draw us into doing the right things. What works?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I go there, I can tell you what has and hasn't worked for me:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The authorities tell us that \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027/\">a big, damaging earthquake is a certainty (over 99 percent) in the next 30 years in California\u003c/a>. (My instinctive, self-justifying response is, \"\u003ci>Fine, the Big One will be down south.\u003c/i>\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. They tell us that a big, damaging earthquake has \u003ca href=\"http://www.scec.org/core/public/sceccontext.php/3935/13663\">2-to-1 odds of happening in the Bay Area\u003c/a> in the next 30 years. (\u003ci>Yeah, the epicenter will most likely be somewhere else and not this year either.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. They tell us that damaging shaking from that big quake will affect my area. \u003ca href=\"http://quake.abag.ca.gov/shaking/\">The scenarios\u003c/a> show that problems from the quake will affect my area's infrastructure, its traffic, its economy. (\u003ci>Well . . . that's hard to ignore.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/simulations/\">Recent, realistic simulations\u003c/a> show that the experience will be scary and challenging under the best of circumstances. (\u003ci>Imagining this keeps me awake sometimes.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. You insure yourself against sudden death, illness and car crashes, don't you, so why not treat earthquakes the same way? (\u003ci>Um, O.K.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, all that feels more like being harangued than being helped. Can earthquake preparation be easy instead? Or failing that, can it be simple? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you settle for orderly? That is definitely doable. Some things come before other things, and those sincere, creative people have sorted them out in a program called \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/seven_steps.html\">Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety\u003c/a>. That turns the daunting mountain of earthquake preparedness into a path, with one step at a time. For instance, step 1 is \"Secure it now!\" That sounds like something with a beginning and an end; like something I could incorporate into my routine, one errand at a time, a small new item in the family-meeting agenda and the household budget. That sounds like something I can actually manage. And once it's done, step 2——but let's not get ahead of ourselves; that's how the paralysis started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is coaching available, too. At least I think of it that way. A creative team at \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/\">TotallyUnprepared.com\u003c/a> has a growing set of stories and demonstrations of the small, ordinary things that make up \"securing it now.\" There's a lovely set of videos answering the simple question, \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/our-tv-shows/will-it-shake/\">Will it shake?\u003c/a> The newest one \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/2011/12/will-it-shake-snowglobe-edition/\">tests a snowglobe collection\u003c/a>. Of course it will shake; you know that; but it still helps to \u003ci>see\u003c/i> it shake. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/get-ready-quick/\">how-to section\u003c/a> covers lots of specific problems, from securing refrigerators to getting earthquake insurance. You can even sign up for a regular email message from the Totally Unprepared team with tips and encouragement. Links from Totally Unprepared go to lots of good background info. It seems like just the place to bookmark and, dare I say it, make part of a New Year's resolution.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "AGU: Twenty Thousand Geeks by the Sea",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/agutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28239\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agutop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"agutop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moscone Center West holds just part of the enormous annual AGU fall meeting. This building, by the way, is built to keep functioning after a major earthquake.Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week San Francisco pays host to the annual meeting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/\">American Geophysical Union\u003c/a>. Most of us just call the occasion \"AGU.\" I always go. Here's what it's like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AGU meeting is the world's largest gathering of Earth scientists, and it's been held in San Francisco in early December every year since the 1960s. By now it's been around longer than Herb Caen. Over the years it has grown into a Woodstock-size event and moved from the old Civic Center to the Moscone Center. What do 20,000 scientists do here for a week?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They give scientific talks, of course, the traditional short lecture with slides about what they're up to, given to a roomful of their closest colleagues. Prominent scientists give longer lectures to very large rooms, and often it's standing room only. Sessions may deal with dry topics, but sometimes there are intangible extras, like the session I saw Wednesday in which each of the speakers paused to remember their colleague, the late \u003ca href=\"http://www-sdt.univ-brest.fr/news/in-memoriam-jean-francheteau-en\">Jean Francheteau\u003c/a>, with photos and reminiscences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more and more, the meeting's science is presented on posters: a 4-by-6-foot panel on which a scientist hangs a large printed poster, standing there for a scheduled time period to discuss the work with anyone who stops by. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28241\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/aguposter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28241\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aguposter\" width=\"600\" height=\"410\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28241\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poster presentations are not all about big topics, but they do feature new science.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Posters fill Moscone Center South, several acres of them. The nice thing about posters is that the interaction is of high quality, unlike a lecture where time is limited and you can't have a proper dialog. They can be quite popular, especially in mid-afternoon when the beer is served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/aguposters/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28242\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aguposters\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28242\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scenes like this fill the whole cavernous space of Moscone Center South.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere is high-energy, even at 8 a.m. when proceedings open. The whole world is represented, as well as all ages. You can see the gleam in a student's eye who is meeting a grand old scientific titan for the first time—and the corresponding pleasure of passing wisdom on to the next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of meetings that go on: task forces, society committees, interest groups. I've seen participants who do nothing but these, and they seem to be happy to do it. \"Town meeting\" sessions take advantage of the occasion to gather widespread researchers in one room. One example I attended was for the great \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthscope.org/\">EarthScope program\u003c/a>, a ten-year project that is covering the entire United States with a moving network of seismographs like a doctor moving a stethoscope. (They started in California.) Over a hundred people were on hand for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social events abound as well. Medals were awarded Wednesday night; receptions are held for all sorts of groups; geoscience bloggers get their own lunch today. There's something for everyone, even a 5K run and a sort of science slam I saw Wednesday evening where people gave 5-minute talks using no more than 20 slides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gathering of this size is a magnet for the universe of suppliers to the trade, who have a whole floor of Moscone Center West to spread their wares. High-tech instrument dealers, scholarly and textbook publishers, government and industry agencies, and fancy rock and gem dealers create a veritable casbah, and there's plenty of talk in the long beer lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28240\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/agudemo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28240\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"agudemo\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An official from NASA demonstrates some of the agency's capabilities in the Exhibit Hall.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a hundred reporters and writers occupy the pressroom, many shuttling across the hall to a room outfitted for press conferences. This year there have been a lot of them centered around earthquakes, climate change and interplanetary space. Is all that really in the realm of geology? It is in my book. When you watch or read the news, look for science items \"presented in San Francisco.\" It's all part of the geosciences' holiday season.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/agutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28239\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agutop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"agutop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moscone Center West holds just part of the enormous annual AGU fall meeting. This building, by the way, is built to keep functioning after a major earthquake.Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week San Francisco pays host to the annual meeting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/\">American Geophysical Union\u003c/a>. Most of us just call the occasion \"AGU.\" I always go. Here's what it's like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AGU meeting is the world's largest gathering of Earth scientists, and it's been held in San Francisco in early December every year since the 1960s. By now it's been around longer than Herb Caen. Over the years it has grown into a Woodstock-size event and moved from the old Civic Center to the Moscone Center. What do 20,000 scientists do here for a week?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They give scientific talks, of course, the traditional short lecture with slides about what they're up to, given to a roomful of their closest colleagues. Prominent scientists give longer lectures to very large rooms, and often it's standing room only. Sessions may deal with dry topics, but sometimes there are intangible extras, like the session I saw Wednesday in which each of the speakers paused to remember their colleague, the late \u003ca href=\"http://www-sdt.univ-brest.fr/news/in-memoriam-jean-francheteau-en\">Jean Francheteau\u003c/a>, with photos and reminiscences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more and more, the meeting's science is presented on posters: a 4-by-6-foot panel on which a scientist hangs a large printed poster, standing there for a scheduled time period to discuss the work with anyone who stops by. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28241\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/aguposter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28241\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aguposter\" width=\"600\" height=\"410\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28241\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poster presentations are not all about big topics, but they do feature new science.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Posters fill Moscone Center South, several acres of them. The nice thing about posters is that the interaction is of high quality, unlike a lecture where time is limited and you can't have a proper dialog. They can be quite popular, especially in mid-afternoon when the beer is served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/aguposters/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28242\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aguposters\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28242\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scenes like this fill the whole cavernous space of Moscone Center South.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere is high-energy, even at 8 a.m. when proceedings open. The whole world is represented, as well as all ages. You can see the gleam in a student's eye who is meeting a grand old scientific titan for the first time—and the corresponding pleasure of passing wisdom on to the next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of meetings that go on: task forces, society committees, interest groups. I've seen participants who do nothing but these, and they seem to be happy to do it. \"Town meeting\" sessions take advantage of the occasion to gather widespread researchers in one room. One example I attended was for the great \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthscope.org/\">EarthScope program\u003c/a>, a ten-year project that is covering the entire United States with a moving network of seismographs like a doctor moving a stethoscope. (They started in California.) Over a hundred people were on hand for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social events abound as well. Medals were awarded Wednesday night; receptions are held for all sorts of groups; geoscience bloggers get their own lunch today. There's something for everyone, even a 5K run and a sort of science slam I saw Wednesday evening where people gave 5-minute talks using no more than 20 slides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gathering of this size is a magnet for the universe of suppliers to the trade, who have a whole floor of Moscone Center West to spread their wares. High-tech instrument dealers, scholarly and textbook publishers, government and industry agencies, and fancy rock and gem dealers create a veritable casbah, and there's plenty of talk in the long beer lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28240\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/agudemo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28240\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"agudemo\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An official from NASA demonstrates some of the agency's capabilities in the Exhibit Hall.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a hundred reporters and writers occupy the pressroom, many shuttling across the hall to a room outfitted for press conferences. This year there have been a lot of them centered around earthquakes, climate change and interplanetary space. Is all that really in the realm of geology? It is in my book. When you watch or read the news, look for science items \"presented in San Francisco.\" It's all part of the geosciences' holiday season.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/tidestop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27997\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tidestop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27997\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Gate transmits a vast volume of water back and forth from the Bay twice each day, regular as clockwork but in a much more complex rhythm. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, most people in the San Francisco Bay Area arrange their daily lives around the clock. But in former times it was the sun, moon and tides that governed the rhythm of our days. Nowadays the sun and moon attract notice only on the rare occasions when they have eclipses. But the tides still matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twice-daily ebb and flow of the tides is not just a factor for ships navigating the San Francisco Bay shallows, although that is important. The tides are how the Bay breathes. The Bay's windpipe is the Golden Gate, a deep channel that enables seawater to spread nutrients and oxygenation to its lungs—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">wetlands\u003c/a> as far away as the Central Valley. In turn, sediment from nearly half of California's surface area is exhaled to the Pacific where it piles up in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">great furrowed berm\u003c/a> just off the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tides arise from the interactions of the sun and moon with our planet; they are where the heavens most truly move the Earth. While mariners always had a good sense of the patterns of the tides, it took science to make them predictable. When Isaac Newton first grasped that the motions of heaven and Earth fit the same mathematical laws, in the mid-1600s, he saw that one very practical application would be in precisely describing—in modern terms, modeling—the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newton's tantalizing task is considered fairly well solved today, but it has taken centuries to arrive at this point. (\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide\">Wikipedia has a good introduction.\u003c/a>) Today Bay Area tides are monitored and forecasted by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; NOAA's \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/\">Tides and Currents\u003c/a> website will serve you official tide data for many stations (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/10/producers-notes-science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/\">San Francisco's station\u003c/a> at Crissy Field).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the most exacting mathematics gives us only a partial picture. Weather and climate both matter, too. As weather fronts and storms and winds impinge on the Bay's water, they can change the tides by as much as two feet. Semi-annual climatic cycles like El Niños add their slower influence. And sea-level rise adds its inexorable direction over the scale of a lifetime. For the best view of the day's exact coastal conditions, I look to surfers and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.surf-forecast.com/\">surf-forecast.com\u003c/a> site. The tide is important for beach geologizers, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big influence on the tides in any given place is bathymetry—underwater topography. Mathematical modelers can treat the different parts of the Bay as giant bathtubs, each sloshing back and forth in its own rhythm and spilling into its neighbors, but that analytical approach has limits. For serious analysis of things like stormwater surges, major shoreline construction and channel dredging, the old-fashioned scale model—the Army Corps of Engineers' \u003ca href=\"http://www.spn.usace.army.mil/bmvc/index.html\">Bay Model in Sausalito\u003c/a>—still matters.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/tidesmodel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27998\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tidesmodel\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27998\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a painstakingly calibrated replica, one-thousandth true size or about one and a half acres, whose pumps and sumps produce realistic versions of the Bay's complicated breathing. (Unfortunately it's being renovated as I write this, but the Visitor Center is still open to help you learn about the Bay in other ways.)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/tidestop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27997\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tidestop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27997\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Gate transmits a vast volume of water back and forth from the Bay twice each day, regular as clockwork but in a much more complex rhythm. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, most people in the San Francisco Bay Area arrange their daily lives around the clock. But in former times it was the sun, moon and tides that governed the rhythm of our days. Nowadays the sun and moon attract notice only on the rare occasions when they have eclipses. But the tides still matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twice-daily ebb and flow of the tides is not just a factor for ships navigating the San Francisco Bay shallows, although that is important. The tides are how the Bay breathes. The Bay's windpipe is the Golden Gate, a deep channel that enables seawater to spread nutrients and oxygenation to its lungs—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">wetlands\u003c/a> as far away as the Central Valley. In turn, sediment from nearly half of California's surface area is exhaled to the Pacific where it piles up in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">great furrowed berm\u003c/a> just off the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tides arise from the interactions of the sun and moon with our planet; they are where the heavens most truly move the Earth. While mariners always had a good sense of the patterns of the tides, it took science to make them predictable. When Isaac Newton first grasped that the motions of heaven and Earth fit the same mathematical laws, in the mid-1600s, he saw that one very practical application would be in precisely describing—in modern terms, modeling—the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newton's tantalizing task is considered fairly well solved today, but it has taken centuries to arrive at this point. (\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide\">Wikipedia has a good introduction.\u003c/a>) Today Bay Area tides are monitored and forecasted by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; NOAA's \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/\">Tides and Currents\u003c/a> website will serve you official tide data for many stations (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/10/producers-notes-science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/\">San Francisco's station\u003c/a> at Crissy Field).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the most exacting mathematics gives us only a partial picture. Weather and climate both matter, too. As weather fronts and storms and winds impinge on the Bay's water, they can change the tides by as much as two feet. Semi-annual climatic cycles like El Niños add their slower influence. And sea-level rise adds its inexorable direction over the scale of a lifetime. For the best view of the day's exact coastal conditions, I look to surfers and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.surf-forecast.com/\">surf-forecast.com\u003c/a> site. The tide is important for beach geologizers, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big influence on the tides in any given place is bathymetry—underwater topography. Mathematical modelers can treat the different parts of the Bay as giant bathtubs, each sloshing back and forth in its own rhythm and spilling into its neighbors, but that analytical approach has limits. For serious analysis of things like stormwater surges, major shoreline construction and channel dredging, the old-fashioned scale model—the Army Corps of Engineers' \u003ca href=\"http://www.spn.usace.army.mil/bmvc/index.html\">Bay Model in Sausalito\u003c/a>—still matters.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/tidesmodel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27998\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tidesmodel\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27998\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a painstakingly calibrated replica, one-thousandth true size or about one and a half acres, whose pumps and sumps produce realistic versions of the Bay's complicated breathing. (Unfortunately it's being renovated as I write this, but the Visitor Center is still open to help you learn about the Bay in other ways.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Natural Bridges State Beach is in Santa Cruz, just west of downtown. It's an easy outing and a nice spot, popular for its sheltered beach and butterfly trees. But the \u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">official park site\u003c/a> says nothing about the rocks, so I must remedy that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, there's only one natural bridge at Natural Bridges, a sea arch next to a bedrock promontory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgesetting/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27747\" title=\"natbridgesetting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting-400x256.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gap between these two landforms used to be a second arch, and beyond them was a third. People used to drive out on the arches and have picnics. This was around the same time that Yosemite conducted public bear feedings and dumped bonfires over the cliffs every summer evening. Now park systems take preservation more seriously, and the remaining arch is off limits. Even so, the sea will take it down some day, as it did the other two, but without human help this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notice the flat surface of the surrounding land. All of this is the lowest of Santa Cruz's famous marine terraces, carved by the ocean waves some 80,000 years ago when the land lay lower and the sea level was steady. Since that time the sea has fluctuated and the land has risen. Several older terraces lie higher along the coast. The terraces are topped with a thin layer of beach sand and gravel. Today's seacliffs expose the older rock beneath. And with that, let's look at the geologic map of the area (from U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-489/\">Open-File Report 97-489\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgesmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27748\" title=\"natbridgesmap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap-400x250.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unit Qcl is the lower terrace and Qcu is the higher terraces. Around Soquel Creek are wetland deposits (Qb) and river sediment or alluvium, shown by the lightest color. There are three units of proper rock; from left to right (and oldest to youngest) they're the Santa Margarita Sandstone (Tsm), the Santa Cruz Mudstone (Tsc) and the Purisima Formation (Tp). (We met the Purisima before at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">San Gregorio Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>.) Together they date from late Miocene to Pliocene time, about 10 million to 4 million years ago. The reason they crop out in this pattern is apparent in the photo above the map: the rock beds are tilted down to the east, which allowed erosion to expose the older rocks in the west. They got their tilt as this part of California was carried north along the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These facts matter in understanding what you'll see as you approach the bluffs west of the arch and observe the remarkable speckled rock of the Santa Cruz Mudstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgespots/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27749\" title=\"natbridgespots\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots-400x340.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying Santa Margarita Sandstone is full of organic matter. Beneath it, the Monterey Formation is even more so (it's the foremost of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/\">Bay Area's petroleum\u003c/a> source rocks). So for many thousands of years, natural gas and hydrocarbons have been rising through the Santa Cruz Mudstone, both before and after it turned from sediment to stone. They followed a set of millions of parallel cracks, or joints, made by the stresses of moving along the San Andreas fault. After that, chemically active water did the same, depositing iron minerals in the stone. You'll see that the iron mineralization is closely related to the jointing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgejoints/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27746\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27746\" title=\"natbridgejoints\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints-400x321.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In at least two places, you'll find small faults displacing the Santa Cruz Mudstone. These are classified as normal faults, steep faults that drop one side relative to the other. They show nice examples of the upward-splaying pattern called flower structure, a sign that the faulting occurred near the ground surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgefault/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27745\" title=\"natbridgefault\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These faults dropped the rocks down on the east side, reinforcing the eastward tilt of the bedding. About a half-mile east of the park, in the bluffs along West Cliff Drive, the top of the Santa Cruz Mudstone comes into view and we can see what all those rising hydrocarbons were doing: feeding a large seafloor ecosystem based on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/ig/fossil-pictures/fossil-cold-seep.htm\">cold seeps\u003c/a>. The UC Santa Cruz geology club visited the \"toilet bowls\" in 2003 and \u003ca href=\"http://es.ucsc.edu/~geoclub/paleosurfpics.html\">put up pictures\u003c/a>, and a UCSC research team \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/29/12/1111.abstract\">described them in detail in the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i> in 2001\u003c/a>. Such things must exist today in similar places, like the seafloor off Santa Barbara and beneath the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There's more to see at Natural Bridges State Beach than the temporary natural bridge. It's a monument to the cultural as well as the geological past.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Natural Bridges State Beach is in Santa Cruz, just west of downtown. It's an easy outing and a nice spot, popular for its sheltered beach and butterfly trees. But the \u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">official park site\u003c/a> says nothing about the rocks, so I must remedy that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, there's only one natural bridge at Natural Bridges, a sea arch next to a bedrock promontory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgesetting/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27747\" title=\"natbridgesetting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting-400x256.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gap between these two landforms used to be a second arch, and beyond them was a third. People used to drive out on the arches and have picnics. This was around the same time that Yosemite conducted public bear feedings and dumped bonfires over the cliffs every summer evening. Now park systems take preservation more seriously, and the remaining arch is off limits. Even so, the sea will take it down some day, as it did the other two, but without human help this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notice the flat surface of the surrounding land. All of this is the lowest of Santa Cruz's famous marine terraces, carved by the ocean waves some 80,000 years ago when the land lay lower and the sea level was steady. Since that time the sea has fluctuated and the land has risen. Several older terraces lie higher along the coast. The terraces are topped with a thin layer of beach sand and gravel. Today's seacliffs expose the older rock beneath. And with that, let's look at the geologic map of the area (from U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-489/\">Open-File Report 97-489\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgesmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27748\" title=\"natbridgesmap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap-400x250.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unit Qcl is the lower terrace and Qcu is the higher terraces. Around Soquel Creek are wetland deposits (Qb) and river sediment or alluvium, shown by the lightest color. There are three units of proper rock; from left to right (and oldest to youngest) they're the Santa Margarita Sandstone (Tsm), the Santa Cruz Mudstone (Tsc) and the Purisima Formation (Tp). (We met the Purisima before at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">San Gregorio Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>.) Together they date from late Miocene to Pliocene time, about 10 million to 4 million years ago. The reason they crop out in this pattern is apparent in the photo above the map: the rock beds are tilted down to the east, which allowed erosion to expose the older rocks in the west. They got their tilt as this part of California was carried north along the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These facts matter in understanding what you'll see as you approach the bluffs west of the arch and observe the remarkable speckled rock of the Santa Cruz Mudstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgespots/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27749\" title=\"natbridgespots\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots-400x340.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying Santa Margarita Sandstone is full of organic matter. Beneath it, the Monterey Formation is even more so (it's the foremost of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/\">Bay Area's petroleum\u003c/a> source rocks). So for many thousands of years, natural gas and hydrocarbons have been rising through the Santa Cruz Mudstone, both before and after it turned from sediment to stone. They followed a set of millions of parallel cracks, or joints, made by the stresses of moving along the San Andreas fault. After that, chemically active water did the same, depositing iron minerals in the stone. You'll see that the iron mineralization is closely related to the jointing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgejoints/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27746\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27746\" title=\"natbridgejoints\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints-400x321.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In at least two places, you'll find small faults displacing the Santa Cruz Mudstone. These are classified as normal faults, steep faults that drop one side relative to the other. They show nice examples of the upward-splaying pattern called flower structure, a sign that the faulting occurred near the ground surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgefault/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27745\" title=\"natbridgefault\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These faults dropped the rocks down on the east side, reinforcing the eastward tilt of the bedding. About a half-mile east of the park, in the bluffs along West Cliff Drive, the top of the Santa Cruz Mudstone comes into view and we can see what all those rising hydrocarbons were doing: feeding a large seafloor ecosystem based on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/ig/fossil-pictures/fossil-cold-seep.htm\">cold seeps\u003c/a>. The UC Santa Cruz geology club visited the \"toilet bowls\" in 2003 and \u003ca href=\"http://es.ucsc.edu/~geoclub/paleosurfpics.html\">put up pictures\u003c/a>, and a UCSC research team \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/29/12/1111.abstract\">described them in detail in the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i> in 2001\u003c/a>. Such things must exist today in similar places, like the seafloor off Santa Barbara and beneath the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fossil Collecting in the Bay Area",
"title": "Fossil Collecting in the Bay Area",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossiltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27406\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossiltop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossiltop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27406\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shell hash is common in the Briones Formation, in the East Bay. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area, rich as it is in geological interest, is not supreme in fossils. We have no dinosaur bones here, no human ancestors, none of the truly precious \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/a/lagerstatten.htm\">\u003ci>lagerstätten\u003c/i>\u003c/a> sites like the Solnhofen Limestone or Burgess Shale. But fossil collecting can still be a subject fraught with disagreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal codes are clear. California Public Resources Code section 5097.5 forbids anyone to \"excavate upon, or remove, destroy, injure, or deface, any . . . vertebrate paleontological site . . . or any other . . . paleontological . . . feature, situated on public lands, except with the express permission of the public agency having jurisdiction over the lands.\" This covers city, county, regional and state parks. National parks? Forget that too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Express permission\" is possible. Most parks permit scientists to conduct research, but that is carefully specified so as not to affect your full enjoyment of the public's land. And park staff can carry out excavations for, as the East Bay Regional Parks District puts it, \"research, interpretive, educational or park operational purposes.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These people take their responsibility very seriously. In \"Junior Ranger\" programs in state parks, the instructors allow children to pick up fossils, but after making rubbings of them to take home (or take photos, of course) the kids leave the fossils behind. Even rocks must be returned to where they were found. Guides for the public (like the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/FitzFossil.pdf\">guide\u003c/a> to the fossils of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a>) scrupulously invite you to \"observe\" the fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope that you will honor and internalize this attitude. Nevertheless, here are three good ways to collect lots of fossils in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The most straightforward is to visit private lands, where the owner can grant permission and charge an appropriate fee. The remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharktoothhillproperty.com/\">Ernst Quarry\u003c/a> in the Sharktooth Hill district, near Bakersfield, is a good example. And at Sonoma's \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a>, a private park, you can buy specimens in the gift shop. Once they're yours, fossils can be traded or sold as you wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilpetforest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27408\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg\" align=\"aligncenter\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilpetforest\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27408\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Some public parks allow the public to participate in fossil research under supervision. The Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, for instance, will let you help its professionals on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/vertebrate-paleontology/red-rock-canyon\">digs at Red Rock Canyon State Park\u003c/a>. Whatever you find typically belongs to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. On federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands, the default is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/CRM/paleontology/fossil_collecting.html\">casual personal collecting is allowed without a permit\u003c/a>. This opens up vast areas of the state to you. There are limits: vertebrate fossils (that is, fossil bones) and scientifically valuable finds must be left alone and reported. Other common invertebrates and plant fossils are OK to collect for personal enjoyment in reasonable quantities, but not for trading or for sale. There should be \"negligible disturbance to the Earth's surface and other resources.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To judge from the postings on public fossil forums, many fossil collectors carry the BLM's approach away from BLM lands, to private lands like railroad tracks and public lands like beach cliffs and roadcuts. That remains a violation of statute law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Bob Dylan's words, \"To live outside the law you must be honest.\" If you are thinking about becoming such a fossil collector, I can only advise you not to. My own practice is catch and release: I bring a brush and collect with a camera. That's how I collected this Pliocene clam at Capitola Beach. If it's still in the cliff when you visit, you can collect it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilcapitolaclam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27407\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilcapitolaclam\" width=\"600\" height=\"426\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27407\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam-400x284.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who will ignore my advice, I suggest an honorable rule: do no more than nature does. Roadcuts are always shedding debris, which road crews shovel up and discard. Breaking up this material and taking hand specimens leaves no trace. And at the beach, every stone is there to be destroyed by the scrubbing and chipping of the waves. A handful taken away has slim odds of harming scientific interests. You will risk a scolding by park rangers or landowners, which is no fun for them or for you. They have the law on their side and must speak up. Finally, nature does not conduct trading or selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I had my druthers, some of our parks would find a way to grant express permission to fossil collectors. \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/tp/parks-that-allow-fossil-collecting.htm\">This happens in other states.\u003c/a> There might be a place in, say, Walnut Creek's \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/shell_ridge_open_space_.asp\">Shell Ridge Open Space\u003c/a> where an old borrow pit could be dedicated to the interests of fossil hunters. Trading and sale of fossils would remain unlawful. I think that by cultivating awareness and appreciation of our fossil resources, it might help inoculate the rest of the land from casual collection.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many parts of the Bay Area have fossils. Can we collect them? Some situations are clear; others not so much. Perhaps it could be easier.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossiltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27406\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossiltop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossiltop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27406\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shell hash is common in the Briones Formation, in the East Bay. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area, rich as it is in geological interest, is not supreme in fossils. We have no dinosaur bones here, no human ancestors, none of the truly precious \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/a/lagerstatten.htm\">\u003ci>lagerstätten\u003c/i>\u003c/a> sites like the Solnhofen Limestone or Burgess Shale. But fossil collecting can still be a subject fraught with disagreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal codes are clear. California Public Resources Code section 5097.5 forbids anyone to \"excavate upon, or remove, destroy, injure, or deface, any . . . vertebrate paleontological site . . . or any other . . . paleontological . . . feature, situated on public lands, except with the express permission of the public agency having jurisdiction over the lands.\" This covers city, county, regional and state parks. National parks? Forget that too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Express permission\" is possible. Most parks permit scientists to conduct research, but that is carefully specified so as not to affect your full enjoyment of the public's land. And park staff can carry out excavations for, as the East Bay Regional Parks District puts it, \"research, interpretive, educational or park operational purposes.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These people take their responsibility very seriously. In \"Junior Ranger\" programs in state parks, the instructors allow children to pick up fossils, but after making rubbings of them to take home (or take photos, of course) the kids leave the fossils behind. Even rocks must be returned to where they were found. Guides for the public (like the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/FitzFossil.pdf\">guide\u003c/a> to the fossils of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a>) scrupulously invite you to \"observe\" the fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope that you will honor and internalize this attitude. Nevertheless, here are three good ways to collect lots of fossils in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The most straightforward is to visit private lands, where the owner can grant permission and charge an appropriate fee. The remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharktoothhillproperty.com/\">Ernst Quarry\u003c/a> in the Sharktooth Hill district, near Bakersfield, is a good example. And at Sonoma's \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a>, a private park, you can buy specimens in the gift shop. Once they're yours, fossils can be traded or sold as you wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilpetforest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27408\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg\" align=\"aligncenter\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilpetforest\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27408\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Some public parks allow the public to participate in fossil research under supervision. The Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, for instance, will let you help its professionals on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/vertebrate-paleontology/red-rock-canyon\">digs at Red Rock Canyon State Park\u003c/a>. Whatever you find typically belongs to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. On federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands, the default is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/CRM/paleontology/fossil_collecting.html\">casual personal collecting is allowed without a permit\u003c/a>. This opens up vast areas of the state to you. There are limits: vertebrate fossils (that is, fossil bones) and scientifically valuable finds must be left alone and reported. Other common invertebrates and plant fossils are OK to collect for personal enjoyment in reasonable quantities, but not for trading or for sale. There should be \"negligible disturbance to the Earth's surface and other resources.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To judge from the postings on public fossil forums, many fossil collectors carry the BLM's approach away from BLM lands, to private lands like railroad tracks and public lands like beach cliffs and roadcuts. That remains a violation of statute law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Bob Dylan's words, \"To live outside the law you must be honest.\" If you are thinking about becoming such a fossil collector, I can only advise you not to. My own practice is catch and release: I bring a brush and collect with a camera. That's how I collected this Pliocene clam at Capitola Beach. If it's still in the cliff when you visit, you can collect it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilcapitolaclam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27407\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilcapitolaclam\" width=\"600\" height=\"426\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27407\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam-400x284.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who will ignore my advice, I suggest an honorable rule: do no more than nature does. Roadcuts are always shedding debris, which road crews shovel up and discard. Breaking up this material and taking hand specimens leaves no trace. And at the beach, every stone is there to be destroyed by the scrubbing and chipping of the waves. A handful taken away has slim odds of harming scientific interests. You will risk a scolding by park rangers or landowners, which is no fun for them or for you. They have the law on their side and must speak up. Finally, nature does not conduct trading or selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I had my druthers, some of our parks would find a way to grant express permission to fossil collectors. \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/tp/parks-that-allow-fossil-collecting.htm\">This happens in other states.\u003c/a> There might be a place in, say, Walnut Creek's \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/shell_ridge_open_space_.asp\">Shell Ridge Open Space\u003c/a> where an old borrow pit could be dedicated to the interests of fossil hunters. Trading and sale of fossils would remain unlawful. I think that by cultivating awareness and appreciation of our fossil resources, it might help inoculate the rest of the land from casual collection.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fitzgerald Marine Preserve",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fitzgerald Marine Preserve",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgeraldtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27230\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgeraldtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pillar Point, topped by its military base, is the bulwark of Half Moon Bay on the San Mateo County coast. You may be familiar with it as the nearest place to the great \u003ca href=\"http://www.maverickssurf.com\">Mavericks surf break\u003c/a>. Its abrupt appearance along the shoreline, and the linear hill extending from it to the north, are geomorphic oddities that gain significance when the geologist checks them out in detail. Here's what the area looks like on the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">Geologic Map of San Mateo County\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgeraldmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27229\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgeraldmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27229\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pink area is granite and related rocks of the Montara Mountain block, which I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">showed you in August\u003c/a>. Those rocks are something like 80 million years old. The ridge between Pillar Point and the town of Moss Beach is made of something else, though: the much younger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Purisima Formation\u003c/a>, shown in beige. Between them is a thick black line denoting a good exposure of the San Gregorio fault, which we saw a few months ago at its other end, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>. The units labeled \"Q\" are geologically recent sediments and not rocks at all—Qmt represents marine terraces like those at Point Año Nuevo and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastline here and parts of the ridge are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=8a6bc8909231e110VgnVCM1000001d37230aRCRD&cpsextcurrchannel=1\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, a county park with a dedicated group of supporters at \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">fitzgeraldreserve.org\u003c/a>. When you visit, leave your rock hammer at home. Oh, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.protides.com/california/2193/\">check the tides\u003c/a> first, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the reserve's south end is a trail leading over the ridge to the beach. Here we get our first look at the extensive wave-cut platform, exposed at low tides, that makes Fitzgerald such a destination for tidepoolers as well as surfing fans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzpillar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27233\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzpillar\" width=\"600\" height=\"409\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27233\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs here are a good place to become acquainted with the Purisima Formation, a mixture of shale and mudstone with occasional large concretions along certain bedding planes. You can find a few fossils here if you look carefully, but there are better places farther along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzpuriss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27234\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzpuriss\" width=\"600\" height=\"415\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27234\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss-400x277.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The middle portion of the Fitzgerald Reserve is on the east side of the ridge facing the Half Moon Bay airport. From Airport Road you can see where the San Gregorio fault runs along its base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfault/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27226\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfault\" width=\"600\" height=\"369\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27226\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The north end of the reserve is where the tidepoolers all go. The fault comes out here, pointing straight at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a> in Marin County where it merges with the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzviewn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27237\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzviewn\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27237\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBefore you go out on the rocks, turn around and look at the east side of the entrance, which is typical marine terrace sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfaulte/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27227\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfaulte\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then go to the west side and see the contrast presented by the Purisima Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfaultw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27228\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfaultw\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Purisima in the tidepools is sanded by the surf to bring out its tilted bedding layers, which are punctuated by layers of dropstones and shell hash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzridges/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27235\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzridges\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell hash is pretty much what it sounds like, a layer rich in shell fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27232\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along the north side of the beach, the rocks turn rapidly into coarse granite conglomerate, some layers containing outright boulders. It was an extremely vigorous environment that produced rocks like this—perhaps a high sea level and large landslides produced by major earthquakes. Perhaps something like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/07/geology-of-the-devils-slide-area/\">Devils Slide\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27231\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgranite\" width=\"600\" height=\"477\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27231\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite-400x318.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some point, be sure and climb to a higher vantage point to see why every geology class in the Bay Area comes here to practice mapping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzsyncline/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27236\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzsyncline\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27236\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a magnificant syncline, or folded trough, where fault motion has bent the rock layers and the sea has planed them off into this dramatic arc.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The area around Pillar Point is famous for surfing and tidepooling, but its fault-related landforms are significant geological resources too.",
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"description": "The area around Pillar Point is famous for surfing and tidepooling, but its fault-related landforms are significant geological resources too.",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fitzgerald Marine Preserve | KQED",
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"headline": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fitzgerald Marine Preserve",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgeraldtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27230\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgeraldtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pillar Point, topped by its military base, is the bulwark of Half Moon Bay on the San Mateo County coast. You may be familiar with it as the nearest place to the great \u003ca href=\"http://www.maverickssurf.com\">Mavericks surf break\u003c/a>. Its abrupt appearance along the shoreline, and the linear hill extending from it to the north, are geomorphic oddities that gain significance when the geologist checks them out in detail. Here's what the area looks like on the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">Geologic Map of San Mateo County\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgeraldmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27229\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgeraldmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27229\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pink area is granite and related rocks of the Montara Mountain block, which I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">showed you in August\u003c/a>. Those rocks are something like 80 million years old. The ridge between Pillar Point and the town of Moss Beach is made of something else, though: the much younger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Purisima Formation\u003c/a>, shown in beige. Between them is a thick black line denoting a good exposure of the San Gregorio fault, which we saw a few months ago at its other end, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>. The units labeled \"Q\" are geologically recent sediments and not rocks at all—Qmt represents marine terraces like those at Point Año Nuevo and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastline here and parts of the ridge are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=8a6bc8909231e110VgnVCM1000001d37230aRCRD&cpsextcurrchannel=1\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, a county park with a dedicated group of supporters at \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">fitzgeraldreserve.org\u003c/a>. When you visit, leave your rock hammer at home. Oh, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.protides.com/california/2193/\">check the tides\u003c/a> first, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the reserve's south end is a trail leading over the ridge to the beach. Here we get our first look at the extensive wave-cut platform, exposed at low tides, that makes Fitzgerald such a destination for tidepoolers as well as surfing fans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzpillar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27233\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzpillar\" width=\"600\" height=\"409\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27233\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs here are a good place to become acquainted with the Purisima Formation, a mixture of shale and mudstone with occasional large concretions along certain bedding planes. You can find a few fossils here if you look carefully, but there are better places farther along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzpuriss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27234\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzpuriss\" width=\"600\" height=\"415\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27234\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss-400x277.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The middle portion of the Fitzgerald Reserve is on the east side of the ridge facing the Half Moon Bay airport. From Airport Road you can see where the San Gregorio fault runs along its base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfault/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27226\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfault\" width=\"600\" height=\"369\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27226\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The north end of the reserve is where the tidepoolers all go. The fault comes out here, pointing straight at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a> in Marin County where it merges with the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzviewn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27237\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzviewn\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27237\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBefore you go out on the rocks, turn around and look at the east side of the entrance, which is typical marine terrace sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfaulte/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27227\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfaulte\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then go to the west side and see the contrast presented by the Purisima Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfaultw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27228\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfaultw\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Purisima in the tidepools is sanded by the surf to bring out its tilted bedding layers, which are punctuated by layers of dropstones and shell hash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzridges/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27235\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzridges\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell hash is pretty much what it sounds like, a layer rich in shell fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27232\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along the north side of the beach, the rocks turn rapidly into coarse granite conglomerate, some layers containing outright boulders. It was an extremely vigorous environment that produced rocks like this—perhaps a high sea level and large landslides produced by major earthquakes. Perhaps something like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/07/geology-of-the-devils-slide-area/\">Devils Slide\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27231\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgranite\" width=\"600\" height=\"477\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27231\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite-400x318.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some point, be sure and climb to a higher vantage point to see why every geology class in the Bay Area comes here to practice mapping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzsyncline/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27236\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzsyncline\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27236\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a magnificant syncline, or folded trough, where fault motion has bent the rock layers and the sea has planed them off into this dramatic arc.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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