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"content": "\u003cp>Let’s start with a quick history lesson regarding gold -- and your pants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California gold rush of the mid-1800s, an industrious young Bavarian immigrant arrived in San Francisco to seek a cut of the fortunes through the sale of his dry goods. Shortly after arriving, the man became aware of the great need that local miners had for dependable, durable clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began by fashioning canvas tarps into uncomfortable pants, but the idea eventually evolved into a product that proved to have real legs. By 1873, the man, Levi Strauss, was tailoring a French fabric from the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=nimes+france&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x12b42d0bd6e85339:0xde88134f9f200c03,Nimes,+France&gl=us&ei=lY7VUuvdLaLcyQG9koHgDg&ved=0CMoBELYD\" target=\"_blank\">city of Nimes\u003c/a> (the French “de nimes” means\u003cem> \u003c/em>“of Nimes”) and using an indigo dye that inspired visions of the blue uniforms worn by sailors in Genoa, Italy. This combination of places, materials, people, and historical events (and Strauss’s patented rivets for utmost durability) led to a new global craze: denim blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century and a half later, denim has invaded the wardrobes of every stratum of society. From the roughneck biker in a jean jacket with the sleeves cut off, to the Midwest farmer in overalls, to the fashionable city slicker, to Brett Favre in a backyard football game\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66009\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66009 \" style=\"border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD-360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Levi Strauss (Public Domain)\" width=\"252\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levi Strauss--the man who made denim famous. \u003cem>(Public Domain)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In terms of infiltrating society, the invention of Levi Strauss ranks among the likes of automobiles, telephones, and light bulbs. You couldn’t avoid it if you tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if Jen Carlson and Josh Shear have their way, the denim invasion has only just begun. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, the entrepreneurial husband and wife team has recently developed a product they call “Denimite.” It could immortalize your favorite old pair of jeans by turning it into solid countertops, jewelry, billfolds -- and even car dashboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their inspiration for creating Denimite comes from a belief that with a little imagination, a product has plenty of useful applications after it has exceeded its intended shelf life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all known for years that the landfills are too full, there are finite resources for many things, and it makes sense to use what we have access to for a real purpose,” Carlson said. “There are a lot of materials available easily that are technically waste materials that can be made into a new material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlson and Shear this belief has become a lifestyle. After building a straw-bale home in Lincoln in 1999, they recognized a shortage of green building materials in the middle part of the country. Soon they started a business carrying sustainable materials and made a name for themselves locally by manufacturing countertops out of recycled glass. Their unique, colorful, custom-built products can now be found in homes and businesses across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years their business, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris-industries.com\" target=\"_blank\">Iris Industries\u003c/a>, has experimented with transforming other materials into solid, sustainable composite building materials. Nonbelievers are treated to a suitcase full of wood-like blocks made of various “feedstocks,” including sunflower seed hulls, shredded magazines, grasses, even recycled U.S. currency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said that turning a loose, flexible material into a solid composite isn’t as complicated a notion as one might think, but it entails loads of math, science, and experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really just the feedstock and the resin binder, which is a partial bio-based binder and what gives it durability. Then it just needs heat and pressure. So from that standpoint it’s very simple,\" Carlson said. \"Getting everything to work correctly -- the right ratios, the right pressures -- there’s a lot of work that goes into that, so that’s what we’ve been researching and developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66005 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Shear working with his custom press.\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear uses a custom built hydraulic press to create square samples of Iris Industry's Denimite and other composite solids. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/Quest Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The essential ingredient required for Shear and Carlson to work their magic is a solvent-free, VOC-free thermoset epoxy resin that, when combined with a fibrous material (such as denim), heat, and compression, causes an interlocking reaction at the molecular level. “It literally creates a long-chain molecule that now doesn’t change until you get it so hot that the resin breaks down, which would be very, very hot,” said Shear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, raw materials in epoxy resin are extracted from petroleum, but the resin used to make denimite is partially bio-based, meaning that a portion of the petroleum-based components found in traditional epoxies have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136894\" target=\"_blank\">replaced with biomass materials\u003c/a>—specifically \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?tab=ww&ei=453VUta3LsreyQGDqIC4Cw&ved=0CBgQ1S4#q=itaconic+acid\" target=\"_blank\">itaconic acid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a typical cut of composite plywood, Iris Industry’s products are usually made in sheet form and worked with standard wood tools, but Carlson and Shear are especially excited about Denimite because it can be molded into just about any shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The automotive industry is a really cool and interesting application, as they’re trying to move into more sustainable materials in general anyway,” Carlson said. “We like the idea of using it for a console or dashboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as epoxy resin technology evolves, Iris Industries hopes to eventually carry fully petroleum-free products. Shear said it’s all part of an effort to see a petroleum-based society shift to a renewable-based society. “What we’re trying to get these things to do is replace, or partially replace, some 100-percent polymer compounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what better way to do it than with one of the most recognizable, durable, and loved inventions in American history? Because of denim’s prevalence, Shear and Carlson believe Denimite has a leg up when it comes to both the product’s popularity and its ability to inspire people to expand their notion of how something can be recycled and repurposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Said Shear, “We like to see people say, ‘Oh, you can recycle that?’ or ‘Oh, I get that that’s recycled.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66049 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1-640x213.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of Iris Industries Products\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear and Jen Carlson use a variety of recycled materials to create solid composites--from magazines and shredded money to fabric and farm waste. Above are samples of finished products made from sunflower seed hulls, denim, and walnut shells. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/QUEST Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Let’s start with a quick history lesson regarding gold -- and your pants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California gold rush of the mid-1800s, an industrious young Bavarian immigrant arrived in San Francisco to seek a cut of the fortunes through the sale of his dry goods. Shortly after arriving, the man became aware of the great need that local miners had for dependable, durable clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began by fashioning canvas tarps into uncomfortable pants, but the idea eventually evolved into a product that proved to have real legs. By 1873, the man, Levi Strauss, was tailoring a French fabric from the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?client=safari&oe=UTF-8&q=nimes+france&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x12b42d0bd6e85339:0xde88134f9f200c03,Nimes,+France&gl=us&ei=lY7VUuvdLaLcyQG9koHgDg&ved=0CMoBELYD\" target=\"_blank\">city of Nimes\u003c/a> (the French “de nimes” means\u003cem> \u003c/em>“of Nimes”) and using an indigo dye that inspired visions of the blue uniforms worn by sailors in Genoa, Italy. This combination of places, materials, people, and historical events (and Strauss’s patented rivets for utmost durability) led to a new global craze: denim blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century and a half later, denim has invaded the wardrobes of every stratum of society. From the roughneck biker in a jean jacket with the sleeves cut off, to the Midwest farmer in overalls, to the fashionable city slicker, to Brett Favre in a backyard football game\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66009\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66009 \" style=\"border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/LeviStraussPD-360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Levi Strauss (Public Domain)\" width=\"252\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levi Strauss--the man who made denim famous. \u003cem>(Public Domain)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In terms of infiltrating society, the invention of Levi Strauss ranks among the likes of automobiles, telephones, and light bulbs. You couldn’t avoid it if you tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, if Jen Carlson and Josh Shear have their way, the denim invasion has only just begun. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, the entrepreneurial husband and wife team has recently developed a product they call “Denimite.” It could immortalize your favorite old pair of jeans by turning it into solid countertops, jewelry, billfolds -- and even car dashboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their inspiration for creating Denimite comes from a belief that with a little imagination, a product has plenty of useful applications after it has exceeded its intended shelf life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve all known for years that the landfills are too full, there are finite resources for many things, and it makes sense to use what we have access to for a real purpose,” Carlson said. “There are a lot of materials available easily that are technically waste materials that can be made into a new material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlson and Shear this belief has become a lifestyle. After building a straw-bale home in Lincoln in 1999, they recognized a shortage of green building materials in the middle part of the country. Soon they started a business carrying sustainable materials and made a name for themselves locally by manufacturing countertops out of recycled glass. Their unique, colorful, custom-built products can now be found in homes and businesses across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years their business, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris-industries.com\" target=\"_blank\">Iris Industries\u003c/a>, has experimented with transforming other materials into solid, sustainable composite building materials. Nonbelievers are treated to a suitcase full of wood-like blocks made of various “feedstocks,” including sunflower seed hulls, shredded magazines, grasses, even recycled U.S. currency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said that turning a loose, flexible material into a solid composite isn’t as complicated a notion as one might think, but it entails loads of math, science, and experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really just the feedstock and the resin binder, which is a partial bio-based binder and what gives it durability. Then it just needs heat and pressure. So from that standpoint it’s very simple,\" Carlson said. \"Getting everything to work correctly -- the right ratios, the right pressures -- there’s a lot of work that goes into that, so that’s what we’ve been researching and developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66005 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/JoshShear-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Josh Shear working with his custom press.\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear uses a custom built hydraulic press to create square samples of Iris Industry's Denimite and other composite solids. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/Quest Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The essential ingredient required for Shear and Carlson to work their magic is a solvent-free, VOC-free thermoset epoxy resin that, when combined with a fibrous material (such as denim), heat, and compression, causes an interlocking reaction at the molecular level. “It literally creates a long-chain molecule that now doesn’t change until you get it so hot that the resin breaks down, which would be very, very hot,” said Shear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, raw materials in epoxy resin are extracted from petroleum, but the resin used to make denimite is partially bio-based, meaning that a portion of the petroleum-based components found in traditional epoxies have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136894\" target=\"_blank\">replaced with biomass materials\u003c/a>—specifically \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?tab=ww&ei=453VUta3LsreyQGDqIC4Cw&ved=0CBgQ1S4#q=itaconic+acid\" target=\"_blank\">itaconic acid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a typical cut of composite plywood, Iris Industry’s products are usually made in sheet form and worked with standard wood tools, but Carlson and Shear are especially excited about Denimite because it can be molded into just about any shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The automotive industry is a really cool and interesting application, as they’re trying to move into more sustainable materials in general anyway,” Carlson said. “We like the idea of using it for a console or dashboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as epoxy resin technology evolves, Iris Industries hopes to eventually carry fully petroleum-free products. Shear said it’s all part of an effort to see a petroleum-based society shift to a renewable-based society. “What we’re trying to get these things to do is replace, or partially replace, some 100-percent polymer compounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what better way to do it than with one of the most recognizable, durable, and loved inventions in American history? Because of denim’s prevalence, Shear and Carlson believe Denimite has a leg up when it comes to both the product’s popularity and its ability to inspire people to expand their notion of how something can be recycled and repurposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Said Shear, “We like to see people say, ‘Oh, you can recycle that?’ or ‘Oh, I get that that’s recycled.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66049 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Untitled-1landscape1-640x213.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of Iris Industries Products\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josh Shear and Jen Carlson use a variety of recycled materials to create solid composites--from magazines and shredded money to fabric and farm waste. Above are samples of finished products made from sunflower seed hulls, denim, and walnut shells. \u003cem>(Jon Augustine/QUEST Science)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Migrating annually from northeast Canada down the spine of the southern Appalachians is a very small and genetically unique subpopulation of golden eagles (\u003cstrong>Aquila chrysaetos\u003c/strong>). These raptors are generally thought to inhabit the arid mesas and icy buttes of the American West, but a few thousand spend their winters in upland forests and pastures far to the east. It’s here that these great birds are now facing a formidable and unexpected foe: wind energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65687\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5-Sunset-birds-Jack-Geiser.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5-Sunset-birds-Jack-Geiser-363x253.jpg\" alt=\"5 Sunset birds Jack Geiser\" width=\"363\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">573,000 birds died as a result of wind turbines in 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wsb.260/abstract\">according to a study\u003c/a> published by The Wildlife Society. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jg_photo_art/10735752396/in/photolist-hmFxaf-gfe2YJ-cUJSEm-9uNWLr-9uS3CG-dsc8p9-8Z84nB-dsc8sJ-dsc8qm-94Sngj-akS4rN-deWLBz-94Snc3-9TGbnD-9TKYdd-fKpJr8-boysAo-fxDnTX-9AmJBh-bTW9jZ-81H342-8EkQAZ-f9tgdm-8DDJLk-7T8zj7-aec6Vx-9uNpun-9ESNdT-8cWCei-d9FaLu-azHjfz-95UV8z-9GuUqx-c5LPA5-b2MWWX-b2MRE4-aaoQJW-dsc3Ti-dsc3UF-8WRBjc-dsccvj-asEfjg-dPYWDJ-9k8Pgj-9Wnp4j-9Wjy2x-9WnoBC-9WnoXS-9Wjy1k-9WjxSM-9WnoQ9/lightbox/\">Jack Geiser\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During their continental migration golden eagles must conserve as much energy as possible. They accomplish this by spending less time hunting and more time gliding, using geographic features like mountain ridges to capture updrafts that buoy them along their way. But eagles are not the only ones seeking to exploit these thermal patterns: wind turbines are often placed along the same breezy ridges that migratory birds and bats depend upon. The result is that wildlife and wind turbines increasingly occupy the same flight path, and that’s bad news for the birds, which can fall victim to the turbines’ 120-foot blades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2013, the Department of Justice successfully prosecuted Duke Energy under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act for the killing of 14 golden eagles at a wind farm in Wyoming. Conveniently for energy corporations like Duke -- and less so for eagles -- in December 2013, the Obama Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Eagle-deaths-split-wind-farm-debate-5053033.php\">finalized a rule\u003c/a> allowing the incidental “take” of golden and bald eagles by wind farms over a 30-year period of operation, a decision that flies in the face of federal law and drastically heightens the likelihood of further eagle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/2-Golden-b-by-Mark-Jones.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/2-Golden-b-by-Mark-Jones-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"2 Golden b by Mark Jones\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A subpopulation of golden eagles migrate annually from northeast Canada down the southern Appalachian Mountains. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/56992548@N07/6266405350/in/photolist-axJXZy-axK2xs-axKbty-9ST75g-fkroiZ-7TrMAh-7E8vNm-iixGB4-88SAQx-8Stx2u-8A4zzs-eYXqPk-fJbX2w-buKaeh-8qfz5n-8pyYXY-gnBS8V-8pzAef-bSD5xa-9Mmiu8-846Cp1-bv4n9r-88vc5k-88vc5c-9jM7U7-eHgQbV-cZ7tN9-8rYY5Q-7GpD58-einChc-fHUpKn-fJbWpf-88vc56-8qjhao-b6ZzUH-f2A1dz-f2zVYv-bcVQGp-91HJpC-91HMgG-91HKah-7AbJAr-e71g3D-9vFwnM-9n3NUh-9gg39f-a84t4w-8bzC55-8qfs6g-cHLHJL-dxMA4j\">Mark Jones\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And wind turbines are not the only danger Appalachian golden eagles face during their southern sojourn. Much of the birds’ winter nourishment comes from winter-killed deer that have expired over the long frozen nights. But some of these initial deaths come from animals wounded during the region’s popular deer season, and it is this food source that unfortunately poses an additional and insidious threat to the eagles. When a lead rifle bullet strikes an animal, it fragments into many pieces, sending shrapnel tearing through the target’s organs and soft tissues. This amplifies the weapon’s killing power and leaves a deadly legacy for scavengers feeding on the carcass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether from gut piles left behind from field-dressing kills or from animals that were wounded and died unclaimed, lead bullet fragments left in the wild will likely be consumed by something: a bear, a fox, an eagle -- nature rarely lets nourishment go to waste. Birds are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of lead. Fortunately, there are lead ammunition \u003ca href=\"http://www.huntingwithnonlead.org\">alternatives such as copper\u003c/a> that are now widely available. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">See this QUEST story\u003c/a> about California’s efforts to protect the California condor from the dangers posed by lead ammunition.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65700\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/8-golden-strike-by-The-Bird-Group.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65700\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/8-golden-strike-by-The-Bird-Group-271x360.jpg\" alt=\"8 golden strike by The Bird Group\" width=\"190\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photo, courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://birdgroup.org/researchconservation/aviansafetyresearch.html\">The Bird Group\u003c/a>, allegedly shows a golden eagle killed by a wind turbine collision.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s recent ban on lead hunting ammunition isn’t likely to be duplicated in West Virginia any time soon, but a little care in the placement of wind turbines might be a much more realistic starting point for the long-term protection of these eagles. With climate change manifesting itself more clearly with each passing season, wind energy is making an important contribution toward a more sustainable, clean-burning future. But every technology has its tradeoffs, and quite a long shadow can fall between the idea and the reality, especially when it’s cast by a row of 330-foot-tall rotating turbines. The biologists and policymakers with whom I spoke while reporting this article agree that for renewable energy to be truly sustainable over the long term, it must be undertaken in such a way as to minimize the harmful impacts it can have on the natural environment it’s meant to champion. Renewables are certainly better than fossil fuels, but they are still a form of industry that requires oversight and regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65689\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4-Golden-Released-by-Leon-Roland-cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65689\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4-Golden-Released-by-Leon-Roland-cropped-327x253.jpg\" alt=\"Golden eagles face a threat from lead bullets as well as wind turbines. Photo courtesy Leon Roland.\" width=\"327\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Golden eagles in the eastern United States face a threat from lead bullets as well as wind turbines. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/rolandlh/4395412731/in/photolist-7GpD58-b6ZzUH-f2A1dz-f2zVYv-bcVQGp-91HJpC-91HMgG-91HKah-7AbJAr-e71g3D-9vFwnM-9n3NUh-9gcWP2-9gg39f-a84t4w-8bzC55-8qfs6g-cHLHJL-dxMA4j-dSnV1y-9tSQ4n-9tSQ1X-bWXaAf-9tVN33-aBCsgt-aBCsgB-aBCsgk-dkw8QL-b56SsP-9zqiYP-fPWWg3-c2pZkQ-gY3ujR-bkofic-dGj6CA-dGj8uN-dGj5Q5-dGdG3i-dGdDWX-dGdDya-dGdGnV-bkoh3g-aooC6j-hSZeVu-eXStM9-9bJxXi-9bJy3a-eYxuVb-eYm6f4-9ztg8C-9zqi4c/\">Leon Roland\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Obama Administration’s decision to excuse turbines from statutes that protect eagles from other manmade dangers runs counter to legal precedent. Without fear of penalty, there is little reason to expect the wind energy corporations to deliberately site new turbines in areas removed from eagle migratory routes. The broken bodies of these magnificent eagles sprawled beneath the massive revolving blades seem to be the preventable \u003ca href=\"http://birdgroup.org/images/374_IMG_4297.JPG\">casualties\u003c/a> of a new gold rush for federal incentives supporting clean energy, another obstacle on the long, slow road to a sustainable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Does a shift toward renewable energy sources mean choosing between wind turbines and wildlife? Author William H. Funk weighs in.",
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"description": "Does a shift toward renewable energy sources mean choosing between wind turbines and wildlife? Author William H. Funk weighs in.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Migrating annually from northeast Canada down the spine of the southern Appalachians is a very small and genetically unique subpopulation of golden eagles (\u003cstrong>Aquila chrysaetos\u003c/strong>). These raptors are generally thought to inhabit the arid mesas and icy buttes of the American West, but a few thousand spend their winters in upland forests and pastures far to the east. It’s here that these great birds are now facing a formidable and unexpected foe: wind energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65687\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5-Sunset-birds-Jack-Geiser.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5-Sunset-birds-Jack-Geiser-363x253.jpg\" alt=\"5 Sunset birds Jack Geiser\" width=\"363\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">573,000 birds died as a result of wind turbines in 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wsb.260/abstract\">according to a study\u003c/a> published by The Wildlife Society. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jg_photo_art/10735752396/in/photolist-hmFxaf-gfe2YJ-cUJSEm-9uNWLr-9uS3CG-dsc8p9-8Z84nB-dsc8sJ-dsc8qm-94Sngj-akS4rN-deWLBz-94Snc3-9TGbnD-9TKYdd-fKpJr8-boysAo-fxDnTX-9AmJBh-bTW9jZ-81H342-8EkQAZ-f9tgdm-8DDJLk-7T8zj7-aec6Vx-9uNpun-9ESNdT-8cWCei-d9FaLu-azHjfz-95UV8z-9GuUqx-c5LPA5-b2MWWX-b2MRE4-aaoQJW-dsc3Ti-dsc3UF-8WRBjc-dsccvj-asEfjg-dPYWDJ-9k8Pgj-9Wnp4j-9Wjy2x-9WnoBC-9WnoXS-9Wjy1k-9WjxSM-9WnoQ9/lightbox/\">Jack Geiser\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During their continental migration golden eagles must conserve as much energy as possible. They accomplish this by spending less time hunting and more time gliding, using geographic features like mountain ridges to capture updrafts that buoy them along their way. But eagles are not the only ones seeking to exploit these thermal patterns: wind turbines are often placed along the same breezy ridges that migratory birds and bats depend upon. The result is that wildlife and wind turbines increasingly occupy the same flight path, and that’s bad news for the birds, which can fall victim to the turbines’ 120-foot blades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2013, the Department of Justice successfully prosecuted Duke Energy under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act for the killing of 14 golden eagles at a wind farm in Wyoming. Conveniently for energy corporations like Duke -- and less so for eagles -- in December 2013, the Obama Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Eagle-deaths-split-wind-farm-debate-5053033.php\">finalized a rule\u003c/a> allowing the incidental “take” of golden and bald eagles by wind farms over a 30-year period of operation, a decision that flies in the face of federal law and drastically heightens the likelihood of further eagle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/2-Golden-b-by-Mark-Jones.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/2-Golden-b-by-Mark-Jones-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"2 Golden b by Mark Jones\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A subpopulation of golden eagles migrate annually from northeast Canada down the southern Appalachian Mountains. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/56992548@N07/6266405350/in/photolist-axJXZy-axK2xs-axKbty-9ST75g-fkroiZ-7TrMAh-7E8vNm-iixGB4-88SAQx-8Stx2u-8A4zzs-eYXqPk-fJbX2w-buKaeh-8qfz5n-8pyYXY-gnBS8V-8pzAef-bSD5xa-9Mmiu8-846Cp1-bv4n9r-88vc5k-88vc5c-9jM7U7-eHgQbV-cZ7tN9-8rYY5Q-7GpD58-einChc-fHUpKn-fJbWpf-88vc56-8qjhao-b6ZzUH-f2A1dz-f2zVYv-bcVQGp-91HJpC-91HMgG-91HKah-7AbJAr-e71g3D-9vFwnM-9n3NUh-9gg39f-a84t4w-8bzC55-8qfs6g-cHLHJL-dxMA4j\">Mark Jones\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And wind turbines are not the only danger Appalachian golden eagles face during their southern sojourn. Much of the birds’ winter nourishment comes from winter-killed deer that have expired over the long frozen nights. But some of these initial deaths come from animals wounded during the region’s popular deer season, and it is this food source that unfortunately poses an additional and insidious threat to the eagles. When a lead rifle bullet strikes an animal, it fragments into many pieces, sending shrapnel tearing through the target’s organs and soft tissues. This amplifies the weapon’s killing power and leaves a deadly legacy for scavengers feeding on the carcass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether from gut piles left behind from field-dressing kills or from animals that were wounded and died unclaimed, lead bullet fragments left in the wild will likely be consumed by something: a bear, a fox, an eagle -- nature rarely lets nourishment go to waste. Birds are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of lead. Fortunately, there are lead ammunition \u003ca href=\"http://www.huntingwithnonlead.org\">alternatives such as copper\u003c/a> that are now widely available. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">See this QUEST story\u003c/a> about California’s efforts to protect the California condor from the dangers posed by lead ammunition.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65700\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/8-golden-strike-by-The-Bird-Group.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65700\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/8-golden-strike-by-The-Bird-Group-271x360.jpg\" alt=\"8 golden strike by The Bird Group\" width=\"190\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photo, courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://birdgroup.org/researchconservation/aviansafetyresearch.html\">The Bird Group\u003c/a>, allegedly shows a golden eagle killed by a wind turbine collision.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s recent ban on lead hunting ammunition isn’t likely to be duplicated in West Virginia any time soon, but a little care in the placement of wind turbines might be a much more realistic starting point for the long-term protection of these eagles. With climate change manifesting itself more clearly with each passing season, wind energy is making an important contribution toward a more sustainable, clean-burning future. But every technology has its tradeoffs, and quite a long shadow can fall between the idea and the reality, especially when it’s cast by a row of 330-foot-tall rotating turbines. The biologists and policymakers with whom I spoke while reporting this article agree that for renewable energy to be truly sustainable over the long term, it must be undertaken in such a way as to minimize the harmful impacts it can have on the natural environment it’s meant to champion. Renewables are certainly better than fossil fuels, but they are still a form of industry that requires oversight and regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65689\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4-Golden-Released-by-Leon-Roland-cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65689\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4-Golden-Released-by-Leon-Roland-cropped-327x253.jpg\" alt=\"Golden eagles face a threat from lead bullets as well as wind turbines. Photo courtesy Leon Roland.\" width=\"327\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Golden eagles in the eastern United States face a threat from lead bullets as well as wind turbines. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/rolandlh/4395412731/in/photolist-7GpD58-b6ZzUH-f2A1dz-f2zVYv-bcVQGp-91HJpC-91HMgG-91HKah-7AbJAr-e71g3D-9vFwnM-9n3NUh-9gcWP2-9gg39f-a84t4w-8bzC55-8qfs6g-cHLHJL-dxMA4j-dSnV1y-9tSQ4n-9tSQ1X-bWXaAf-9tVN33-aBCsgt-aBCsgB-aBCsgk-dkw8QL-b56SsP-9zqiYP-fPWWg3-c2pZkQ-gY3ujR-bkofic-dGj6CA-dGj8uN-dGj5Q5-dGdG3i-dGdDWX-dGdDya-dGdGnV-bkoh3g-aooC6j-hSZeVu-eXStM9-9bJxXi-9bJy3a-eYxuVb-eYm6f4-9ztg8C-9zqi4c/\">Leon Roland\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Obama Administration’s decision to excuse turbines from statutes that protect eagles from other manmade dangers runs counter to legal precedent. Without fear of penalty, there is little reason to expect the wind energy corporations to deliberately site new turbines in areas removed from eagle migratory routes. The broken bodies of these magnificent eagles sprawled beneath the massive revolving blades seem to be the preventable \u003ca href=\"http://birdgroup.org/images/374_IMG_4297.JPG\">casualties\u003c/a> of a new gold rush for federal incentives supporting clean energy, another obstacle on the long, slow road to a sustainable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding",
"title": "In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says understanding that process could improve cloud-seeding techniques or show when it may not be effective, something that could be key as California relies more than ever on every last raindrop.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There’s no doubt about it – it’s dry out there. 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of California. So water managers are trying to squeeze out every last drop with an old technology: cloud seeding.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Better Way to Patch Potholes",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64356\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The silica-based Hole Patch mixture is fluid at rest\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hole Patch is fluid at rest, but special physical properties enable it to harden when struck by moving cars.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayank Saksena is studying biomedical engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/\">Case Western Reserve University\u003c/a>, but lately his mind has been on potholes. That’s because he thinks he’s found a better way to patch them, using a nontoxic, locally sourced, and reusable product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it all started. Saksena and a group of fellow engineering students were tinkering around with cornstarch and water, just like they had back in high school science experiments. The mixture is what’s called a “non-Newtonian fluid” because it hardens when force is applied to it and turns back to goo when the force lets up. They watched YouTube videos of students in Spain who had filled a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw\">giant bathtub\u003c/a> with the liquid goo and then run across it without falling in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">This, plus entering an \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/desp/saint-gobain\">engineering contest\u003c/a> that focused on using simple materials to create a new product, got Saksena and his friends mixing up batches of cornstarch and water by hand outside their dorm room. They put it in trash bags and stuck it in potholes around Case’s campus in Cleveland, Ohio. Then they watched what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">Just as with the giant bathtub experiment, the students found that the goo did in fact harden when cars drove over it, allowing drivers to avoid the “THUMP, thump” that so many commuters experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-64356 \">That’s when Saksena got excited. His team had found what could be an easy fix to a common problem, especially in areas with extreme weather. “The more traffic you have and the worse the weather conditions are, like in the Midwest where it swings from very cold to very hot, that's really hard on pavement,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/williambuttlar\">William Buttlar,\u003c/a> an engineer who specializes in pavement and transportation issues at the University of Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">No one likes potholes, and cities often have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/ParksRecreationandProperties/Street%20Operations/Street%20Operations%20Potholes\">backlog of repairs\u003c/a>. “It’s frustrating,” said Saksena. “You’re on your way to work and suddenly you hit a pothole and the coffee spills all over your pants.” Even worse, he added, is the $400 to $500 bill from the auto shop after an encounter with a particularly nasty pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Saksena and the other co-founders, all still students, have secured grant funding to pursue their invention as a business venture. They’re in the R&D phase now. They have moved on from their initial cornstarch-and-water cocktail and are exploring other possibilities, including silica-based synthetic fluids. They’re hesitant to reveal too much, since they’re in the midst of applying for intellectual property rights. Saksena said the mixture and the bag that holds it are both non-petroleum based and nontoxic. “If the bag were to rip -- and it’s designed not to rip -- whatever fluid that would come out wouldn’t have a negative impact if it were to seep into groundwater,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u003ciframe style=\"width: 512px;height: 288px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=quest&episode=hole_patch\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their product, called \u003ca href=\"http://holepatchllc.net/\">Hole Patch\u003c/a>, would be an alternative way to temporarily patch potholes during the winter months. The Hole Patch founders don’t see their product as a permanent fix -- nothing beats a full repaving of a worn-out street. But permanent pothole fixes can’t be performed in cold and wet weather, so the creators see Hole Patch as a better stop-gap measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traditional way to temporarily fix a pothole in winter is called a “cold patch,” a mix of gravel and asphalt. It contains many known toxic and cancer-causing compounds that can migrate into waterways when the asphalt breaks down, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/hazardssafety/toxic/asphalt.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the National Park Service. The traditional method also requires a half-hour’s worth of labor from a work crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hole Patch, by contrast, could be tossed into potholes by just about anyone. Saksena envisions city police and other officials carrying the bags around in their trunks and popping some in when they hit a bump. He said the bag comes in one standard size and can be stacked to fill the dimensions of any pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64355 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The students' creation hardens when struck, allowing for easier passage over eroding roads.\" width=\"315\" height=\"176\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Traditional pothole fills aren't sustainable and can be costly.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The vision for Hole Patch is to help cities repair potholes more efficiently and affordably while using more sustainable materials. “It may not save lives, but it can definitely make someone’s day better,” said Saksena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The product will soon move out of the lab and onto streets across the Midwest and Northeast. A multi-city pilot project is in the works for 2014. Bill Driscoll, a county engineer in Ohio, considers this road testing to be a crucial next step. “What happens when the plows start hitting it?” he asked. The product must hold up in the snow, salt, rain, and true commuter traffic for it to be embraced. “I think most people are going to want to see it in the field and in the ground before they start buying it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Driscoll and others in the field are also quite impressed by the students’ out-of-the-box thinking, and some say it has a real chance of success. “If someone comes up with something that builds a better mousetrap, everyone’s all for that,” said Driscoll, “so let’s see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/hweinberger/\">Hannah Weinberger\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64356\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The silica-based Hole Patch mixture is fluid at rest\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hole Patch is fluid at rest, but special physical properties enable it to harden when struck by moving cars.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayank Saksena is studying biomedical engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/\">Case Western Reserve University\u003c/a>, but lately his mind has been on potholes. That’s because he thinks he’s found a better way to patch them, using a nontoxic, locally sourced, and reusable product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it all started. Saksena and a group of fellow engineering students were tinkering around with cornstarch and water, just like they had back in high school science experiments. The mixture is what’s called a “non-Newtonian fluid” because it hardens when force is applied to it and turns back to goo when the force lets up. They watched YouTube videos of students in Spain who had filled a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw\">giant bathtub\u003c/a> with the liquid goo and then run across it without falling in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">This, plus entering an \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/desp/saint-gobain\">engineering contest\u003c/a> that focused on using simple materials to create a new product, got Saksena and his friends mixing up batches of cornstarch and water by hand outside their dorm room. They put it in trash bags and stuck it in potholes around Case’s campus in Cleveland, Ohio. Then they watched what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">Just as with the giant bathtub experiment, the students found that the goo did in fact harden when cars drove over it, allowing drivers to avoid the “THUMP, thump” that so many commuters experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-64356 \">That’s when Saksena got excited. His team had found what could be an easy fix to a common problem, especially in areas with extreme weather. “The more traffic you have and the worse the weather conditions are, like in the Midwest where it swings from very cold to very hot, that's really hard on pavement,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/williambuttlar\">William Buttlar,\u003c/a> an engineer who specializes in pavement and transportation issues at the University of Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">No one likes potholes, and cities often have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/ParksRecreationandProperties/Street%20Operations/Street%20Operations%20Potholes\">backlog of repairs\u003c/a>. “It’s frustrating,” said Saksena. “You’re on your way to work and suddenly you hit a pothole and the coffee spills all over your pants.” Even worse, he added, is the $400 to $500 bill from the auto shop after an encounter with a particularly nasty pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Saksena and the other co-founders, all still students, have secured grant funding to pursue their invention as a business venture. They’re in the R&D phase now. They have moved on from their initial cornstarch-and-water cocktail and are exploring other possibilities, including silica-based synthetic fluids. They’re hesitant to reveal too much, since they’re in the midst of applying for intellectual property rights. Saksena said the mixture and the bag that holds it are both non-petroleum based and nontoxic. “If the bag were to rip -- and it’s designed not to rip -- whatever fluid that would come out wouldn’t have a negative impact if it were to seep into groundwater,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u003ciframe style=\"width: 512px;height: 288px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=quest&episode=hole_patch\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their product, called \u003ca href=\"http://holepatchllc.net/\">Hole Patch\u003c/a>, would be an alternative way to temporarily patch potholes during the winter months. The Hole Patch founders don’t see their product as a permanent fix -- nothing beats a full repaving of a worn-out street. But permanent pothole fixes can’t be performed in cold and wet weather, so the creators see Hole Patch as a better stop-gap measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traditional way to temporarily fix a pothole in winter is called a “cold patch,” a mix of gravel and asphalt. It contains many known toxic and cancer-causing compounds that can migrate into waterways when the asphalt breaks down, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/hazardssafety/toxic/asphalt.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the National Park Service. The traditional method also requires a half-hour’s worth of labor from a work crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hole Patch, by contrast, could be tossed into potholes by just about anyone. Saksena envisions city police and other officials carrying the bags around in their trunks and popping some in when they hit a bump. He said the bag comes in one standard size and can be stacked to fill the dimensions of any pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64355 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The students' creation hardens when struck, allowing for easier passage over eroding roads.\" width=\"315\" height=\"176\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Traditional pothole fills aren't sustainable and can be costly.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The vision for Hole Patch is to help cities repair potholes more efficiently and affordably while using more sustainable materials. “It may not save lives, but it can definitely make someone’s day better,” said Saksena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The product will soon move out of the lab and onto streets across the Midwest and Northeast. A multi-city pilot project is in the works for 2014. Bill Driscoll, a county engineer in Ohio, considers this road testing to be a crucial next step. “What happens when the plows start hitting it?” he asked. The product must hold up in the snow, salt, rain, and true commuter traffic for it to be embraced. “I think most people are going to want to see it in the field and in the ground before they start buying it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Driscoll and others in the field are also quite impressed by the students’ out-of-the-box thinking, and some say it has a real chance of success. “If someone comes up with something that builds a better mousetrap, everyone’s all for that,” said Driscoll, “so let’s see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/hweinberger/\">Hannah Weinberger\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Damon Vander Lind is a kite designer for Makani Power, a wind power generation company owned by Google. Vander Lind loved working in his dad’s shop as a kid, tinkering with boats and model gliders, which fueled his passion for design and engineering. After receiving an engineering degree from MIT, he thought he wanted to get a doctorate, but during his post-college internship at Makani he fell in love with the work and decided to stay. He now leads a team that is building high-altitude kites that can generate more power than conventional wind turbines. He says that while not all start-up projects succeed, it only takes one successful project to make a huge difference. He finds it extremely exciting to be a part of that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How might the work of a kite designer relate to the renewable energy industry?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think a kite designer uses? What skills might be important in this job?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are Vander Lind's kites designed to do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do his kites differ from conventional wind turbines? What issues with conventional wind turbines are Vander Lind’s team trying to solve with the kites?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why does Vander Lind think renewable energy is important?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the things he does as part of his job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was his career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What advice does Vander Lind have for people interested in a career as an engineer or a designer?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What skills do you think Vander Lind uses as a kite designer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of data do you think he collects and analyzes to help improve the kite design?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a>, and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/wind_careers.html\" target=\"_blank\">Explore Careers in Wind Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Investigate the kinds of jobs available in the wind energy industry, classes and training available, and get information on the industry outlook.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/airborne-wind-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">Airborne Wind Energy\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Explore the potential of wind energy with new airborne wind turbines designed to harness the stronger and more consistent winds found at higher altitudes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pbslearningmedia.org/resource/3fc045eb-ad9b-49b9-b584-ed3337f6e463/3fc045eb-ad9b-49b9-b584-ed3337f6e463/\" target=\"_blank\">Wind Energy Fuels Jobs for Oklahoma Youth\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>PBS NewsHour\u003c/strong> video -- \u003cstrong>NewsHour\u003c/strong>’s Judy Woodruff investigates how wind energy is generating new job opportunities for youth in Oklahoma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ate10.sci.engin.systems.windtech/wind-energy-technology/\" target=\"_blank\">Wind Energy Technology\u003c/a>, ATETV video -- Hear from students in the wind energy technology program at a community college about their interest in the industry and activities included in their coursework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_wind_turbines.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Wind Turbines\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn how wind turbines capture the wind’s energy and generate electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Damon Vander Lind is a kite designer for Makani Power, a wind power generation company owned by Google. Vander Lind loved working in his dad’s shop as a kid, tinkering with boats and model gliders, which fueled his passion for design and engineering. After receiving an engineering degree from MIT, he thought he wanted to get a doctorate, but during his post-college internship at Makani he fell in love with the work and decided to stay. He now leads a team that is building high-altitude kites that can generate more power than conventional wind turbines. He says that while not all start-up projects succeed, it only takes one successful project to make a huge difference. He finds it extremely exciting to be a part of that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How might the work of a kite designer relate to the renewable energy industry?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think a kite designer uses? What skills might be important in this job?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are Vander Lind's kites designed to do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do his kites differ from conventional wind turbines? 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Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. 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"content": "\u003cp>Leila Madrone is a mechatronics engineer -- a combination of electrical and mechanical engineering -- who works at Otherlab, a San Francisco start-up company. She leads an engineering team that is trying to improve large solar power fields. By changing the size and materials of heliostats, structures that include large mirrors to reflect sunlight, she can make high-concentration solar systems more energy efficient and less costly. Madrone has a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in electrical engineering from MIT. Before she joined Otherlab she was part of the Intelligent Robotics Group at NASA, where she created a device for taking high-resolution panoramic images. She chose to become an engineer because she wanted to help create a better world. She says that if you’re curious and have a desire to improve the world around you, you may enjoy a career as an engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you think a mechatronics engineer does?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some projects she might work on or items she might develop?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think she uses?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does Leila Madrone do as a mechatronics engineer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are heliostats?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are Madrone and her team working on new designs for heliostats? What problems are they trying to solve?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was her career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What education is needed to be a mechatronics engineer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the benefits of the job or career? What does Madrone like most about her job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who does she work with?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What skills does she need to have for her job?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Madrone builds models of the heliostats. What aspects of the models do you think she analyzes and tests in order to improve their design?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! 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Learn about career paths, job requirements and responsibilities, salary ranges and more.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_csp.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Concentrating Solar Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn about the basics of concentrating solar power and how it is used to produce electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\" target=\"_blank\">Big Solar Comes of Age\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Hear about the largest solar thermal plant in the world as it opens, following a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leila Madrone is a mechatronics engineer -- a combination of electrical and mechanical engineering -- who works at Otherlab, a San Francisco start-up company. She leads an engineering team that is trying to improve large solar power fields. By changing the size and materials of heliostats, structures that include large mirrors to reflect sunlight, she can make high-concentration solar systems more energy efficient and less costly. Madrone has a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in electrical engineering from MIT. Before she joined Otherlab she was part of the Intelligent Robotics Group at NASA, where she created a device for taking high-resolution panoramic images. She chose to become an engineer because she wanted to help create a better world. She says that if you’re curious and have a desire to improve the world around you, you may enjoy a career as an engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you think a mechatronics engineer does?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some projects she might work on or items she might develop?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think she uses?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does Leila Madrone do as a mechatronics engineer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are heliostats?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are Madrone and her team working on new designs for heliostats? What problems are they trying to solve?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was her career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What education is needed to be a mechatronics engineer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the benefits of the job or career? What does Madrone like most about her job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who does she work with?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What skills does she need to have for her job?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Madrone builds models of the heliostats. What aspects of the models do you think she analyzes and tests in order to improve their design?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! 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Learn about career paths, job requirements and responsibilities, salary ranges and more.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_csp.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Concentrating Solar Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn about the basics of concentrating solar power and how it is used to produce electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\" target=\"_blank\">Big Solar Comes of Age\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Hear about the largest solar thermal plant in the world as it opens, following a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. The Ivanpah solar plant, in California’s Mojave Desert, is one of seven big solar farms scheduled to open in California in the coming months, as a result of the state’s push to produce one-third of its electricity from renewable energy.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-heliostats.htm\" target=\"_blank\">What Are Heliostats?\u003c/a>, WiseGEEK website -- In this post from WiseGEEK, find out more about heliostats, the mechanisms that Leila Madrone and her team are working to redesign.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-63542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a moment to think about your dream house. What is it made of? Where is it? What kind of stuff do you have inside to make you feel comfortable, safe, and happy? It’s OK to be picky. It’s your dream house, after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if you are fantasizing about a small wooden box in a garden that features a single room full of soft insulating materials that smell like mouse urine, there is something you should know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be a bumblebee queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that turns out to be the case, it would be wise for you to befriend Dr. Doug Golick at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. As an assistant professor of entomology, Golick leads a research project called Bumble Boosters, which is equally intent on learning more about bumblebees, promoting the biological and pollination benefits they provide, and finding new ways to get the public involved, from funding to fieldwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 227px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick-227x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Doug Golick\" width=\"227\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick poses for a portrait with one of his bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To me, this is a complex issue,” Golick said. “We all know pollinators are great, but what are the other issues around their management? What are the issues around agriculture related to them? What are the issues related to conservation? How do we convince people to make behavior changes in their yard, where people spray everything to kill all the weeds and get rid of every bug they see? That’s what we’re interested in, because the pollinators really do need our help right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bumble Booster research includes understanding what bumblebee queens look for in a home, with the hope that a greater number of attractive domiciles will create less competition among queens for a place to establish their colonies. Queens frequently colonize abandoned, underground rodent dens, but according to Golick, dead queens are often found in the corners of these dens, having lost the battle for the real estate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, a greater number of acceptable domiciles would eliminate these battles and provide a population boost, but so far no human-designed bumblebee home has proven to be up to snuff compared to a good, old-fashioned rat hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of designs out there that are published,” said Golick, but “very few are having any sort of success.” Golick explained that a box with just 10 percent of the domiciles colonized is currently recognized as “good” success, but most of the existing design prototypes have barely any colonization occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to build a box with a higher success rate than that,” he said. “I think if they were a more directly noticeable economic insect, we’d probably have all this stuff figured out by now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63620\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63620 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bumblebee checks out a pink cosmos in southeast Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to him, what a doe-eyed, fuzzy, striped, and generally docile bumblebee lacks in economic value may be made up for by its ability to get the ordinary citizen interested in science and habitat conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Golick agreed that bumblebees could take on the same role as pandas, elephants, wolves, and other “charismatic megafauna” used to spur public interest in conserving habitats that also support less charming but equally at-risk or endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63618 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"306\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise Lynch, a PhD student at UNL, studies the behavioral and educational outcomes of citizen science projects. Here she is seen constructing a Bumble Booster bumblebee box, which will be completed and distributed before spring 2014.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, he launched a Bumble Boosters Kickstarter campaign in May 2013, and through its success, crowdsourced the funding to construct 200 bumblebee boxes on the UNL campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime prior to spring 2014, contributors who donated $100 or more will receive their very own box to set up in a place where a family of bumblebees would be welcome, such as a flower garden. Time will then tell whether or not the box design is successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as the team would like to discover the formula for making a bumblebee dream house, an equally important goal is to learn how these citizen scientists engage in the scientific process and what individuals do in their communities to get friends and neighbors involved in scientific pursuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“Insects are a vehicle to teach science,” Golick said. “So, for things like pollinators that are really a hot topic right now, I think we can take advantage of that to help the public become aware of the benefits of insects and the benefits of making critical decisions about complex issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62467 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bumblebee Box \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick carries one of the Bumble Boosters bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-63542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a moment to think about your dream house. What is it made of? Where is it? What kind of stuff do you have inside to make you feel comfortable, safe, and happy? It’s OK to be picky. It’s your dream house, after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if you are fantasizing about a small wooden box in a garden that features a single room full of soft insulating materials that smell like mouse urine, there is something you should know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be a bumblebee queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that turns out to be the case, it would be wise for you to befriend Dr. Doug Golick at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. As an assistant professor of entomology, Golick leads a research project called Bumble Boosters, which is equally intent on learning more about bumblebees, promoting the biological and pollination benefits they provide, and finding new ways to get the public involved, from funding to fieldwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 227px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick-227x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Doug Golick\" width=\"227\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick poses for a portrait with one of his bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To me, this is a complex issue,” Golick said. “We all know pollinators are great, but what are the other issues around their management? What are the issues around agriculture related to them? What are the issues related to conservation? How do we convince people to make behavior changes in their yard, where people spray everything to kill all the weeds and get rid of every bug they see? That’s what we’re interested in, because the pollinators really do need our help right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bumble Booster research includes understanding what bumblebee queens look for in a home, with the hope that a greater number of attractive domiciles will create less competition among queens for a place to establish their colonies. Queens frequently colonize abandoned, underground rodent dens, but according to Golick, dead queens are often found in the corners of these dens, having lost the battle for the real estate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, a greater number of acceptable domiciles would eliminate these battles and provide a population boost, but so far no human-designed bumblebee home has proven to be up to snuff compared to a good, old-fashioned rat hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of designs out there that are published,” said Golick, but “very few are having any sort of success.” Golick explained that a box with just 10 percent of the domiciles colonized is currently recognized as “good” success, but most of the existing design prototypes have barely any colonization occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to build a box with a higher success rate than that,” he said. “I think if they were a more directly noticeable economic insect, we’d probably have all this stuff figured out by now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63620\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63620 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bumblebee checks out a pink cosmos in southeast Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to him, what a doe-eyed, fuzzy, striped, and generally docile bumblebee lacks in economic value may be made up for by its ability to get the ordinary citizen interested in science and habitat conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Golick agreed that bumblebees could take on the same role as pandas, elephants, wolves, and other “charismatic megafauna” used to spur public interest in conserving habitats that also support less charming but equally at-risk or endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63618 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"306\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise Lynch, a PhD student at UNL, studies the behavioral and educational outcomes of citizen science projects. Here she is seen constructing a Bumble Booster bumblebee box, which will be completed and distributed before spring 2014.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, he launched a Bumble Boosters Kickstarter campaign in May 2013, and through its success, crowdsourced the funding to construct 200 bumblebee boxes on the UNL campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime prior to spring 2014, contributors who donated $100 or more will receive their very own box to set up in a place where a family of bumblebees would be welcome, such as a flower garden. Time will then tell whether or not the box design is successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as the team would like to discover the formula for making a bumblebee dream house, an equally important goal is to learn how these citizen scientists engage in the scientific process and what individuals do in their communities to get friends and neighbors involved in scientific pursuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“Insects are a vehicle to teach science,” Golick said. “So, for things like pollinators that are really a hot topic right now, I think we can take advantage of that to help the public become aware of the benefits of insects and the benefits of making critical decisions about complex issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62467 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bumblebee Box \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick carries one of the Bumble Boosters bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design",
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"headTitle": "Future Home: Designing for Efficiency | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Imagine an energy efficient house that's a blueprint for the future, but exists today. That’s exactly what 60 architectural and engineering students from the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) designed and built. Their \u003ca title=\"Chameleon House\" href=\"http://solarhouse.mst.edu/houses/2013.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Chameleon House\u003c/a> is a 1,000-square-foot home powered entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House is the Missouri S&T entry in the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, a worldwide competition that challenges university students to build state-of-the-art solar-powered homes. The contest is intended to encourage the development of home designs and technologies that are energy efficient, economical, and attractive. This year, 19 university teams are competing to make use of energy-saving technologies that are readily available in the marketplace, although these technologies are integrated in a variety of innovative combinations in each solar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Missouri S&T students spent nearly two years designing the Chameleon House. They chose the name because their home adapts to changing features with a modern, adjustable, open-space interior and a “live” web-based automation system that updates the home’s heating and cooling settings with the changing weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most conventional homes get their power from the burning of fossil fuels, solar homes like the Chameleon House use clean, renewable energy from the sun, which reduces the cost to the environment and energy bills for residents. Thanks to a unique solar array and a thoughtful design plan that packs energy savings into every square inch, the Chameleon House is able to generate enough energy to operate the home off the public utility grid with power to spare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST went behind the scenes to show how Missouri S&T students infused the Chameleon House with the energy-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Frame: Support from SIPs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63238\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63238\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63238 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n\" width=\"236\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Missouri S&T students prepare a SIP (Structural Insulated Panel) at the Chameleon House construction site. Photo courtesy Missouri S&T.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional homes are constructed from dimensional lumber or “studs,” padded with pre-cut panels of fiberglass, rock wool, or cellulose insulation. But the frame of the Chameleon Home is different. It's built with high-tech prefabricated walls called \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>tructural \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>nsulated \u003cstrong>p\u003c/strong>anels (SIPs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each SIP looks a bit like a marshmallow sandwich, according to Aaron Enz, the director of construction for the Chameleon House. A SIP is made from two pieces of oriented strand board (OSB), engineered sheets of wood made from glued layers of wood chips, separated by a dense layer of polystyrene foam in the middle. “[T]he reason that these are so good at thermally insulating the house is because there’s no wooden beams that go from this piece of plywood to the other,” said Enz. And even though the foam panels look delicate, their structure is strong, like a steel I-beam. Enz added, “They may not look like it, but they’re designed to be sturdy [enough] to withstand earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory confirms that SIPs are nearly airtight insulators that are 15 times better at stopping air leakage than conventional home frame construction. The study also found SIPs to be 40 to 50 percent more energy efficient than conventional stud walls, and so can keep a house warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Solar Array\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power the Chameleon House, the Missouri S&T team covered and wired the roof with 21 unique solar panel modules called \u003cstrong>r\u003c/strong>edundant \u003cstrong>a\u003c/strong>rray \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>ntegrated \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>olar (RAIS) modules. Traditional solar modules have individual crystalline silicon cells wired together in series, like a single strand of Christmas tree lights. When one cell stops working or underperforms, the whole module is affected and may fail. But RAIS cells and modules are wired in parallel, with multiple contacts between the circuit’s beginning and end. That means if one module fails or underperforms, the rest of the modules continues to operate and generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63233\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/solar-panel-installation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63233\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63233 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Solar-Panel-installation-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Panel installation\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-one solar panels with reflectors cover the roof of the Chameleon House. The home generates 10.5 kilowatts -- enough to power the house year-round.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity. Each panel contains multiple silicon solar cells topped with metal-wire conductor strips. When the sun’s rays hit the silicon cells, they excite the silicon electrons and cause them to generate a direct electrical current (DC) like a mini generator. Inverter devices within the array convert the DC into alternating current (AC) to power appliances, lights, and other home devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House solar array has an additional feature not found in standard solar panels. Each RAIS module looks like a small A-frame and is backed by a reflector that increases its solar collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Wright, who leads the Chameleon House electrical team, explained, “The solar array consists of 21 panels that total 8.6 kilowatts. Then on the front of the house, we’ll have an overhang with a bifacial panel (panels that collect light from the top and bottom), and it’ll generate 1.9 kilowatts. So, we’ll have a total of 10.5 kilowatts on the house. Basically, the house will be net zero, and that means it will produce as much electricity as it uses over a year’s period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule, solar panels produce electricity during the five sunniest hours of the day. So, the Chameleon House will produce 52.5 kilowatt hours per day or 1,500 kilowatt hours per month. According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, conventional American homes use an average of 940 to 1,348 kilowatt hours per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project manager Emily Vandivert is proud of the Chameleon House’s free energy output. “You’re gaining free energy from the sun, other than the cost of the actual panels. It makes sense to use the sun’s power because we are able to harvest that power and transport it into actual energy,” she stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heating and Cooling: A \"Live\" Automation System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/cu_home-automation_tablet-control/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63232\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63232 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CU_Home-Automation_tablet-control-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"CU_Home Automation_tablet control\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chameleon House features a home automation system with tablet controls.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House boasts a unique smart home feature: an automation system that optimizes the home’s total energy efficiency. The system combines a smart thermostat with a Web-based interface that monitors changing weather conditions in real time and tracks interior climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The automation system operates from a built-in computer in the home's mechanical room, and it can be monitored or updated with a Web-based tablet or smart phone. As the computer monitors “live\" updates of changing weather conditions via the Web, the automation system makes small changes to the heating and cooling systems within the house. These small automated changes reduce the home's power consumption, saving heating and cooling costs compared to manual changes made to suit a person’s comfort level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the Chameleon House took final shape - after five months of construction - a day of reckoning arrived. The Chameleon House had to be taken apart in three sections and shipped by truck to Irvine, CA in order to compete in the Solar Decathlon. After a five-day trek across the country, the Missouri S&T students had just nine days to reassemble the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House premiered to the public at the Solar Decathlon in Irvine, California, in October. The international competition included nearly 4,000 university students from the U.S., Canada, Austria and the Czech Republic. More than 64,000 people visited the 19 solar homes. For more information about the Chameleon House and to learn about the other Solar Decathlon homes, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.solardecathlon.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine an energy efficient house that's a blueprint for the future, but exists today. That’s exactly what 60 architectural and engineering students from the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) designed and built. Their \u003ca title=\"Chameleon House\" href=\"http://solarhouse.mst.edu/houses/2013.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Chameleon House\u003c/a> is a 1,000-square-foot home powered entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House is the Missouri S&T entry in the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, a worldwide competition that challenges university students to build state-of-the-art solar-powered homes. The contest is intended to encourage the development of home designs and technologies that are energy efficient, economical, and attractive. This year, 19 university teams are competing to make use of energy-saving technologies that are readily available in the marketplace, although these technologies are integrated in a variety of innovative combinations in each solar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Missouri S&T students spent nearly two years designing the Chameleon House. They chose the name because their home adapts to changing features with a modern, adjustable, open-space interior and a “live” web-based automation system that updates the home’s heating and cooling settings with the changing weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most conventional homes get their power from the burning of fossil fuels, solar homes like the Chameleon House use clean, renewable energy from the sun, which reduces the cost to the environment and energy bills for residents. Thanks to a unique solar array and a thoughtful design plan that packs energy savings into every square inch, the Chameleon House is able to generate enough energy to operate the home off the public utility grid with power to spare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST went behind the scenes to show how Missouri S&T students infused the Chameleon House with the energy-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Frame: Support from SIPs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63238\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63238\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63238 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n\" width=\"236\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Missouri S&T students prepare a SIP (Structural Insulated Panel) at the Chameleon House construction site. Photo courtesy Missouri S&T.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional homes are constructed from dimensional lumber or “studs,” padded with pre-cut panels of fiberglass, rock wool, or cellulose insulation. But the frame of the Chameleon Home is different. It's built with high-tech prefabricated walls called \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>tructural \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>nsulated \u003cstrong>p\u003c/strong>anels (SIPs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each SIP looks a bit like a marshmallow sandwich, according to Aaron Enz, the director of construction for the Chameleon House. A SIP is made from two pieces of oriented strand board (OSB), engineered sheets of wood made from glued layers of wood chips, separated by a dense layer of polystyrene foam in the middle. “[T]he reason that these are so good at thermally insulating the house is because there’s no wooden beams that go from this piece of plywood to the other,” said Enz. And even though the foam panels look delicate, their structure is strong, like a steel I-beam. Enz added, “They may not look like it, but they’re designed to be sturdy [enough] to withstand earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory confirms that SIPs are nearly airtight insulators that are 15 times better at stopping air leakage than conventional home frame construction. The study also found SIPs to be 40 to 50 percent more energy efficient than conventional stud walls, and so can keep a house warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Solar Array\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power the Chameleon House, the Missouri S&T team covered and wired the roof with 21 unique solar panel modules called \u003cstrong>r\u003c/strong>edundant \u003cstrong>a\u003c/strong>rray \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>ntegrated \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>olar (RAIS) modules. Traditional solar modules have individual crystalline silicon cells wired together in series, like a single strand of Christmas tree lights. When one cell stops working or underperforms, the whole module is affected and may fail. But RAIS cells and modules are wired in parallel, with multiple contacts between the circuit’s beginning and end. That means if one module fails or underperforms, the rest of the modules continues to operate and generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63233\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/solar-panel-installation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63233\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63233 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Solar-Panel-installation-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Panel installation\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-one solar panels with reflectors cover the roof of the Chameleon House. The home generates 10.5 kilowatts -- enough to power the house year-round.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity. Each panel contains multiple silicon solar cells topped with metal-wire conductor strips. When the sun’s rays hit the silicon cells, they excite the silicon electrons and cause them to generate a direct electrical current (DC) like a mini generator. Inverter devices within the array convert the DC into alternating current (AC) to power appliances, lights, and other home devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House solar array has an additional feature not found in standard solar panels. Each RAIS module looks like a small A-frame and is backed by a reflector that increases its solar collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Wright, who leads the Chameleon House electrical team, explained, “The solar array consists of 21 panels that total 8.6 kilowatts. Then on the front of the house, we’ll have an overhang with a bifacial panel (panels that collect light from the top and bottom), and it’ll generate 1.9 kilowatts. So, we’ll have a total of 10.5 kilowatts on the house. Basically, the house will be net zero, and that means it will produce as much electricity as it uses over a year’s period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule, solar panels produce electricity during the five sunniest hours of the day. So, the Chameleon House will produce 52.5 kilowatt hours per day or 1,500 kilowatt hours per month. According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, conventional American homes use an average of 940 to 1,348 kilowatt hours per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project manager Emily Vandivert is proud of the Chameleon House’s free energy output. “You’re gaining free energy from the sun, other than the cost of the actual panels. It makes sense to use the sun’s power because we are able to harvest that power and transport it into actual energy,” she stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heating and Cooling: A \"Live\" Automation System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/cu_home-automation_tablet-control/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63232\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63232 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CU_Home-Automation_tablet-control-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"CU_Home Automation_tablet control\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chameleon House features a home automation system with tablet controls.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House boasts a unique smart home feature: an automation system that optimizes the home’s total energy efficiency. The system combines a smart thermostat with a Web-based interface that monitors changing weather conditions in real time and tracks interior climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The automation system operates from a built-in computer in the home's mechanical room, and it can be monitored or updated with a Web-based tablet or smart phone. As the computer monitors “live\" updates of changing weather conditions via the Web, the automation system makes small changes to the heating and cooling systems within the house. These small automated changes reduce the home's power consumption, saving heating and cooling costs compared to manual changes made to suit a person’s comfort level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the Chameleon House took final shape - after five months of construction - a day of reckoning arrived. The Chameleon House had to be taken apart in three sections and shipped by truck to Irvine, CA in order to compete in the Solar Decathlon. After a five-day trek across the country, the Missouri S&T students had just nine days to reassemble the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House premiered to the public at the Solar Decathlon in Irvine, California, in October. The international competition included nearly 4,000 university students from the U.S., Canada, Austria and the Czech Republic. More than 64,000 people visited the 19 solar homes. For more information about the Chameleon House and to learn about the other Solar Decathlon homes, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.solardecathlon.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">As World’s Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "After the Frack",
"title": "After the Frack",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ",
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"description": "Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Improving Golf’s Environmental Scorecard",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf is a game of opposites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit the ball farther, relax. To send the ball higher, hit down on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of antithetical actions can work when it comes to golf course stewardship, too: to improve a course, superintendents should consider managing less, not more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_9660\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retention ponds are used to irrigate the golf course at NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf represents an easy target for environmentalists who call attention to the vast amounts of water, fertilizer, and chemicals used to maintain manicured courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, that’s the perception,” says David Hueber, onetime CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngf.org/\">National Golf Foundation\u003c/a>, who says his doctorate from Clemson University might be “the first Ph.D. in sustainable golf development and management.” According to Hueber, \"When it comes to an issue of sustainability, it kind of fits that perception that [golf courses] are not going to be good stewards. They use too much water, fertilizer, chemicals. It makes golf the pariah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that golf-course managers have long sought to reduce irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticide use, if only for economic reasons. Modern superintendents are often among the first to say that sustainable course management could be a win/win for the environment \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the club’s bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, take North Carolina’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinehurst.com/\">Pinehurst Resort\u003c/a>, which will be the home of the U.S. Open in 2014. Over the past three years the resort’s famed Pinehurst \u003ca href=\"http://www.golfclubatlas.com/courses-by-country/usa/pinehurst-no-2-2/\">No. 2 course has been restored\u003c/a> to what golfers call its “midcentury glory,” and what environmentalists call sustainable land management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/perspectives/pinehurst-no-2-goes-native/\">restoring Pinehurst No. 2\u003c/a>, the club made environmentally sound decisions based on economic principles. Cutting the irrigated acreage back from 90 to 50 acres saved mowing, irrigation, pesticide, and maintenance costs. Restoring maintained turf back to natural areas -- “no mow zones” as they are sometimes called -- provided habitat for species like the red-cockaded woodpecker. “We were the first private landowner to sign up for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program,” says Bob Farren, director of golf course and grounds management for the Pinehurst Resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60879\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60879 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU-485x360.jpg\" alt=\"The water coming off NC State University's golf course is cleaner than the water that runs onto it. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"340\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist with NC State University, says native species like the longleaf pine thrive at Lonnie Poole.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist and director of sustainability development at North Carolina State University, was initially suspicious of claims of environmentally sustainable courses. “I was that person looking in at golf courses saying they are so unsustainable, it is a joke to consider a golf course sustainable,” said Seth Carley. But she changed her tune after working with the designers of the university’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lonniepoolegolfcourse.com/\">Lonnie Poole golf course\u003c/a>. The university course uses reclaimed water for fairway irrigation and water from rainwater retention ponds for green irrigation, eliminating the need to use potable water. The course also boasts 50-foot buffers along all waterways, enabling Lonnie Poole to do something golf courses have long done but people do not necessarily appreciate: filter runoff water. “The water coming off the course is cleaner than the water running onto the course,” Seth Carley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some courses offer more than just cleaner water. NCSU’s Lonnie Poole is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/media-releases/poole-golf-course-receives-audubon-international-certification/\">certified Audubon International Signature Golf Course Sanctuary\u003c/a>, and Seth Carley said she’s seen the wildlife to prove it -- foxes, herons, raccoons, and beaver. “The deer don’t care whether the fairways are manicured,” she says. “They go out and forage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60882\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-60882\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The "rough" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\" width=\"344\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"rough\" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although a golf course is still a far cry from being the untouched wild area that it once was, bear in mind that many golf courses are built on abandoned agricultural land. “I tell people we’ve increased biodiversity,” said Seth Carley. “We have broomsedge and bluestem, warm season native grasses. The concept of the area is sort of old field progression.” Ironically, Seth Carley was criticized for reintroducing longleaf pine, the area’s original inhabitant, because post-agricultural North Carolina no longer supports that ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Course superintendents and environmentalists may come at the issue from different angles, but they all seem to advocate the same thing: more natural areas, more responsible use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides, and greater community access. “I say ‘wildlife habitat,’” said Seth Carley, “they don’t say that. They’re just thinking ‘I don’t want to mow, I don’t want to feed, I don’t want to manage that much grass.’”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf is a game of opposites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit the ball farther, relax. To send the ball higher, hit down on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of antithetical actions can work when it comes to golf course stewardship, too: to improve a course, superintendents should consider managing less, not more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_9660\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retention ponds are used to irrigate the golf course at NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf represents an easy target for environmentalists who call attention to the vast amounts of water, fertilizer, and chemicals used to maintain manicured courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, that’s the perception,” says David Hueber, onetime CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngf.org/\">National Golf Foundation\u003c/a>, who says his doctorate from Clemson University might be “the first Ph.D. in sustainable golf development and management.” According to Hueber, \"When it comes to an issue of sustainability, it kind of fits that perception that [golf courses] are not going to be good stewards. They use too much water, fertilizer, chemicals. It makes golf the pariah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that golf-course managers have long sought to reduce irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticide use, if only for economic reasons. Modern superintendents are often among the first to say that sustainable course management could be a win/win for the environment \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the club’s bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, take North Carolina’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinehurst.com/\">Pinehurst Resort\u003c/a>, which will be the home of the U.S. Open in 2014. Over the past three years the resort’s famed Pinehurst \u003ca href=\"http://www.golfclubatlas.com/courses-by-country/usa/pinehurst-no-2-2/\">No. 2 course has been restored\u003c/a> to what golfers call its “midcentury glory,” and what environmentalists call sustainable land management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/perspectives/pinehurst-no-2-goes-native/\">restoring Pinehurst No. 2\u003c/a>, the club made environmentally sound decisions based on economic principles. Cutting the irrigated acreage back from 90 to 50 acres saved mowing, irrigation, pesticide, and maintenance costs. Restoring maintained turf back to natural areas -- “no mow zones” as they are sometimes called -- provided habitat for species like the red-cockaded woodpecker. “We were the first private landowner to sign up for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program,” says Bob Farren, director of golf course and grounds management for the Pinehurst Resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60879\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60879 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU-485x360.jpg\" alt=\"The water coming off NC State University's golf course is cleaner than the water that runs onto it. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"340\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist with NC State University, says native species like the longleaf pine thrive at Lonnie Poole.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist and director of sustainability development at North Carolina State University, was initially suspicious of claims of environmentally sustainable courses. “I was that person looking in at golf courses saying they are so unsustainable, it is a joke to consider a golf course sustainable,” said Seth Carley. But she changed her tune after working with the designers of the university’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lonniepoolegolfcourse.com/\">Lonnie Poole golf course\u003c/a>. The university course uses reclaimed water for fairway irrigation and water from rainwater retention ponds for green irrigation, eliminating the need to use potable water. The course also boasts 50-foot buffers along all waterways, enabling Lonnie Poole to do something golf courses have long done but people do not necessarily appreciate: filter runoff water. “The water coming off the course is cleaner than the water running onto the course,” Seth Carley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some courses offer more than just cleaner water. NCSU’s Lonnie Poole is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/media-releases/poole-golf-course-receives-audubon-international-certification/\">certified Audubon International Signature Golf Course Sanctuary\u003c/a>, and Seth Carley said she’s seen the wildlife to prove it -- foxes, herons, raccoons, and beaver. “The deer don’t care whether the fairways are manicured,” she says. “They go out and forage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60882\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-60882\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The "rough" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\" width=\"344\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"rough\" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although a golf course is still a far cry from being the untouched wild area that it once was, bear in mind that many golf courses are built on abandoned agricultural land. “I tell people we’ve increased biodiversity,” said Seth Carley. “We have broomsedge and bluestem, warm season native grasses. The concept of the area is sort of old field progression.” Ironically, Seth Carley was criticized for reintroducing longleaf pine, the area’s original inhabitant, because post-agricultural North Carolina no longer supports that ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Course superintendents and environmentalists may come at the issue from different angles, but they all seem to advocate the same thing: more natural areas, more responsible use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides, and greater community access. “I say ‘wildlife habitat,’” said Seth Carley, “they don’t say that. They’re just thinking ‘I don’t want to mow, I don’t want to feed, I don’t want to manage that much grass.’”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Honk if you know the person who brewed your car's fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pose that question in Pittsboro, North Carolina, and you’re likely to hear a symphony of Volkswagens and Mercedes proudly tooting their local laborers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsboro, “Drive Local” has become the new “Eat Local.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61806\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/willie_lyle_leif_rachel1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/willie_lyle_leif_rachel1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Piedmont Biofuels co-founders with Willie Nelson. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Willie Nelson poses with Piedmont Biofuels co-founders while filling his tour bus with biodiesel. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all started about a decade ago when Lyle Estill, Rachel Burton and Leif Forer began making biodiesel in Lyle’s backyard. Their goal was simple: make enough fuel so they no longer had to fill up at gas stations. Their DIY spirit -- coupled with a genuine desire to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels -- inspired the threesome to launch Piedmont Biofuels, a small-scale biodiesel manufacturing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in bucolic North Carolina, about 30 minutes outside of Raleigh, the company offered a novel product: clean, local, and sustainable fuel for Pittsboro’s diesel-powered vehicles. Ten years (and a few exploded reactors) later, Piedmont Biofuels manufactures a million gallons of B-100, or 100 percent biodiesel, annually for its more than 300 members.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can It Work for You?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRight now you may be wondering what biodiesel is and if you can use it in your new Jetta TDI. Forer explained, “Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel made from vegetable oil instead of crude petroleum oil. Biodiesel can be used wherever conventional petroleum diesel is used.” Estill, who hasn’t been to a gas station since 2002, says any diesel engine can run on biodiesel without any modification. “You simply fill up and go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/yellow_grease.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/yellow_grease-280x253.jpg\" alt=\"yellow_grease\" width=\"280\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Used vegetable oil is turned into 100% Biodiesel through a process called transesterification. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Green Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPiedmont’s biodiesel is made with a chemical process called \u003cstrong>transesterification\u003c/strong>. The process begins when feedstocks -- anything from soybeans to turkey fat to used vegetable oil -- are mixed with methanol in the presence of a catalyst, such as potassium hydroxide. The result is \u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_benefits.html\">clean-burning fuel\u003c/a> made from mostly locally sourced byproducts. No need to extract petroleum from Earth’s crust, no offshore oil tankers, and no refineries in the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main feedstock in Piedmont’s blend comes in the form of used cooking oil from the deep fryers in local restaurants. This “yellow grease,” as it’s called, is in high demand and functions as a relatively clean, stable base for biodiesel. But it’s expensive, and Piedmont is constantly on the lookout for cheaper sustainable feedstocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Grease Traps to Greased Lightning\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Walk around Piedmont’s sprawling farm-meets-lab campus and pretty soon you realize that you’re surrounded by innovators. From seed-saving farmers to enzyme-incubating scientists, everyone is looking to make a big difference using low-impact techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/RB_LE_earlybrew1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61800 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/RB_LE_earlybrew1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"RB_LE_earlybrew\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Burton and Estill working on an early batch of home-brewed biodiesel in Estill's backyard. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One thing that has the whole place jumping is the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.biofuels.coop/enzymatic-biodiesel\">enzymatic reactor\u003c/a>. Burton, who helped design the one-of-a-kind reactor, says the new technology will enable biodiesel manufacturers to utilize a wider range of feedstocks, such as brown grease (think sludgy grease traps). Under the current workflow, brown grease is too contaminated to turn into biodiesel. Manufactures pay a premium for high-quality yellow grease, and the cost is reflected in their fuel’s price (Piedmont’s fuel usually sells around 10 cents above the petroleum average). The price point is why the enzymatic reactor has the potential to be a game changer. By using lower quality (and cheaper) grease, biodiesel manufacturers may soon see costs drop to the point where they can consistently compete with their petroleum counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Estill says, his hope is not necessarily to outsell big oil in small towns throughout North Carolina. The Piedmont Biofuels project is “demonstrative,” proving that communities can power themselves with a few local ingredients, and a lot of ingenuity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 496px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Lyle_grease_21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Lyle_grease_21-496x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lyle_grease_2\" width=\"496\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estill, who's official title is VP of Stuff, collects used vegetable oil from Carolina Brewery in Pittsboro, NC. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Honk if you know the person who brewed your car's fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pose that question in Pittsboro, North Carolina, and you’re likely to hear a symphony of Volkswagens and Mercedes proudly tooting their local laborers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsboro, “Drive Local” has become the new “Eat Local.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61806\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/willie_lyle_leif_rachel1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/willie_lyle_leif_rachel1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Piedmont Biofuels co-founders with Willie Nelson. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Willie Nelson poses with Piedmont Biofuels co-founders while filling his tour bus with biodiesel. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all started about a decade ago when Lyle Estill, Rachel Burton and Leif Forer began making biodiesel in Lyle’s backyard. Their goal was simple: make enough fuel so they no longer had to fill up at gas stations. Their DIY spirit -- coupled with a genuine desire to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels -- inspired the threesome to launch Piedmont Biofuels, a small-scale biodiesel manufacturing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in bucolic North Carolina, about 30 minutes outside of Raleigh, the company offered a novel product: clean, local, and sustainable fuel for Pittsboro’s diesel-powered vehicles. Ten years (and a few exploded reactors) later, Piedmont Biofuels manufactures a million gallons of B-100, or 100 percent biodiesel, annually for its more than 300 members.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can It Work for You?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRight now you may be wondering what biodiesel is and if you can use it in your new Jetta TDI. Forer explained, “Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel made from vegetable oil instead of crude petroleum oil. Biodiesel can be used wherever conventional petroleum diesel is used.” Estill, who hasn’t been to a gas station since 2002, says any diesel engine can run on biodiesel without any modification. “You simply fill up and go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/yellow_grease.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/yellow_grease-280x253.jpg\" alt=\"yellow_grease\" width=\"280\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Used vegetable oil is turned into 100% Biodiesel through a process called transesterification. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Green Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPiedmont’s biodiesel is made with a chemical process called \u003cstrong>transesterification\u003c/strong>. The process begins when feedstocks -- anything from soybeans to turkey fat to used vegetable oil -- are mixed with methanol in the presence of a catalyst, such as potassium hydroxide. The result is \u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_benefits.html\">clean-burning fuel\u003c/a> made from mostly locally sourced byproducts. No need to extract petroleum from Earth’s crust, no offshore oil tankers, and no refineries in the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main feedstock in Piedmont’s blend comes in the form of used cooking oil from the deep fryers in local restaurants. This “yellow grease,” as it’s called, is in high demand and functions as a relatively clean, stable base for biodiesel. But it’s expensive, and Piedmont is constantly on the lookout for cheaper sustainable feedstocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Grease Traps to Greased Lightning\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Walk around Piedmont’s sprawling farm-meets-lab campus and pretty soon you realize that you’re surrounded by innovators. From seed-saving farmers to enzyme-incubating scientists, everyone is looking to make a big difference using low-impact techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/RB_LE_earlybrew1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61800 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/RB_LE_earlybrew1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"RB_LE_earlybrew\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Burton and Estill working on an early batch of home-brewed biodiesel in Estill's backyard. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One thing that has the whole place jumping is the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.biofuels.coop/enzymatic-biodiesel\">enzymatic reactor\u003c/a>. Burton, who helped design the one-of-a-kind reactor, says the new technology will enable biodiesel manufacturers to utilize a wider range of feedstocks, such as brown grease (think sludgy grease traps). Under the current workflow, brown grease is too contaminated to turn into biodiesel. Manufactures pay a premium for high-quality yellow grease, and the cost is reflected in their fuel’s price (Piedmont’s fuel usually sells around 10 cents above the petroleum average). The price point is why the enzymatic reactor has the potential to be a game changer. By using lower quality (and cheaper) grease, biodiesel manufacturers may soon see costs drop to the point where they can consistently compete with their petroleum counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Estill says, his hope is not necessarily to outsell big oil in small towns throughout North Carolina. The Piedmont Biofuels project is “demonstrative,” proving that communities can power themselves with a few local ingredients, and a lot of ingenuity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 496px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Lyle_grease_21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Lyle_grease_21-496x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lyle_grease_2\" width=\"496\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estill, who's official title is VP of Stuff, collects used vegetable oil from Carolina Brewery in Pittsboro, NC. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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