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"bio": "Laura is a marketer by day and nerd by night. She's the Chief Nerd Herder for \u003ca href=\"http://dorkbyte.com\">Dorkbyte\u003c/a>, a blog devoted to art, technology and science. She's been named one of the most engaging women to speak about technology and has been featured on \u003ca href=\"http://laura.khalil.usesthis.com/\">The Setup\u003c/a>. A member of \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Noisebridge\">Noisebridge\u003c/a>, she is working on two robotics challenges, leading a puzzle team that competes in a variety of puzzle challenges throughout the US and monkeys around on ham amateur radio. She loves astronomy, Making and hardware hacking. She was most recently involved in teaching hardware circuitry at Maker Faire.Laura has executed marketing strategies and campaigns for tech startups in the Bay Area. Her work with social media has been inducted into the Viral Marketing Hall of Fame.",
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"disqusTitle": "Aviation Authorities Prepare for Space Tourism",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Dan-Miller-and-son-Cooper-at-zeroG_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Space travel will take off in the U.S. in the near future. Meanwhile, at least one part of the experience – weightlessness – can be achieved on an airplane flight by a company called Zero-G. (Courtesy Dan Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space tourism – once the stuff of sci-fi novels and the Jetsons – is nearly here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several private companies are planning to offer the public rides into space starting in the next two to five years. The accommodations won’t be as lavish as in the movies or on television, but the \u003ca href=\"http://www.faa.gov/\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> has already started to prepare for a future in which airplanes and spaceships will share the air, and private companies will play a bigger role in space transportation of all kinds.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the FAA created a think tank to bring together industry, government and seven universities – among them Stanford – to conduct research and propose regulations for commercial space travel. The \u003ca href=\"http://engr.nmsu.edu/news_items/2010_news/news_10_08_faa.shtml\">Center of Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation\u003c/a> will be located at New Mexico State University, in Las Cruces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of private space travel may sound like fun, but the potential challenges it brings are deadly serious, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them: How can rockets and airplanes safely share the air? What kind of floating junk might spacecraft run into? How fit do private citizens need to be to go into space? And just how good of a business is space tourism?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you start to have launches once a day rather than once a month, and they occur in the middle of the nation rather than at the coasts, this could change how you manage your air traffic,” said Scott Hubbard, a Stanford professor of aeronautics and astronautics and former director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, only 20 to 30 spacecraft are launched in the United States each year, said Stanford professor of aeronautics and astronautics Juan Alonso, who will be conducting research for the FAA along with Hubbard. They leave from launching pads on the coasts – at \u003ca href=\"http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/\">Vandenberg Air Force Base\u003c/a>, in Santa Barbara County, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/\">Kennedy Space Center\u003c/a>, near Orlando, Florida – to minimize the impact of any accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-Launch-Pad-Atlas-402-High-Res-Sept-13-10_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Communication satellites are regularly launched by private companies on rockets like this one at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (Credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so limited, we don’t have to come up with a particular system to not collide or disturb the traffic,” Alonso said. The FAA simply creates a temporary flight restriction along the spacecraft’s path so that airplanes won’t fly into the area during the few minutes it takes for the rocket to lift off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the next 15 years, as the number of space flights grows and more of them depart from specialized space travel airports located inland, in places like New Mexico, managing air traffic control will become a more complex job. And today’s tools could fall dangerously short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air traffic management is based on principles that were developed 50 years ago,” said Stanford’s Alonso. “Air traffic controllers get a plan and they direct the flights. In general, only the controllers know where all the airplanes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because the system is based on radar, a technology by which dishes on the ground emit signals that bounce off of moving objects and send back information about their location and speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some areas of the world aren’t covered by radar,” said Alonso. “And if there’s a mountain between the dish and the object, it doesn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAA is already planning to replace its radar-based air traffic control system with one that uses satellite information, said FAA spokesperson Laura Brown. A satellite-based system will enable aircraft to share information on their positions and provide a much more precise picture of where everything is. It also would make it possible to create tools that could simulate the likely trajectories of airplanes and spaceships, said Alonso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risky business\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest difference in regulating space flight and air flight is that the FAA currently ensures the safety of airplanes and passengers by requiring things like regular repairs and safety equipment. That won’t be the case with space flight, which will be treated more like an adventure sport. When the first paying customers go up to space, they’ll have to sign an informed consent form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very similar to skiing,” said John Gedmark, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/\">Commercial Spaceflight Federation\u003c/a>, in Washington, D.C., which represents some 30 companies. “Whenever anyone goes skiing, they have to sign a waiver that shows that they understand the risks that they’re about to take.” He said that his group is developing a form that would be used on the first space flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference in safety requirements between air flights and space flights is meant as a way to allow the new industry room to develop, said FAA spokesperson Brown. It’s also a reflection of space flight’s risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-in-LEO-High-Res-Sept-13-10_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Multi-day space trips, like the ones that this Boeing spacecraft might one day perform, will carry more risk than short flights. (Artist rendering credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flying on a commercial space vehicle won’t be considered as safe as flying in a commercial airplane when operations first start,” said Brown. “But just as in the early days of aviation, some people are willing to take those risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even after thousands of space flights, whizzing away on a rocket is likely to never be as safe as flying in a plane, said the industry’s Gedmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of a plane suffering an accident is one in a million, said Stanford’s Scott Hubbard, while manned space launches have been about 95 to 96 percent successful since they first started 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that means you had a 5 percent chance of something very wrong happening,” said Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the companies leading the commercial space business are Boeing and Lockheed Martin. Both have been putting satellites into orbit since the 1960s and helped build the space shuttle for NASA. Now they and about a dozen newer, smaller companies are poised to play a bigger role in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies will take over transportation of crew and cargo to the International Space Station after NASA launches the space shuttle for the last time in 2011. Among them are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/\">SpaceX\u003c/a>, a company in Hawthorne, California, owned by entrepreneur Elon Musk, also the founder of the Palo Alto-based electric car company Tesla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in April, President Obama announced a new space policy that increases the role of private industry in space transportation and calls for spending $5.8 billion over five years to support commercial space travel. The Senate approved a NASA budget that allots this amount, but negotiations are underway with the House, which is less supportive of private efforts. [UPDATE: On Sept. 30, the House approved a bill that authorizes $1.4 billion for commercial space transportation over three years. The final amount will be determined by legislation that still needs to be approved, said NASA spokesperson Bob Jacobs.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other private companies are focusing on building spacecraft to carry tourists on short flights in which they would achieve weightlessness, but not orbit the Earth. And some like \u003ca href=\"http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space_exploration\">Boeing\u003c/a> are combining transportation to the space station with tourism. The company hopes to sell tickets on its planned flights to the space station, just as the Russians have done on eight of their missions to raise funds for their space program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shorter, but safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safety of space flight will vary depending on how far into space passengers venture. And that will depend on how much they can afford, though more money might actually increase the risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting at $200,000, \u003ca href=\"http://www.virgingalactic.com/\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a> is offering space tourists tickets for a two-hour trip that will take them 60 miles up to the edge of space. They’ll float around surrounded by darkness – stars don’t twinkle in space – and they’ll be able to snap photos of the Earth. These flights are called suborbital because the spacecraft doesn’t go into orbit around the Earth the way that a flight to the International Space Station would. Virgin Galactic has collected $45 million in deposits from 330 people, and intends to fly its first space tourists sometime in 2012, the AFP news agency reported this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/vms-eve-and-vss-eve-cc03_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Virgin Galactic tested its SpaceShipTwo spacecraft in July above the Mojave Desert. The spaceship is in the middle, carried by a vehicle with two fuselages. (Credit: Mark Greenberg)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weightless experience would last only a few minutes, said Stanford’s Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That type of short flight will be far less risky than longer space trips because the rocket won’t need as much energy to launch and won’t be coming back through the atmosphere as fast, said Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short flights also won’t be likely to cause the health problems that longer space trips can trigger, said Millie Hughes-Fulford, former space shuttle astronaut and University of California-San Francisco professor of biochemistry and biophysics. On trips lasting from nine days to 6 months, humans and animals have been found to suffer a whole host of physical effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Loss of bone has been verified, loss of immune function, loss of muscle strength,” she said. “And humans don’t regain bone that they lose in orbit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Million-dollar diaper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Boeing is betting that a few people will want to make the longer trip. Those with several million dollars to spare have so far only had the opportunity to fly to the International Space Station on board a Russian spacecraft. They soon might be able to board a U.S. vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing’s seven-person spacecraft, called the CST-100, will be cozy, with three people sitting above four others inside the capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stood up, your head would be about to hit the ceiling,” said Keith Reiley, Boeing’s commercial crew development program manager. But once you were floating around, he said, it would feel “more roomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-CAD-300v2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Boeing's spacecraft would seat seven. (Credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take eight hours to get to the space station, which is in orbit about 260 miles from Earth. Diapers would be provided for “number one,” said Reiley. As for “number two,” the facilities would be located behind a privacy curtain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing isn’t ready to say how much tickets will be. It depends on the market the company finds, Reiley said. But judging by the almost $40 million the Russian space agency charged Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté to travel to the space station in 2009, those could be some very expensive diapers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing is designing the spacecraft in Houston and Hawthorne, California, with $18 million in stimulus funds. If NASA decides to move forward with the vehicle, Boeing would deliver it in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since NASA only needs four of the seats, the company has partnered with the Virginia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceadventures.com/\">Space Adventures\u003c/a> to market the rest of the seats to private individuals, companies, non-governmental organizations and federal agencies besides NASA. Space Adventures already markets the trips on board the Russian spacecraft. Boeing’s idea in following the Russian model is to bring down the cost of missions for NASA, Reiley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Floating on the cheap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who have $5,000 of expendable income, the experience of weightlessness is already available. Space Adventures, through its Virginia-based company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.gozerog.com/\">Zero-G\u003c/a>, provides short airplane trips that create weightlessness without the need to travel to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley-based venture capitalist Dan Miller took his first Zero-G trip four years ago, flying out of San José, and liked weightlessness so much that he returned with his 12-year-old son, on a trip leaving from Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Dan-Miller-at-zeroG_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Dan Miller experiences weightlessness on board a Zero-G flight. Astronauts train on similar flights. (Courtesy Dan Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was peaceful, calm,” he said. “It felt like a very natural state to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weightlessness, as it turns out, isn’t the result of escaping the gravitational pull of the Earth. In fact, the Earth’s pull is so strong that it keeps the Moon orbiting around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero-G’s modified Boeing 727 jets climb about 6 miles up into the air, then pitch the nose. As passengers fall with the plane, nothing resists their mass the way that the Earth offers resistance when our feet are planted on it. That’s why they’re able to float around an area of the plane where the seats have been removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the exact same weightlessness that astronauts experience,” said Miller, who wanted to be an astronaut as a child. On Zero-G’s planes, the experience lasts 30 seconds, repeated 12 to 15 times, as the plane climbs and falls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s next for Miller?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would prefer to go orbital because you’re living weightless for a few days,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the view isn’t shabby either, said former astronaut Hughes-Fulford, who spent nine days on board the space shuttle Columbia in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take your camera,” she said encouragingly. “You get one life, you should use it how you want to – with your family’s agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KS_FxxgC-6k?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KS_FxxgC-6k?fs=1&hl=en_US\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003cbr>\nIn this artist rendering of Boeing's planned flight, the CST-100 spacecraft docks to a private space station built by Las Vegas company \u003ca href=\"http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>More video:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch our QUEST story about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a>, a NASA mission that could pave the way for a moonbase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.424106 -122.1660756\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Dan-Miller-and-son-Cooper-at-zeroG_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Space travel will take off in the U.S. in the near future. Meanwhile, at least one part of the experience – weightlessness – can be achieved on an airplane flight by a company called Zero-G. (Courtesy Dan Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space tourism – once the stuff of sci-fi novels and the Jetsons – is nearly here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several private companies are planning to offer the public rides into space starting in the next two to five years. The accommodations won’t be as lavish as in the movies or on television, but the \u003ca href=\"http://www.faa.gov/\">Federal Aviation Administration\u003c/a> has already started to prepare for a future in which airplanes and spaceships will share the air, and private companies will play a bigger role in space transportation of all kinds.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the FAA created a think tank to bring together industry, government and seven universities – among them Stanford – to conduct research and propose regulations for commercial space travel. The \u003ca href=\"http://engr.nmsu.edu/news_items/2010_news/news_10_08_faa.shtml\">Center of Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation\u003c/a> will be located at New Mexico State University, in Las Cruces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of private space travel may sound like fun, but the potential challenges it brings are deadly serious, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them: How can rockets and airplanes safely share the air? What kind of floating junk might spacecraft run into? How fit do private citizens need to be to go into space? And just how good of a business is space tourism?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you start to have launches once a day rather than once a month, and they occur in the middle of the nation rather than at the coasts, this could change how you manage your air traffic,” said Scott Hubbard, a Stanford professor of aeronautics and astronautics and former director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, only 20 to 30 spacecraft are launched in the United States each year, said Stanford professor of aeronautics and astronautics Juan Alonso, who will be conducting research for the FAA along with Hubbard. They leave from launching pads on the coasts – at \u003ca href=\"http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/\">Vandenberg Air Force Base\u003c/a>, in Santa Barbara County, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/\">Kennedy Space Center\u003c/a>, near Orlando, Florida – to minimize the impact of any accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-Launch-Pad-Atlas-402-High-Res-Sept-13-10_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Communication satellites are regularly launched by private companies on rockets like this one at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (Credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so limited, we don’t have to come up with a particular system to not collide or disturb the traffic,” Alonso said. The FAA simply creates a temporary flight restriction along the spacecraft’s path so that airplanes won’t fly into the area during the few minutes it takes for the rocket to lift off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the next 15 years, as the number of space flights grows and more of them depart from specialized space travel airports located inland, in places like New Mexico, managing air traffic control will become a more complex job. And today’s tools could fall dangerously short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air traffic management is based on principles that were developed 50 years ago,” said Stanford’s Alonso. “Air traffic controllers get a plan and they direct the flights. In general, only the controllers know where all the airplanes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because the system is based on radar, a technology by which dishes on the ground emit signals that bounce off of moving objects and send back information about their location and speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some areas of the world aren’t covered by radar,” said Alonso. “And if there’s a mountain between the dish and the object, it doesn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAA is already planning to replace its radar-based air traffic control system with one that uses satellite information, said FAA spokesperson Laura Brown. A satellite-based system will enable aircraft to share information on their positions and provide a much more precise picture of where everything is. It also would make it possible to create tools that could simulate the likely trajectories of airplanes and spaceships, said Alonso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risky business\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest difference in regulating space flight and air flight is that the FAA currently ensures the safety of airplanes and passengers by requiring things like regular repairs and safety equipment. That won’t be the case with space flight, which will be treated more like an adventure sport. When the first paying customers go up to space, they’ll have to sign an informed consent form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very similar to skiing,” said John Gedmark, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/\">Commercial Spaceflight Federation\u003c/a>, in Washington, D.C., which represents some 30 companies. “Whenever anyone goes skiing, they have to sign a waiver that shows that they understand the risks that they’re about to take.” He said that his group is developing a form that would be used on the first space flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference in safety requirements between air flights and space flights is meant as a way to allow the new industry room to develop, said FAA spokesperson Brown. It’s also a reflection of space flight’s risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-in-LEO-High-Res-Sept-13-10_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Multi-day space trips, like the ones that this Boeing spacecraft might one day perform, will carry more risk than short flights. (Artist rendering credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flying on a commercial space vehicle won’t be considered as safe as flying in a commercial airplane when operations first start,” said Brown. “But just as in the early days of aviation, some people are willing to take those risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even after thousands of space flights, whizzing away on a rocket is likely to never be as safe as flying in a plane, said the industry’s Gedmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of a plane suffering an accident is one in a million, said Stanford’s Scott Hubbard, while manned space launches have been about 95 to 96 percent successful since they first started 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that means you had a 5 percent chance of something very wrong happening,” said Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the companies leading the commercial space business are Boeing and Lockheed Martin. Both have been putting satellites into orbit since the 1960s and helped build the space shuttle for NASA. Now they and about a dozen newer, smaller companies are poised to play a bigger role in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies will take over transportation of crew and cargo to the International Space Station after NASA launches the space shuttle for the last time in 2011. Among them are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/\">SpaceX\u003c/a>, a company in Hawthorne, California, owned by entrepreneur Elon Musk, also the founder of the Palo Alto-based electric car company Tesla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in April, President Obama announced a new space policy that increases the role of private industry in space transportation and calls for spending $5.8 billion over five years to support commercial space travel. The Senate approved a NASA budget that allots this amount, but negotiations are underway with the House, which is less supportive of private efforts. [UPDATE: On Sept. 30, the House approved a bill that authorizes $1.4 billion for commercial space transportation over three years. The final amount will be determined by legislation that still needs to be approved, said NASA spokesperson Bob Jacobs.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other private companies are focusing on building spacecraft to carry tourists on short flights in which they would achieve weightlessness, but not orbit the Earth. And some like \u003ca href=\"http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space_exploration\">Boeing\u003c/a> are combining transportation to the space station with tourism. The company hopes to sell tickets on its planned flights to the space station, just as the Russians have done on eight of their missions to raise funds for their space program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shorter, but safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safety of space flight will vary depending on how far into space passengers venture. And that will depend on how much they can afford, though more money might actually increase the risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting at $200,000, \u003ca href=\"http://www.virgingalactic.com/\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a> is offering space tourists tickets for a two-hour trip that will take them 60 miles up to the edge of space. They’ll float around surrounded by darkness – stars don’t twinkle in space – and they’ll be able to snap photos of the Earth. These flights are called suborbital because the spacecraft doesn’t go into orbit around the Earth the way that a flight to the International Space Station would. Virgin Galactic has collected $45 million in deposits from 330 people, and intends to fly its first space tourists sometime in 2012, the AFP news agency reported this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/vms-eve-and-vss-eve-cc03_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Virgin Galactic tested its SpaceShipTwo spacecraft in July above the Mojave Desert. The spaceship is in the middle, carried by a vehicle with two fuselages. (Credit: Mark Greenberg)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weightless experience would last only a few minutes, said Stanford’s Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That type of short flight will be far less risky than longer space trips because the rocket won’t need as much energy to launch and won’t be coming back through the atmosphere as fast, said Hubbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short flights also won’t be likely to cause the health problems that longer space trips can trigger, said Millie Hughes-Fulford, former space shuttle astronaut and University of California-San Francisco professor of biochemistry and biophysics. On trips lasting from nine days to 6 months, humans and animals have been found to suffer a whole host of physical effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Loss of bone has been verified, loss of immune function, loss of muscle strength,” she said. “And humans don’t regain bone that they lose in orbit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Million-dollar diaper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Boeing is betting that a few people will want to make the longer trip. Those with several million dollars to spare have so far only had the opportunity to fly to the International Space Station on board a Russian spacecraft. They soon might be able to board a U.S. vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing’s seven-person spacecraft, called the CST-100, will be cozy, with three people sitting above four others inside the capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stood up, your head would be about to hit the ceiling,” said Keith Reiley, Boeing’s commercial crew development program manager. But once you were floating around, he said, it would feel “more roomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/CST-100-CAD-300v2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Boeing's spacecraft would seat seven. (Credit: Boeing)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take eight hours to get to the space station, which is in orbit about 260 miles from Earth. Diapers would be provided for “number one,” said Reiley. As for “number two,” the facilities would be located behind a privacy curtain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing isn’t ready to say how much tickets will be. It depends on the market the company finds, Reiley said. But judging by the almost $40 million the Russian space agency charged Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté to travel to the space station in 2009, those could be some very expensive diapers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing is designing the spacecraft in Houston and Hawthorne, California, with $18 million in stimulus funds. If NASA decides to move forward with the vehicle, Boeing would deliver it in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since NASA only needs four of the seats, the company has partnered with the Virginia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceadventures.com/\">Space Adventures\u003c/a> to market the rest of the seats to private individuals, companies, non-governmental organizations and federal agencies besides NASA. Space Adventures already markets the trips on board the Russian spacecraft. Boeing’s idea in following the Russian model is to bring down the cost of missions for NASA, Reiley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Floating on the cheap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who have $5,000 of expendable income, the experience of weightlessness is already available. Space Adventures, through its Virginia-based company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.gozerog.com/\">Zero-G\u003c/a>, provides short airplane trips that create weightlessness without the need to travel to space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley-based venture capitalist Dan Miller took his first Zero-G trip four years ago, flying out of San José, and liked weightlessness so much that he returned with his 12-year-old son, on a trip leaving from Las Vegas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Dan-Miller-at-zeroG_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Dan Miller experiences weightlessness on board a Zero-G flight. Astronauts train on similar flights. (Courtesy Dan Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was peaceful, calm,” he said. “It felt like a very natural state to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weightlessness, as it turns out, isn’t the result of escaping the gravitational pull of the Earth. In fact, the Earth’s pull is so strong that it keeps the Moon orbiting around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zero-G’s modified Boeing 727 jets climb about 6 miles up into the air, then pitch the nose. As passengers fall with the plane, nothing resists their mass the way that the Earth offers resistance when our feet are planted on it. That’s why they’re able to float around an area of the plane where the seats have been removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the exact same weightlessness that astronauts experience,” said Miller, who wanted to be an astronaut as a child. On Zero-G’s planes, the experience lasts 30 seconds, repeated 12 to 15 times, as the plane climbs and falls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s next for Miller?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would prefer to go orbital because you’re living weightless for a few days,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the view isn’t shabby either, said former astronaut Hughes-Fulford, who spent nine days on board the space shuttle Columbia in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take your camera,” she said encouragingly. “You get one life, you should use it how you want to – with your family’s agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KS_FxxgC-6k?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KS_FxxgC-6k?fs=1&hl=en_US\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003cbr>\nIn this artist rendering of Boeing's planned flight, the CST-100 spacecraft docks to a private space station built by Las Vegas company \u003ca href=\"http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>More video:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch our QUEST story about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a>, a NASA mission that could pave the way for a moonbase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Inside the Jejune Institute, SF's Most Popular Alternative Reality Game",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamaleprincess/4474886690/\" title=\"Jejune by zazenergy, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Jejune.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" alt=\"Jejune\">\u003cem> A subtle message that leads to the Jejune Institute.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a nondescript building at the corner of California and Kearny, lies the office of the \u003ca href=\"http://jejuneinstitute.org/\">Jejune Institute\u003c/a>. Enter their office and watch a short induction video and you will be immediately thrown in to a city-wide alternative reality, scavenger hunt that has participants hunt around the city for clues and objects that build upon a larger, mysterious narrative.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have heard of the Jejune Institute already. The city is full of flyers and signs that promote \"socio re-engineering\" courses and products that the Institute purportedly offers. They encourage you to visit they're offices or call to learn more:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca title=\"jejune flyer by public servant, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/37054397@N03/3443572938/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/3443572938_7816f83c62.jpg\" alt=\"jejune flyer \" width=\"356\" height=\"500\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Institute, which might look like a cult from the outside, is the creation of the hybrid arts and advertising consultancy, \u003ca href=\"http://about.nonchalance.com/\">Nonchalance\u003c/a>. Jeff Hull, the founder and creative director of Nonchalance, spoke a couple weeks ago at the Leonardo Art/Science Evening Rendezvous (\u003ca href=\"http://www.scaruffi.com/leonardo/sep2010.html\" target=\"_blank\">LASER\u003c/a>) on situational design and use of public space. He described the core of Jejune (and Nonchalance) as bringing together three main concepts: narrative, multimedia and space. Together, they create the world of Jejune and are a model for creating excellent experiences in situational design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Jejune is a privately funded project, Nonchalance works with corporate clients to creative narrative driven marketing campaign. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having visited the Jejune Institute, I can say it's one of the funnest and most intriguing experiences I've ever had. The city suddenly takes on a different form, as you begin to look for clues and subtext in everything you see. It has been a delightful experience in situational design that can turn a regular weekend afternoon into something entirely magical. With the exception of having to purchase a few token items along the way (all less than $5), it is completely free. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to giving you any clues about what you'll experience at Jejune, I'm staying mum. You'll just have to go and visit for yourself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In a nondescript building at the corner of California and Kearny, lies the office of the Jejune Institute. Enter their office and watch a short induction video and you will be immediately thrown in to a city-wide alternative reality, scavenger hunt that has participants hunt around the city for clues and objects that build upon a larger, mysterious narrative.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamaleprincess/4474886690/\" title=\"Jejune by zazenergy, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Jejune.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" alt=\"Jejune\">\u003cem> A subtle message that leads to the Jejune Institute.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a nondescript building at the corner of California and Kearny, lies the office of the \u003ca href=\"http://jejuneinstitute.org/\">Jejune Institute\u003c/a>. Enter their office and watch a short induction video and you will be immediately thrown in to a city-wide alternative reality, scavenger hunt that has participants hunt around the city for clues and objects that build upon a larger, mysterious narrative.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have heard of the Jejune Institute already. The city is full of flyers and signs that promote \"socio re-engineering\" courses and products that the Institute purportedly offers. They encourage you to visit they're offices or call to learn more:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca title=\"jejune flyer by public servant, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/37054397@N03/3443572938/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/3443572938_7816f83c62.jpg\" alt=\"jejune flyer \" width=\"356\" height=\"500\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Institute, which might look like a cult from the outside, is the creation of the hybrid arts and advertising consultancy, \u003ca href=\"http://about.nonchalance.com/\">Nonchalance\u003c/a>. Jeff Hull, the founder and creative director of Nonchalance, spoke a couple weeks ago at the Leonardo Art/Science Evening Rendezvous (\u003ca href=\"http://www.scaruffi.com/leonardo/sep2010.html\" target=\"_blank\">LASER\u003c/a>) on situational design and use of public space. He described the core of Jejune (and Nonchalance) as bringing together three main concepts: narrative, multimedia and space. Together, they create the world of Jejune and are a model for creating excellent experiences in situational design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/1c_STMAnimation.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Illustration of a magnetically active iron atom under observation in the scanning tunneling microscope. (Credit: IBM Almaden-Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine a future where iPods could store hundreds of thousands -- or even millions -- of songs, where smart phones could hold hundreds of Hollywood films, and where solar-powered cells become dramatically more efficient in converting light to electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a future that may be possible. IBM scientists in San Jose have developed a new technique to manipulate individual atoms and measure how long they can store information in real time, over just a few billionths of a second. Their work could radically shrink a computer’s hard drive, allowing data to be stored on it more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper describing the research was published Friday as the cover story in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To observe the behavior of individual copper and iron atoms billionths of a meter in size, the scientists had to use a “\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope\">scanning tunneling microscope\u003c/a>,” a device invented by IBM researchers in 1981.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t your typical microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/2_LothSTM.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>IBM Postdoctoral Researcher Sebastian Loth next to the scanning tunneling microscope. (Credit: IBM Almaden-Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cool thing about the scanning tunneling microscope is that you can not only see these atoms, you can move them around,” said Sebastian Loth, a postdoctoral researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.almaden.ibm.com/\">IBM Almaden-Research Center\u003c/a>, and the lead author of the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device uses a metallic-pointed tip mounted on a robotic arm to move with atomic-scale precision next to iron and copper atoms. Iron was chosen because it’s magnetically active, even at the scale of individual atoms. While the individual copper atoms aren’t magnetically active, they influence the duration the iron atoms stay magnetically active when they’re placed next to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loth and his four other team members sent a current from the tip of the microscope to the iron atoms, which are like tiny bar magnets. The current causes the iron atom to become polarized, or to change its magnetic orientation, so instead of pointing north, it points south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the information, or data, that the scientists observed and measured on the order of nanoseconds, or billionths of a second. The difference between one nanosecond and one second is equal to the difference between one second and 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s similar to the way a computer reads the bits of data stored on a computer chip. But here, instead of the typical sequence of ones and zeroes to indicate information, the scientists looked at magnetic information -- the direction the iron atom pointed in and for how long it kept its magnetic orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists experimented with the number and placement of iron atoms next to copper atoms to find the right configuration that would yield the longest time frame an iron atom would hold its magnetic position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The particular structure that we studied is this combination of one iron and one copper atom right next to it, snuggling it. With this configuration, the iron atom it holds the magnetic information for 200 nanoseconds”, said Loth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/3_STMCloseup1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Closeup view of the IBM scanning tunneling microscope. (Credit: IBM Almaden-Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, the research team is exploring other configurations of iron and copper atoms to increase this length of time, which although extremely brief, is still long enough for meaningful activity to take place in today’s computers. For example, a laptop with a fast processor refreshes data constantly, every nanosecond. So in 200 nanoseconds, the computer has already performed a few hundred operations while its user is typing a document, surfing the web or checking email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s hard drives, as compact as they are, still require about 10,000 atoms to store one bit of data. Each bit is a magnet pointing up or down, referring to a one or a zero, which a sensor on the hard drive reads when it retrieves data. Since the IBM researchers showed that magnetic information can be stored and read out on just one iron atom, the real estate needed to store data could shrink enormously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you could do atomic-scale data storage in a real device, you would have another 40 years in the development of Moore’s Law”, said Andreas Heinrich, a co-author of the paper and the research team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore’s Law, coined in 1965 by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, states that the number of transistors on a computer chip doubles every 18 months, allowing for an exponential increase in computing power and storage. At a certain point, which is fast approaching, the physical limitation of engineering such small silicon transistors will prevent this exponential progress in computer chip technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nanotechnology, the science of manipulating particles billionths of a meter in size, is widely seen as the answer to leapfrog over the limitations of traditional silicon chip manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to get away from transistors, to come up with new schemes on single atoms that allow you to do computation and data storage differently, more efficiently with less power”, said Heinrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key challenge the IBM scientists had to overcome was to somehow visualize the individual atoms’ magnetic behavior in real time, on the order of a few nanoseconds. The computer attached to their microscope generated a map of the location of the atoms but it was missing the crucial time component.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these images of the atoms and they all look static,” said Loth. “The reason for that is that the scanning tunneling microscope is a slow technique. It takes minutes to get one of these images.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thanks to inspiration from a Sci-Fi blockbuster, the researchers were able to actually capture movies that show the evolution of magnetically active individual iron atoms, a million times faster than was previously possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a true feat of five people sticking their heads together for days on end. We were all in the lab talking about this and I was thinking of these cool bullet shots from \u003cem>The Matrix\u003c/em>, when the villain shoots at the good guy and you see the bullets stop in the air,” Loth said. “This is what we wanted to do. We wanted to freeze the motion so that we can inspect it and the way \u003cem>The Matrix \u003c/em>movie guys did it, they just took a bunch of still pictures. So we took a bunch of still pictures too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as time-lapse photography, shot at the nano-scale. But since neither the microscope nor its attached computer have lenses, the “pictures” they generated were individual points of action, recorded every few nanoseconds, while manipulating the iron atoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team connected to their microscope a machine, a pulse pattern generator, to deliver extremely fast pulses of electricity from the metallic tip of the microscope to the iron atoms. After an iron atom was given a tiny electric current to initially polarize it and change its magnetic orientation from north to south, for example, a second, smaller current was then given to measure how strongly the atom held its magnetic orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process was repeated over and over again, generating individual frames of action every 2 or 3 nanoseconds to capture in real time the magnetic behavior of the iron atom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a defined delay between the initiating pulse and the reading pulse and this is what sets our time,” said Loth. “Instead of having to watch really closely and hope you catch this information in time, you predefine it by these pulses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frames were then sequentially played back as a movie, with the various data the computer was collecting to refer to the location of the atom and its magnetic orientation, for example, converted into a map showing the dynamic activity of the iron atom over time. The six movies the team has generated today are about a minute long but they show action that was recorded over the space of one millionth of a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/4_STM-time-resolution-3d-rendering.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>3D map illustration of iron atoms, with the strength of their magnetic polarization represented as yellow bars. (Credit: IBM Almaden-Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Science is often close to an art. And one aspect of this is how you visualize your data in a way that looks most efficient and cool,” said Heinrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to capture atomic activity in real time represents a major milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our effort to speed up nanoscience and put high-speed time into the nanoscience,” said Heinrich. “People were able to study nano-sized objects since the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, and people were able to study fast phenomena using lasers, but they weren’t able to combine these two worlds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work is beautiful,” said Kathryn Moler, a professor of applied physics at Stanford University. “For information technology, it could mean a new generation of devices with better storage capabilities and lower power consumption,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IBM researchers said they are confident that their breakthrough will spur innovation in other fields as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heinrich said the microscope set-up could be “tuned to a different channel of information.” So instead of looking at the magnetic characteristics of an atom, scientists working on solar cells could track at the level of nanoseconds when a photon of light is converted into energy. Such work could yield better-designed solar cells that are more efficient at capturing light and converting it into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a scientist, sometimes you make a development or discovery that is truly great and this was one of those moments when I knew this was a great development and something to be really proud of,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/jqcFdrHAFIY?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/jqcFdrHAFIY?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>Movie of iron atoms placed alongside copper atoms as they change their magnetic polarization over time. Red indicates high polarization and white indicates low polarization.(Credit: IBM Almaden-Research Center)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.210445 -121.810514\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Imagine a future where iPods are capable of storing hundreds of thousands or millions of songs, where smart phones could play back several hundred times more feature-length Hollywood films than is currently possible, and where solar powered cells become dramatically more efficient in converting light to electricity.\n\nIt’s a future that may be possible thanks to research being done by IBM scientists in San Jose who have developed a new technique to manipulate individual atoms and measure how long they can store information in real time, over just a few billionths of a second. Their work could radically shrink a computer’s hard drive, allowing data to be stored on it more efficiently.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper describing the research was published Friday as the cover story in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To observe the behavior of individual copper and iron atoms billionths of a meter in size, the scientists had to use a “\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope\">scanning tunneling microscope\u003c/a>,” a device invented by IBM researchers in 1981.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t your typical microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/2_LothSTM.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>IBM Postdoctoral Researcher Sebastian Loth next to the scanning tunneling microscope. (Credit: IBM Almaden-Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cool thing about the scanning tunneling microscope is that you can not only see these atoms, you can move them around,” said Sebastian Loth, a postdoctoral researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.almaden.ibm.com/\">IBM Almaden-Research Center\u003c/a>, and the lead author of the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device uses a metallic-pointed tip mounted on a robotic arm to move with atomic-scale precision next to iron and copper atoms. Iron was chosen because it’s magnetically active, even at the scale of individual atoms. While the individual copper atoms aren’t magnetically active, they influence the duration the iron atoms stay magnetically active when they’re placed next to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loth and his four other team members sent a current from the tip of the microscope to the iron atoms, which are like tiny bar magnets. The current causes the iron atom to become polarized, or to change its magnetic orientation, so instead of pointing north, it points south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the information, or data, that the scientists observed and measured on the order of nanoseconds, or billionths of a second. The difference between one nanosecond and one second is equal to the difference between one second and 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s similar to the way a computer reads the bits of data stored on a computer chip. But here, instead of the typical sequence of ones and zeroes to indicate information, the scientists looked at magnetic information -- the direction the iron atom pointed in and for how long it kept its magnetic orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists experimented with the number and placement of iron atoms next to copper atoms to find the right configuration that would yield the longest time frame an iron atom would hold its magnetic position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The particular structure that we studied is this combination of one iron and one copper atom right next to it, snuggling it. With this configuration, the iron atom it holds the magnetic information for 200 nanoseconds”, said Loth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/3_STMCloseup1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Closeup view of the IBM scanning tunneling microscope. (Credit: IBM Almaden-Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, the research team is exploring other configurations of iron and copper atoms to increase this length of time, which although extremely brief, is still long enough for meaningful activity to take place in today’s computers. For example, a laptop with a fast processor refreshes data constantly, every nanosecond. So in 200 nanoseconds, the computer has already performed a few hundred operations while its user is typing a document, surfing the web or checking email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s hard drives, as compact as they are, still require about 10,000 atoms to store one bit of data. Each bit is a magnet pointing up or down, referring to a one or a zero, which a sensor on the hard drive reads when it retrieves data. Since the IBM researchers showed that magnetic information can be stored and read out on just one iron atom, the real estate needed to store data could shrink enormously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you could do atomic-scale data storage in a real device, you would have another 40 years in the development of Moore’s Law”, said Andreas Heinrich, a co-author of the paper and the research team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore’s Law, coined in 1965 by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, states that the number of transistors on a computer chip doubles every 18 months, allowing for an exponential increase in computing power and storage. At a certain point, which is fast approaching, the physical limitation of engineering such small silicon transistors will prevent this exponential progress in computer chip technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nanotechnology, the science of manipulating particles billionths of a meter in size, is widely seen as the answer to leapfrog over the limitations of traditional silicon chip manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to get away from transistors, to come up with new schemes on single atoms that allow you to do computation and data storage differently, more efficiently with less power”, said Heinrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key challenge the IBM scientists had to overcome was to somehow visualize the individual atoms’ magnetic behavior in real time, on the order of a few nanoseconds. The computer attached to their microscope generated a map of the location of the atoms but it was missing the crucial time component.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these images of the atoms and they all look static,” said Loth. “The reason for that is that the scanning tunneling microscope is a slow technique. It takes minutes to get one of these images.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thanks to inspiration from a Sci-Fi blockbuster, the researchers were able to actually capture movies that show the evolution of magnetically active individual iron atoms, a million times faster than was previously possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a true feat of five people sticking their heads together for days on end. We were all in the lab talking about this and I was thinking of these cool bullet shots from \u003cem>The Matrix\u003c/em>, when the villain shoots at the good guy and you see the bullets stop in the air,” Loth said. “This is what we wanted to do. We wanted to freeze the motion so that we can inspect it and the way \u003cem>The Matrix \u003c/em>movie guys did it, they just took a bunch of still pictures. So we took a bunch of still pictures too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as time-lapse photography, shot at the nano-scale. But since neither the microscope nor its attached computer have lenses, the “pictures” they generated were individual points of action, recorded every few nanoseconds, while manipulating the iron atoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team connected to their microscope a machine, a pulse pattern generator, to deliver extremely fast pulses of electricity from the metallic tip of the microscope to the iron atoms. After an iron atom was given a tiny electric current to initially polarize it and change its magnetic orientation from north to south, for example, a second, smaller current was then given to measure how strongly the atom held its magnetic orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process was repeated over and over again, generating individual frames of action every 2 or 3 nanoseconds to capture in real time the magnetic behavior of the iron atom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a defined delay between the initiating pulse and the reading pulse and this is what sets our time,” said Loth. “Instead of having to watch really closely and hope you catch this information in time, you predefine it by these pulses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frames were then sequentially played back as a movie, with the various data the computer was collecting to refer to the location of the atom and its magnetic orientation, for example, converted into a map showing the dynamic activity of the iron atom over time. The six movies the team has generated today are about a minute long but they show action that was recorded over the space of one millionth of a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/4_STM-time-resolution-3d-rendering.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>3D map illustration of iron atoms, with the strength of their magnetic polarization represented as yellow bars. (Credit: IBM Almaden-Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Science is often close to an art. And one aspect of this is how you visualize your data in a way that looks most efficient and cool,” said Heinrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to capture atomic activity in real time represents a major milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our effort to speed up nanoscience and put high-speed time into the nanoscience,” said Heinrich. “People were able to study nano-sized objects since the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, and people were able to study fast phenomena using lasers, but they weren’t able to combine these two worlds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work is beautiful,” said Kathryn Moler, a professor of applied physics at Stanford University. “For information technology, it could mean a new generation of devices with better storage capabilities and lower power consumption,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IBM researchers said they are confident that their breakthrough will spur innovation in other fields as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heinrich said the microscope set-up could be “tuned to a different channel of information.” So instead of looking at the magnetic characteristics of an atom, scientists working on solar cells could track at the level of nanoseconds when a photon of light is converted into energy. Such work could yield better-designed solar cells that are more efficient at capturing light and converting it into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a scientist, sometimes you make a development or discovery that is truly great and this was one of those moments when I knew this was a great development and something to be really proud of,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/jqcFdrHAFIY?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/jqcFdrHAFIY?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>Movie of iron atoms placed alongside copper atoms as they change their magnetic polarization over time. Red indicates high polarization and white indicates low polarization.(Credit: IBM Almaden-Research Center)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_991170061_shuvo-roy-phd-1952.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF Bioengineer Shuvo Roy works on a model of an artificial, implantable kidney. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his lab at the Mission Bay campus of the University of California-San Francisco, Shuvo Roy is leading a project with nearly 40 scientists from across the nation to develop the world’s first artificial, implantable kidney. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have kidney failure, the sickest of the sick tend to get on the transplant waiting list,” said Roy, an associate professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences at UCSF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy is collaborating with scientists and biotech experts at ten other institutions, including the University of Michigan, the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University. Drawing inspiration from Silicon Valley, the researchers have figured out how to take a room-sized dialysis machine and shrink it down to a cartridge the size of a coffee cup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we are motivated to do,” said Roy, “is come up with a solution that will provide the benefits of a healthy kidney to the vast majority of patients that are on dialysis and who have a very low chance of ever getting a transplant kidney.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers have built the prototype of a device that can be implanted in patients and run without batteries or pumps. Their goal: have it in clinical trials in five to seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy kidneys filter toxins from blood. Dialysis machines do the same thing, but require patients to sit, often for three hours or more, several times a week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s artificial kidney filters blood using strips of silicon, etched with tiny pores. “We're applying state-of-the-art fabrication technologies used in making computer chips to achieve very precise features and dimensions at the nano-scale,\" said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By engineering super-thin silicon membranes at the microscopic scale, the scientists have done away with the need for pumps and large amounts of electricity used in traditional dialysis machines. Instead, the patient’s blood pressure is sufficient to pump the blood for filtration through the artificial kidney device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_kidney_991182869_QKPUF-L.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientist manipulates pieces of silicon membrane in a petri dish. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really our contribution,” he said. “Because our silicon membranes don't require a lot of pressure for filtration, we can make them small enough and compact enough to fit inside the little cartridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy and his team have tested the filtration component of their artificial kidney device on animal models, including rats and pigs. Right now, they’re working to scale it up for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Kidney Foundation, roughly 11 percent of adults in the U.S. suffer from stage one or higher chronic kidney disease, including nearly a million adults in the Bay Area. But most people don’t even know they have kidney disease, which is diagnosed with a simple blood test, until it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until kidney disease gets to stages four or five, it's a silent disease,” said Patty McCormac, a registered nurse and a program director for the San Francisco office of the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with End Stage Renal Disease, the last of five stages in chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys have ceased to work, must undergo dialysis. The only alternative is a kidney transplant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly every five minutes, all of the blood pumped from the heart is sent through the kidneys, which sit below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The five-inch organs filter the blood to remove toxins from drugs, for example, that are ingested and that build up from the daily metabolic activity of the liver and the muscles in the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also perform the crucial job of balancing water, salts, minerals and acid in the blood through hormones and other chemical messages which are relayed from other parts of the body to let the kidneys know whether to increase or decrease the amount of water, mineral salts or acid in the blood. Kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and spur the production of red blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area kidney patients already are watching Roy’s research with the hope that one day it could change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Anderson is a 60 year-old San Francisco resident who first started dialysis 11 years ago. After a four year wait, he received a kidney transplant in 2003, but the kidney failed in 2007. So he had to resume visits to the dialysis outpatient clinic at UCSF Mount Zion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson found out about Roy’s research in August while talking with a friend of his who had read about it on the internet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential that this artificial kidney might be available in five years has changed my outlook,” he said. “It has given me a more disciplined participation in my own treatment -- a discipline with my diet, which is more likely to keep me around for those five years.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Anderson tolerates dialysis fairly well, many patients can experience fatigue, nausea and low blood pressure after the treatment. When Anderson started dialysis, he also suffered from hypertension, which along with diabetes, causes two-thirds of all cases of chronic kidney disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Renal Data System, roughly 350,000 adults in the U.S. were on dialysis in 2007, including nearly 50,000 adults in California alone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialysis is also expensive. In 2007, Medicare spent on average more than $72,000 per patient on dialysis treatments. The cost of the artificial kidney, Roy said, would be comparable to two years of dialysis treatments and cheaper in the long run as expensive immunosuppressant drugs would not be needed to maintain it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers are successful, dialysis patients would experience a greatly enhanced level of mobility and independence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would potentially be like having your own little artificial kidney, so you'd be able to get up and walk around. It would revolutionize treatment. The dialysis machines we use today, you're basically sitting in a chair for four hours at a time,” said Dr. Lynda Frassetto, a kidney doctor and professor of medicine at UCSF. “We don't let you get up.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the tools of nanotechnology, some of which were developed at UC Berkeley, Roy and his team are able to cut shapes and precise patterns into silicon, much like electrical engineers do in designing a computer chip to carry out complex calculations and tasks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the silicon is tailored to be the right size and shape for blood filtration, so tiny pores - a few billionths of a meter in size - are cut into silicon wafers, the same material from which computer chips are made. The silicon wafers are then cut into strips and assembled into rows which act as filters, the first stage of Roy’s artificial kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like a real human kidney, the silicon filters take a portion of the patient’s blood and remove toxins from it, along with sugars, water and salts. The portion of the blood that is unfiltered returns to the body, eventually cycling back for filtration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filtered blood, or “filtrate”, then passes to a second compartment, the bioreactor, for additional processing. In the bioreactor, the filtrate passes over a bed of kidney cells, which could be cultured from the patient’s own kidneys or they could come from a donor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the filtrate flows over this bed of cells, the bed of cells senses how much salts and sugars the body needs and they reabsorb the salts, sugars and much of the water back into the body”, said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_Kidney_Model-pix.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Schematic image of the artificial implantable kidney device being developed at UCSF. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/UCSF_kidney_large.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger image. (Credit: Dr. Shuvo Roy, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bed of kidney cells would help perform a job that the most advanced dialysis machine currently can’t do: maintain the critical balance between water, salts and other constituents of blood, which healthy kidneys do automatically. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the kidney cells may not come from the patient, they wouldn’t be rejected by the patient’s immune system - a problem that until now, has inhibited the development of an artificial, implantable kidney. This is because the silicon membrane on which they sit contains pores that are big enough to allow the filtered blood through where it mingles with the live kidney cells, but they’re too small for the body’s immune cells to pass through and attack them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if they can use this artificial kidney filter and they don’t need to give people anti-rejection medication, that's huge,” said Frassetto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.767050 -122.391139\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_991170061_shuvo-roy-phd-1952.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF Bioengineer Shuvo Roy works on a model of an artificial, implantable kidney. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his lab at the Mission Bay campus of the University of California-San Francisco, Shuvo Roy is leading a project with nearly 40 scientists from across the nation to develop the world’s first artificial, implantable kidney. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have kidney failure, the sickest of the sick tend to get on the transplant waiting list,” said Roy, an associate professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences at UCSF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy is collaborating with scientists and biotech experts at ten other institutions, including the University of Michigan, the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University. Drawing inspiration from Silicon Valley, the researchers have figured out how to take a room-sized dialysis machine and shrink it down to a cartridge the size of a coffee cup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we are motivated to do,” said Roy, “is come up with a solution that will provide the benefits of a healthy kidney to the vast majority of patients that are on dialysis and who have a very low chance of ever getting a transplant kidney.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers have built the prototype of a device that can be implanted in patients and run without batteries or pumps. Their goal: have it in clinical trials in five to seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy kidneys filter toxins from blood. Dialysis machines do the same thing, but require patients to sit, often for three hours or more, several times a week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s artificial kidney filters blood using strips of silicon, etched with tiny pores. “We're applying state-of-the-art fabrication technologies used in making computer chips to achieve very precise features and dimensions at the nano-scale,\" said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By engineering super-thin silicon membranes at the microscopic scale, the scientists have done away with the need for pumps and large amounts of electricity used in traditional dialysis machines. Instead, the patient’s blood pressure is sufficient to pump the blood for filtration through the artificial kidney device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_kidney_991182869_QKPUF-L.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientist manipulates pieces of silicon membrane in a petri dish. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really our contribution,” he said. “Because our silicon membranes don't require a lot of pressure for filtration, we can make them small enough and compact enough to fit inside the little cartridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy and his team have tested the filtration component of their artificial kidney device on animal models, including rats and pigs. Right now, they’re working to scale it up for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Kidney Foundation, roughly 11 percent of adults in the U.S. suffer from stage one or higher chronic kidney disease, including nearly a million adults in the Bay Area. But most people don’t even know they have kidney disease, which is diagnosed with a simple blood test, until it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until kidney disease gets to stages four or five, it's a silent disease,” said Patty McCormac, a registered nurse and a program director for the San Francisco office of the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with End Stage Renal Disease, the last of five stages in chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys have ceased to work, must undergo dialysis. The only alternative is a kidney transplant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly every five minutes, all of the blood pumped from the heart is sent through the kidneys, which sit below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The five-inch organs filter the blood to remove toxins from drugs, for example, that are ingested and that build up from the daily metabolic activity of the liver and the muscles in the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also perform the crucial job of balancing water, salts, minerals and acid in the blood through hormones and other chemical messages which are relayed from other parts of the body to let the kidneys know whether to increase or decrease the amount of water, mineral salts or acid in the blood. Kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and spur the production of red blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area kidney patients already are watching Roy’s research with the hope that one day it could change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Anderson is a 60 year-old San Francisco resident who first started dialysis 11 years ago. After a four year wait, he received a kidney transplant in 2003, but the kidney failed in 2007. So he had to resume visits to the dialysis outpatient clinic at UCSF Mount Zion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson found out about Roy’s research in August while talking with a friend of his who had read about it on the internet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential that this artificial kidney might be available in five years has changed my outlook,” he said. “It has given me a more disciplined participation in my own treatment -- a discipline with my diet, which is more likely to keep me around for those five years.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Anderson tolerates dialysis fairly well, many patients can experience fatigue, nausea and low blood pressure after the treatment. When Anderson started dialysis, he also suffered from hypertension, which along with diabetes, causes two-thirds of all cases of chronic kidney disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Renal Data System, roughly 350,000 adults in the U.S. were on dialysis in 2007, including nearly 50,000 adults in California alone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialysis is also expensive. In 2007, Medicare spent on average more than $72,000 per patient on dialysis treatments. The cost of the artificial kidney, Roy said, would be comparable to two years of dialysis treatments and cheaper in the long run as expensive immunosuppressant drugs would not be needed to maintain it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers are successful, dialysis patients would experience a greatly enhanced level of mobility and independence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would potentially be like having your own little artificial kidney, so you'd be able to get up and walk around. It would revolutionize treatment. The dialysis machines we use today, you're basically sitting in a chair for four hours at a time,” said Dr. Lynda Frassetto, a kidney doctor and professor of medicine at UCSF. “We don't let you get up.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the tools of nanotechnology, some of which were developed at UC Berkeley, Roy and his team are able to cut shapes and precise patterns into silicon, much like electrical engineers do in designing a computer chip to carry out complex calculations and tasks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the silicon is tailored to be the right size and shape for blood filtration, so tiny pores - a few billionths of a meter in size - are cut into silicon wafers, the same material from which computer chips are made. The silicon wafers are then cut into strips and assembled into rows which act as filters, the first stage of Roy’s artificial kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like a real human kidney, the silicon filters take a portion of the patient’s blood and remove toxins from it, along with sugars, water and salts. The portion of the blood that is unfiltered returns to the body, eventually cycling back for filtration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filtered blood, or “filtrate”, then passes to a second compartment, the bioreactor, for additional processing. In the bioreactor, the filtrate passes over a bed of kidney cells, which could be cultured from the patient’s own kidneys or they could come from a donor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the filtrate flows over this bed of cells, the bed of cells senses how much salts and sugars the body needs and they reabsorb the salts, sugars and much of the water back into the body”, said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_Kidney_Model-pix.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Schematic image of the artificial implantable kidney device being developed at UCSF. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/UCSF_kidney_large.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger image. (Credit: Dr. Shuvo Roy, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bed of kidney cells would help perform a job that the most advanced dialysis machine currently can’t do: maintain the critical balance between water, salts and other constituents of blood, which healthy kidneys do automatically. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the kidney cells may not come from the patient, they wouldn’t be rejected by the patient’s immune system - a problem that until now, has inhibited the development of an artificial, implantable kidney. This is because the silicon membrane on which they sit contains pores that are big enough to allow the filtered blood through where it mingles with the live kidney cells, but they’re too small for the body’s immune cells to pass through and attack them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if they can use this artificial kidney filter and they don’t need to give people anti-rejection medication, that's huge,” said Frassetto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/3932705388_0e93f29078.jpg\" alt=\"Gliwice Radio Tower at Night\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> The HInternet would use radio frequencies.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco hackerspace, \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Noisebridge\">Noisebridge\u003c/a>, is making an alternative network modeled after the Internet that would provide high-speed connectivity for a fraction of the cost of traditional internet service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noisebridge is working on this project using commodity Wi-Fi equipment that’s been modified to work under amateur radio frequencies. The FCC grants experimenters spectrum space to build high power, long range radio systems. Through this provision, Noisebridge has begun building the HInternet (a combination of “Ham Radio\" and “Internet”).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one enthusiast explains, “You can run any application you could run over the Internet, the difference is you don’t need any wires. Everything is done through radio links. In the event of a major disaster, you wouldn’t have to worry about downed lines or earthquake damage to underground equipment -- the network would naturally reform itself, routing around failures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea to create the HInternet was triggered by the realization that there was a lot open IP space allocated to amateur radio that was not in use. Aside from the benefits this system could provide in natural disaster, the HInternet is driven by the belief in freedom and open access to the Internet. The United States is debating a bill to create an Internet kill switch, also known as the\u003ca href=\"http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s3480/show\"> PCNAA bill\u003c/a>. For true redundancy, a\u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/usc_sec_42_00005195---c000-.html\"> non-critical network\u003c/a> such as the HInternet is being built to avoid this single point of failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HInternet project is looking for volunteers to help them test and build the network. If you’re interested in learning more, they are holding a variety of information sessions this Fall. Visit their \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/HInternet\" target=\"_blank\">website\u003c/a> for more information.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/3932705388_0e93f29078.jpg\" alt=\"Gliwice Radio Tower at Night\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> The HInternet would use radio frequencies.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco hackerspace, \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Noisebridge\">Noisebridge\u003c/a>, is making an alternative network modeled after the Internet that would provide high-speed connectivity for a fraction of the cost of traditional internet service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noisebridge is working on this project using commodity Wi-Fi equipment that’s been modified to work under amateur radio frequencies. The FCC grants experimenters spectrum space to build high power, long range radio systems. Through this provision, Noisebridge has begun building the HInternet (a combination of “Ham Radio\" and “Internet”).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one enthusiast explains, “You can run any application you could run over the Internet, the difference is you don’t need any wires. Everything is done through radio links. In the event of a major disaster, you wouldn’t have to worry about downed lines or earthquake damage to underground equipment -- the network would naturally reform itself, routing around failures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea to create the HInternet was triggered by the realization that there was a lot open IP space allocated to amateur radio that was not in use. Aside from the benefits this system could provide in natural disaster, the HInternet is driven by the belief in freedom and open access to the Internet. The United States is debating a bill to create an Internet kill switch, also known as the\u003ca href=\"http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s3480/show\"> PCNAA bill\u003c/a>. For true redundancy, a\u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/usc_sec_42_00005195---c000-.html\"> non-critical network\u003c/a> such as the HInternet is being built to avoid this single point of failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HInternet project is looking for volunteers to help them test and build the network. If you’re interested in learning more, they are holding a variety of information sessions this Fall. Visit their \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/HInternet\" target=\"_blank\">website\u003c/a> for more information.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "40 Years of the Clean Air Act",
"headTitle": "40 Years of the Clean Air Act | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/1268590-R01-032_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area smog, 1968\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those too young to remember the Bay Area 40 years ago, it’s hard to imagine the mostly clear skies that Bay Area residents enjoy today filled with choking smog from factories, cars and garbage fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air pollution back in the ‘50s and ‘60s was considerably higher than it is today. What you had back then were very elevated levels of ozone, and of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Particulate\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate\">particulate matter\u003c/a> from heavy industry and automobiles,” said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a>, in San Francisco. ”They used to contribute to levels on the order of three or four times what you see today.“\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s population has nearly doubled since then, to more than 7 million people. But the region’s air has become steadily cleaner. In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason? \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/\">The Clean Air Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the nation’s cornerstone environmental laws, the Clean Air Act turns 40 this week. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Richard Nixon signed the law in December, 1970, the landmark legislation will be commemorated a bit early at an \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">EPA \u003c/a>conference Tuesday in Washington D.C. with a day of celebrations, speeches and public events around the country designed to highlight the public health and environmental benefits from the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been ahead of the rest of the country in reducing smog. Because of the state’s large population and hot weather, state lawmakers approved the first \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Air pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution\">air pollution\u003c/a> regulations in 1946. Since then, California was first to require smog checks for cars, first to ban \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Gasoline\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline\">leaded gasoline\u003c/a>, first to require catalytic converters on cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of what we’ve done here in the Bay Area is duplicated elsewhere,” said Broadbent. “You can go back east and find our rules just with a different title and different number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act tied all the state rules together. It required the federal government for the first time to set standards for six major types of air pollution: soot, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Tropospheric ozone\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone\">ground level ozone\u003c/a>, a major source of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/8.13.1962Stoehli._scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area factory, 1962\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law ushered in a wave of state and federal standards, from scrubbers on smokestacks to the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Some of the results are dramatic. New cars sold today, with computerized emission systems and other high-tech devices, emit 99 percent less tailpipe pollution than cars sold in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the job isn’t done, say health experts and air regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal standards have become more stringent, resulting in 13 days last year when the Bay Area exceeded the new national standard for ground-level ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the pollution from trucks and other diesel-powered equipment, called particulate matter (PM), has until recently largely flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny diesel soot particles are inhaled deep into the lungs and have been shown to cause life-shortening health problems ranging from respiratory illness to heart problems, asthma, and cancer. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a> estimates that diesel soot from ships, trains and trucks causes as many as 2,400 premature deaths statewide each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/Plans/Clean-Air-Plans.aspx\">Air District study\u003c/a> concluded that exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 microns in width and smaller (PM 2.5) is by far the leading public health risk from air pollution in the Bay Area, accounting for more than 90 percent of premature mortality related to air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have done a great job of reducing smog levels here in the Bay Area. But there are these communities in and around the Bay Area that still of course, we believe, experience elevated levels of toxic air \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution\">contaminants\u003c/a>,” said Broadbent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has identified several “\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/CARE-Program.aspx\">hot spots\u003c/a>” or communities at much higher risk of exposure to dangerous levels of diesel particulate and other types of air pollution including Richmond, the West Oakland/ Berkeley corridor and Bayview Hunter’s Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Port-of-Oakland_CAA_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Port of Oakland, a major source of particulate matter pollution in West Oakland\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local, state and federal rules have begun to address particulate pollution. In 2006, the EPA mandated the use of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Ultra-low sulfur diesel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low_sulfur_diesel\">ultra-low sulfur diesel\u003c/a> fuel. California has also required that all ships within 24 miles of California ports to burn low-sulfur fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increasingly we recognize the health impacts of ozone and of particulate matter,” said Dr. Tom Dailey, chief of pulmonary medicine at Santa Clara Kaiser Permanente Medical Center. “That’s why the diesel engine regulations have been so important. None of us can escape the air that we breathe and the idea of getting these pollutants out of our air has been shown to decrease the incidence of heart attacks, stroke, and asthma exacerbations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Denny Larson of the environmental justice organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gcmonitor.org/index.php\">Global Community Monitor\u003c/a>, says that while these regulations are a move in the right direction, thousands of toxic air contaminants remain unmonitored and under-regulated in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toxic, cancer-causing \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Volatile organic compound\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound\">volatile organic compounds\u003c/a> such as benzene and hydrogen sulfide are extremely dangerous to public health and quite present in the Bay Area particularly around oil refineries and other \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Fossil fuel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel\">fossil fuel\u003c/a> industries,” Larson said. “Right now, we don’t have federal standards like we do for those smog-forming pollutants for those. And there aren’t a lot of requirements to monitor for them either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made significant progress in the 40 years of the Clean Air Act,” he added. “But that’s been limited to a very narrow spectrum of air pollutants and has left out almost entirely the air quality concerns and health of millions of Americans who live near industrial facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest frontier in air regulation is in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the state Air Resources Board and the Bay Area air district are in the process of writing new regulations to control and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a fairly aggressive program,” said Broadbent. “We’ve been looking at cities and counties putting grants out to inventory greenhouse gas emissions as well as to put in strategies that are energy conservation type measures. And we were one of the first in the state, possibly the nation, to put a greenhouse gas fee on businesses emitting greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because transportation is still California’s largest source of carbon dioxide, with passenger vehicles and light duty trucks creating more than 30 percent of total climate change emissions, state lawmakers in 2002 passed a new law requiring all new cars sold in California to reduce greenhouse emissions 30 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nationally, the EPA plans to significantly expand the scope of the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from factories, power plants and other industrial source starting next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new approach is controversial. Some business groups have argued that clean air laws already are costly for industry, and that a new layer of climate change regulation, particularly in a bad economy, will cost jobs. Proposition 23, on California’s November ballot, would suspend AB 32, the state’s landmark greenhouse gas law, until unemployment falls to 5.5 percent for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m glad we’re celebrating this but in some ways, it’s bittersweet,” said Dailey. “We still have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>MORE VIDEO & AUDIO\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earth-day-tv-special-where-weve-been-where-were-headed\">Earth Day Special: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Headed\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/242\">Earth Day Radio Special: The History of Environmental Justice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Perilous Diesel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Truckers Clean Up Their Act\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s Asthma: \u003ca href=\"http://\">What Brought on the Epidemic?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LISTEN TO KQED NEWS INTERVIEW WITH REPORTER AMY MILLER\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marking a Milestone for Clean Air in the Bay Area and Beyond \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials today are marking a milestone in the fight to clean up the nation’s environment. Forty years ago, Congress passed the Clean Air Act. The law aimed to tackle the impact of air pollution from cars, industry, and other sources by setting the first nationwide limits on pollutants. Since then, levels of toxic pollutants like lead, ozone and carbon monoxide have dropped dramatically. But the victory hasn’t been complete. Particulate pollution from diesel fuel still represents a widespread health risk and battles are still ahead as regulators take on the task of cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Host Kelly Wilkinson talks about the impact of the Clean Air Act and the pollution challenges ahead with Amy Miller, reporter and producer for KQED’s Quest science and environment program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch6 class=\"zemanta-related-title\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Related articles by Zemanta\u003c/h6>\n\u003cul class=\"zemanta-article-ul\">\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://climateofourfuture.org/epa-adopts-strong-protections-against-air-pollution-from-cement-kilns/\">“EPA Adopts Strong Protections Against Air Pollution from Cement Kilns” and related posts\u003c/a> (climateofourfuture.org)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/like-a-good-neighbor-the-clean-air-act-is-there.php?campaign=th_rss\">Like a Good Neighbor, the Clean Air Act is There\u003c/a> (treehugger.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/big-birthdays-for-clean-air-act-and-opec/\">Big Birthdays for Clean Air Act and OPEC\u003c/a> (dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/clean-air-act-turns-40/\">Clean Air Act Turns 40\u003c/a> (green.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: medium none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=f0e94b7a-d72c-4d12-aae5-538f8aad33ac\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7667851 -122.4125425\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit. On the 40th anniversary of the Clean Air Act, we examine the impacts that the law has had on public health, business, and environmental justice in the Bay Area and what still needs to be done to improve the quality of our air.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/1268590-R01-032_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area smog, 1968\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those too young to remember the Bay Area 40 years ago, it’s hard to imagine the mostly clear skies that Bay Area residents enjoy today filled with choking smog from factories, cars and garbage fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Air pollution back in the ‘50s and ‘60s was considerably higher than it is today. What you had back then were very elevated levels of ozone, and of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Particulate\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate\">particulate matter\u003c/a> from heavy industry and automobiles,” said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a>, in San Francisco. ”They used to contribute to levels on the order of three or four times what you see today.“\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s population has nearly doubled since then, to more than 7 million people. But the region’s air has become steadily cleaner. In 1969, there were 65 days when Bay Area air quality exceeded federal health standards. Under those same standards, last year, there wasn’t a single day over the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason? \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/\">The Clean Air Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the nation’s cornerstone environmental laws, the Clean Air Act turns 40 this week. Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Richard Nixon signed the law in December, 1970, the landmark legislation will be commemorated a bit early at an \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">EPA \u003c/a>conference Tuesday in Washington D.C. with a day of celebrations, speeches and public events around the country designed to highlight the public health and environmental benefits from the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been ahead of the rest of the country in reducing smog. Because of the state’s large population and hot weather, state lawmakers approved the first \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Air pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution\">air pollution\u003c/a> regulations in 1946. Since then, California was first to require smog checks for cars, first to ban \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Gasoline\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline\">leaded gasoline\u003c/a>, first to require catalytic converters on cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of what we’ve done here in the Bay Area is duplicated elsewhere,” said Broadbent. “You can go back east and find our rules just with a different title and different number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act tied all the state rules together. It required the federal government for the first time to set standards for six major types of air pollution: soot, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Tropospheric ozone\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone\">ground level ozone\u003c/a>, a major source of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/8.13.1962Stoehli._scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Bay Area factory, 1962\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law ushered in a wave of state and federal standards, from scrubbers on smokestacks to the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Some of the results are dramatic. New cars sold today, with computerized emission systems and other high-tech devices, emit 99 percent less tailpipe pollution than cars sold in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the job isn’t done, say health experts and air regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal standards have become more stringent, resulting in 13 days last year when the Bay Area exceeded the new national standard for ground-level ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the pollution from trucks and other diesel-powered equipment, called particulate matter (PM), has until recently largely flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny diesel soot particles are inhaled deep into the lungs and have been shown to cause life-shortening health problems ranging from respiratory illness to heart problems, asthma, and cancer. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a> estimates that diesel soot from ships, trains and trucks causes as many as 2,400 premature deaths statewide each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/Plans/Clean-Air-Plans.aspx\">Air District study\u003c/a> concluded that exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 microns in width and smaller (PM 2.5) is by far the leading public health risk from air pollution in the Bay Area, accounting for more than 90 percent of premature mortality related to air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have done a great job of reducing smog levels here in the Bay Area. But there are these communities in and around the Bay Area that still of course, we believe, experience elevated levels of toxic air \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Pollution\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution\">contaminants\u003c/a>,” said Broadbent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has identified several “\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/CARE-Program.aspx\">hot spots\u003c/a>” or communities at much higher risk of exposure to dangerous levels of diesel particulate and other types of air pollution including Richmond, the West Oakland/ Berkeley corridor and Bayview Hunter’s Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Port-of-Oakland_CAA_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Port of Oakland, a major source of particulate matter pollution in West Oakland\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local, state and federal rules have begun to address particulate pollution. In 2006, the EPA mandated the use of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Ultra-low sulfur diesel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-low_sulfur_diesel\">ultra-low sulfur diesel\u003c/a> fuel. California has also required that all ships within 24 miles of California ports to burn low-sulfur fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increasingly we recognize the health impacts of ozone and of particulate matter,” said Dr. Tom Dailey, chief of pulmonary medicine at Santa Clara Kaiser Permanente Medical Center. “That’s why the diesel engine regulations have been so important. None of us can escape the air that we breathe and the idea of getting these pollutants out of our air has been shown to decrease the incidence of heart attacks, stroke, and asthma exacerbations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Denny Larson of the environmental justice organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gcmonitor.org/index.php\">Global Community Monitor\u003c/a>, says that while these regulations are a move in the right direction, thousands of toxic air contaminants remain unmonitored and under-regulated in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toxic, cancer-causing \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Volatile organic compound\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound\">volatile organic compounds\u003c/a> such as benzene and hydrogen sulfide are extremely dangerous to public health and quite present in the Bay Area particularly around oil refineries and other \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Fossil fuel\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel\">fossil fuel\u003c/a> industries,” Larson said. “Right now, we don’t have federal standards like we do for those smog-forming pollutants for those. And there aren’t a lot of requirements to monitor for them either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made significant progress in the 40 years of the Clean Air Act,” he added. “But that’s been limited to a very narrow spectrum of air pollutants and has left out almost entirely the air quality concerns and health of millions of Americans who live near industrial facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest frontier in air regulation is in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the state Air Resources Board and the Bay Area air district are in the process of writing new regulations to control and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a fairly aggressive program,” said Broadbent. “We’ve been looking at cities and counties putting grants out to inventory greenhouse gas emissions as well as to put in strategies that are energy conservation type measures. And we were one of the first in the state, possibly the nation, to put a greenhouse gas fee on businesses emitting greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because transportation is still California’s largest source of carbon dioxide, with passenger vehicles and light duty trucks creating more than 30 percent of total climate change emissions, state lawmakers in 2002 passed a new law requiring all new cars sold in California to reduce greenhouse emissions 30 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And nationally, the EPA plans to significantly expand the scope of the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from factories, power plants and other industrial source starting next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new approach is controversial. Some business groups have argued that clean air laws already are costly for industry, and that a new layer of climate change regulation, particularly in a bad economy, will cost jobs. Proposition 23, on California’s November ballot, would suspend AB 32, the state’s landmark greenhouse gas law, until unemployment falls to 5.5 percent for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m glad we’re celebrating this but in some ways, it’s bittersweet,” said Dailey. “We still have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>MORE VIDEO & AUDIO\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earth-day-tv-special-where-weve-been-where-were-headed\">Earth Day Special: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Headed\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/242\">Earth Day Radio Special: The History of Environmental Justice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Perilous Diesel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen to QUEST Radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://\">Truckers Clean Up Their Act\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch QUEST TV’s Asthma: \u003ca href=\"http://\">What Brought on the Epidemic?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LISTEN TO KQED NEWS INTERVIEW WITH REPORTER AMY MILLER\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marking a Milestone for Clean Air in the Bay Area and Beyond \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials today are marking a milestone in the fight to clean up the nation’s environment. Forty years ago, Congress passed the Clean Air Act. The law aimed to tackle the impact of air pollution from cars, industry, and other sources by setting the first nationwide limits on pollutants. Since then, levels of toxic pollutants like lead, ozone and carbon monoxide have dropped dramatically. But the victory hasn’t been complete. Particulate pollution from diesel fuel still represents a widespread health risk and battles are still ahead as regulators take on the task of cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Host Kelly Wilkinson talks about the impact of the Clean Air Act and the pollution challenges ahead with Amy Miller, reporter and producer for KQED’s Quest science and environment program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch6 class=\"zemanta-related-title\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Related articles by Zemanta\u003c/h6>\n\u003cul class=\"zemanta-article-ul\">\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://climateofourfuture.org/epa-adopts-strong-protections-against-air-pollution-from-cement-kilns/\">“EPA Adopts Strong Protections Against Air Pollution from Cement Kilns” and related posts\u003c/a> (climateofourfuture.org)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/like-a-good-neighbor-the-clean-air-act-is-there.php?campaign=th_rss\">Like a Good Neighbor, the Clean Air Act is There\u003c/a> (treehugger.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/big-birthdays-for-clean-air-act-and-opec/\">Big Birthdays for Clean Air Act and OPEC\u003c/a> (dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"zemanta-article-ul-li\">\u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/clean-air-act-turns-40/\">Clean Air Act Turns 40\u003c/a> (green.blogs.nytimes.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: medium none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=f0e94b7a-d72c-4d12-aae5-538f8aad33ac\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Egg-in-the-Egg-Bot-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem> The Egg Bot Live in Action. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A local electronics company has recently released the Egg-Bot, a machine that allows users to draw intricate designs on any spherical object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.evilmadscientist.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Evil Mad Science Laboratories\u003c/a> (EMSL), the Egg-Bot is the latest creation from this Sunnyvale-based business. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they explain on their site,\u003cem>\"The Eggbot has a rigid but adjustable chassis that allows you to mount spherical or egg-shaped objects of various sizes, and rotate them about their axis of symmetry using a stepping motor under computer control. A second stepping motor moves a pen about an axis perpendicular to that \"egg\" axis, and a small servo motor raises or lowers the pen above the egg surface.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A closer look at the anatomy of the Egg-Bot:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Eggbot-Anatomy.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8198\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Eggbot-Anatomy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Egg-Bot can be controlled from within \u003ca href=\"http://inkscape.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Inkscape\u003c/a> (a freeware illustration program) or other programs that have the ability to send serial commands over a USB port. As you can see, the designs are pretty impressive and might just give \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_egg\" target=\"_blank\">Faberge\u003c/a> a run for it's money! You don't need to know any programming to create these designs -- as long as you can draw an image, trace a photograph, or import designs, you can use the Egg-Bot. You're only limited by your imagination:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Eggbot-Objects.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Eggbot-Objects.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EMSL is taking orders for the Egg-Bot if you'd like to make your own creations. They've also open-sourced the kit (both hardware and software) so you can build out the kit and your designs as you see fit!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more, visit their \u003ca href=\"http://www.evilmadscientist.com/article.php/eggbot\" target=\"_blank\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=d3b2dbf4-2221-4136-96ab-c497f23169e1\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Egg-in-the-Egg-Bot-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem> The Egg Bot Live in Action. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A local electronics company has recently released the Egg-Bot, a machine that allows users to draw intricate designs on any spherical object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.evilmadscientist.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Evil Mad Science Laboratories\u003c/a> (EMSL), the Egg-Bot is the latest creation from this Sunnyvale-based business. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they explain on their site,\u003cem>\"The Eggbot has a rigid but adjustable chassis that allows you to mount spherical or egg-shaped objects of various sizes, and rotate them about their axis of symmetry using a stepping motor under computer control. A second stepping motor moves a pen about an axis perpendicular to that \"egg\" axis, and a small servo motor raises or lowers the pen above the egg surface.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A closer look at the anatomy of the Egg-Bot:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Eggbot-Anatomy.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8198\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Eggbot-Anatomy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Egg-Bot can be controlled from within \u003ca href=\"http://inkscape.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Inkscape\u003c/a> (a freeware illustration program) or other programs that have the ability to send serial commands over a USB port. As you can see, the designs are pretty impressive and might just give \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_egg\" target=\"_blank\">Faberge\u003c/a> a run for it's money! You don't need to know any programming to create these designs -- as long as you can draw an image, trace a photograph, or import designs, you can use the Egg-Bot. You're only limited by your imagination:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Eggbot-Objects.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/Eggbot-Objects.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EMSL is taking orders for the Egg-Bot if you'd like to make your own creations. They've also open-sourced the kit (both hardware and software) so you can build out the kit and your designs as you see fit!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more, visit their \u003ca href=\"http://www.evilmadscientist.com/article.php/eggbot\" target=\"_blank\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=d3b2dbf4-2221-4136-96ab-c497f23169e1\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Producer's Notes: Driverless Cars",
"headTitle": "Producer’s Notes: Driverless Cars | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-driverless-cars\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/WS107_driverless_cars300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nThree years ago, I met a very unusual Volkswagen Passat at Stanford University. Junior, as they call it, is an autonomous vehicle, which means the car can drive itself. Using laser technology called LIDAR, the car reads its surrounding and makes decisions about where and how to drive. Sitting in the backseat for one of its test drives, I found it truly bizarre to see the steering wheel move completely on its own (for more, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/robot-car-race\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">check out his radio story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The car was developed by Stanford University for the \u003ca href=\"http://cs.stanford.edu/group/roadrunner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DARPA Urban Challenge\u003c/a> in 2007, a road race designed for autonomous cars. The course was complete with stop signs and obstacles that the cars had to avoid. Junior won second place. And there’s no doubt that the cars developed for the race broke new ground. Stanley, Junior’s predecessor, is now \u003ca href=\"http://soe.stanford.edu/about/stanleyvisit.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">featured in the Smithsonian Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, another autonomous car has driven itself onto the scene – Shelley. Developed by the \u003ca href=\"http://me.stanford.edu/groups/design/automotive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Automotive Research at Stanford\u003c/a>, Shelley is an Audi TTS that is designed to be an autonomous race car. Shelley doesn’t use lasers to see the terrain. Instead, the car uses \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_GPS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">differential GPS\u003c/a> to find its position on an internal map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Chris Gerdes says the car uses techniques that race car drivers use. It takes sharp turns at high speeds, calculating the right times to brake and accelerate. We hung out recently at one of Shelley’s test runs at the Santa Clara County Fairground. From the outside, it didn’t seem like Shelly was doing anything special. Riding in the car, though, you can tell it’s taking the turns faster than most rational drivers would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from being a neat trick, the research that has gone into Shelley could be important in the future. Gerdes says it could be built into safety systems for cars that could assist drivers in tough situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this month, Gerdes is planning on taking Shelley up \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes_Peak_International_Hill_Climb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pike’s Peak\u003c/a>, a climbing race course in Colorado. With tight turns, sheer drops and dirt roads, it will certainly be a test of the car’s systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.30402 -121.8532\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/1411777068_cb128640f7_o1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> What to do when all your friends are at Burning Man? Here are six fun activities to inspire the Maker in you.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have noticed a few strange occurrences this week: rush hour seems lighter, there are no lines at the grocery store and you can suddenly find parking in San Francisco. As many of us know, this is the week of Burning Man. The city has cleared out and headed to Black Rock Desert in Nevada to show off their creativity, display feats of engineering and adorn themselves in furry costumes.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no time like this week to take advantage of these activities to fuel your senses and inspire the Maker in you:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Visit Burning Man art in the city: Both the \u003ca href=\"http://www.raygungothicrocket.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Raygun Gothic Rocketship\u003c/a> at the Embarcadero and \u003ca href=\"http://www.hayesvalleyartcoalition.org/featuredartist.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Ecstacy\u003c/a> in Hayes Valley were unveiled at Burning Man in years past. They are amazing feats of engineering, art and ingenuity and definitely worth a visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Take a class at \u003ca href=\"http://techshop.ws/\">Tech Shop\u003c/a>. They are a great resource our us DIYers in the Bay Area. They offer over 20 classes a week in everything from laser cutting, sewing, electronics and CNC mills. Their current space is in Menlo Park and a second location will be opening in the heart of San Francisco soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>! One of the most fun creative spaces for engineers and DIY freaks, I could spend hours getting lost in their exhibits. Best of all, It’s free tomorrow night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Visit a science cafe. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=2893\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Science Cafe\u003c/a> is meeting tomorrow to talk particle physics with Dr. Beate Heinemann who will be discussing the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. Take a walk in the wild with \u003ca href=\"http://foragesf.com/wild-food-walks/\" target=\"_blank\">Forage SF\u003c/a>. Learn about all the edibles growing in our back yard on this East Bay walk on September 4th. Future walks take black on both sides of the bridge, but they sell out quickly!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Go to \u003ca href=\"http://balsaman.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Balsa Man\u003c/a>. On Saturday evening, the same night that “the Man” will burn in Black Rock City, tiny pieces of art made out of balsa wood will be burnt off the San Francisco coast in what is akin to a much tinier and shorter Burning Man like event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so much cool stuff going on, this is a great week to be in town. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>! One of the most fun creative spaces for engineers and DIY freaks, I could spend hours getting lost in their exhibits. Best of all, It’s free tomorrow night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Visit a science cafe. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=2893\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Science Cafe\u003c/a> is meeting tomorrow to talk particle physics with Dr. Beate Heinemann who will be discussing the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. Take a walk in the wild with \u003ca href=\"http://foragesf.com/wild-food-walks/\" target=\"_blank\">Forage SF\u003c/a>. Learn about all the edibles growing in our back yard on this East Bay walk on September 4th. Future walks take black on both sides of the bridge, but they sell out quickly!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Go to \u003ca href=\"http://balsaman.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Balsa Man\u003c/a>. On Saturday evening, the same night that “the Man” will burn in Black Rock City, tiny pieces of art made out of balsa wood will be burnt off the San Francisco coast in what is akin to a much tinier and shorter Burning Man like event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so much cool stuff going on, this is a great week to be in town. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/477859main_KeplerSinglePanelStill.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of exoplanets around a star. (credit: NASA)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of researchers, led by NASA scientists in Mountain View, announced on Thursday the discovery of at least two Saturn-sized planets outside of our solar system orbiting the same Sun-like star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of these extra-solar planets or ‘exoplanets’ marks the first major discovery from the $600 million \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler\u003c/a> mission which launched in March 2009 on a quest to find planets similar to Earth in their composition and size that could possibly sustain life. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mission is designed to find several hundred such planets if they exist” said William Borucki, Principal Investigator of the Kepler science mission, based at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two new exoplanets which the astronomers named Kepler 9-b and Kepler- 9c – are 2,000 light years away in the Lyra constellation, and were found after analyzing seven months of data from 156,000 stars. Scientists believe the two planets are comprised of hydrogen and helium and are slightly less massive than Saturn, with the bigger of the two planets – Kepler-9b – orbiting the Kepler-9 star in 39 days, about twice as long as the orbit time for the other planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1995, a Swiss team found the first exoplanet passing in front of a star. Since then, there have been nearly 500 exoplanets discovered, though most of these have been large, Jupiter-sized planets that wouldn’t be capable of supporting life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These large exoplanets were found with ground-based telescopes but now missions like Kepler and the European Space Agency’s COROT mission, which launched in December 2006, add an additional tool for exoplanet discovery with space-based telescopes that are powerful enough and presumably close enough to detect smaller, Earth-sized exoplanets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mankind has been asking the question, ‘are there other planets out there, is there other life out there?’”, said Borucki. “In the next few years, we'll have answers to some of these questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help answer these questions, the Kepler spacecraft telescope is positioned 18 million miles from Earth, staring at hundreds of billions of stars. It can view more than 100,000 stars at a time that are a few hundred to a few thousand light years from the sun. A light year is roughly 6 trillion miles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope instrument is more than three feet wide, armed with an array of light sensor detectors akin to those found in a digital camera, only more powerful. But instead of taking pictures of a star, it measures the temporary dips in brightness from a star when a planet transits, or passes in front of the star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring these dips, how often they occur and how long it takes the planet to transit the star, scientists can confirm the existence of an exoplanet and how far it is from its star. By adding Kepler’s measurements to ground-based telescopes measuring the properties of stars, they can calculate the planet’s temperature, its mass and they can even infer the composition of the planet– whether it contains a rocky core or is mostly gas, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/476590main_TransitSignature_Mu10D0C0C.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Transit signature of a multi-planet system (credit: NASA)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said that it’s too soon to definitively confirm the existence of a third possible planet – about 1.5 times the radius of Earth – orbiting the Kepler-9 star. If it is confirmed, it would be the smallest exoplanet found to date transiting a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this small planet would still be too hot to exist in the ‘habitable zone’ where water and possibly life could exist, given its close, 1.6 day orbit around its star. Similarly, the surfaces of the two confirmed gas giant exoplanets are estimated to be more than 2300 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, by studying the orbits of the new exoplanets, scientists hope to uncover additional information, such as the formation and migration of planets as they gravitationally pull and tug at each other when orbiting the same star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the Kepler team announced they had identified more than 700 “candidate” exoplanets after the first 43 days of data collection, including six candidate planetary systems that appeared to contain more than one transiting planet in them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the challenge scientists have when identifying smaller exoplanets that transit in an orbit similar to Earth is that such transits occur only about once a year, compared to the more frequent, shorter transits associated generally with hotter, larger planets. So they need a sequence of four transits, typically, to get enough reliable data to confirm the existence of Earth-size planets, which is why the Kepler mission was designed to run for nearly four years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are already looking ahead to future missions which may be able to expand upon Kepler’s discoveries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are missions on the planning board that may be able to tell us what the atmospheres are like around these planets, do they have water in them, do they have C02 in them like our Earth’s atmosphere, do they have oxygen?”, Borucki said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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