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"title": "Go Big Green: Stanford Lightens Its Carbon Load",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-044b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A view of Stanford’s campus, taken from Hoover Tower. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1888, when famed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted drafted his master plan for \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University \u003c/a>in Palo Alto, he drew the academic buildings along an east-west axis to efficiently make use of heat and light from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 100 years later, a new generation of eco-centric builders and designers are embarking on a $250 million project to raise, retrofit and re-power buildings across the 8,000-acre campus, in the hopes of slashing Stanford’s greenhouse gas emissions to 20 percent below 1990 levels in just 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan tackles energy demand in existing and new buildings, while also laying the groundwork for a new energy supply loop that powers, heats and cools the 125 biggest buildings on the main campus. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the most far-reaching efforts in the nation for a major research university to make a total transformation of a complete campus energy system”, said Joe Stagner, a civil engineer who directs Stanford’s Department of Sustainability and Energy Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steep price tag, the university estimates that by going greener it will save be saving lots of green – $639 million by 2050 through lower utility bills and operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, which received preliminary approval by the Stanford Board of Trustees last fall, the energy savings are expected to build up with time. By 2050, the campus is projected to emit only 50 percent of the greenhouse gases it emitted in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s a minimum, it doesn’t mean that we’re going to stop at 50 percent”, said Fahmida Ahmed, manager of \u003ca href=\"http://sustainable.stanford.edu/index.php\">sustainability programs\u003c/a> at Stanford. She and Stagner wrote the new \u003ca href=\"http://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/sites/sem.stanford.edu/files/documents/StanfordEnergyandClimatePlan_11-10.pdf\">energy and climate plan\u003c/a> that serves as the university’s sustainability roadmap and presented it to the Trustees in October 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Stanford has pursued recycling, composting and energy efficiency since the 1980s, until just a few years ago, it lacked a single, cohesive campaign to shrink the university’s carbon footprint – a task made more urgent by Stanford’s steady growth spurts. By 2025, two million square feet of new academic buildings and housing are expected to be built for 2,400 additional faculty, staff and students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole idea to attack greenhouse gases gained momentum in 2006 and 2007,” said Stagner. “University stakeholders, including faculty from the Woods Institute to members of Students for a Sustainable Stanford and faculty and even some alumni, all of them let the university’s leadership know that they wanted Stanford to be more sustainable”, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, the campus generates 262,000 metric tons – nearly 580 million pounds – of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases each year through direct sources such as generating electricity each day at an aging campus power plant, and indirect sources such as airline trips and commuting miles driven by faculty and staff. If no new initiatives are undertaken, pursuing instead a “business-as-usual” level of energy consumption and energy generation, Stanford is expected to produce 325,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases by 2020 and nearly 400,000 metric tons by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stagner and his team realized early on that energy conservation improvements alone could not achieve substantial greenhouse gas reductions for a campus growing at such a fast clip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to come up with a comprehensive energy model that includes energy demand on one side and energy supply on the other side to inform how to best prioritize our work, to see what had the best return, environmentally, and the best bang for our buck”, said Stagner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest environmental gains, his team discovered, would come from overhauling the campus’ natural gas-fired power plant which has operated for more than 20 years and accounts for nearly 90 percent of the campus’ greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Stanford is situated in a Mediterranean climate, many of its buildings need simultaneous cooling and heating. Currently, the cooling system pipes chilled water into buildings to cool them and also remove excess heat that builds up inside them. As the water extracts the unwanted heat from buildings, it warms and is piped back to the central energy facility where massive cooling towers exhaust the excess heat from the water into the atmosphere. The loop continues, with the water being re-chilled at the central energy facility and sent back out to the buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, heat and hot water are supplied to buildings in a separate loop. It uses steam, which is made as a byproduct of burning natural gas to generate electricity to power the buildings. The steam cools into hot water after it has been sent to the buildings, and then it is sent back to the central energy facility, where it is reheated and sent back out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2008, during a year-long audit of the campus’ hour-by-hour energy use, Stagner experienced an ‘a-ha moment.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I took a look at the data and saw that the potential for reusing the waste heat to heat the campus was much larger than we had hoped for and got very excited about the possibilities,” said Stagner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stagner realized that nearly half of the campus’ heating needs can be met through bypassing the cooling towers and reusing most of the heat which would otherwise be exhausted into the air. This new scheme of heat recovery is being called “regeneration.” Through it, the campus will also cut its water use by nearly 20 percent since less water would be used by the cooling towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project won’t happen overnight, however. It will take five to 10 years, and university crews will have to dig up 10 miles of underground pipes that are currently designed to distribute steam – not hot water — to buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When all of that is finished, the campus will be able to burn less natural gas to make electricity and will instead be able to buy electricity from utilities or from direct suppliers using renewables like solar and wind to green up the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electricity will power up to five new multimillion-dollar “heat recovery chillers.” The machines will form the backbone of the new energy loop, where warm water that would have been sent to the cooling towers instead will now be sent for further reheating and piped back out as 170-degree water to provide heat and hot water to buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of this year, Stagner will present to Stanford’s trustees an update of the heat recovery system and the broader energy and climate plan, which is receiving one last peer review to see if further greenhouse gas reductions are possible under it. But he and his team are already moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-006b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Stanford’s new heat exchange unit. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/heat_recovery\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Stanford_steamhot-water-conversion_b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Campus map showing the buildings where pipes carrying steam will need to be replaced by pipes carrying hot water. Photo and image copyright Stanford University\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a patch of land behind Memorial Auditorium, for the past six months, workers have been installing a $750,000 heat exchange station next to Stanford’s new business school, the Knight Management Center, which will open later this year. The station is needed to convert the steam currently made by the campus power plant to hot water, which will then be distributed through new pipes snaking underground that will serve 12 new and existing buildings when it fires up next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other universities, including the University of Rochester in New York and Auburn University in Alabama, also have converted from steam to hot water to meet their heating needs, but not to the extent Stanford plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the engineering plans, Stanford also is working to change the behavior of its students, professors and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We live in an eco-minded area,” said Ahmed, whose office worked with students to create a \u003ca href=\"http://sustainable.stanford.edu/sites/sustainable.stanford.edu/files/documents/SustainableLiving_at_Stanford_New.pdf\"> guide to sustainable living\u003c/a> that describes how to reduce water and electricity use and act sustainably beyond the dorms and dining halls. “But for conservation to be a part of daily experience there needs to be incentives that we relate to and feel encouraged about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Stanford program, for example, establishes an annual baseline of average kilowatt-hours used for an individual school or administrative unit based on past consumption trends. Then, it allows that school or unit to keep whatever money is saved if it falls under its budget for energy spending. In three years, the program yielded a three percent decrease in energy use and $830,000 for the energy-saving participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a penalty component was added, so now departments that go over their budgets are supposed to pay back to the university the cost of excess electricity they used. The Office of Sustainability wouldn’t reveal which departments were penalized, pointing out instead that “there are sometimes valid reasons for their energy usage going up” and that the budgets for electricity use “can and will be revised over time as a trend appears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an academic department isn’t responsible for its energy expenditures or budget, it is in the same position as a renter in an apartment who isn’t responsible for paying for the utilities. The renter has no incentive for energy efficiency or water efficiency. It’s just human nature,” said Stanley Young, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board, in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford junior Ishan Nath wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2009/11/09/editorial-extend-energy-incentives-to-student-residences/\">editorial last fall in \u003cem>The Stanford Daily\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, calling for an expansion of the incentive program so students could pocket some of the cost savings from lower energy use in their dorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems that the double benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions while saving money is something we should be taking advantage of in any place we can and I think it’s really important that Stanford is leading in this direction,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key part of the Stanford plan to reduce greenhouse emissions is to retrofit existing buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are nearly 200 buildings on campus that are larger than 20,000 square feet, roughly the size of a small supermarket. A 2004 study found that 12 buildings accounted for 33% of the campus’ electricity use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put together a new program to look at a single building in detail and go top to bottom and find energy savings opportunities,” said Scott Gould, a senior energy engineer with the Department of Sustainability and Energy Management who oversees the Whole Building Retrofit Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, the campus approved $15 million in funding to retrofit these energy-intensive buildings, many of which contain research labs built in the 1960s, ‘70s and ‘80s. Some have annual energy bills of $2 million to $3 million each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two building retrofits are currently taking place, one at Gilbert Hall, which houses the biology department, and the other at the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine. The fume hoods in them are being fitted with valves that can more efficiently regulate the flow and exhaust of air, so that instead of 10 air exchanges in an hour, there may only be six or eight. New valves also will control the total amount of air supplied to a room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a technology that wasn’t available in the ‘70s”, said Gould, whose job is compounded by the fact that the retrofit work needs to typically take place over short periods of time to minimize the impact to the still-active labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easier to design super-energy efficient buildings from the start than going back and retrofitting old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-026b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A view of the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greenest building on Stanford’s campus – and a model for future construction – is the Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Energy + Environment Building, known as “Y2E2.” Opened in 2008, the four-story, L-shaped building uses 38 percent less energy and 90 percent less total water than older buildings – the latter feat accomplished in part by using recycled water for flushing toilets and rainwater for irrigating landscaping. Four atriums funnel natural light through angled skylights, and they also serve as the building’s lungs, drawing in fresh air and circulating heated air through vents that open and close automatically throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-010b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A skylight inside the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-007b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Looking down the atrium inside the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford also has solar power demonstration projects at seven locations on campus but they generate enough power currently to meet only two percent of the campus’ energy needs. Ahmed acknowledged that solar power has the potential to meet 10 percent of the sunny campus’ energy needs, but the university is continuing to track progress on solar power technology before committing to its wider use on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, students seem pleased with the university’s level of planning and implementation around sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a period of tremendous uncertainty in what’s going to happen with California’s climate policy,” said Nath. “Without knowing that, it’s impossible to fairly plan for what type of renewable energy to use, and it’s difficult to compare the financing to see what’s the best decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Ten Hoeve is president of the \u003ca href=\"http://inversion.stanford.edu/swep/drupal/\">Stanford Solar and Wind Energy Project\u003c/a>, a group run mostly by graduate students trying to promote renewable energy at Stanford. “I believe I speak for the group when I say that we are very pleased with the new climate and energy plan”, Ten Hoeve said, while complimenting its Office of Sustainability for being “open-minded” to opportunities to cut Stanford’s carbon load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s plan focuses on more near-term energy supply and conservation steps to curb campus emissions, but doesn’t fund much renewable energy at the moment. A chart laying out the expected emissions savings as color-coded wedges from building retrofits, heat recovery and other initiatives, has a wedge that corresponds to emissions savings through electricity generated by renewable means, like solar, wind and geothermal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten Hoeve pointed out that the ‘green electricity’ wedge doesn’t kick in fully, however, until 2035. “If Stanford were to produce its own renewable energy, through a few well-sited local wind turbines for example, it would be great PR for the university at little to no cost, which is why we hope it will happen sooner than later”, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some students think that an array of solar panels, such as the one adorning the Y2E2 building, do more than just green the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to have them in places where people can see them and when they come to Stanford, they’ll say, ‘oh, maybe solar panels are developing enough to be used on a wide scale’”, said Nath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Eli Pollak, a member of \u003ca href=\"http://sustainability.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/index.php\">Students for a Sustainable Stanford\u003c/a>, said he’s impressed by the Stanford plan, but would have liked to have seen more students involved in drafting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In keeping with Stanford’s educational mission, it would have been beneficial for the administration to have drawn on the intellect of the students and the students could have gained real-world experience to address climate change and see how a large institution approaches climate change and energy planning,” Pollak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford isn’t alone in trying to improve energy efficiency and reduce its carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/\">American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment\u003c/a> has recruited nearly 700 college and university presidents to cut more than 30 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions annually across their campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The niche that we were filling was helping people learn from each other,” said Paul Rowland, executive director of the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education, an organization that has created a tool to help universities and colleges that have signed the climate commitment measure and report their annual greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first university to have achieved carbon neutrality, Rowland said, is the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, Maine, which it did in part by purchasing renewable energy credits to offset its greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford has declined to join the organization ever since 2006 when it was first asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Stanford commits to reductions it can meet. Committing to carbon neutrality without having the solutions at hand must have seemed not very authentic to the administration at the time,” said Ahmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s energy and climate plan also does not endorse the use of carbon offsets or renewable energy credits, citing in part their “regulatory uncertainty,” which suggests the university is more focused on projects campus officials can directly observe, control and monitor to track the progress on its emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chancellors of the 10 campuses that make up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/\">University of California\u003c/a> system have, however, signed onto the ACUPCC. The UC campuses have set a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 2000 levels by 2014 and to 1990 levels by 2020, while also eliminating all waste sent to landfills by 2020. After these targets have been met, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/sustainability/documents/policy_sustain_prac.pdf\">UC sustainability policy \u003c/a>directs the campuses to pursue carbon neutrality “as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past five years, the UC system has saved $15 million by replacing aging lighting, heating and ventilation systems and expanding the monitoring and metering of campus buildings,” said Matthew St. Clair, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/sustainability/\">UC sustainability efforts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UC Berkeley, energy efficiency projects such as changing leaky heating and cooling systems and installing more efficient lighting in its buildings, some of which are more than 100 years old, has cut the campus’ electricity use. At Tang Center, home to the university’s health services, an analysis revealed that the air circulation system was running 24 hours a day. So a new air circulation system was installed, saving the university each year enough electricity to power 46 single family homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC campuses are also exploring projects that will generate a total of 10 megawatts of on-site renewable energy by 2014. To date, three of them – Irvine, Merced and San Diego – have one-megawatt solar panel arrays installed at each of their campuses. The solar array at Merced spans nearly nine acres and provides the campus with nearly 20 percent of its annual energy needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a public institution that includes a mission of public service, we need to demonstrate to the taxpayers and voters of California that we are being good citizens in reducing our environmental impact, cutting costs through efficient resource consumption and modeling sustainability leadership”, said St. Clair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s Stagner said he similarly feels that colleges and universities don’t need to wait for a blueprint from the government to start tackling climate change, adding that they have a responsibility to “to help create the scientific, human, cultural, and political solutions to it, and to educate tomorrow’s leaders so that they may continue to work on this challenge and advance civilization toward a sustainable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.427648 -122.166793\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-044b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A view of Stanford’s campus, taken from Hoover Tower. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1888, when famed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted drafted his master plan for \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University \u003c/a>in Palo Alto, he drew the academic buildings along an east-west axis to efficiently make use of heat and light from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 100 years later, a new generation of eco-centric builders and designers are embarking on a $250 million project to raise, retrofit and re-power buildings across the 8,000-acre campus, in the hopes of slashing Stanford’s greenhouse gas emissions to 20 percent below 1990 levels in just 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan tackles energy demand in existing and new buildings, while also laying the groundwork for a new energy supply loop that powers, heats and cools the 125 biggest buildings on the main campus. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the most far-reaching efforts in the nation for a major research university to make a total transformation of a complete campus energy system”, said Joe Stagner, a civil engineer who directs Stanford’s Department of Sustainability and Energy Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steep price tag, the university estimates that by going greener it will save be saving lots of green – $639 million by 2050 through lower utility bills and operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, which received preliminary approval by the Stanford Board of Trustees last fall, the energy savings are expected to build up with time. By 2050, the campus is projected to emit only 50 percent of the greenhouse gases it emitted in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s a minimum, it doesn’t mean that we’re going to stop at 50 percent”, said Fahmida Ahmed, manager of \u003ca href=\"http://sustainable.stanford.edu/index.php\">sustainability programs\u003c/a> at Stanford. She and Stagner wrote the new \u003ca href=\"http://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/sites/sem.stanford.edu/files/documents/StanfordEnergyandClimatePlan_11-10.pdf\">energy and climate plan\u003c/a> that serves as the university’s sustainability roadmap and presented it to the Trustees in October 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Stanford has pursued recycling, composting and energy efficiency since the 1980s, until just a few years ago, it lacked a single, cohesive campaign to shrink the university’s carbon footprint – a task made more urgent by Stanford’s steady growth spurts. By 2025, two million square feet of new academic buildings and housing are expected to be built for 2,400 additional faculty, staff and students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole idea to attack greenhouse gases gained momentum in 2006 and 2007,” said Stagner. “University stakeholders, including faculty from the Woods Institute to members of Students for a Sustainable Stanford and faculty and even some alumni, all of them let the university’s leadership know that they wanted Stanford to be more sustainable”, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, the campus generates 262,000 metric tons – nearly 580 million pounds – of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases each year through direct sources such as generating electricity each day at an aging campus power plant, and indirect sources such as airline trips and commuting miles driven by faculty and staff. If no new initiatives are undertaken, pursuing instead a “business-as-usual” level of energy consumption and energy generation, Stanford is expected to produce 325,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases by 2020 and nearly 400,000 metric tons by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stagner and his team realized early on that energy conservation improvements alone could not achieve substantial greenhouse gas reductions for a campus growing at such a fast clip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to come up with a comprehensive energy model that includes energy demand on one side and energy supply on the other side to inform how to best prioritize our work, to see what had the best return, environmentally, and the best bang for our buck”, said Stagner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest environmental gains, his team discovered, would come from overhauling the campus’ natural gas-fired power plant which has operated for more than 20 years and accounts for nearly 90 percent of the campus’ greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Stanford is situated in a Mediterranean climate, many of its buildings need simultaneous cooling and heating. Currently, the cooling system pipes chilled water into buildings to cool them and also remove excess heat that builds up inside them. As the water extracts the unwanted heat from buildings, it warms and is piped back to the central energy facility where massive cooling towers exhaust the excess heat from the water into the atmosphere. The loop continues, with the water being re-chilled at the central energy facility and sent back out to the buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, heat and hot water are supplied to buildings in a separate loop. It uses steam, which is made as a byproduct of burning natural gas to generate electricity to power the buildings. The steam cools into hot water after it has been sent to the buildings, and then it is sent back to the central energy facility, where it is reheated and sent back out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2008, during a year-long audit of the campus’ hour-by-hour energy use, Stagner experienced an ‘a-ha moment.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I took a look at the data and saw that the potential for reusing the waste heat to heat the campus was much larger than we had hoped for and got very excited about the possibilities,” said Stagner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stagner realized that nearly half of the campus’ heating needs can be met through bypassing the cooling towers and reusing most of the heat which would otherwise be exhausted into the air. This new scheme of heat recovery is being called “regeneration.” Through it, the campus will also cut its water use by nearly 20 percent since less water would be used by the cooling towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project won’t happen overnight, however. It will take five to 10 years, and university crews will have to dig up 10 miles of underground pipes that are currently designed to distribute steam – not hot water — to buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When all of that is finished, the campus will be able to burn less natural gas to make electricity and will instead be able to buy electricity from utilities or from direct suppliers using renewables like solar and wind to green up the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electricity will power up to five new multimillion-dollar “heat recovery chillers.” The machines will form the backbone of the new energy loop, where warm water that would have been sent to the cooling towers instead will now be sent for further reheating and piped back out as 170-degree water to provide heat and hot water to buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of this year, Stagner will present to Stanford’s trustees an update of the heat recovery system and the broader energy and climate plan, which is receiving one last peer review to see if further greenhouse gas reductions are possible under it. But he and his team are already moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-006b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Stanford’s new heat exchange unit. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/heat_recovery\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Stanford_steamhot-water-conversion_b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Campus map showing the buildings where pipes carrying steam will need to be replaced by pipes carrying hot water. Photo and image copyright Stanford University\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a patch of land behind Memorial Auditorium, for the past six months, workers have been installing a $750,000 heat exchange station next to Stanford’s new business school, the Knight Management Center, which will open later this year. The station is needed to convert the steam currently made by the campus power plant to hot water, which will then be distributed through new pipes snaking underground that will serve 12 new and existing buildings when it fires up next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other universities, including the University of Rochester in New York and Auburn University in Alabama, also have converted from steam to hot water to meet their heating needs, but not to the extent Stanford plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the engineering plans, Stanford also is working to change the behavior of its students, professors and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We live in an eco-minded area,” said Ahmed, whose office worked with students to create a \u003ca href=\"http://sustainable.stanford.edu/sites/sustainable.stanford.edu/files/documents/SustainableLiving_at_Stanford_New.pdf\"> guide to sustainable living\u003c/a> that describes how to reduce water and electricity use and act sustainably beyond the dorms and dining halls. “But for conservation to be a part of daily experience there needs to be incentives that we relate to and feel encouraged about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Stanford program, for example, establishes an annual baseline of average kilowatt-hours used for an individual school or administrative unit based on past consumption trends. Then, it allows that school or unit to keep whatever money is saved if it falls under its budget for energy spending. In three years, the program yielded a three percent decrease in energy use and $830,000 for the energy-saving participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a penalty component was added, so now departments that go over their budgets are supposed to pay back to the university the cost of excess electricity they used. The Office of Sustainability wouldn’t reveal which departments were penalized, pointing out instead that “there are sometimes valid reasons for their energy usage going up” and that the budgets for electricity use “can and will be revised over time as a trend appears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an academic department isn’t responsible for its energy expenditures or budget, it is in the same position as a renter in an apartment who isn’t responsible for paying for the utilities. The renter has no incentive for energy efficiency or water efficiency. It’s just human nature,” said Stanley Young, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board, in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford junior Ishan Nath wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2009/11/09/editorial-extend-energy-incentives-to-student-residences/\">editorial last fall in \u003cem>The Stanford Daily\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, calling for an expansion of the incentive program so students could pocket some of the cost savings from lower energy use in their dorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems that the double benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions while saving money is something we should be taking advantage of in any place we can and I think it’s really important that Stanford is leading in this direction,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key part of the Stanford plan to reduce greenhouse emissions is to retrofit existing buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are nearly 200 buildings on campus that are larger than 20,000 square feet, roughly the size of a small supermarket. A 2004 study found that 12 buildings accounted for 33% of the campus’ electricity use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put together a new program to look at a single building in detail and go top to bottom and find energy savings opportunities,” said Scott Gould, a senior energy engineer with the Department of Sustainability and Energy Management who oversees the Whole Building Retrofit Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, the campus approved $15 million in funding to retrofit these energy-intensive buildings, many of which contain research labs built in the 1960s, ‘70s and ‘80s. Some have annual energy bills of $2 million to $3 million each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two building retrofits are currently taking place, one at Gilbert Hall, which houses the biology department, and the other at the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine. The fume hoods in them are being fitted with valves that can more efficiently regulate the flow and exhaust of air, so that instead of 10 air exchanges in an hour, there may only be six or eight. New valves also will control the total amount of air supplied to a room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a technology that wasn’t available in the ‘70s”, said Gould, whose job is compounded by the fact that the retrofit work needs to typically take place over short periods of time to minimize the impact to the still-active labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easier to design super-energy efficient buildings from the start than going back and retrofitting old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-026b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A view of the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greenest building on Stanford’s campus – and a model for future construction – is the Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Energy + Environment Building, known as “Y2E2.” Opened in 2008, the four-story, L-shaped building uses 38 percent less energy and 90 percent less total water than older buildings – the latter feat accomplished in part by using recycled water for flushing toilets and rainwater for irrigating landscaping. Four atriums funnel natural light through angled skylights, and they also serve as the building’s lungs, drawing in fresh air and circulating heated air through vents that open and close automatically throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-010b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A skylight inside the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-007b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Looking down the atrium inside the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford also has solar power demonstration projects at seven locations on campus but they generate enough power currently to meet only two percent of the campus’ energy needs. Ahmed acknowledged that solar power has the potential to meet 10 percent of the sunny campus’ energy needs, but the university is continuing to track progress on solar power technology before committing to its wider use on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, students seem pleased with the university’s level of planning and implementation around sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a period of tremendous uncertainty in what’s going to happen with California’s climate policy,” said Nath. “Without knowing that, it’s impossible to fairly plan for what type of renewable energy to use, and it’s difficult to compare the financing to see what’s the best decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Ten Hoeve is president of the \u003ca href=\"http://inversion.stanford.edu/swep/drupal/\">Stanford Solar and Wind Energy Project\u003c/a>, a group run mostly by graduate students trying to promote renewable energy at Stanford. “I believe I speak for the group when I say that we are very pleased with the new climate and energy plan”, Ten Hoeve said, while complimenting its Office of Sustainability for being “open-minded” to opportunities to cut Stanford’s carbon load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s plan focuses on more near-term energy supply and conservation steps to curb campus emissions, but doesn’t fund much renewable energy at the moment. A chart laying out the expected emissions savings as color-coded wedges from building retrofits, heat recovery and other initiatives, has a wedge that corresponds to emissions savings through electricity generated by renewable means, like solar, wind and geothermal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten Hoeve pointed out that the ‘green electricity’ wedge doesn’t kick in fully, however, until 2035. “If Stanford were to produce its own renewable energy, through a few well-sited local wind turbines for example, it would be great PR for the university at little to no cost, which is why we hope it will happen sooner than later”, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some students think that an array of solar panels, such as the one adorning the Y2E2 building, do more than just green the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to have them in places where people can see them and when they come to Stanford, they’ll say, ‘oh, maybe solar panels are developing enough to be used on a wide scale’”, said Nath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Eli Pollak, a member of \u003ca href=\"http://sustainability.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/index.php\">Students for a Sustainable Stanford\u003c/a>, said he’s impressed by the Stanford plan, but would have liked to have seen more students involved in drafting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In keeping with Stanford’s educational mission, it would have been beneficial for the administration to have drawn on the intellect of the students and the students could have gained real-world experience to address climate change and see how a large institution approaches climate change and energy planning,” Pollak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford isn’t alone in trying to improve energy efficiency and reduce its carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/\">American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment\u003c/a> has recruited nearly 700 college and university presidents to cut more than 30 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions annually across their campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The niche that we were filling was helping people learn from each other,” said Paul Rowland, executive director of the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education, an organization that has created a tool to help universities and colleges that have signed the climate commitment measure and report their annual greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first university to have achieved carbon neutrality, Rowland said, is the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, Maine, which it did in part by purchasing renewable energy credits to offset its greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford has declined to join the organization ever since 2006 when it was first asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Stanford commits to reductions it can meet. Committing to carbon neutrality without having the solutions at hand must have seemed not very authentic to the administration at the time,” said Ahmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s energy and climate plan also does not endorse the use of carbon offsets or renewable energy credits, citing in part their “regulatory uncertainty,” which suggests the university is more focused on projects campus officials can directly observe, control and monitor to track the progress on its emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chancellors of the 10 campuses that make up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/\">University of California\u003c/a> system have, however, signed onto the ACUPCC. The UC campuses have set a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 2000 levels by 2014 and to 1990 levels by 2020, while also eliminating all waste sent to landfills by 2020. After these targets have been met, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/sustainability/documents/policy_sustain_prac.pdf\">UC sustainability policy \u003c/a>directs the campuses to pursue carbon neutrality “as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past five years, the UC system has saved $15 million by replacing aging lighting, heating and ventilation systems and expanding the monitoring and metering of campus buildings,” said Matthew St. Clair, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/sustainability/\">UC sustainability efforts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UC Berkeley, energy efficiency projects such as changing leaky heating and cooling systems and installing more efficient lighting in its buildings, some of which are more than 100 years old, has cut the campus’ electricity use. At Tang Center, home to the university’s health services, an analysis revealed that the air circulation system was running 24 hours a day. So a new air circulation system was installed, saving the university each year enough electricity to power 46 single family homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC campuses are also exploring projects that will generate a total of 10 megawatts of on-site renewable energy by 2014. To date, three of them – Irvine, Merced and San Diego – have one-megawatt solar panel arrays installed at each of their campuses. The solar array at Merced spans nearly nine acres and provides the campus with nearly 20 percent of its annual energy needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a public institution that includes a mission of public service, we need to demonstrate to the taxpayers and voters of California that we are being good citizens in reducing our environmental impact, cutting costs through efficient resource consumption and modeling sustainability leadership”, said St. Clair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s Stagner said he similarly feels that colleges and universities don’t need to wait for a blueprint from the government to start tackling climate change, adding that they have a responsibility to “to help create the scientific, human, cultural, and political solutions to it, and to educate tomorrow’s leaders so that they may continue to work on this challenge and advance civilization toward a sustainable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Polishing Oakland's Crown Jewel: Lake Merritt Reborn",
"title": "Polishing Oakland's Crown Jewel: Lake Merritt Reborn",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0392_Marquee_scaled1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Removal of culverts at 12th Street will increase tidal flow into Lake Merritt (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excavators rumbled and dust filled the air in downtown Oakland this week as the demolition of a 12-lane stretch of roadway running along the south end of Lake Merritt got underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the demise of the 2,000-foot long section of 12th Street, dubbed the “world’s shortest freeway” by locals, is more than just a road project. It’s part of the most visible and expensive phase of a multimillion-dollar rebirth of Lake Merritt, an Oakland landmark that gained renown as North America’s first wildlife refuge in 1870, yet which has been plagued for decades by environmental, architectural and public access problems.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For as long as most Oakland residents can remember, the water in the 140-acre lake has been stagnant and polluted. Many of the surrounding historic buildings and structures have been in a state of disrepair. And narrow trails around the lake have been pitted with potholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2002, more than 80 percent of Oakland voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandnet.com/government/ceda/dcsd_currentprojects_measure_dd.asp\">Measure DD\u003c/a>, a $198 million dollar bond measure to fund water quality and parks projects throughout the city. Of that, $115 million was allocated for Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our number one goal is to improve water quality and improve habitat in the lake,” said Joel Peter, the city of Oakland’s Measure DD program manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0361_J.Peter_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Measure DD Program Manager, Joel Peter (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number two goal is to re-establish connections at the lake. In addition to reconnecting the lake and the bay hydrologically, we’re also trying to reconnect people with nature -- because people don’t even realize that the lake’s part of the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter’s task is to oversee more than 50 projects described in the bond. They include restoring creeks and wetlands, improving water quality in Lake Merritt, widening pedestrian and cycling paths and building better roadways to calm traffic around the lake. The project is scheduled to be completed in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work on 12th Street is the most extensive piece of the restoration. Crews are reconfiguring the 12-lane road to a six-lane boulevard, lined with trees, a bicycle lane and footpath, all adjacent to a new 4-acre park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where an earth-fill dam under the street now restricts the flow of water by forcing it through narrow culverts, a bridge will extend instead, allowing the bay’s tides to flow in and out more freely through a wider channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this, combined with the other improvements to the area, makes the Measure DD effort what Peter calls “the most wide-ranging and complex series of projects ever undertaken by the City of Oakland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Really a Lake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although commonly thought of as a freshwater, man-made lake, Lake Merritt is actually a tidal lagoon that formed after the last ice age where several creeks within the surrounding 4,650-acre watershed empty into San Francisco Bay. The “lake” is connected to San Francisco Bay by a half-mile-long channel, which allows its salty water to rise and fall along with the bay’s tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter said lack of public awareness about what Lake Merritt really is contributes to the misconception that the lake is actually dirtier than it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People expect a pristine, clear, Sierra-type lake,” he said. “It’s actually a tidal slough. And if they knew it was salt water and what they are smelling in many cases is just natural things you find around San Francisco Bay in terms of algae growth and mud flats and that sort of thing, actually the water quality in the lake is not terrible before we started this project. But I think that is the perception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heady odor is exactly what \u003ca href=\"http://www.cshouse.org/Pages/samuel_merritt.html\">Dr. Samuel Merritt\u003c/a> smelled in 1854 when the successful San Francisco physician purchased 23 acres around the shoreline of the tidal slough that would later bear his name. Merritt, who became the mayor of Oakland in 1867, was also a shrewd businessman who realized the value of his real estate holdings would increase if the pungent marsh became a recreational lake. So, in 1869, he used his own money to build a dam across the mouth of the slough near where 12th Street is today so that the water level in the lake could be controlled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Channel-1908_scaled2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Lake Merritt Channel in 1908 at low tide (credit: Oakland Public Library)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of more than a hundred different species of birds including ducks, geese, pelicans, egrets, herons and cormorants also proved to be a great draw for hunters. To alleviate the dangerous gunfire so close to town, in 1870, Merritt was able to persuade the state legislature to designate Lake Merritt as the first state wildlife refuge in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next century, the lake was dredged. Its surrounding marshlands were filled. And the city of Oakland rose up around its 3-mile perimeter. Bit by bit, the channel that connects the lake to San Francisco Bay, which had been up to a quarter mile wide in some places, was filled in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the channel is an average 110 feet wide -- even narrower where it crosses under 10th and 12th Streets. The steady narrowing has restricted the flow of water in and out of Lake Merritt, which has meant less mixing of the water, and less tidal flushing of the lake, which impacts the health of fish and other aquatic organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0463_Channel-today_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Lake Merritt Channel today at high tide (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the encroachment of automobiles may have done the most harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The roadways kept getting pushed wider and wider,” said Peter, “and the lake itself and the park around it was less emphasized. And maintenance has fallen off due to budget issues. It became a bit shabby around the edges. People called it ‘the jewel of Oakland’ but felt it had lost its polish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizens Unite \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2001, the problems had reached a breaking point. City leaders commissioned a study called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandnet.com/lakemasterplan/default.html\">Lake Merritt Master Plan\u003c/a> to look at possible solutions. But the plan excluded the problematic south end of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This exclusion was likely because at the same time, with the backing of then-mayor Jerry Brown, the Oakland Diocese began a campaign to purchase land in front of the historic Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center at the south end of the lake to build a massive cathedral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a group of citizens, graphic designer and longtime Oakland resident Naomi Schiff began to organize against more private development on the lake. “Some of us didn’t feel that it was a good idea for Lake Merritt to become a reflecting pond for a church. Any church,” Schiff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schiff, along with a number of architects, community and historical groups, landscape architects and urban planners, founded the Coalition of Advocates for Lake Merritt (CALM). In the process of worrying about the cathedral, the group’s members made sure to be at the table for Lake Merritt Master Plan meetings. They’d done so much research and made so much noise that ultimately, the city asked them to submit a plan of their own for the south end of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so we did,” said Schiff. “And even though we didn’t have any money or source of funding, we cobbled together a proposal which was to narrow 12th Street to six lanes and put in a park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CALM member James Vann was one of the architects who worked on the proposal. “CALM felt that that end of the lake could become a destination if we figured out how to address circulation problems and created areas where people could congregate,” said Vann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After dozens of brainstorming and outreach meetings, CALM came up with a proposal which had the community’s endorsement. “We also put pressure on the city because this was public land and it could not just be given away for private use. There had to be an open and competitive process,” said Vann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their proposal was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes you feel like you’re David and Goliath and you’re going to lose but somehow, we didn’t lose,” Schiff said. “Ultimately, it was a good thing that the cathedral people came up with this crazy idea because it galvanized all this creative thinking. And it worked”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_1004_Kaiser-CC-and-demo_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Kaiser Convention Center and 12th Street demolition at Lake Merritt (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frustrated by years of meetings and plans designed to address the problems at Lake Merritt with few results, Oakland City councilman Danny Wan and his successor, councilwoman Pat Kernighan and others got behind the citizen’s group proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They all convinced Oakland to put a $198 million bond measure on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Work Begins, Then Stops\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Measure DD passed in 2002, it took the city two years to complete the designs and coordinate logistics. Actual restoration work on Lake Merritt finally started in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first jobs was to address the lake’s water quality, which “is better now than it has been, especially if you go way back to 120 years ago when the raw sewage came in,” said Richard Bailey, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lakemerrittinstitute.org/\">Lake Merritt Institute\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization contracted by the city to remove floating trash from the lake several times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the lake is listed as “impaired” under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/cwa.html\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a> for trash and low oxygen levels, Bailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also have high bacteria levels but we’re not listed for that,” added Bailey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 62 storm drain outfalls that flow directly into Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest problem with the lake is not litter, it’s not oxygen, its ignorance,” Bailey said. “People don’t realize that storm drains go directly to public water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bailey and his group of volunteers remove between 1,000 and 5,000 pounds of trash from the lake per month, depending on the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_3401_Bailey_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Richard Bailey of the Lake Merritt Institute removes all kinds of trash from the lake (credit: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the trash problem in the lake, Measure DD has funded the construction of four trash collection units on large storm drain lines to intercept and capture floatable debris and sediment before it gets to the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another project to improve the lake’s water quality, the Lake Merritt Institute installed three aeration fountains and Measure DD funds repaired one existing fountain around the lake to help reduce the stagnant water in some places. But each of the fountains only treats one acre of water. Lake Merritt covers 140 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners are hopeful that the lack of dissolved oxygen in the lake will be alleviated after the completion of another key feature of the project: $27 million to improve the Lake Merritt Channel. Construction will involve removal of the culverts at 12th and 10th Streets that have restricted access for people and water between the lake and the channel for more than 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The volume of water exchanged at every tide will be double what it is now,” Peter said. “We’re also creating a new tidal marsh by taking out some of the filled land and grading it very carefully down to the sea level and putting in tidal marsh plants to reestablish some of that original habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New pedestrian and bike trails will be built to pass beneath a new bridge on 10th Street to connect the 12th Street area with the Channel Park to the west. Funds will also go toward improving Channel Park, which teems with birds and fish yet, is virtually unused because of lack of access from Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work on the Lake Merritt channel improvements is scheduled to start early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After getting off to what was perceived by many as a slow start, most of the restoration work around the lake has been moving along as scheduled. But in 2006, parts of the project hit a temporary road block when a group of residents called, “Friends of the Lake,” filed a lawsuit to prevent the city from cutting down dozens of trees around the lake to accommodate the new construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 2007, after an environmental review determined that the trees could be removed without negatively impacting the ecosystem, the lawsuit was dismissed and work resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Budget issues were also responsible for some delays. At a cost of nearly $54 million, the 12th Street project is by far the most expensive part of the plan. When it was originally bid out in 2005, the construction industry in the Bay Area was booming. The city only received one bid, said Peter, and it was significantly over budget. They had to find another way to raise more money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a couple of years for Peter to make up a funding shortfall with matching grants from agencies such as the Federal Highway Bridge Program and the California Coastal Conservancy. During that time, the recession was hitting and construction bids became much more competitive. Peter had his choice of seven bids, all well within the original budget for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had the incredible fortune that Measure DD passed when people were really flush and now we’re spending it when construction costs are low,” said Schiff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12th Street project broke ground on May 6, 2010. It will transform south end of the lake by reconfiguring what was a dangerous and inaccessible 12-lane expressway at the edge of a lake into a 6-lane, tree-lined boulevard with signalized intersections and crosswalks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The redesign will also create new parkland at the edge of the lake and remove unsafe and unsightly tunnels which have been locked and gated by the city since the early 1990’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work on 12th Street will also establish direct pedestrian, bicycle and boat access from Lake Merritt to Channel Park -- setting the stage for what will one day be a direct route from the lake all the way out to the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lake Merritt’s Road Diet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the Measure DD projects already have been completed. A major part of the renovation involved reducing 4-lane roadways around the lake to two lanes, putting the lake’s major thoroughfares on what is in essence a “road diet” by reducing the number of traffic lanes in order to improve traffic flow. The concept is counterintuitive, planners say, but after running computer simulations of all the traffic around the lake, they figured out how to make it work with better-designed systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the affected roadways are Lakeshore Avenue along the southwest side and Lakeside Drive on the southeast. Lakeshore was once a high-speed commute route. By November 2009, it had been reduced to two lanes and bicycle lanes were added in each direction. Better pedestrian crossings, and a 2-way left turn lane in the middle keeps the traffic flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_3966_Lakeshore-Diet_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Lakeshore Avenue after going on a \"road diet\"; Bioswale within the median island (credit: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the historic buildings and structures around the lake already have received major upgrades with Measure DD funds. The Municipal Boathouse was completely renovated to LEED Gold certification, a top green building standard. It now houses the Lake Chalet restaurant on the top floor and public boating facilities on the bottom level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, crews rebuilt the East 18th Street Pier and renovated the Pergola and Colonnade, a scenic row of roofed columns built in 1913 that mark the end of the eastern arm of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Merritt’s beloved \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairyland.org/\">Children’s Fairyland\u003c/a> received $3.1 million to build a new Children’s Theater and an addition to the Puppet Theater, which holds the distinction of being the oldest professional puppet theater in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at several points around the lake, storm drain outlets were redirected so that water from the paved surfaces runs through a bioswale: a gently sloping trough of tall grasses, filtering the runoff through their root structures and a special permeable soil before it goes into the lake. Trails and bike paths also have been widened and repaved with long-lasting, sustainable materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pride But Concern About Upkeep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent sunny August afternoon, Melissa McDonald and Serena Speth, both from Oakland, were sitting on the lake’s edge with their toddlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic, I love it!” McDonald said. “The pathways and the landscaping are so much better and it’s cleaned up a lot. It’s easier to convince people who don’t live in Oakland to come to the lake now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retired Oakland natives Joseph Hardy and Anthony Lefall walk around the lake every day together from 8AM to noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s talking about it and it’s all positive from the citizens that frequent the lake, the taxpayers,” said Lefall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Oakland natives Joseph Hardy (left) and Anthony Lefall walk around Lake Merritt every morning (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But both said they are concerned about what might happen in the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After they do all this remodeling, it’s the upkeep,” said Hardy. “These potholes, the birds using the bathroom all over the grass where you can’t lay and enjoy it. This graffiti, if you look all these containers all over the place. Why can’t they have someone maintain it? Maintenance, that’s what we’re concerned about. Maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naomi Schiff echoes their concerns. As part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterfrontaction.org/dd/\">Measure DD Community Coalition\u003c/a>, CALM’s next task is to try to find the funding to ensure that Lake Merritt continues to thrive and shine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see that as the big challenge,” she said. “And the drawback is that we’re going to have to find money and there is never any government money for non-capital improvements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Measure DD will be a big win for Lake Merritt and the passionate residents who call it their own. Architect James Vann said he is looking forward to Lake Merritt finally living up to its potential.\u003cbr>\n“With the expanded new pedestrian facilities, family facilities that are coming online that it will become truly the gem of Oakland, Oakland’s jewel and we’ll see many more uses than are there today. That’s my hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&hl=en&msa=0&ll=37.802226,-122.255627&spn=0.016635,0.011944&iwloc=00048e32b2c8b5159c977&msid=101264540408436850398.00048dbdad6d124062f22&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&hl=en&msa=0&ll=37.802226,-122.255627&spn=0.016635,0.011944&iwloc=00048e32b2c8b5159c977&msid=101264540408436850398.00048dbdad6d124062f22&source=embed\">\u003cstrong>Lake Merritt\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003cbr>\nGoogle Map produced by Josh Cassidy\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.80363553885589 -122.25869178771973\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Oakland's Historic Lake Merritt is in the midst of a multimillion dollar face lift.",
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"headline": "Polishing Oakland's Crown Jewel: Lake Merritt Reborn",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0392_Marquee_scaled1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Removal of culverts at 12th Street will increase tidal flow into Lake Merritt (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excavators rumbled and dust filled the air in downtown Oakland this week as the demolition of a 12-lane stretch of roadway running along the south end of Lake Merritt got underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the demise of the 2,000-foot long section of 12th Street, dubbed the “world’s shortest freeway” by locals, is more than just a road project. It’s part of the most visible and expensive phase of a multimillion-dollar rebirth of Lake Merritt, an Oakland landmark that gained renown as North America’s first wildlife refuge in 1870, yet which has been plagued for decades by environmental, architectural and public access problems.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For as long as most Oakland residents can remember, the water in the 140-acre lake has been stagnant and polluted. Many of the surrounding historic buildings and structures have been in a state of disrepair. And narrow trails around the lake have been pitted with potholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2002, more than 80 percent of Oakland voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandnet.com/government/ceda/dcsd_currentprojects_measure_dd.asp\">Measure DD\u003c/a>, a $198 million dollar bond measure to fund water quality and parks projects throughout the city. Of that, $115 million was allocated for Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our number one goal is to improve water quality and improve habitat in the lake,” said Joel Peter, the city of Oakland’s Measure DD program manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0361_J.Peter_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Measure DD Program Manager, Joel Peter (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number two goal is to re-establish connections at the lake. In addition to reconnecting the lake and the bay hydrologically, we’re also trying to reconnect people with nature -- because people don’t even realize that the lake’s part of the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter’s task is to oversee more than 50 projects described in the bond. They include restoring creeks and wetlands, improving water quality in Lake Merritt, widening pedestrian and cycling paths and building better roadways to calm traffic around the lake. The project is scheduled to be completed in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work on 12th Street is the most extensive piece of the restoration. Crews are reconfiguring the 12-lane road to a six-lane boulevard, lined with trees, a bicycle lane and footpath, all adjacent to a new 4-acre park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where an earth-fill dam under the street now restricts the flow of water by forcing it through narrow culverts, a bridge will extend instead, allowing the bay’s tides to flow in and out more freely through a wider channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this, combined with the other improvements to the area, makes the Measure DD effort what Peter calls “the most wide-ranging and complex series of projects ever undertaken by the City of Oakland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Really a Lake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although commonly thought of as a freshwater, man-made lake, Lake Merritt is actually a tidal lagoon that formed after the last ice age where several creeks within the surrounding 4,650-acre watershed empty into San Francisco Bay. The “lake” is connected to San Francisco Bay by a half-mile-long channel, which allows its salty water to rise and fall along with the bay’s tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter said lack of public awareness about what Lake Merritt really is contributes to the misconception that the lake is actually dirtier than it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People expect a pristine, clear, Sierra-type lake,” he said. “It’s actually a tidal slough. And if they knew it was salt water and what they are smelling in many cases is just natural things you find around San Francisco Bay in terms of algae growth and mud flats and that sort of thing, actually the water quality in the lake is not terrible before we started this project. But I think that is the perception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heady odor is exactly what \u003ca href=\"http://www.cshouse.org/Pages/samuel_merritt.html\">Dr. Samuel Merritt\u003c/a> smelled in 1854 when the successful San Francisco physician purchased 23 acres around the shoreline of the tidal slough that would later bear his name. Merritt, who became the mayor of Oakland in 1867, was also a shrewd businessman who realized the value of his real estate holdings would increase if the pungent marsh became a recreational lake. So, in 1869, he used his own money to build a dam across the mouth of the slough near where 12th Street is today so that the water level in the lake could be controlled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Channel-1908_scaled2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Lake Merritt Channel in 1908 at low tide (credit: Oakland Public Library)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of more than a hundred different species of birds including ducks, geese, pelicans, egrets, herons and cormorants also proved to be a great draw for hunters. To alleviate the dangerous gunfire so close to town, in 1870, Merritt was able to persuade the state legislature to designate Lake Merritt as the first state wildlife refuge in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next century, the lake was dredged. Its surrounding marshlands were filled. And the city of Oakland rose up around its 3-mile perimeter. Bit by bit, the channel that connects the lake to San Francisco Bay, which had been up to a quarter mile wide in some places, was filled in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the channel is an average 110 feet wide -- even narrower where it crosses under 10th and 12th Streets. The steady narrowing has restricted the flow of water in and out of Lake Merritt, which has meant less mixing of the water, and less tidal flushing of the lake, which impacts the health of fish and other aquatic organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_0463_Channel-today_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Lake Merritt Channel today at high tide (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the encroachment of automobiles may have done the most harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The roadways kept getting pushed wider and wider,” said Peter, “and the lake itself and the park around it was less emphasized. And maintenance has fallen off due to budget issues. It became a bit shabby around the edges. People called it ‘the jewel of Oakland’ but felt it had lost its polish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Citizens Unite \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2001, the problems had reached a breaking point. City leaders commissioned a study called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandnet.com/lakemasterplan/default.html\">Lake Merritt Master Plan\u003c/a> to look at possible solutions. But the plan excluded the problematic south end of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This exclusion was likely because at the same time, with the backing of then-mayor Jerry Brown, the Oakland Diocese began a campaign to purchase land in front of the historic Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center at the south end of the lake to build a massive cathedral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a group of citizens, graphic designer and longtime Oakland resident Naomi Schiff began to organize against more private development on the lake. “Some of us didn’t feel that it was a good idea for Lake Merritt to become a reflecting pond for a church. Any church,” Schiff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schiff, along with a number of architects, community and historical groups, landscape architects and urban planners, founded the Coalition of Advocates for Lake Merritt (CALM). In the process of worrying about the cathedral, the group’s members made sure to be at the table for Lake Merritt Master Plan meetings. They’d done so much research and made so much noise that ultimately, the city asked them to submit a plan of their own for the south end of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so we did,” said Schiff. “And even though we didn’t have any money or source of funding, we cobbled together a proposal which was to narrow 12th Street to six lanes and put in a park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CALM member James Vann was one of the architects who worked on the proposal. “CALM felt that that end of the lake could become a destination if we figured out how to address circulation problems and created areas where people could congregate,” said Vann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After dozens of brainstorming and outreach meetings, CALM came up with a proposal which had the community’s endorsement. “We also put pressure on the city because this was public land and it could not just be given away for private use. There had to be an open and competitive process,” said Vann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their proposal was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes you feel like you’re David and Goliath and you’re going to lose but somehow, we didn’t lose,” Schiff said. “Ultimately, it was a good thing that the cathedral people came up with this crazy idea because it galvanized all this creative thinking. And it worked”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_1004_Kaiser-CC-and-demo_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Kaiser Convention Center and 12th Street demolition at Lake Merritt (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frustrated by years of meetings and plans designed to address the problems at Lake Merritt with few results, Oakland City councilman Danny Wan and his successor, councilwoman Pat Kernighan and others got behind the citizen’s group proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They all convinced Oakland to put a $198 million bond measure on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Work Begins, Then Stops\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Measure DD passed in 2002, it took the city two years to complete the designs and coordinate logistics. Actual restoration work on Lake Merritt finally started in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first jobs was to address the lake’s water quality, which “is better now than it has been, especially if you go way back to 120 years ago when the raw sewage came in,” said Richard Bailey, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lakemerrittinstitute.org/\">Lake Merritt Institute\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization contracted by the city to remove floating trash from the lake several times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the lake is listed as “impaired” under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/cwa.html\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a> for trash and low oxygen levels, Bailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also have high bacteria levels but we’re not listed for that,” added Bailey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 62 storm drain outfalls that flow directly into Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest problem with the lake is not litter, it’s not oxygen, its ignorance,” Bailey said. “People don’t realize that storm drains go directly to public water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bailey and his group of volunteers remove between 1,000 and 5,000 pounds of trash from the lake per month, depending on the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_3401_Bailey_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Richard Bailey of the Lake Merritt Institute removes all kinds of trash from the lake (credit: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the trash problem in the lake, Measure DD has funded the construction of four trash collection units on large storm drain lines to intercept and capture floatable debris and sediment before it gets to the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another project to improve the lake’s water quality, the Lake Merritt Institute installed three aeration fountains and Measure DD funds repaired one existing fountain around the lake to help reduce the stagnant water in some places. But each of the fountains only treats one acre of water. Lake Merritt covers 140 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners are hopeful that the lack of dissolved oxygen in the lake will be alleviated after the completion of another key feature of the project: $27 million to improve the Lake Merritt Channel. Construction will involve removal of the culverts at 12th and 10th Streets that have restricted access for people and water between the lake and the channel for more than 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The volume of water exchanged at every tide will be double what it is now,” Peter said. “We’re also creating a new tidal marsh by taking out some of the filled land and grading it very carefully down to the sea level and putting in tidal marsh plants to reestablish some of that original habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New pedestrian and bike trails will be built to pass beneath a new bridge on 10th Street to connect the 12th Street area with the Channel Park to the west. Funds will also go toward improving Channel Park, which teems with birds and fish yet, is virtually unused because of lack of access from Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work on the Lake Merritt channel improvements is scheduled to start early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After getting off to what was perceived by many as a slow start, most of the restoration work around the lake has been moving along as scheduled. But in 2006, parts of the project hit a temporary road block when a group of residents called, “Friends of the Lake,” filed a lawsuit to prevent the city from cutting down dozens of trees around the lake to accommodate the new construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 2007, after an environmental review determined that the trees could be removed without negatively impacting the ecosystem, the lawsuit was dismissed and work resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Budget issues were also responsible for some delays. At a cost of nearly $54 million, the 12th Street project is by far the most expensive part of the plan. When it was originally bid out in 2005, the construction industry in the Bay Area was booming. The city only received one bid, said Peter, and it was significantly over budget. They had to find another way to raise more money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a couple of years for Peter to make up a funding shortfall with matching grants from agencies such as the Federal Highway Bridge Program and the California Coastal Conservancy. During that time, the recession was hitting and construction bids became much more competitive. Peter had his choice of seven bids, all well within the original budget for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had the incredible fortune that Measure DD passed when people were really flush and now we’re spending it when construction costs are low,” said Schiff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12th Street project broke ground on May 6, 2010. It will transform south end of the lake by reconfiguring what was a dangerous and inaccessible 12-lane expressway at the edge of a lake into a 6-lane, tree-lined boulevard with signalized intersections and crosswalks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The redesign will also create new parkland at the edge of the lake and remove unsafe and unsightly tunnels which have been locked and gated by the city since the early 1990’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work on 12th Street will also establish direct pedestrian, bicycle and boat access from Lake Merritt to Channel Park -- setting the stage for what will one day be a direct route from the lake all the way out to the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lake Merritt’s Road Diet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the Measure DD projects already have been completed. A major part of the renovation involved reducing 4-lane roadways around the lake to two lanes, putting the lake’s major thoroughfares on what is in essence a “road diet” by reducing the number of traffic lanes in order to improve traffic flow. The concept is counterintuitive, planners say, but after running computer simulations of all the traffic around the lake, they figured out how to make it work with better-designed systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the affected roadways are Lakeshore Avenue along the southwest side and Lakeside Drive on the southeast. Lakeshore was once a high-speed commute route. By November 2009, it had been reduced to two lanes and bicycle lanes were added in each direction. Better pedestrian crossings, and a 2-way left turn lane in the middle keeps the traffic flowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/LakeMerritt_3966_Lakeshore-Diet_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Lakeshore Avenue after going on a \"road diet\"; Bioswale within the median island (credit: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the historic buildings and structures around the lake already have received major upgrades with Measure DD funds. The Municipal Boathouse was completely renovated to LEED Gold certification, a top green building standard. It now houses the Lake Chalet restaurant on the top floor and public boating facilities on the bottom level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, crews rebuilt the East 18th Street Pier and renovated the Pergola and Colonnade, a scenic row of roofed columns built in 1913 that mark the end of the eastern arm of the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Merritt’s beloved \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairyland.org/\">Children’s Fairyland\u003c/a> received $3.1 million to build a new Children’s Theater and an addition to the Puppet Theater, which holds the distinction of being the oldest professional puppet theater in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at several points around the lake, storm drain outlets were redirected so that water from the paved surfaces runs through a bioswale: a gently sloping trough of tall grasses, filtering the runoff through their root structures and a special permeable soil before it goes into the lake. Trails and bike paths also have been widened and repaved with long-lasting, sustainable materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pride But Concern About Upkeep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent sunny August afternoon, Melissa McDonald and Serena Speth, both from Oakland, were sitting on the lake’s edge with their toddlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic, I love it!” McDonald said. “The pathways and the landscaping are so much better and it’s cleaned up a lot. It’s easier to convince people who don’t live in Oakland to come to the lake now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retired Oakland natives Joseph Hardy and Anthony Lefall walk around the lake every day together from 8AM to noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s talking about it and it’s all positive from the citizens that frequent the lake, the taxpayers,” said Lefall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Oakland natives Joseph Hardy (left) and Anthony Lefall walk around Lake Merritt every morning (credit: Amy Miller)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But both said they are concerned about what might happen in the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After they do all this remodeling, it’s the upkeep,” said Hardy. “These potholes, the birds using the bathroom all over the grass where you can’t lay and enjoy it. This graffiti, if you look all these containers all over the place. Why can’t they have someone maintain it? Maintenance, that’s what we’re concerned about. Maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naomi Schiff echoes their concerns. As part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterfrontaction.org/dd/\">Measure DD Community Coalition\u003c/a>, CALM’s next task is to try to find the funding to ensure that Lake Merritt continues to thrive and shine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see that as the big challenge,” she said. “And the drawback is that we’re going to have to find money and there is never any government money for non-capital improvements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Measure DD will be a big win for Lake Merritt and the passionate residents who call it their own. Architect James Vann said he is looking forward to Lake Merritt finally living up to its potential.\u003cbr>\n“With the expanded new pedestrian facilities, family facilities that are coming online that it will become truly the gem of Oakland, Oakland’s jewel and we’ll see many more uses than are there today. That’s my hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&hl=en&msa=0&ll=37.802226,-122.255627&spn=0.016635,0.011944&iwloc=00048e32b2c8b5159c977&msid=101264540408436850398.00048dbdad6d124062f22&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&hl=en&msa=0&ll=37.802226,-122.255627&spn=0.016635,0.011944&iwloc=00048e32b2c8b5159c977&msid=101264540408436850398.00048dbdad6d124062f22&source=embed\">\u003cstrong>Lake Merritt\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003cbr>\nGoogle Map produced by Josh Cassidy\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/china.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Summer Study participants were treated to two insiders’ take on energy efficiency in China.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notes from \u003ca href=\"http://energyexperts.org/TrainingEducationandEmployment/EventDetails.aspx?ID=11862\">Asilomar: The 15th Biannual Summer Study, Energy Use In Buildings, of the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy\u003c/a> (August 15–20, 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer Study participants were treated to two insiders’ take on energy efficiency in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Levine was recently the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/\">Environmental Energy Technologies Division\u003c/a> at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and is now working full time with the China Energy Group at LBNL, a group Levine founded in 1988.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Chandler is an expert in energy and climate at the \u003ca href=\"http://carnegieendowment.org/\">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace\u003c/a>, as well as the president of Transition Energy and the co-founder of DEED China—private companies with energy efficiency investments in China. Chandler was a 1992 ACEEE Champion of Energy Efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Levine and Chandler provided lots of information about energy efficiency policy and reality in China—past, present, and future. But more important, they each shared a wealth of insight that only comes with a long history of lived experience interacting with people developing energy efficiency in China. Imagine the amount of time they’ve spent in airplanes during the past 25 years!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One insight from Tuesday night’s plenary is the extraordinary progress China has made since 1980 to curb greenhouse-gas emissions, and lower energy intensity in an economy that has grown by leaps and bounds. Between 1980 and 2002, China’s GDP increased by a factor of 8, while its energy use increased by a factor of only 3. Between 1980 and 2002 energy intensity, or energy per unit of GDP decreased about 5% per year. From 2002 to 2005, energy intensity increased about 5% per year, mainly due to a huge increase in the production of steel and cement. But energy intensity then began to decrease again, dropping 16% between 2005 and 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to the future, Levine outlined a likely scenario where China’s total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions will continue to grow, but then level off in 20 years or so, and then begin a slow steady decrease. But at its peak Chinese energy use per capita will stay well below that of the United States and below that of Europe. China’s emissions will not overwhelm us, according to Levine, because of several reasons, but mainly due to saturation in the appliance and transportation markets in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandler urged cooperation with China in regards to energy efficiency policy, and warned that a lack of cooperation, “I won’t do anything if you don’t”, will be a suicide pact. We need to better explain to the west China’s successes and commitment to reduce energy use and carbon emissions, encourage China to be more accurate and transparent with its energy and emissions data, remove barriers to business between the United States and China, and resolve diplomatically the rift in relations between China and other nations that are part of the Copenhagen climate agreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can China do its part to mitigate climate change and obtain energy security for itself and other nations? Levine and Chandler both say, “Yes.” But only if the United States and other developed and developing nations do their part as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/china.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Summer Study participants were treated to two insiders’ take on energy efficiency in China.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notes from \u003ca href=\"http://energyexperts.org/TrainingEducationandEmployment/EventDetails.aspx?ID=11862\">Asilomar: The 15th Biannual Summer Study, Energy Use In Buildings, of the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy\u003c/a> (August 15–20, 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer Study participants were treated to two insiders’ take on energy efficiency in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Levine was recently the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/\">Environmental Energy Technologies Division\u003c/a> at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and is now working full time with the China Energy Group at LBNL, a group Levine founded in 1988.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Chandler is an expert in energy and climate at the \u003ca href=\"http://carnegieendowment.org/\">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace\u003c/a>, as well as the president of Transition Energy and the co-founder of DEED China—private companies with energy efficiency investments in China. Chandler was a 1992 ACEEE Champion of Energy Efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/kathy.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Cathy Zoi is truly one of the rock stars of energy efficiency, having worked in the Clinton White House, for Al Gore, and now as energy efficiency’s woman in Washington.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notes from \u003ca href=\"http://energyexperts.org/TrainingEducationandEmployment/EventDetails.aspx?ID=11862\">Asilomar: The 15th Biannual Summer Study, Energy Use In Buildings, of the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy\u003c/a> (August 15–20, 2010). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cathy Zoi, Assistant Secretary for \u003ca href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/\">Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy\u003c/a> (EERE) at DOE, added a 1960s vibe to the Summer Study by calling the gathering “Woodstock for efficiency mavens.” Some in the audience at her plenary may have been at the original Woodstock mud fest in New York, and many in the audience have been passionately working for an energy efficient economy since the early 1970s. (Rumor has it that Art Rosenfeld and Carl Blumstein were at the original Woodstock.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cathy is truly one of the rock stars of efficiency, having worked in the Clinton White House, for Al Gore, and now as energy efficiency’s woman in Washington. Cathy Zoi, Steven Chu, and Barack Obama—quite the lineup!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoi went from celebrating what the administration has done, for example, earmarking $12 billion for home retrofit work and accelerating appliance efficiency standards development—to imagining what we can do. We can retrofit 5 to 10 million homes a year and 4 to 8 billion square feet of commercial buildings. We can save more than 5 Quads of energy in industry each year. We spend $1.1 trillion on stationary energy each year and a 20% savings means a $200 billion savings. We can meet 25% of our energy needs through efficiency by saving 3.5% a year, according the McKinsey Report. Art Rosenfeld put it in perspective—if we had done business as usual in this country since the Arab oil embargo in 1973, instead of saving about 2.5% a year because of the efforts of many people at Summer Study and other efficiency mavens, we would be spending $2.1 trillion on stationary energy this year instead of $1.1 trillion. It’s not just imagination! But can we cut refrigerator energy use in half, again?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoi would say yes, but…financial constraints, a scarcity of data, unconvinced regulators, and a public that has not yet got it, are obstacles to overcome. We have to improve our technology and our processes. For example, why not retrofit whole neighborhoods instead of a house here and a house there and save mobilization costs? And she needs the data! Send her the data—engineering estimates and actual performance data of energy savings and implementation costs. That will convince the regulators. To convince the public, find the language that sticks, e.g. \"Retrofit Ramp-Up\" is now \"Better Buildings\", and get the message out through structures that already exist, such as through utilities. DOE doesn’t have that much money for marketing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government has made a $12 billion down payment on energy efficiency, there are 7,700 energy efficiency projects in the works, and 17,000 good paying jobs have been created—irrefutable evidence that energy efficiency is good for the economy, at least for Summer Study attendees. It’s our job to convince the rest of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>I haven’t always been a solder-wielding hardware nerd. In fact, merely a year ago I didn’t even know what solder was, or why it was useful. So what changed? Well, my love of hardware hacking started something like this:\n\u003cp>We’ve all been in this situation. You walk into a restaurant or a coffee shop and see a TV blaring in the corner. You ignore it at first, but inevitably someone gets distracted, their eyes glaze over and they become comatose by whatever is on the tube. Conversations grind to a halt, interaction dies a slow death and we ask, “What are you watching?”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having faced this dilemma many many times, I had resigned myself to that there was nothing to be done. Then one evening everything changed. I stumbled upon a hardware circuit hacking class at local hackerspace, \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net\" target=\"_blank\">Noisebridge\u003c/a>, and realized that in about 30 minutes I could build a device to discreetly turn off any TV within a short range. Check it out:\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/TV-B-Gone_Clone.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-6700\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/TV-B-Gone_Clone.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>How awesome it that! I built my first TV-B-Gone that evening and haven’t looked back since. There’s an incredible amount of satisfaction that comes with building a piece of hardware and then seeing it “come to life” once complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from turning off TV’s, Noisebridge’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Circuit_Hacking_Mondays\" target=\"_blank\">Circuit Hacking Monday\u003c/a> class has a variety of kits that can be assembled in one evening: Trippy Meditation Glasses, an LED cube that displays different lights, LED heart pins and much more. The class and instruction are completely free with kits for sale (generally around $20 each). In one evening you can go home with a new toy and possibly a new passion.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>I’ll be at Noisebridge next Monday for Circuit Hacking Monday and would love to meet you, show you how to solder and get started on a new project.\n\u003cp>Noisebridge\u003cbr>\n2169 Mission, San Francisco\u003cbr>\nCircuit Hacking Monday, 7pm FREE\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> 37.7624522 -122.4192327\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>I haven’t always been a solder-wielding hardware nerd. In fact, merely a year ago I didn’t even know what solder was, or why it was useful. So what changed? Well, my love of hardware hacking started something like this:\n\u003cp>We’ve all been in this situation. You walk into a restaurant or a coffee shop and see a TV blaring in the corner. You ignore it at first, but inevitably someone gets distracted, their eyes glaze over and they become comatose by whatever is on the tube. Conversations grind to a halt, interaction dies a slow death and we ask, “What are you watching?”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having faced this dilemma many many times, I had resigned myself to that there was nothing to be done. Then one evening everything changed. I stumbled upon a hardware circuit hacking class at local hackerspace, \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net\" target=\"_blank\">Noisebridge\u003c/a>, and realized that in about 30 minutes I could build a device to discreetly turn off any TV within a short range. Check it out:\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/TV-B-Gone_Clone.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-6700\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/TV-B-Gone_Clone.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>How awesome it that! I built my first TV-B-Gone that evening and haven’t looked back since. There’s an incredible amount of satisfaction that comes with building a piece of hardware and then seeing it “come to life” once complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from turning off TV’s, Noisebridge’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Circuit_Hacking_Mondays\" target=\"_blank\">Circuit Hacking Monday\u003c/a> class has a variety of kits that can be assembled in one evening: Trippy Meditation Glasses, an LED cube that displays different lights, LED heart pins and much more. The class and instruction are completely free with kits for sale (generally around $20 each). In one evening you can go home with a new toy and possibly a new passion.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>I’ll be at Noisebridge next Monday for Circuit Hacking Monday and would love to meet you, show you how to solder and get started on a new project.\n\u003cp>Noisebridge\u003cbr>\n2169 Mission, San Francisco\u003cbr>\nCircuit Hacking Monday, 7pm FREE\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> 37.7624522 -122.4192327\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Four Bay Area art groups have come together to build a 2.5 ton fire-breathing collaborative musical instrument. \u003ca href=\"http://www.syzygryd.com/\">Syzygryd\u003c/a> (pronounced Si-zee-grid) is a 2010 \u003ca href=\"http://burningman.com/\">Burning Man\u003c/a> art installation that will be assembled in Black Rock Desert later this August for the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syzygryd was conceived of by Nicole Aptekar and Ian Baker, two core members of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ardentheavyindustries.com/\">Ardent Heavy Industries\u003c/a>, in late 2009. Together, Ardent Heavy Industries,\u003ca href=\"http://www.interpretivearson.com/\"> Interpretive Arson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gaffta.org/\">Gray Area Foundation for the Arts\u003c/a> (GAFFTA) and False Profit Labs joined forces to conceive of and build this installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first heard of Syzygryd last Spring by one of the main collaborators, Dan Silverstein. As Dan explains, “We'd like Syzygryd to be a town square for collaborative creation of music; a public space, a sculpture, and a musical instrument. We want to share the joy we take in community, music, technology, fire, sculpture and architecture, and show that anyone can learn to make music with others, regardless of experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, Syzygryd consists of three custom grid sequencers arranged at three equidistant points around a 60' diameter circle. The center of the circle is a huge metal tornado of cubes that pulse with synchronized sound, light, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"syzygryd_solids_day_people_3pm by nicoletbn, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/nicoletbn/4287021311/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4065/4287021311_f7906f5d9c.jpg\" alt=\"syzygryd_solids_day_people_3pm\" width=\"500\" height=\"313\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each grid sequencer controls a single instrument that is syncronized with the other two. By controlling time, pitch and harmony, these devices make it easy for people with no musical training or talent to create compositions on the fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better idea of what this might look and sound like when completed check out this video the Syzygryd team created:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/9099540\">Syzygryd Software Preview\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/nicoles\">nicole aptekar\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13.3333px\">Syzygryd is being built at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimbyspace.org/\">NIMBY\u003c/a> and recently reached its \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/fire/syzygryd\">Kickstarter\u003c/a> goal that will allow for fire art to be included on the piece. While I won’t be making it to Burning Man to see the project live, this is an awesome example of one of the really innovative projects local makers are working on.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you'd like to learn more, or are interested in helping with the construction, coding and design Syzygryd is looking for volunteers (no experience necessary). Learn more \u003ca href=\"http://www.syzygryd.com/join-us/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> 37.7667851 -122.4125425\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Four Bay Area art groups have come together to build a 2.5 ton fire-breathing collaborative musical instrument. \u003ca href=\"http://www.syzygryd.com/\">Syzygryd\u003c/a> (pronounced Si-zee-grid) is a 2010 \u003ca href=\"http://burningman.com/\">Burning Man\u003c/a> art installation that will be assembled in Black Rock Desert later this August for the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syzygryd was conceived of by Nicole Aptekar and Ian Baker, two core members of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ardentheavyindustries.com/\">Ardent Heavy Industries\u003c/a>, in late 2009. Together, Ardent Heavy Industries,\u003ca href=\"http://www.interpretivearson.com/\"> Interpretive Arson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gaffta.org/\">Gray Area Foundation for the Arts\u003c/a> (GAFFTA) and False Profit Labs joined forces to conceive of and build this installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first heard of Syzygryd last Spring by one of the main collaborators, Dan Silverstein. As Dan explains, “We'd like Syzygryd to be a town square for collaborative creation of music; a public space, a sculpture, and a musical instrument. We want to share the joy we take in community, music, technology, fire, sculpture and architecture, and show that anyone can learn to make music with others, regardless of experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, Syzygryd consists of three custom grid sequencers arranged at three equidistant points around a 60' diameter circle. The center of the circle is a huge metal tornado of cubes that pulse with synchronized sound, light, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"syzygryd_solids_day_people_3pm by nicoletbn, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/nicoletbn/4287021311/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4065/4287021311_f7906f5d9c.jpg\" alt=\"syzygryd_solids_day_people_3pm\" width=\"500\" height=\"313\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each grid sequencer controls a single instrument that is syncronized with the other two. By controlling time, pitch and harmony, these devices make it easy for people with no musical training or talent to create compositions on the fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better idea of what this might look and sound like when completed check out this video the Syzygryd team created:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/9099540\">Syzygryd Software Preview\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/nicoles\">nicole aptekar\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13.3333px\">Syzygryd is being built at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimbyspace.org/\">NIMBY\u003c/a> and recently reached its \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/fire/syzygryd\">Kickstarter\u003c/a> goal that will allow for fire art to be included on the piece. While I won’t be making it to Burning Man to see the project live, this is an awesome example of one of the really innovative projects local makers are working on.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you'd like to learn more, or are interested in helping with the construction, coding and design Syzygryd is looking for volunteers (no experience necessary). Learn more \u003ca href=\"http://www.syzygryd.com/join-us/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> 37.7667851 -122.4125425\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/08/2010-08-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/4_40_energystorage_300x2002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-19161\" title=\"4_40_energystorage_300x200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/4_40_energystorage_300x2002.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>This week, we continue our series \"33 by 20,\" a look a California's ambitious goal of getting 33 percent of its electricity from renewable energy by 2020. Solar and wind power are booming across the state. But these renewables are intermittent and that causes problems on the state's electric grid. So, California utilities are looking to smooth out those bumps by doing something rarely done on the grid today: storing electricity. Lauren Sommer has more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LAUREN SOMMER: Inside an unmarked building outside of Sacramento, dozens of people are glued to computer screens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DAVE HAWKINS: So did you look at the load curve yesterday?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: On the wall, there's a display plotting a big red line, showing how much electricity California is using right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: So these are the people that are keeping the lights on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HAWKINS: Yep, this is the real-time operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: This is the California Independent System Operator or ISO, where Dave Hawkins is the Lead Renewables Power Engineer, though he recently retired. The ISO is the traffic cop of the state's electric grid. It's their job to forecast how much electricity the state needs and to make sure it's supplied. And they do it every four seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HAWKINS: Our electric grid today, as we've built it and managed it, is a huge \"just in time\" delivery system. Just in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Hawkins says in order for the lights to come on when we flip the switch, energy supply and demand have be in perfect balance. But since the demand for power is continually changing, they're continually rebalancing the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HAWKINS: If we don't get all the numbers correct, then there's some major imbalances and some unpleasantness that happens in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Today, most of the state's energy comes from natural gas plants, which produce a steady power supply. But record amounts of wind and solar power are being switched on every year. And because the sun disappears behind clouds and the wind dies down, renewable power is variable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HAWKINS: The curves that are showing up so far are pretty erratic. You'll see 40, 50, 60 percent change in the output in a very short amount of time. And it not only goes down, but it will also then come back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Better weather forecasting could help the ISO anticipate the fluctuations. But Hawkins says they'll need something else to fill in the gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PRAVEEN KATHPAL: We're looking at what we call Project Sano. It's a 2 megawatt energy storage unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Just next to the Pacific Ocean in Huntington Beach, Praveen Kathpal of AES Energy Storage shows me one of the biggest batteries in the state. From the outside, it looks like a simple shipping container.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KATHPAL: It's pretty unspectacular to look at, uh, which is good. We don't like excitement in the power business if we can avoid it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: The container is packed with small lithium-ion battery cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KATHPAL: There are approximately 83,000 of those cells within this container.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: The battery only holds enough power for 1,500 homes, but Kathpal says that's not the point. Batteries are fast. This one can change its output every four seconds. That's a level of responsiveness that a power plant can't match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KATHPAL: Yeah, it allows you to do things that you really couldn't imagine being able to do before. All of a sudden, you're able to provide a level of power immediately and with certainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Grid operators could \"dial up\" this power to smooth out the second-to-second fluctuations on the grid. Kathpal says he sees a booming market for energy storage like this. And he's not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DAN RASTLER: Energy storage is really undergoing a renaissance right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Dan Rastler is with the Energy Storage program at the Electric Power Research Institute, a research group in Palo Alto sponsored by the nation's utilities. He says longer-term energy storage will also be important when it comes to wind power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RASTLER: Unfortunately, a lot of the wind blows at night and we don't want to spill wind, you know. We've made this investment in renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: If nighttime wind power could be stored several hours, grid operators could use it during the day when energy demand is highest. Rastler says there are other storage technologies that could use excess energy, like pumping water uphill to reservoirs for hydro power or compressing air that could be released to run power turbines. Still, there's one big hurdle that's held energy storage back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RASTLER: The reason you don't see a lot of storage deployed right now is the cost issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: At its best, battery storage is twice as expensive as traditional power sources. That's kept most utilities away. But Rastler says the federal stimulus funding could change the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RASTLER: It's been huge. I believe it's around 250 million of stimulus funding really is jumpstarting a number of key demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Several of those demonstrations are being lead by California's largest utilities. But given the costs, scaling up energy storage could take decades and California's utilities are on a tight timeline. The state legislature is also debating an energy storage bill that's the first of its kind in the nation. If passed, it would require the state to begin setting energy storage goals for 2020-- the same year the renewable energy goal comes due. For Quest, I'm Lauren Sommer, KQED News.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: So these are the people that are keeping the lights on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HAWKINS: Yep, this is the real-time operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: This is the California Independent System Operator or ISO, where Dave Hawkins is the Lead Renewables Power Engineer, though he recently retired. The ISO is the traffic cop of the state's electric grid. It's their job to forecast how much electricity the state needs and to make sure it's supplied. And they do it every four seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HAWKINS: Our electric grid today, as we've built it and managed it, is a huge \"just in time\" delivery system. Just in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Hawkins says in order for the lights to come on when we flip the switch, energy supply and demand have be in perfect balance. But since the demand for power is continually changing, they're continually rebalancing the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HAWKINS: If we don't get all the numbers correct, then there's some major imbalances and some unpleasantness that happens in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Today, most of the state's energy comes from natural gas plants, which produce a steady power supply. But record amounts of wind and solar power are being switched on every year. And because the sun disappears behind clouds and the wind dies down, renewable power is variable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HAWKINS: The curves that are showing up so far are pretty erratic. You'll see 40, 50, 60 percent change in the output in a very short amount of time. And it not only goes down, but it will also then come back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Better weather forecasting could help the ISO anticipate the fluctuations. But Hawkins says they'll need something else to fill in the gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PRAVEEN KATHPAL: We're looking at what we call Project Sano. It's a 2 megawatt energy storage unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Just next to the Pacific Ocean in Huntington Beach, Praveen Kathpal of AES Energy Storage shows me one of the biggest batteries in the state. From the outside, it looks like a simple shipping container.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KATHPAL: It's pretty unspectacular to look at, uh, which is good. We don't like excitement in the power business if we can avoid it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: The container is packed with small lithium-ion battery cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KATHPAL: There are approximately 83,000 of those cells within this container.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: The battery only holds enough power for 1,500 homes, but Kathpal says that's not the point. Batteries are fast. This one can change its output every four seconds. That's a level of responsiveness that a power plant can't match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KATHPAL: Yeah, it allows you to do things that you really couldn't imagine being able to do before. All of a sudden, you're able to provide a level of power immediately and with certainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Grid operators could \"dial up\" this power to smooth out the second-to-second fluctuations on the grid. Kathpal says he sees a booming market for energy storage like this. And he's not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DAN RASTLER: Energy storage is really undergoing a renaissance right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Dan Rastler is with the Energy Storage program at the Electric Power Research Institute, a research group in Palo Alto sponsored by the nation's utilities. He says longer-term energy storage will also be important when it comes to wind power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RASTLER: Unfortunately, a lot of the wind blows at night and we don't want to spill wind, you know. We've made this investment in renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: If nighttime wind power could be stored several hours, grid operators could use it during the day when energy demand is highest. Rastler says there are other storage technologies that could use excess energy, like pumping water uphill to reservoirs for hydro power or compressing air that could be released to run power turbines. Still, there's one big hurdle that's held energy storage back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RASTLER: The reason you don't see a lot of storage deployed right now is the cost issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: At its best, battery storage is twice as expensive as traditional power sources. That's kept most utilities away. But Rastler says the federal stimulus funding could change the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RASTLER: It's been huge. I believe it's around 250 million of stimulus funding really is jumpstarting a number of key demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Several of those demonstrations are being lead by California's largest utilities. But given the costs, scaling up energy storage could take decades and California's utilities are on a tight timeline. The state legislature is also debating an energy storage bill that's the first of its kind in the nation. If passed, it would require the state to begin setting energy storage goals for 2020-- the same year the renewable energy goal comes due. For Quest, I'm Lauren Sommer, KQED News.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/energy-storage-the-holy-grail\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/4_40_energystorage_300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A 2 MW battery the AES Huntington Beach power plant.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy storage (through batteries) is something we use everyday in our cell phones and computers. So it may be a little surprising that when it comes to the electric grid, storing energy is something that's rarely done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's grid is designed to deliver electricity on a real-time basis. Every four seconds, the grid operators at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a> have to ensure that the energy supply meets the demand in the state - something that's known as \"balancing the grid.\" (You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/outlook/SystemStatus.html\" target=\"_blank\">check out today's electricity forecast\u003c/a> on their site). As a result, they coordinate the one piece of the system that they have control over: the generators, like natural gas plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, most generators produce a steady power supply. But California is adding increasing amounts of solar and wind power to the grid each year. Since the output of a solar or wind farm depends on the sun or wind, the power they produce is variable (\u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/green/renewrpt/DailyRenewablesWatch.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here's a time-of-day profile\u003c/a> of renewable energy on the grid today). That causes problems for the grid operators on a number of levels. Wind farms produce most of their power at night, but that's when demand for power is lowest. Solar farms using photovoltaics can drop off substantially when the sun disappears behind clouds. And large solar thermal farms ramp up extremely fast when they are first hit by the sun in the morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy storage is one of the ways that utilities and grid operators can address this intermittency. By having some extra electricity on hand, they can smooth out the bumps caused by these renewables. Just how to store energy is another issue. Here are some of the ways it can be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumped Hydro\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the energy storage world, this is as old school as it gets. Hydro power uses water and gravity to generate electricity. Storage is added by pumping that water back uphill to the reservoir, so it can generate power again. Of course, it takes electricity to run the pumps, but usually this is done a night when there is cheaper or excess power on the grid. California's largest pumped hydro facility is PG&E's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/regulation/pump.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Helms Pumped Storage Project\u003c/a> outside of Fresno, which has a 1.2 gigawatt capacity (for more on how it works, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwcouncil.org/energy/wind/meetings/2008/10/ManhoYeung.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">check out this powerpoint\u003c/a>). \u003ca href=\"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2009/02/23/story15.html\">PG&E is reportedly looking\u003c/a> at 2 gigawatts of new pumped storage at two other sites in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Batteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of different kinds of batteries that can be used in grid-scale installations. I visited a 2 megawatt battery in Southern California that uses lithium-ion cells, much like a hybrid car uses. Southern California Edison is \u003ca href=\"http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/socal-edison-wants-a123s-biggest-grid-battery-ever/\" target=\"_blank\">working on an 8 MW battery\u003c/a> project near the Tehachapi wind farms. But lithium-ion technology has plenty of competitors, many of which \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/GRIDS.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">have been awarded federal stimulus funding\u003c/a>. The primary barrier for batteries is the cost. \u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Flywheel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Beacon Power flywheel.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flywheels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology uses rotational energy to store power. Flywheels have an internal rotor that uses electricity to spin at high speeds. When energy is needed, the rotor slows down and generates electricity through a motor. This is used for what's known as \"frequency regulation\" on the grid. Since they can charge and discharge power on a second-to-second basis, flywheels can smooth out the short-term fluctuations on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea//news/article/2010/03/beacon-connects-flywheel-system-to-california-wind-farm\" target=\"_blank\">Beacon Power has installed flywheels\u003c/a> in Tehachapi, California as part of a demonstration project there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compressed Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using energy produced at non-peak times (at night), compressed air energy storage projects pump air into large underground caverns. When demand for energy is high, it's released to run power turbines. \u003ca href=\"http://www.next100.com/2009/08/pge-opts-for-energy-storage.php\" target=\"_blank\">PG&E is now planning\u003c/a> a 300 MW compressed air facility in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, for all these technologies, cost is major issue, not mention the siting and planning considerations. For a good comparison, check out these\u003ca href=\"http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/technology_comparisons/\">technology comparison charts\u003c/a> from the Energy Storage Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/30/reporters-notes-energy-storage-the-holy-grail/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/energy-storage-the-holy-grail\">Listen to Energy Storage: The Holy Grail\u003c/a> radio story online and check out the rest of our stories in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/index.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">33x20 renewable energy series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.398255 -122.14449\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/energy-storage-the-holy-grail\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/4_40_energystorage_300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A 2 MW battery the AES Huntington Beach power plant.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy storage (through batteries) is something we use everyday in our cell phones and computers. So it may be a little surprising that when it comes to the electric grid, storing energy is something that's rarely done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's grid is designed to deliver electricity on a real-time basis. Every four seconds, the grid operators at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Independent System Operator\u003c/a> have to ensure that the energy supply meets the demand in the state - something that's known as \"balancing the grid.\" (You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/outlook/SystemStatus.html\" target=\"_blank\">check out today's electricity forecast\u003c/a> on their site). As a result, they coordinate the one piece of the system that they have control over: the generators, like natural gas plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, most generators produce a steady power supply. But California is adding increasing amounts of solar and wind power to the grid each year. Since the output of a solar or wind farm depends on the sun or wind, the power they produce is variable (\u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/green/renewrpt/DailyRenewablesWatch.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here's a time-of-day profile\u003c/a> of renewable energy on the grid today). That causes problems for the grid operators on a number of levels. Wind farms produce most of their power at night, but that's when demand for power is lowest. Solar farms using photovoltaics can drop off substantially when the sun disappears behind clouds. And large solar thermal farms ramp up extremely fast when they are first hit by the sun in the morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy storage is one of the ways that utilities and grid operators can address this intermittency. By having some extra electricity on hand, they can smooth out the bumps caused by these renewables. Just how to store energy is another issue. Here are some of the ways it can be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumped Hydro\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the energy storage world, this is as old school as it gets. Hydro power uses water and gravity to generate electricity. Storage is added by pumping that water back uphill to the reservoir, so it can generate power again. Of course, it takes electricity to run the pumps, but usually this is done a night when there is cheaper or excess power on the grid. California's largest pumped hydro facility is PG&E's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/regulation/pump.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Helms Pumped Storage Project\u003c/a> outside of Fresno, which has a 1.2 gigawatt capacity (for more on how it works, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwcouncil.org/energy/wind/meetings/2008/10/ManhoYeung.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">check out this powerpoint\u003c/a>). \u003ca href=\"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2009/02/23/story15.html\">PG&E is reportedly looking\u003c/a> at 2 gigawatts of new pumped storage at two other sites in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Batteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of different kinds of batteries that can be used in grid-scale installations. I visited a 2 megawatt battery in Southern California that uses lithium-ion cells, much like a hybrid car uses. Southern California Edison is \u003ca href=\"http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/socal-edison-wants-a123s-biggest-grid-battery-ever/\" target=\"_blank\">working on an 8 MW battery\u003c/a> project near the Tehachapi wind farms. But lithium-ion technology has plenty of competitors, many of which \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/GRIDS.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">have been awarded federal stimulus funding\u003c/a>. The primary barrier for batteries is the cost. \u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Flywheel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Beacon Power flywheel.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flywheels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology uses rotational energy to store power. Flywheels have an internal rotor that uses electricity to spin at high speeds. When energy is needed, the rotor slows down and generates electricity through a motor. This is used for what's known as \"frequency regulation\" on the grid. Since they can charge and discharge power on a second-to-second basis, flywheels can smooth out the short-term fluctuations on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea//news/article/2010/03/beacon-connects-flywheel-system-to-california-wind-farm\" target=\"_blank\">Beacon Power has installed flywheels\u003c/a> in Tehachapi, California as part of a demonstration project there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compressed Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using energy produced at non-peak times (at night), compressed air energy storage projects pump air into large underground caverns. When demand for energy is high, it's released to run power turbines. \u003ca href=\"http://www.next100.com/2009/08/pge-opts-for-energy-storage.php\" target=\"_blank\">PG&E is now planning\u003c/a> a 300 MW compressed air facility in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, for all these technologies, cost is major issue, not mention the siting and planning considerations. For a good comparison, check out these\u003ca href=\"http://www.electricitystorage.org/ESA/technologies/technology_comparisons/\">technology comparison charts\u003c/a> from the Energy Storage Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/30/reporters-notes-energy-storage-the-holy-grail/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/energy-storage-the-holy-grail\">Listen to Energy Storage: The Holy Grail\u003c/a> radio story online and check out the rest of our stories in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/index.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">33x20 renewable energy series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.398255 -122.14449\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Computer Memory Poised to Get Shock Therapy?",
"title": "Computer Memory Poised to Get Shock Therapy?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/nano300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A hard drive surface as viewed using an electron microscope. Memory is stored magnetically in the pattern of dark and light patches.\u003ca rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NanoScanHrMFMWD3200BEVT.JPG\">Image from Wikimedia Commons. \u003c/a> / \u003ca rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en%20/\"> CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel once wrote, “You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bits and pieces, to realize that memory is what makes our lives. Life without memory is no life at all.” The same might be said (albeit with less existential fanfare) of memory in the world of computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the form of bigger hard drives, computer memory has revolutionized our ability to store everything from research articles, to Hollywood films, to cookbooks. Historically these devices have been enabled through the clever manipulation of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Magnetism/magnetismintro.htm\">magnetism\u003c/a>. However, recent advances at UC Berkeley and elsewhere in the development of exciting materials known as multiferroics may be changing that recipe for success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inside of a modern hard drive works by almost exactly the same principles that kitchen magnets exploit when holding a wedding invitation to your fridge. A material with such magnetic (or more technically, \u003cstrong>ferromagnetic\u003c/strong>) properties such as a kitchen magnet is extremely useful because of its directionality. If you place two magnets together head-to-tail they attract, whereas if you flip the top magnet and repeat the process they push each other apart. A computer essentially writes and reads information by flipping little magnetic patches up or down and measuring what happens to another magnet placed on top of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a major difference, however, between the individual size of a magnet on your hard drive and a kitchen magnet. Each computerized bit on a hard drive may be 10 billion times smaller than the size of your thumbnail in area (see the figure above). It is precisely the smallness of these details that enable a computer to remember so much information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, however, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electriccharge.htm\">charged\u003c/a>. That is to say, one side of the material likes to accumulate more \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron\">electrons\u003c/a> than the other side. Charging is a common enough effect in nature. When you rub a balloon against your hair you pull electrons from your hair onto the balloon. The subsequent tingling effect is a direct result of this charging. Thunderclouds exhibit charging when they accumulate massive amounts of electrons at their bases. When the energy is finally released it can result in spectacular shows of \u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/lightning-interactive/\">lightning\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When charging occurs naturally in a material, scientists say that the material is \u003cstrong>ferroelectric\u003c/strong>. A material that is both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic (or in cases, a variation called antiferromagnetic) is said to be \u003cstrong>multiferroic\u003c/strong>. If properly exploited, these extra properties may be quite useful in technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An experiment published last Sunday in the \u003cem>Nature Materials \u003c/em>by researchers at UC Berkeley showed that electric voltages applied to the multiferroic bismuth ferrite could be used to directly manipulate a nearby material’s magnetic properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephen Wu, the paper’s lead author, explained that this could be an incredible step forward for technology. While people have been able to control magnetism using electricity before, never have they been able to do it in a way that requires no power, and never before have they been able to switch the direction of this magnetism so quickly. Such a development both saves energy and battery life, but also reduces the amount of heat within a system, thereby making it scalable. “You can make a lot of it, it’s static, and you can do it really fast,” said Wu, elaborating that if you could get such a system to work at room temperature, this magic combination of features could revolutionize the computing industry. In some of the most imaginative visions of the future, computers may not even be based on semiconductors or silicon at all, but rather on these new multiferroics and related compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley may need to consider a name change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8778 -122.243\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/nano300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A hard drive surface as viewed using an electron microscope. Memory is stored magnetically in the pattern of dark and light patches.\u003ca rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NanoScanHrMFMWD3200BEVT.JPG\">Image from Wikimedia Commons. \u003c/a> / \u003ca rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en%20/\"> CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel once wrote, “You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bits and pieces, to realize that memory is what makes our lives. Life without memory is no life at all.” The same might be said (albeit with less existential fanfare) of memory in the world of computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the form of bigger hard drives, computer memory has revolutionized our ability to store everything from research articles, to Hollywood films, to cookbooks. Historically these devices have been enabled through the clever manipulation of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Magnetism/magnetismintro.htm\">magnetism\u003c/a>. However, recent advances at UC Berkeley and elsewhere in the development of exciting materials known as multiferroics may be changing that recipe for success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inside of a modern hard drive works by almost exactly the same principles that kitchen magnets exploit when holding a wedding invitation to your fridge. A material with such magnetic (or more technically, \u003cstrong>ferromagnetic\u003c/strong>) properties such as a kitchen magnet is extremely useful because of its directionality. If you place two magnets together head-to-tail they attract, whereas if you flip the top magnet and repeat the process they push each other apart. A computer essentially writes and reads information by flipping little magnetic patches up or down and measuring what happens to another magnet placed on top of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a major difference, however, between the individual size of a magnet on your hard drive and a kitchen magnet. Each computerized bit on a hard drive may be 10 billion times smaller than the size of your thumbnail in area (see the figure above). It is precisely the smallness of these details that enable a computer to remember so much information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, however, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electriccharge.htm\">charged\u003c/a>. That is to say, one side of the material likes to accumulate more \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron\">electrons\u003c/a> than the other side. Charging is a common enough effect in nature. When you rub a balloon against your hair you pull electrons from your hair onto the balloon. The subsequent tingling effect is a direct result of this charging. Thunderclouds exhibit charging when they accumulate massive amounts of electrons at their bases. When the energy is finally released it can result in spectacular shows of \u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/lightning-interactive/\">lightning\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When charging occurs naturally in a material, scientists say that the material is \u003cstrong>ferroelectric\u003c/strong>. A material that is both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic (or in cases, a variation called antiferromagnetic) is said to be \u003cstrong>multiferroic\u003c/strong>. If properly exploited, these extra properties may be quite useful in technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An experiment published last Sunday in the \u003cem>Nature Materials \u003c/em>by researchers at UC Berkeley showed that electric voltages applied to the multiferroic bismuth ferrite could be used to directly manipulate a nearby material’s magnetic properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephen Wu, the paper’s lead author, explained that this could be an incredible step forward for technology. While people have been able to control magnetism using electricity before, never have they been able to do it in a way that requires no power, and never before have they been able to switch the direction of this magnetism so quickly. Such a development both saves energy and battery life, but also reduces the amount of heat within a system, thereby making it scalable. “You can make a lot of it, it’s static, and you can do it really fast,” said Wu, elaborating that if you could get such a system to work at room temperature, this magic combination of features could revolutionize the computing industry. In some of the most imaginative visions of the future, computers may not even be based on semiconductors or silicon at all, but rather on these new multiferroics and related compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley may need to consider a name change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8778 -122.243\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Star at San Jose Electric Car Convention",
"title": "Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Star at San Jose Electric Car Convention",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of stops and starts, electric cars and plug-in hybrids are on the cusp of a new era of mainstream acceptance, starting this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the message this week from automakers, government officials and utility operators at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plugin2010.com/\">Plug-In 2010\u003c/a> conference, a major international gathering of alternative vehicles at the San Jose Convention Center. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now the rubber hits the road”, said Craig Childers, an air resources engineer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>. “This is the last conference where we don’t have the cars. When we do this again next year, there’s going to be thousands of people driving these cars and it’s going to be great to see how that happens. We’ll learn from it and continue to evolve.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6853\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/plugincar3001.jpg\" alt=\"The 2011 Chevy Volt at the 2010 Plug-In Conference.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6853\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2011 Chevy Volt at the 2010 Plug-In Conference \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A large amount of attention at the event went to two vehicles: the battery electric \u003ca href=\"http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/index#/leaf-electric-car/index\">Nissan Leaf\u003c/a> and the Chevy Volt, a plug-in hybrid. Both groundbreaking cars will begin appearing in showrooms in December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Tuesday’s conference, GM announced the Volt’s sticker price will be $41,000. A federal tax credit will bring the cost of the vehicle down by $7,500. The Volt also be available to lease for $350 a month for 36 months, assuming a down payment of $2,500. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GM calls the Volt an “extended-range electric vehicle,” which means that the car can go 40 miles on a single battery charge, using no gasoline. An additional 300 miles can be driven as the car uses gasoline to power an on-board generator to make more electricity and power the engine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Pasowatz, the Volt’s Vehicle Line Director, said that distance is key for getting consumers to overcome their “range anxiety” and trust that the Volt will get them where they need to go without being stranded with an empty battery. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Volt gives you an extended range capability that no other electric vehicle can provide you,” Pasowatz said. “So we have a good, solid confident proposition of 340 miles, whereas many electric cars will not achieve the range that they claim because their range is on a city cycle which no one drives, it doesn’t account for running the heating and air conditioning, and it doesn’t account for the degradation of the battery. And if you really only get 50 miles, the question is can that be your everyday car?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nissan Leaf, an all-electric vehicle, which has a range of 100 miles on a single charge, will be made available to consumers by December in five states initially, including California.\u003cbr>\nTo date, there have been 20,000 pre-orders for the Nissan Leaf, with more than 3,000 of those orders coming from prospective buyers in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6881\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 299px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Plug-In_-046b_version23.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Perry from Nissan standing next to the Leaf, an all electric-vehicle.\" width=\"299\" height=\"207\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6881\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Perry from Nissan standing next to the Leaf, an all electric-vehicle. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Mark Perry, Director of Product Planning at Nissan, the consumer acceptance of the new generation of electric cars in the state resonates nation-wide. “If there was a barrier to adoption called affordability, that’s been knocked over. If there was a barrier to adoption called charging infrastructure, it’s been knocked over here in CA. There are no barriers now. The entire country is looking at California as a lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leaf will cost $32,780, but after the federal tax credit of $7,500, and a California state rebate of $5,000 – which the Volt is not eligible for – the actual price will be $20,280. The Leaf also will be eligible for drivers to take into California’s carpool lanes without having more than one passenger, while the Volt will not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ginny and John Pauksta of San Jose paid $99 to reserve a Leaf. “The tipping point for me was the BP oil spill, the frustration of what we’re doing to the environment,” said John Pauksta. “It made me very angry. The fact that we’re fighting wars to protect our oil reserves just got to me. Electric cars were like toys, like glorified golf cars and now major car companies are coming out with electric cars that look like real cars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can fit five people in it and haul stuff around and the driving range is within a level of tolerance”, added Pauksta, who commutes 44 miles daily to his job in Palo Alto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of the lead acid and nickel-metal hydride batteries that powered the first generation of electric cars like GM’s EV1 in the 1990s, today’s electric car batteries are made of lithium-ion cells, which are now small enough that they can be easily assembled into battery packs and charged using a simple 120-volt outlet, as Pasowatz did with his Chevy Volt, charging it overnight at the conference center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the purchase of a Volt, consumers will get a 120-volt portable charge cord set and the option of GM’s 240-volt cord set, which would cut the charging of the vehicle in half, from eight hours to four hours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from the advancements in battery technology, a perfect storm of factors seems to brewing to usher in a new, more hospitable climate for electric cars, experts at the event, which runs through Thursday, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology is moving ahead. The recognition of getting off of oil is important and I think the car is part of the larger energy environment ecosystem, it’s come to that realization that it is time to solve these problems in a systemic way”, said Pasowatz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Air Resources Board, there are roughly 20,000 pure electric vehicles in California, including roughly 15,000 small neighborhood electric vehicles that aren’t designed to drive on highways. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities, regulatory agencies and environmental organizations expect those numbers to rise as long as gas prices continue to be high, which makes electricity as a fuel source a particularly attractive option. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gasoline is about $3, plus or minus, per gallon,” said Sunil Chhaya, a senior manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?%5D%5B\">Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/a> in Palo Alto. ”Electricity is about 75 cents per gallon, so when you compare operating costs per mile, it’s about a fourth or a fifth the cost of gasoline.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the economy improves and worldwide demand for oil grows, gasoline prices may not stay at the current level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not sure what gasoline prices are going to look like in the next five to 10 years and it’s widely expected that those will get on an upward trajectory again and start climbing up and beyond four a gallon,” said Childers. “In that case, we’re talking about a very big price difference for electricity. We actually need that because these electric cars are more expensive to build and buy and the only way consumers can afford it is by saving money on fuel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, California’s grid, with its mix of hydroelectric power, nuclear power and renewables like solar and wind power, is also cleaner than the nation’s grid -- which relies more heavily on power from coal-fired plants. So environmental benefits accrue when drivers plug-in to the grid to charge their vehicles. Chhaya said that “50 to 60 percent of the CO2 emissions can be reduced by using a battery electric vehicle plugged into the state’s grid.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a big factor for consumers is the sticker price of electric cars. Palo Alto-based Tesla motors offers currently only one electric vehicle line, its sporty Roadster that retails for more than $100,000. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Availability of public charging stations has also been a challenge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, however, Campbell-based Coulomb Technologies received a $37 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to build 4,600 charging stations in nine metro areas, including San Francisco, San Jose, Sacramento and Los Angeles by September 2011. The charging stations will also feature a new connecting standard adopted in January by the Society of Automotive Engineers so that any electric car can be charged at the charging stations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For consumers like Kadife Besir-Dunlap, a schoolteacher from Woodland, neither the Chevy Volt nor the Nissan Leaf can compare to her beloved EV1 which was reclaimed by GM in 2002 when her two-year lease expired and GM refused to renew the lease for her or other EV1 owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Volt is a plug-in, it’s not full electric,” she said. “The car of the future is powered by the fuels of Jurassic time. My frustration is renewed right now. GM could have produced another electric vehicle. They had the technology and a really nice car with the EV1 and they could have reproduced something like that, a more affordable full electric car. A hybrid car is not progress, it’s stagnation.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the tow truck took away her family’s EV1, Besir-Dunlap has been driving an all-electric Toyota RAV4. Earlier this month, under a partnership with Tesla Motors, Toyota announced plans to start production up again on the all-electric RAV4 in 2012 at the NUMMI auto plant in Fremont. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some people at the conference couldn’t wait to plug-in and drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see nothing but increases in gas prices so I want to get out of the polluting, expensive internal combustion world and into the less expensive, less polluting world of electric vehicles,” said Jared Alaqua, a 28 year-old Novato resident pursuing his M.B.A. “And I hear that they actually perform better.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out these QUEST resources for related information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/waiting-for-the-electric-car\">Waiting for the Electric Car\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plugin-hybrid-cars\">Plug-in Hybrids\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3291138 -121.8886351\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of stops and starts, electric cars and plug-in hybrids are on the cusp of a new era of mainstream acceptance, starting this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the message this week from automakers, government officials and utility operators at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plugin2010.com/\">Plug-In 2010\u003c/a> conference, a major international gathering of alternative vehicles at the San Jose Convention Center. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now the rubber hits the road”, said Craig Childers, an air resources engineer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>. “This is the last conference where we don’t have the cars. When we do this again next year, there’s going to be thousands of people driving these cars and it’s going to be great to see how that happens. We’ll learn from it and continue to evolve.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6853\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/plugincar3001.jpg\" alt=\"The 2011 Chevy Volt at the 2010 Plug-In Conference.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6853\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2011 Chevy Volt at the 2010 Plug-In Conference \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A large amount of attention at the event went to two vehicles: the battery electric \u003ca href=\"http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/index#/leaf-electric-car/index\">Nissan Leaf\u003c/a> and the Chevy Volt, a plug-in hybrid. Both groundbreaking cars will begin appearing in showrooms in December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Tuesday’s conference, GM announced the Volt’s sticker price will be $41,000. A federal tax credit will bring the cost of the vehicle down by $7,500. The Volt also be available to lease for $350 a month for 36 months, assuming a down payment of $2,500. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GM calls the Volt an “extended-range electric vehicle,” which means that the car can go 40 miles on a single battery charge, using no gasoline. An additional 300 miles can be driven as the car uses gasoline to power an on-board generator to make more electricity and power the engine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Pasowatz, the Volt’s Vehicle Line Director, said that distance is key for getting consumers to overcome their “range anxiety” and trust that the Volt will get them where they need to go without being stranded with an empty battery. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Volt gives you an extended range capability that no other electric vehicle can provide you,” Pasowatz said. “So we have a good, solid confident proposition of 340 miles, whereas many electric cars will not achieve the range that they claim because their range is on a city cycle which no one drives, it doesn’t account for running the heating and air conditioning, and it doesn’t account for the degradation of the battery. And if you really only get 50 miles, the question is can that be your everyday car?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nissan Leaf, an all-electric vehicle, which has a range of 100 miles on a single charge, will be made available to consumers by December in five states initially, including California.\u003cbr>\nTo date, there have been 20,000 pre-orders for the Nissan Leaf, with more than 3,000 of those orders coming from prospective buyers in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6881\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 299px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Plug-In_-046b_version23.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Perry from Nissan standing next to the Leaf, an all electric-vehicle.\" width=\"299\" height=\"207\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6881\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Perry from Nissan standing next to the Leaf, an all electric-vehicle. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Mark Perry, Director of Product Planning at Nissan, the consumer acceptance of the new generation of electric cars in the state resonates nation-wide. “If there was a barrier to adoption called affordability, that’s been knocked over. If there was a barrier to adoption called charging infrastructure, it’s been knocked over here in CA. There are no barriers now. The entire country is looking at California as a lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leaf will cost $32,780, but after the federal tax credit of $7,500, and a California state rebate of $5,000 – which the Volt is not eligible for – the actual price will be $20,280. The Leaf also will be eligible for drivers to take into California’s carpool lanes without having more than one passenger, while the Volt will not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ginny and John Pauksta of San Jose paid $99 to reserve a Leaf. “The tipping point for me was the BP oil spill, the frustration of what we’re doing to the environment,” said John Pauksta. “It made me very angry. The fact that we’re fighting wars to protect our oil reserves just got to me. Electric cars were like toys, like glorified golf cars and now major car companies are coming out with electric cars that look like real cars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can fit five people in it and haul stuff around and the driving range is within a level of tolerance”, added Pauksta, who commutes 44 miles daily to his job in Palo Alto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of the lead acid and nickel-metal hydride batteries that powered the first generation of electric cars like GM’s EV1 in the 1990s, today’s electric car batteries are made of lithium-ion cells, which are now small enough that they can be easily assembled into battery packs and charged using a simple 120-volt outlet, as Pasowatz did with his Chevy Volt, charging it overnight at the conference center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the purchase of a Volt, consumers will get a 120-volt portable charge cord set and the option of GM’s 240-volt cord set, which would cut the charging of the vehicle in half, from eight hours to four hours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from the advancements in battery technology, a perfect storm of factors seems to brewing to usher in a new, more hospitable climate for electric cars, experts at the event, which runs through Thursday, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The technology is moving ahead. The recognition of getting off of oil is important and I think the car is part of the larger energy environment ecosystem, it’s come to that realization that it is time to solve these problems in a systemic way”, said Pasowatz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Air Resources Board, there are roughly 20,000 pure electric vehicles in California, including roughly 15,000 small neighborhood electric vehicles that aren’t designed to drive on highways. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities, regulatory agencies and environmental organizations expect those numbers to rise as long as gas prices continue to be high, which makes electricity as a fuel source a particularly attractive option. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gasoline is about $3, plus or minus, per gallon,” said Sunil Chhaya, a senior manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?%5D%5B\">Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/a> in Palo Alto. ”Electricity is about 75 cents per gallon, so when you compare operating costs per mile, it’s about a fourth or a fifth the cost of gasoline.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the economy improves and worldwide demand for oil grows, gasoline prices may not stay at the current level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not sure what gasoline prices are going to look like in the next five to 10 years and it’s widely expected that those will get on an upward trajectory again and start climbing up and beyond four a gallon,” said Childers. “In that case, we’re talking about a very big price difference for electricity. We actually need that because these electric cars are more expensive to build and buy and the only way consumers can afford it is by saving money on fuel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, California’s grid, with its mix of hydroelectric power, nuclear power and renewables like solar and wind power, is also cleaner than the nation’s grid -- which relies more heavily on power from coal-fired plants. So environmental benefits accrue when drivers plug-in to the grid to charge their vehicles. Chhaya said that “50 to 60 percent of the CO2 emissions can be reduced by using a battery electric vehicle plugged into the state’s grid.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a big factor for consumers is the sticker price of electric cars. Palo Alto-based Tesla motors offers currently only one electric vehicle line, its sporty Roadster that retails for more than $100,000. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Availability of public charging stations has also been a challenge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, however, Campbell-based Coulomb Technologies received a $37 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to build 4,600 charging stations in nine metro areas, including San Francisco, San Jose, Sacramento and Los Angeles by September 2011. The charging stations will also feature a new connecting standard adopted in January by the Society of Automotive Engineers so that any electric car can be charged at the charging stations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For consumers like Kadife Besir-Dunlap, a schoolteacher from Woodland, neither the Chevy Volt nor the Nissan Leaf can compare to her beloved EV1 which was reclaimed by GM in 2002 when her two-year lease expired and GM refused to renew the lease for her or other EV1 owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Volt is a plug-in, it’s not full electric,” she said. “The car of the future is powered by the fuels of Jurassic time. My frustration is renewed right now. GM could have produced another electric vehicle. They had the technology and a really nice car with the EV1 and they could have reproduced something like that, a more affordable full electric car. A hybrid car is not progress, it’s stagnation.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the tow truck took away her family’s EV1, Besir-Dunlap has been driving an all-electric Toyota RAV4. Earlier this month, under a partnership with Tesla Motors, Toyota announced plans to start production up again on the all-electric RAV4 in 2012 at the NUMMI auto plant in Fremont. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some people at the conference couldn’t wait to plug-in and drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see nothing but increases in gas prices so I want to get out of the polluting, expensive internal combustion world and into the less expensive, less polluting world of electric vehicles,” said Jared Alaqua, a 28 year-old Novato resident pursuing his M.B.A. “And I hear that they actually perform better.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out these QUEST resources for related information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/waiting-for-the-electric-car\">Waiting for the Electric Car\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plugin-hybrid-cars\">Plug-in Hybrids\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’re enthralled by the Large Hadron Collider, you’ll want to watch QUEST’s story on atom smashers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST journeys back in time to find out how\u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\"> physicists on the UC Berkeley campus in the 1930s\u003c/a>, and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a> in Menlo Park in the 1970s, created so-called “atom smashers” that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to the quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These homegrown particle accelerators paved the way for the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a>, so big that its 17-mile underground tunnel straddles the border between Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators\">12-minute television story\u003c/a> starts with the building of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a>, a particle accelerator that UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence conceived of in 1930. Its \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">first iteration\u003c/a> fit in the palm of his hand. It was a breakthrough because without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, of course. It was used to build the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. For our TV story, we filmed at the \u003ca href=\"http://cyclotron.lbl.gov/index.html\">88-inch cyclotron\u003c/a> at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Berkeley Lab, as it’s referred to, was the laboratory that Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/411a_particle3001.jpg\" alt=\"Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6832\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 88-inch cyclotron was built in 1961, three years after Lawrence died, and is very much an active research tool. Physicists are still using it to create \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2009/09/24/114-confirmed/\">elements with big nuclei\u003c/a>. But about 40 percent of the cyclotron’s time is dedicated to something completely different. It is one of only two facilities in California where you can test the computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to what they encounter in space. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">our story\u003c/a>, we follow this testing process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also tell part of the history of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>. What was then the longest particle accelerator in the world began to operate in Menlo Park in 1966. This linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider, a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark. This breakthrough helped physicists come up with our current understanding of how matter is organized, a theory called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.particleadventure.org\">Standard Model of particle physics\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working on the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs in hopes of making discoveries that will answer some of the questions that the Standard Model now leaves unanswered. For example, what is the invisible “dark matter” that makes up 25 percent of the universe? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both at SLAC and at the Berkeley Lab, particle accelerators are being used for exciting new work. The X-rays emitted by accelerated particles, which were at first considered a nuisance, were quickly harnessed in the 1970s to make detailed images. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/\">synchrotron radiation\u003c/a> is now used to understand everything from the structure of proteins that could lead to drug development, to materials that could one day be used to build faster computers, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/investigating-darwins-legacy\">fossils that help prove Darwin’s theory of evolution\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re enthralled by the Large Hadron Collider, you’ll want to watch QUEST’s story on atom smashers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST journeys back in time to find out how\u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\"> physicists on the UC Berkeley campus in the 1930s\u003c/a>, and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a> in Menlo Park in the 1970s, created so-called “atom smashers” that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to the quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These homegrown particle accelerators paved the way for the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a>, so big that its 17-mile underground tunnel straddles the border between Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators\">12-minute television story\u003c/a> starts with the building of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a>, a particle accelerator that UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence conceived of in 1930. Its \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">first iteration\u003c/a> fit in the palm of his hand. It was a breakthrough because without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, of course. It was used to build the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. For our TV story, we filmed at the \u003ca href=\"http://cyclotron.lbl.gov/index.html\">88-inch cyclotron\u003c/a> at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Berkeley Lab, as it’s referred to, was the laboratory that Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/411a_particle3001.jpg\" alt=\"Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6832\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ernest Lawrence above the 184-inch cyclotron. This was the biggest cyclotron he built at his laboratory in Berkeley, which later was named the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The 184-inch cyclotron no longer exists. But the building houses the Advanced Light Source, which uses the X-rays produced by a particle accelerator to create detailed images of everything from biological samples to building materials.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 88-inch cyclotron was built in 1961, three years after Lawrence died, and is very much an active research tool. Physicists are still using it to create \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2009/09/24/114-confirmed/\">elements with big nuclei\u003c/a>. But about 40 percent of the cyclotron’s time is dedicated to something completely different. It is one of only two facilities in California where you can test the computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to what they encounter in space. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">our story\u003c/a>, we follow this testing process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also tell part of the history of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>. What was then the longest particle accelerator in the world began to operate in Menlo Park in 1966. This linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider, a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark. This breakthrough helped physicists come up with our current understanding of how matter is organized, a theory called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.particleadventure.org\">Standard Model of particle physics\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working on the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs in hopes of making discoveries that will answer some of the questions that the Standard Model now leaves unanswered. For example, what is the invisible “dark matter” that makes up 25 percent of the universe? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both at SLAC and at the Berkeley Lab, particle accelerators are being used for exciting new work. The X-rays emitted by accelerated particles, which were at first considered a nuisance, were quickly harnessed in the 1970s to make detailed images. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/\">synchrotron radiation\u003c/a> is now used to understand everything from the structure of proteins that could lead to drug development, to materials that could one day be used to build faster computers, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/investigating-darwins-legacy\">fossils that help prove Darwin’s theory of evolution\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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}
},
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
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