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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Growing up in a small town in New Mexico, Elisa Quintana didn't even think about science. She grew up in a household that did not stress the importance of math and science. It was not until community college that she realized she liked math, and ended up transferring to the University of California, San Diego to pursue a degree in physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was a late bloomer,\" says Elisa. \"Because I didn't know what I wanted to do in life, it took me six years to complete my undergraduate work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elisa now works for NASA, studying planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am most interested in finding planets like Earth around other stars,\" says Elisa. \"Ones that have the right size and orbit to be able to sustain liquid water, a prerequisite for life as we know it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elisa spends a large portion of her time on her laptop, working on computer algorithms that can sift through massive amounts of data to locate planets that could potentially be habitable. She also works on computer models to simulate how these planets might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>From $1 microscopes to shape-shifting robots, we covered some pretty awesome engineering stories in 2015. Here's a look back at them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWe began the year diving deep into the ocean and showing how scientists at the California Academy of Sciences engineered a device that safely brings fish up from the twilight zone, a region of the ocean so deep that light barely reaches it. Fish living at these depths are accustomed to life at a higher pressure, and because many fish have a gas-filled organ called a swim bladder, they are super sensitive to fast changes in pressure. If scientists want to bring the fish up to study them at sea level, their swim bladders can expand and crush other vital organs-- killing the fish. So scientists at the California Academy of Sciences engineered a portable device that maintains high ocean pressures, so they can collect the fish and bring them safely to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-QRgVgCpCg&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an even deeper learning experience, check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-bringing-fish-up/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a> of associated resources about this project, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/03/12/science-spotlight-fish-swim-bladders-and-boyles-law/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/03/19/career-spotlight-biologist/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight videos, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/04/02/air-pressure-activity-its-in-the-bag/\" target=\"_blank\">a hands-on activity\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/2015/03/31/to-what-extent-should-organisms-be-collected-from-the-wild/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a> activity and an \u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNext, we got an up-close look at how Manu Prakash, a bioengineer at Stanford University created the Foldscope, a $1 paper microscope. This nifty invention could one day help diagnose diseases in remote or resource-poor areas throughout the world. In fact, these microscopes are currently in validation studies and clinical trials to be used as diagnostic tools for malaria, African sleeping sickness and schistosomiasis. In addition to diagnosing diseases, he hopes these microscopes will be used by students, teachers and life-long learners to explore their own world. Through the Ten Thousand Microscope Project, Prakash has shipped approximately 50,000 Foldscopes to students and lifelong learners in more than 130 countries who submitted ideas for experiments or questions that they would like to answer using the Foldscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k56MVoz9QIc&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a closer look at this project, check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-diagnosing-diseases/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a> of associated resources including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/05/07/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/05/14/career-spotlight-developmental-and-stem-cell-biology-graduate-student/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight video, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/2015/05/26/what-would-you-explore-with-a-foldscope/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a> activity and an \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this story, we focused on Dhaka, Bangladesh, the tenth largest city in the world, where travel by boat and Rickshaw is a common way to get around town. While the waterways are an inviting lure to this populated city, water is also the source of many diseases, particularly in Dhaka’s crowded slums. Here, sewage can seep into low-pressure, old, leaky pipes that transport the town’s drinking water, exposing residents to harmful bacteria and viruses. But, researchers at Stanford University have engineered a cheap device that can clean drinking water where it is collected, at communal hand-pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Inc-I8CWT94&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more resources about this project, check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-cleaning-water/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a>, which includes a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/08/06/science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/08/31/career-spotlight-environmental-health-engineer/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight video and an \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA fan favorite of 2015, this engineering story is out of this world, (or, it might be one day). Researchers at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA have teamed up with researchers at University of California, Berkeley to design and engineer what might be the next generation of space-exploring robots. These robots are wildly different than traditional rovers, which are super expensive, really heavy and hard to land. The new robots are based on a type of structure known as a “tensegrity” structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtHrcmZoXsc&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more resources about this project, check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a>, which includes a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/09/28/career-spotlight-robotics-engineer/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight video, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/08/outside-the-box-robotics-activities/\" target=\"_blank\">classroom activities\u003c/a> and an \u003ca href=\"http://space.woop.ie/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is 3-D Mapping Your World with a Backpack\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor this story, we got the inside scoop about a 3-D mapping backpack from Avideh Zakhor, a UC Berkeley professor of electrical engineering, who created the device. This technology, which can map the interior of buildings, has a lot of potential applications including aiding with search and rescue, commercial real estate, building construction and energy audits. Some companies are even putting consumer grade versions of this technology in smartphones, so users can create their own 3-D maps of interior buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvxmFaIN0Ug&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-3-d-mapping/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a> of resources for this engineering story, which includes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/16/how-your-smartphone-knows-where-you-are/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/23/career-spotlight-spatial-interaction-engineer/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight videos and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/09/going-3-d-in-the-classroom/\" target=\"_blank\">classroom\u003c/a> activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Converting Buses into Mobile Showers\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOur last engineering story for 2015 took us through the streets of San Francisco where we discovered how Lava Mae, a non-profit organization recycles retired public transportation buses and converts them into mobile showers for San Francisco's homeless population. Check out how these shower buses work, and the thoughtful design that went into them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36yBA1uOnRE&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More resources about this project coming soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From $1 microscopes to shape-shifting robots, we covered some pretty awesome engineering stories in 2015. Here's a look back at them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWe began the year diving deep into the ocean and showing how scientists at the California Academy of Sciences engineered a device that safely brings fish up from the twilight zone, a region of the ocean so deep that light barely reaches it. Fish living at these depths are accustomed to life at a higher pressure, and because many fish have a gas-filled organ called a swim bladder, they are super sensitive to fast changes in pressure. If scientists want to bring the fish up to study them at sea level, their swim bladders can expand and crush other vital organs-- killing the fish. So scientists at the California Academy of Sciences engineered a portable device that maintains high ocean pressures, so they can collect the fish and bring them safely to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/c-QRgVgCpCg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/c-QRgVgCpCg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an even deeper learning experience, check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-bringing-fish-up/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a> of associated resources about this project, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/03/12/science-spotlight-fish-swim-bladders-and-boyles-law/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/03/19/career-spotlight-biologist/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight videos, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/04/02/air-pressure-activity-its-in-the-bag/\" target=\"_blank\">a hands-on activity\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/2015/03/31/to-what-extent-should-organisms-be-collected-from-the-wild/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a> activity and an \u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNext, we got an up-close look at how Manu Prakash, a bioengineer at Stanford University created the Foldscope, a $1 paper microscope. This nifty invention could one day help diagnose diseases in remote or resource-poor areas throughout the world. In fact, these microscopes are currently in validation studies and clinical trials to be used as diagnostic tools for malaria, African sleeping sickness and schistosomiasis. In addition to diagnosing diseases, he hopes these microscopes will be used by students, teachers and life-long learners to explore their own world. Through the Ten Thousand Microscope Project, Prakash has shipped approximately 50,000 Foldscopes to students and lifelong learners in more than 130 countries who submitted ideas for experiments or questions that they would like to answer using the Foldscopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/k56MVoz9QIc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/k56MVoz9QIc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a closer look at this project, check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-diagnosing-diseases/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a> of associated resources including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/05/07/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/05/14/career-spotlight-developmental-and-stem-cell-biology-graduate-student/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight video, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/2015/05/26/what-would-you-explore-with-a-foldscope/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a> activity and an \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this story, we focused on Dhaka, Bangladesh, the tenth largest city in the world, where travel by boat and Rickshaw is a common way to get around town. While the waterways are an inviting lure to this populated city, water is also the source of many diseases, particularly in Dhaka’s crowded slums. Here, sewage can seep into low-pressure, old, leaky pipes that transport the town’s drinking water, exposing residents to harmful bacteria and viruses. But, researchers at Stanford University have engineered a cheap device that can clean drinking water where it is collected, at communal hand-pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Inc-I8CWT94'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Inc-I8CWT94'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more resources about this project, check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-cleaning-water/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a>, which includes a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/08/06/science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/08/31/career-spotlight-environmental-health-engineer/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight video and an \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA fan favorite of 2015, this engineering story is out of this world, (or, it might be one day). Researchers at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA have teamed up with researchers at University of California, Berkeley to design and engineer what might be the next generation of space-exploring robots. These robots are wildly different than traditional rovers, which are super expensive, really heavy and hard to land. The new robots are based on a type of structure known as a “tensegrity” structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/YtHrcmZoXsc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/YtHrcmZoXsc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more resources about this project, check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a>, which includes a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/09/28/career-spotlight-robotics-engineer/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight video, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/08/outside-the-box-robotics-activities/\" target=\"_blank\">classroom activities\u003c/a> and an \u003ca href=\"http://space.woop.ie/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is 3-D Mapping Your World with a Backpack\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor this story, we got the inside scoop about a 3-D mapping backpack from Avideh Zakhor, a UC Berkeley professor of electrical engineering, who created the device. This technology, which can map the interior of buildings, has a lot of potential applications including aiding with search and rescue, commercial real estate, building construction and energy audits. Some companies are even putting consumer grade versions of this technology in smartphones, so users can create their own 3-D maps of interior buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rvxmFaIN0Ug'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rvxmFaIN0Ug'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/engineering-is-3-d-mapping/\" target=\"_blank\">collection\u003c/a> of resources for this engineering story, which includes \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/16/how-your-smartphone-knows-where-you-are/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/23/career-spotlight-spatial-interaction-engineer/\" target=\"_blank\">career\u003c/a> spotlight videos and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/09/going-3-d-in-the-classroom/\" target=\"_blank\">classroom\u003c/a> activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Converting Buses into Mobile Showers\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOur last engineering story for 2015 took us through the streets of San Francisco where we discovered how Lava Mae, a non-profit organization recycles retired public transportation buses and converts them into mobile showers for San Francisco's homeless population. Check out how these shower buses work, and the thoughtful design that went into them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/36yBA1uOnRE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/36yBA1uOnRE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More resources about this project coming soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It all started in 2012 when Doniece Sandoval overheard a homeless woman on the street crying that she would never feel clean again. Sandoval took this lament to heart and decided she wanted to do something to help. So she began doing some research to see how accessible showers were for San Francisco’s homeless population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were about 16 shower stalls for 3,500 men, women and children who literally live on the streets,” she explains. “And I thought that’s crazy, this isn’t a third world country, yet here in San Francisco, one of the most affluent cities in the world, we have issues with access to water and sanitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after this discovery, she founded \u003ca href=\"http://lavamae.org/\">Lava Mae\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that takes retired public transportation buses and converts them into mobile hygiene units for the homeless. In June of 2014, they launched their pilot bus. Fire hydrants provide the buses with water-- a hose and water meter connect the fire hydrant to the bus, ensuring that Lava Mae is billed for the water they use. They also have a special agreement with the city of San Francisco that allows them to drain the shower water into the sewers. Storage tanks underneath the bus collects sewage from the toilets, which then gets transported to a treatment facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_106215\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-106215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-400x225.png\" alt=\"One of the shower stalls in the Lava Mae bus\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-800x450.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-768x432.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-1440x810.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-1180x664.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-960x540.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the bathrooms in the Lava Mae bus\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lava Mae’s mobility allows them to partner with other homeless service organizations, and they pull their shower bus in front of those locations. This allows users to sign up for a shower time, so they can avoid waiting in a physical line, and, if they choose, users can utilize some of the services that their partner organizations offer. By going mobile, Lava Mae does not have to worry about losing their shower facilities to rising rent in San Francisco, and they can serve multiple areas instead of being restricted to just one location. While the buses offer these advantages over stationary shower stalls, actually converting the old buses into showers was quite a design and engineering challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges was maintaining the structural integrity of the bus-- making sure that the bus won’t tip or fall over when taking turns or going up and down the hills of San Francisco. Making changes to the bus, like creating skylights and adding water storage tanks, can affect the stability of the bus. Converting these buses required a very careful design. Sandoval solicited the help of Brett Terpeluk, an architect. Part of the design process involved reaching out to the homeless community and running focus groups to determine user needs. The team realized very quickly that they wanted to create private, safe spaces in which people could shower. Given the size of the bus, that meant that they could only fit two bathrooms on the bus, each with a private shower, sink, toilet and changing area. They also wanted to ensure that one of the bathrooms was accessible by wheelchair and to those with disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the structural requirements, they also wanted to make sure that they were creating a welcoming and clean environment, complete with skylights and music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re thinking about the user, and the kind of experience you want to create for that specific user. And we knew we wanted this to be a joyous, light-filled, contained environment,” explains Terpeluk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they had the design down, they turned to Airco Mechanical, a Sacramento-based company, to actually convert the buses. They had all sorts of engineering challenges they had to figure out. For example, how do you heat the water? How do you waterproof the interior? How do you lay the pipes on a structure that will not be consistently level?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-105921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"An empty Muni bus, before it is converted to mobile showers\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An empty Muni bus, before it is converted to mobile showers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of problem-solving that goes on. That’s where the challenge is and that’s where the reward is, in solving problems,” explains Wyatt Jones, the CEO of Airco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, Lava Mae has converted two buses. They call their first bus their prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So knowing that bus number one worked, you take that pride and move it on to the next one and go, ‘Hey, we’re going to make this thing even better than before,’” says Chris Doherty, a shop foreman at Airco that worked on the buses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has made several improvements from the first to the second bus. For example, on the first bus they installed a 50-gallon water heater like you would find in your house. They found these types of heaters to be cumbersome, heavy, and difficult to control, so for the second bus, they switched to instantaneous water heaters. These are smaller boxes that are more friendly to a mobile environment. They also installed a larger generator on the second bus to increase the amount of electricity the bus could use. And, they switched their waterproofing material to one that was a bit more flexible and could handle wear and tear caused by a moving bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lava Mae’s pilot in June 2014, they’ve provided almost 4,000 showers to just over 2,000 homeless individuals in San Francisco. And the Lava Mae team is not stopping, there are plans to expand their fleet. They are also working to turn their model into a toolkit that other communities can replicate. Check out their \u003ca href=\"http://lavamae.org/get-involved/\">website\u003c/a> for advice on creating mobile shower units in your own community.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It all started in 2012 when Doniece Sandoval overheard a homeless woman on the street crying that she would never feel clean again. Sandoval took this lament to heart and decided she wanted to do something to help. So she began doing some research to see how accessible showers were for San Francisco’s homeless population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were about 16 shower stalls for 3,500 men, women and children who literally live on the streets,” she explains. “And I thought that’s crazy, this isn’t a third world country, yet here in San Francisco, one of the most affluent cities in the world, we have issues with access to water and sanitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after this discovery, she founded \u003ca href=\"http://lavamae.org/\">Lava Mae\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that takes retired public transportation buses and converts them into mobile hygiene units for the homeless. In June of 2014, they launched their pilot bus. Fire hydrants provide the buses with water-- a hose and water meter connect the fire hydrant to the bus, ensuring that Lava Mae is billed for the water they use. They also have a special agreement with the city of San Francisco that allows them to drain the shower water into the sewers. Storage tanks underneath the bus collects sewage from the toilets, which then gets transported to a treatment facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_106215\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-106215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-400x225.png\" alt=\"One of the shower stalls in the Lava Mae bus\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-800x450.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-768x432.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-1440x810.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-1180x664.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-960x540.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the bathrooms in the Lava Mae bus\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lava Mae’s mobility allows them to partner with other homeless service organizations, and they pull their shower bus in front of those locations. This allows users to sign up for a shower time, so they can avoid waiting in a physical line, and, if they choose, users can utilize some of the services that their partner organizations offer. By going mobile, Lava Mae does not have to worry about losing their shower facilities to rising rent in San Francisco, and they can serve multiple areas instead of being restricted to just one location. While the buses offer these advantages over stationary shower stalls, actually converting the old buses into showers was quite a design and engineering challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges was maintaining the structural integrity of the bus-- making sure that the bus won’t tip or fall over when taking turns or going up and down the hills of San Francisco. Making changes to the bus, like creating skylights and adding water storage tanks, can affect the stability of the bus. Converting these buses required a very careful design. Sandoval solicited the help of Brett Terpeluk, an architect. Part of the design process involved reaching out to the homeless community and running focus groups to determine user needs. The team realized very quickly that they wanted to create private, safe spaces in which people could shower. Given the size of the bus, that meant that they could only fit two bathrooms on the bus, each with a private shower, sink, toilet and changing area. They also wanted to ensure that one of the bathrooms was accessible by wheelchair and to those with disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the structural requirements, they also wanted to make sure that they were creating a welcoming and clean environment, complete with skylights and music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re thinking about the user, and the kind of experience you want to create for that specific user. And we knew we wanted this to be a joyous, light-filled, contained environment,” explains Terpeluk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they had the design down, they turned to Airco Mechanical, a Sacramento-based company, to actually convert the buses. They had all sorts of engineering challenges they had to figure out. For example, how do you heat the water? How do you waterproof the interior? How do you lay the pipes on a structure that will not be consistently level?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-105921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"An empty Muni bus, before it is converted to mobile showers\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An empty Muni bus, before it is converted to mobile showers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of problem-solving that goes on. That’s where the challenge is and that’s where the reward is, in solving problems,” explains Wyatt Jones, the CEO of Airco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, Lava Mae has converted two buses. They call their first bus their prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So knowing that bus number one worked, you take that pride and move it on to the next one and go, ‘Hey, we’re going to make this thing even better than before,’” says Chris Doherty, a shop foreman at Airco that worked on the buses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has made several improvements from the first to the second bus. For example, on the first bus they installed a 50-gallon water heater like you would find in your house. They found these types of heaters to be cumbersome, heavy, and difficult to control, so for the second bus, they switched to instantaneous water heaters. These are smaller boxes that are more friendly to a mobile environment. They also installed a larger generator on the second bus to increase the amount of electricity the bus could use. And, they switched their waterproofing material to one that was a bit more flexible and could handle wear and tear caused by a moving bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lava Mae’s pilot in June 2014, they’ve provided almost 4,000 showers to just over 2,000 homeless individuals in San Francisco. And the Lava Mae team is not stopping, there are plans to expand their fleet. They are also working to turn their model into a toolkit that other communities can replicate. Check out their \u003ca href=\"http://lavamae.org/get-involved/\">website\u003c/a> for advice on creating mobile shower units in your own community.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Teachers, have you heard about KQED's STEM media challenge \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/16/engineerthat/\" target=\"_blank\">#EngineerThat\u003c/a> for middle school and high school students? Are you excited to have your students participate, but aren't sure how to get started? Here are some tips to get your students ready to #EngineerThat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Join a Webinar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will be introducing the challenge and answering questions in two upcoming webinars. Please join us! \u003ca href=\"https://kqed.adobeconnect.com/engineerthat\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to join the webinar\u003c/a> about 10 minutes before it is scheduled to begin. (We will be using Adobe Connect.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Thursday, December 10, 2015 at 5pm PST\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Thursday, January 7, 2016 at 4pm PST\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Inspired\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch one of QUEST's \"Engineering Is\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLT3NFZ6AaRFIatHczEyNfP1F-og0pyEP8\" target=\"_blank\"> videos\u003c/a> or check out an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">e-book from the series\u003c/a> for examples of scientists and engineers working together to solve real-world problems.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/backpack-sketch_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-101989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/backpack-sketch_small.jpg\" alt=\"backpack sketch_small\" width=\"288\" height=\"408\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Start Small\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Begin with a practice activity. Think about items we use everyday. How could they be improved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place students in pairs to interview each other about some common problems they face with items they use at school (e.g. too-small desks, lunch bags that don't keep food cold, backpacks that don’t hold all the right stuff, etc.).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have each student choose one item mentioned by their partner and brainstorm ideas for improvements. How could they change those items to make them function better? How would they improve upon the design?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students can sketch their solutions, share them with their partners to receive feedback, and then make changes to their designs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Introduce the Engineering Design Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Now that students have had a chance to experience the engineering design process, go over the steps of the process with them. You can find some great resources from \u003ca href=\"https://www.teachengineering.org/engrdesignprocess.php\" target=\"_blank\">TeachEngineering.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students identify each part of the engineering design process from their practice activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the QUEST \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLT3NFZ6AaRFIatHczEyNfP1F-og0pyEP8\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is\u003c/a>\" video again, or choose another one! (The videos are also found on under \"Collections\" at the top of the page). Discuss the different steps of the engineering design process as it relates to the project the scientists and engineers are working on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brainstorm Ideas for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/16/engineerthat/\" target=\"_blank\">#EngineerThat\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Think about some challenges we currently face, like transportation or energy. How do we get to and from the places we go? How could our methods of transportation be improved or made more efficient? Think about all of the different ways we use energy. Could our homes, classrooms or community spaces be made more energy-efficient?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interview family members, friends or community leaders to hear their ideas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Fun!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best part about this challenge is that there are no wrong ideas. Be creative in designing your solutions!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/16/engineerthat/\" target=\"_blank\">Go to the #EngineerThat challenge\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Teachers, have you heard about KQED's STEM media challenge \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/16/engineerthat/\" target=\"_blank\">#EngineerThat\u003c/a> for middle school and high school students? Are you excited to have your students participate, but aren't sure how to get started? Here are some tips to get your students ready to #EngineerThat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Join a Webinar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will be introducing the challenge and answering questions in two upcoming webinars. Please join us! \u003ca href=\"https://kqed.adobeconnect.com/engineerthat\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to join the webinar\u003c/a> about 10 minutes before it is scheduled to begin. (We will be using Adobe Connect.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Thursday, December 10, 2015 at 5pm PST\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Thursday, January 7, 2016 at 4pm PST\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Inspired\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch one of QUEST's \"Engineering Is\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLT3NFZ6AaRFIatHczEyNfP1F-og0pyEP8\" target=\"_blank\"> videos\u003c/a> or check out an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">e-book from the series\u003c/a> for examples of scientists and engineers working together to solve real-world problems.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/backpack-sketch_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-101989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/backpack-sketch_small.jpg\" alt=\"backpack sketch_small\" width=\"288\" height=\"408\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Start Small\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Begin with a practice activity. Think about items we use everyday. How could they be improved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place students in pairs to interview each other about some common problems they face with items they use at school (e.g. too-small desks, lunch bags that don't keep food cold, backpacks that don’t hold all the right stuff, etc.).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have each student choose one item mentioned by their partner and brainstorm ideas for improvements. How could they change those items to make them function better? How would they improve upon the design?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students can sketch their solutions, share them with their partners to receive feedback, and then make changes to their designs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Introduce the Engineering Design Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Now that students have had a chance to experience the engineering design process, go over the steps of the process with them. You can find some great resources from \u003ca href=\"https://www.teachengineering.org/engrdesignprocess.php\" target=\"_blank\">TeachEngineering.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students identify each part of the engineering design process from their practice activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the QUEST \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLT3NFZ6AaRFIatHczEyNfP1F-og0pyEP8\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is\u003c/a>\" video again, or choose another one! (The videos are also found on under \"Collections\" at the top of the page). Discuss the different steps of the engineering design process as it relates to the project the scientists and engineers are working on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brainstorm Ideas for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/16/engineerthat/\" target=\"_blank\">#EngineerThat\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Think about some challenges we currently face, like transportation or energy. How do we get to and from the places we go? How could our methods of transportation be improved or made more efficient? Think about all of the different ways we use energy. Could our homes, classrooms or community spaces be made more energy-efficient?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interview family members, friends or community leaders to hear their ideas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Fun!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best part about this challenge is that there are no wrong ideas. Be creative in designing your solutions!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/16/engineerthat/\" target=\"_blank\">Go to the #EngineerThat challenge\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 2013, Jessica Mong arrived in the Bay Area with $100 in her pocket and a desire to enter the field of software engineering. Fast forward two years, and Jessica is now a software engineer with \u003ca href=\"https://www.surveymonkey.com/\">SurveyMonkey\u003c/a>, a tech company that creates and designs custom online surveys. Jessica works on the billing side, writing code to ensure that customers can access and pay for surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Nigeria, Jessica excelled at science and math. She received a scholarship to attend college in the United States at Claflin University in South Carolina to study computer engineering. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">When she started applying for software engineering jobs, she realized she lacked hands-on software engineering experience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made the decision to attend \u003ca href=\"https://hackbrightacademy.com/\">Hackbright Academy\u003c/a>, a software engineering school for women in San Francisco. Not only was she able to broaden her programming skillset, but she was able to make connections with other people in her field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know where I'd be without mentors who supported me,\" says Jessica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her advice to others interested in becoming a software engineer? Build a network and don't get discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you love it, stick with it,\" says Jessica.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2013, Jessica Mong arrived in the Bay Area with $100 in her pocket and a desire to enter the field of software engineering. Fast forward two years, and Jessica is now a software engineer with \u003ca href=\"https://www.surveymonkey.com/\">SurveyMonkey\u003c/a>, a tech company that creates and designs custom online surveys. Jessica works on the billing side, writing code to ensure that customers can access and pay for surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Nigeria, Jessica excelled at science and math. She received a scholarship to attend college in the United States at Claflin University in South Carolina to study computer engineering. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">When she started applying for software engineering jobs, she realized she lacked hands-on software engineering experience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made the decision to attend \u003ca href=\"https://hackbrightacademy.com/\">Hackbright Academy\u003c/a>, a software engineering school for women in San Francisco. Not only was she able to broaden her programming skillset, but she was able to make connections with other people in her field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know where I'd be without mentors who supported me,\" says Jessica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her advice to others interested in becoming a software engineer? Build a network and don't get discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "A New Earthquake-Proof Calaveras Dam",
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"content": "\u003cp>Since July 2010, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work on one of the biggest engineering projects in the nation, the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. At a cost of nearly five billion dollars, the program will seismically upgrade and replace aging infrastructure that brings water from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/featurecontent/yose/anniversary/yosemite125th.com/index.html\">Hetchy Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, 167 miles away, to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key goal of the voter-approved program, which is scheduled to run through 2018, is to make sure that the taps can keep flowing within 24 hours of a major earthquake for the system’s 2.6 million customers who live in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\" alt=\"Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have the Calaveras fault, the Hayward fault in the East Bay, and then of course the San Andreas fault on the Peninsula,” said Dan Wade, Director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program. “And our water system crosses all three of those major faults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/ucerf/\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, there is a greater than 60 percent chance of a major earthquake taking place in the Bay Area in the next 20 years. The Hetch Hetchy water system has been operating for more than 80 years, and much of its infrastructure – including pipes, local reservoirs and a 90-year-old rock and earth-filled dam – is in need of a makeover to shield it from earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the construction projects are also intended to provide redundancy and a back-up to structures that are critical to transporting water from the Sierra Nevada watershed to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015, transports millions of gallons of water each day alongside the original Irvington Tunnel in Sunol Valley, a few miles east of Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older Irvington Tunnel, which has not been taken out of service since 1966, when it was last inspected, lies between the Calaveras and San Andreas faults. The new tunnel, however, is steel-lined and encased with concrete to help it withstand a magnitude 7.1 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both tunnels carry water not only from Hetch Hetchy but also from the nearby San Antonio and Calaveras reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\" alt=\"The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir, which is the largest of the system’s five local reservoirs, is also in need of a seismic makeover. Its 90-year-old earth and rock-filled dam, which forms the reservoir, is located on the Santa Clara-Alameda county line, and is located only 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault. Since 2001, state dam regulators have only allowed the reservoir to be filled to 40 percent of its capacity because the dam is prone to liquefaction, which happens when waterlogged loose soil behaves like a liquid during the violent shaking generated by a big earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, construction crews are building a new, 220-foot-tall seismically safe dam a few hundred yards downstream from the original dam in the hills southeast of Fremont. At a cost of $720 million, replacing the Calaveras Dam is the biggest, most expensive and last remaining major project under the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it will also be made of earth and rock – roughly 10 million cubic yards’ worth – cement grouting is being sprayed between spaces within the rock to create a more water-tight foundation. The reservoir will then be able to fill to capacity – 100,000 acre-feet or 31 billion gallons – when construction on the new dam finishes in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\" alt=\"Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Dan Wade, filling Calaveras reservoir to full capacity will not only boost water storage but help the regional water system cope with multi-year droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in the third year of a major drought,” he said. “We need this reservoir for drought carryover storage.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work to replace and upgrade aging infrastructure and reservoirs that make up the 80-year-old Hetch Hetchy water system. The most expensive and biggest of the jobs is replacing a 90-year-old earth and rock-filled Calaveras dam.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since July 2010, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work on one of the biggest engineering projects in the nation, the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. At a cost of nearly five billion dollars, the program will seismically upgrade and replace aging infrastructure that brings water from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/featurecontent/yose/anniversary/yosemite125th.com/index.html\">Hetchy Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, 167 miles away, to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key goal of the voter-approved program, which is scheduled to run through 2018, is to make sure that the taps can keep flowing within 24 hours of a major earthquake for the system’s 2.6 million customers who live in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\" alt=\"Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have the Calaveras fault, the Hayward fault in the East Bay, and then of course the San Andreas fault on the Peninsula,” said Dan Wade, Director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program. “And our water system crosses all three of those major faults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/ucerf/\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, there is a greater than 60 percent chance of a major earthquake taking place in the Bay Area in the next 20 years. The Hetch Hetchy water system has been operating for more than 80 years, and much of its infrastructure – including pipes, local reservoirs and a 90-year-old rock and earth-filled dam – is in need of a makeover to shield it from earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the construction projects are also intended to provide redundancy and a back-up to structures that are critical to transporting water from the Sierra Nevada watershed to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015, transports millions of gallons of water each day alongside the original Irvington Tunnel in Sunol Valley, a few miles east of Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older Irvington Tunnel, which has not been taken out of service since 1966, when it was last inspected, lies between the Calaveras and San Andreas faults. The new tunnel, however, is steel-lined and encased with concrete to help it withstand a magnitude 7.1 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both tunnels carry water not only from Hetch Hetchy but also from the nearby San Antonio and Calaveras reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\" alt=\"The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir, which is the largest of the system’s five local reservoirs, is also in need of a seismic makeover. Its 90-year-old earth and rock-filled dam, which forms the reservoir, is located on the Santa Clara-Alameda county line, and is located only 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault. Since 2001, state dam regulators have only allowed the reservoir to be filled to 40 percent of its capacity because the dam is prone to liquefaction, which happens when waterlogged loose soil behaves like a liquid during the violent shaking generated by a big earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, construction crews are building a new, 220-foot-tall seismically safe dam a few hundred yards downstream from the original dam in the hills southeast of Fremont. At a cost of $720 million, replacing the Calaveras Dam is the biggest, most expensive and last remaining major project under the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it will also be made of earth and rock – roughly 10 million cubic yards’ worth – cement grouting is being sprayed between spaces within the rock to create a more water-tight foundation. The reservoir will then be able to fill to capacity – 100,000 acre-feet or 31 billion gallons – when construction on the new dam finishes in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\" alt=\"Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Dan Wade, filling Calaveras reservoir to full capacity will not only boost water storage but help the regional water system cope with multi-year droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in the third year of a major drought,” he said. “We need this reservoir for drought carryover storage.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When people hear the word engineer, they usually picture a career that requires a lot of advanced education -- a master’s degree or maybe a PhD. While this is certainly true for most, it was not the path for Alex Okita. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In high school, Alex was into metal music and even played guitar in a metal band himself. When he wasn’t thrashing on his guitar, he was spending a lot of time on his computer, which sounds pretty typical for a high schooler until you realize that it was the late '80s and early '90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was the only person that had these computers. I didn’t know anyone else that had any of this stuff,” says Alex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, personal home computers were not common. In fact, it was somewhat of a luxury. Luckily for Alex, his mother’s boyfriend at the time worked for IBM. So, he had access to a powerful computer in his own home. Alex began playing around with 3-D modeling applications, using a stylus and plastic pad to design objects and characters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of these computer skills, right out of high school, Alex was able to work on small projects for video game companies like Atari. At the same time, he was studying art and 3-D animation at a community college. He soon found that he was getting a better education at work than at school. The video game companies he worked for had high performance computers and 3-D software that the community college simply couldn’t match. So, Alex left college before getting his degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of paying for the experience, I was getting paid for a better experience,” says Alex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex continued to jump around to different video game companies, doing concept art and 3-D animation, picking up new skills and learning programming along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, Alex is a spatial interaction engineer. He teaches computers to see like we see, allowing computers to understand and interact with the real, 3-D world. He works for San Francisco-based tech company Occipital, where he designs and develops games and applications for the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://structure.io/?utm_expid=74577754-12.uV8IGQn8RnC_t_ZK7EE39Q.0&utm_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fstructure.io%2F\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Structure Sensor\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a small device that attaches to an iPad that can 3-D scan rooms, objects and even people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Want to learn more about how computers can be used to interact with the 3-D world? Check out the video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/29/3-d-mapping-your-world-with-a-backpack/\">3-D Mapping Your World with a Backpack\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When people hear the word engineer, they usually picture a career that requires a lot of advanced education -- a master’s degree or maybe a PhD. While this is certainly true for most, it was not the path for Alex Okita. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In high school, Alex was into metal music and even played guitar in a metal band himself. When he wasn’t thrashing on his guitar, he was spending a lot of time on his computer, which sounds pretty typical for a high schooler until you realize that it was the late '80s and early '90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was the only person that had these computers. I didn’t know anyone else that had any of this stuff,” says Alex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, personal home computers were not common. In fact, it was somewhat of a luxury. Luckily for Alex, his mother’s boyfriend at the time worked for IBM. So, he had access to a powerful computer in his own home. Alex began playing around with 3-D modeling applications, using a stylus and plastic pad to design objects and characters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of these computer skills, right out of high school, Alex was able to work on small projects for video game companies like Atari. At the same time, he was studying art and 3-D animation at a community college. He soon found that he was getting a better education at work than at school. The video game companies he worked for had high performance computers and 3-D software that the community college simply couldn’t match. So, Alex left college before getting his degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of paying for the experience, I was getting paid for a better experience,” says Alex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex continued to jump around to different video game companies, doing concept art and 3-D animation, picking up new skills and learning programming along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, Alex is a spatial interaction engineer. He teaches computers to see like we see, allowing computers to understand and interact with the real, 3-D world. He works for San Francisco-based tech company Occipital, where he designs and develops games and applications for the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://structure.io/?utm_expid=74577754-12.uV8IGQn8RnC_t_ZK7EE39Q.0&utm_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fstructure.io%2F\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Structure Sensor\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a small device that attaches to an iPad that can 3-D scan rooms, objects and even people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Want to learn more about how computers can be used to interact with the 3-D world? Check out the video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/29/3-d-mapping-your-world-with-a-backpack/\">3-D Mapping Your World with a Backpack\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science Spotlight: How Your Smartphone Knows Where You Are",
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"content": "\u003cp>Quantum physics, Einstein’s theory of relativity and atomic clocks that are accurate to one billionth of a second -- all of these are crucial in allowing your smartphone to pinpoint your precise location almost anywhere on Earth. It’s called the Global Positioning System, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.gps.gov/\">GPS\u003c/a>. GPS is comprised of a constellation of satellites orbiting Earth, broadcasting atomically-accurate time down to your smartphone, allowing it to calculate your ever-changing location, even when you’re on the move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GPS receiver in your smartphone uses trilateration -- a more complex version of triangulation -- to determine its position on Earth. In drawings, trilateration is often illustrated in 2-D using circles. But since GPS deals with satellites and Earth in the real 3-D world, spheres are a better representation of what's actually happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Story of GPS\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGPS actually begins with the basic human desire to know where we are and where we're going. For centuries, travelers had to rely on the sun, the stars or fixed landmarks to navigate from point A to point B. This crude method worked, but was prone to frequent error. Over long journeys at sea, ships could veer off course, sometimes arriving hundreds of miles from their destination, or worse, shipwrecking and not arriving at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97285\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-97285 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm-400x328.jpg\" alt=\"A replica of Sputnik 1 at the U.S. National Air and Space Museum\" width=\"400\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm-400x328.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm-800x655.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm-960x786.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm.jpg 1094w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica of Sputnik 1 at the U.S. National Air and Space Museum \u003ccite>(U.S. Air Force)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Navigation methods continued to improve with time, but it was not until the fateful night of October 4, 1957 that a man-made endeavor would usher in the most accurate navigation tool to date. On that date, the Soviet Union launched \u003ci>Sputnik\u003c/i>, the\u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sputnik-launched\"> \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sputnik-launched\">first satellite to orbit Earth\u003c/a>. \u003ci>Sputnik\u003c/i> was equipped with a radio transmitter, allowing it to broadcast a signal to almost anywhere on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in the United States used \u003ci>Sputnik’s\u003c/i> broadcasted signal to determine its precise orbit. If scientists could calculate a satellite’s orbit in space from a known location on the ground, then they could do the reverse -- if they knew a satellite's precise orbit they could calculate a specific location on the ground, which is the basic principle of GPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1978, the United States launched its first operational GPS satellite and by 1993, 24 GPS satellites were orbiting Earth, completing the NAVSTAR GPS constellation. Each satellite weighs around 1,900 pounds -- the size of a large automobile -- and orbits the earth every 12 hours in a formation that ensures every location will be in direct radio contact with at least four satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97309\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/110726-F-GB484-001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-97309 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/110726-F-GB484-001-400x354.jpg\" alt=\"The Global Positioning System IIF satellite, developed and built by Boeing, is the next generation of GPS satellite. \" width=\"400\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/110726-F-GB484-001-400x354.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/110726-F-GB484-001.jpg 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Global Positioning System IIF satellite, developed and built by Boeing, is the next generation of GPS satellite. \u003ccite>(U.S. Air Force graphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, GPS is still operated and maintained by the United States. As of October 31, 2015, there are 31 GPS satellites orbiting the Earth. Millions of people around the world use the technology, whether it be the military trying to locate troops during the war or a high school student trying to get across town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you most often use GPS on your phone? Is there something else you want to know about GPS? Let us know in the comments below or tweet us @KQEDedspace.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Quantum physics, Einstein’s theory of relativity and atomic clocks that are accurate to one billionth of a second -- all of these are crucial in allowing your smartphone to pinpoint your precise location almost anywhere on Earth. It’s called the Global Positioning System, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.gps.gov/\">GPS\u003c/a>. GPS is comprised of a constellation of satellites orbiting Earth, broadcasting atomically-accurate time down to your smartphone, allowing it to calculate your ever-changing location, even when you’re on the move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GPS receiver in your smartphone uses trilateration -- a more complex version of triangulation -- to determine its position on Earth. In drawings, trilateration is often illustrated in 2-D using circles. But since GPS deals with satellites and Earth in the real 3-D world, spheres are a better representation of what's actually happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Story of GPS\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGPS actually begins with the basic human desire to know where we are and where we're going. For centuries, travelers had to rely on the sun, the stars or fixed landmarks to navigate from point A to point B. This crude method worked, but was prone to frequent error. Over long journeys at sea, ships could veer off course, sometimes arriving hundreds of miles from their destination, or worse, shipwrecking and not arriving at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97285\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-97285 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm-400x328.jpg\" alt=\"A replica of Sputnik 1 at the U.S. National Air and Space Museum\" width=\"400\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm-400x328.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm-800x655.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm-960x786.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Sputnik_asm.jpg 1094w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica of Sputnik 1 at the U.S. National Air and Space Museum \u003ccite>(U.S. Air Force)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Navigation methods continued to improve with time, but it was not until the fateful night of October 4, 1957 that a man-made endeavor would usher in the most accurate navigation tool to date. On that date, the Soviet Union launched \u003ci>Sputnik\u003c/i>, the\u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sputnik-launched\"> \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sputnik-launched\">first satellite to orbit Earth\u003c/a>. \u003ci>Sputnik\u003c/i> was equipped with a radio transmitter, allowing it to broadcast a signal to almost anywhere on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in the United States used \u003ci>Sputnik’s\u003c/i> broadcasted signal to determine its precise orbit. If scientists could calculate a satellite’s orbit in space from a known location on the ground, then they could do the reverse -- if they knew a satellite's precise orbit they could calculate a specific location on the ground, which is the basic principle of GPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1978, the United States launched its first operational GPS satellite and by 1993, 24 GPS satellites were orbiting Earth, completing the NAVSTAR GPS constellation. Each satellite weighs around 1,900 pounds -- the size of a large automobile -- and orbits the earth every 12 hours in a formation that ensures every location will be in direct radio contact with at least four satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97309\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/110726-F-GB484-001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-97309 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/110726-F-GB484-001-400x354.jpg\" alt=\"The Global Positioning System IIF satellite, developed and built by Boeing, is the next generation of GPS satellite. \" width=\"400\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/110726-F-GB484-001-400x354.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/110726-F-GB484-001.jpg 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Global Positioning System IIF satellite, developed and built by Boeing, is the next generation of GPS satellite. \u003ccite>(U.S. Air Force graphic)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, GPS is still operated and maintained by the United States. As of October 31, 2015, there are 31 GPS satellites orbiting the Earth. Millions of people around the world use the technology, whether it be the military trying to locate troops during the war or a high school student trying to get across town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you most often use GPS on your phone? Is there something else you want to know about GPS? Let us know in the comments below or tweet us @KQEDedspace.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s a 3-D world, so why not let students create and learn in 3-D? In so many disciplines -- architecture, computer science, entertainment, engineering -- it’s becoming increasingly useful to problem-solve and be creative in three dimensions. With \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gjR60TSn8Q&feature=youtu.be\">360 degree video\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/earth/\">Google Earth’s 3-D maps\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oculus.com/en-us/rift/\">Oculus Rift’s virtual reality headset\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/atap/project-tango/about-project-tango/\">Google’s soon-to-be-released 3-D mapping phone\u003c/a>, students, too, will be more immersed in 3-D technology than ever before. Luckily, there are some great tools out there to create 3-D projects in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3-D Modeling Tools\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith \u003ca href=\"http://www.sketchup.com/3Dfor/k12-education\">Google Sketch Up\u003c/a>, students can design, create, and use 3-D shapes to assemble basic models of just about anything -- create a 3-D floor plan, design a building or create a simple game. Want to talk about the Eiffel Tower? Why not let students explore it? There’s a 3-D warehouse where you can browse through millions of existing models that you can use in your classroom. Best of all, the application is free to download and use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it has a slightly higher learning curve, \u003ca href=\"http://www.blender.org/\">Blender\u003c/a> has been designed as an application that can produce professional 3-D modeling and animation projects. There are even \u003ca href=\"http://www.brokenairplane.com/2011/07/blender-3d-modeling-resources-for.html\">simple tutorials\u003c/a> that can show students and teachers how to get up and running with the software, which is also free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Virtual Reality with Cardboard\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThink that virtual reality requires a lot of money and fancy technology? Think again. \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/get/cardboard/\">Google Cardboard\u003c/a> is a fold-out cardboard headset for your mobile phone, creating do-it-yourself virtual reality. You can buy pre-fabricated kits, but Google provides free specs, allowing students to build their own cardboard viewers. The headset works with a bunch of apps, letting students \u003ca href=\"http://www.tiltbrush.com/\">paint in 3-D\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jauntvr.preview.tnf\">climb the face of a mountain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to go 3-D but stay analog, NASA has simple instructions to \u003ca href=\"http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/classroom/glasses.shtml\">build 3-D glasses\u003c/a> and to \u003ca href=\"http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/classroom/3d.shtml\">create your own 3-D images\u003c/a> from cardboard or poster board. Students take a picture of a person or landscape, then they take another, similar picture from a slightly different perspective a few inches away. When looked at with the 3-D glasses, the image will appear three-dimensional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Immersive Learning with Augmented Reality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the magical world of \u003ci>Harry Potter\u003c/i>, students walk through hallways lined with paintings that come alive and are interactive. With the advent of augmented reality, teachers and students can interact with their world by creating layers of digital information on top of the physical world using their smartphone. There are a ton of apps that take advantage of augmented reality’s potential to create immersive learning experiences, letting students \u003ca href=\"http://theawesomer.com/elements-4d-blocks/248498/\">manipulate and combine elements from the periodic table\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/spacecraft-3d/id541089908?mt=8\">learn and interact with NASA spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want more ideas or more information regarding augmented reality in the classroom, check out the education blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.twoguysandsomeipads.com/\">Two Guys and Some iPads\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at our short video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/29/3-d-mapping-your-world-with-a-backpack/\">Engineering Is 3-D Mapping Your World with a Backpack\u003c/a> for some inspiration and to get your 3-D juices flowing!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Educators, we’d love your input. Have you used any 3-D technologies in the classroom? Is there any activity or app that you really like? Let us know by leaving some feedback in the comments section below or tweet us @KQEDedspace.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a 3-D world, so why not let students create and learn in 3-D? In so many disciplines -- architecture, computer science, entertainment, engineering -- it’s becoming increasingly useful to problem-solve and be creative in three dimensions. With \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gjR60TSn8Q&feature=youtu.be\">360 degree video\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/earth/\">Google Earth’s 3-D maps\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oculus.com/en-us/rift/\">Oculus Rift’s virtual reality headset\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/atap/project-tango/about-project-tango/\">Google’s soon-to-be-released 3-D mapping phone\u003c/a>, students, too, will be more immersed in 3-D technology than ever before. Luckily, there are some great tools out there to create 3-D projects in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3-D Modeling Tools\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith \u003ca href=\"http://www.sketchup.com/3Dfor/k12-education\">Google Sketch Up\u003c/a>, students can design, create, and use 3-D shapes to assemble basic models of just about anything -- create a 3-D floor plan, design a building or create a simple game. Want to talk about the Eiffel Tower? Why not let students explore it? There’s a 3-D warehouse where you can browse through millions of existing models that you can use in your classroom. Best of all, the application is free to download and use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it has a slightly higher learning curve, \u003ca href=\"http://www.blender.org/\">Blender\u003c/a> has been designed as an application that can produce professional 3-D modeling and animation projects. There are even \u003ca href=\"http://www.brokenairplane.com/2011/07/blender-3d-modeling-resources-for.html\">simple tutorials\u003c/a> that can show students and teachers how to get up and running with the software, which is also free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Virtual Reality with Cardboard\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThink that virtual reality requires a lot of money and fancy technology? Think again. \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/get/cardboard/\">Google Cardboard\u003c/a> is a fold-out cardboard headset for your mobile phone, creating do-it-yourself virtual reality. You can buy pre-fabricated kits, but Google provides free specs, allowing students to build their own cardboard viewers. The headset works with a bunch of apps, letting students \u003ca href=\"http://www.tiltbrush.com/\">paint in 3-D\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jauntvr.preview.tnf\">climb the face of a mountain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to go 3-D but stay analog, NASA has simple instructions to \u003ca href=\"http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/classroom/glasses.shtml\">build 3-D glasses\u003c/a> and to \u003ca href=\"http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/classroom/3d.shtml\">create your own 3-D images\u003c/a> from cardboard or poster board. Students take a picture of a person or landscape, then they take another, similar picture from a slightly different perspective a few inches away. When looked at with the 3-D glasses, the image will appear three-dimensional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Immersive Learning with Augmented Reality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the magical world of \u003ci>Harry Potter\u003c/i>, students walk through hallways lined with paintings that come alive and are interactive. With the advent of augmented reality, teachers and students can interact with their world by creating layers of digital information on top of the physical world using their smartphone. There are a ton of apps that take advantage of augmented reality’s potential to create immersive learning experiences, letting students \u003ca href=\"http://theawesomer.com/elements-4d-blocks/248498/\">manipulate and combine elements from the periodic table\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/spacecraft-3d/id541089908?mt=8\">learn and interact with NASA spacecraft\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want more ideas or more information regarding augmented reality in the classroom, check out the education blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.twoguysandsomeipads.com/\">Two Guys and Some iPads\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at our short video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/29/3-d-mapping-your-world-with-a-backpack/\">Engineering Is 3-D Mapping Your World with a Backpack\u003c/a> for some inspiration and to get your 3-D juices flowing!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Educators, we’d love your input. Have you used any 3-D technologies in the classroom? Is there any activity or app that you really like? Let us know by leaving some feedback in the comments section below or tweet us @KQEDedspace.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Article written by \u003ca href=\"http://about.me/lisa_krieger\">Lisa M. Krieger\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital 3-D renderings of Earth are the backdrop for everything from computer games like \"Grand Theft Auto\" and Hollywood films like \"Enemy of the State\" to mortal combat simulation in Iraq.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new technology permits astonishingly precise measurements of buildings, roads, waterways, coastlines and even vegetation, right down to individual plants. Its attention to detail is so accurate that thousands of tiny windows on skyscrapers seem to show \"reflections\" and the bricks holding the Statute of Liberty show detailed textures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/zakhor.html\">Avideh Zakhor, a UC Berkeley professor of electrical engineering\u003c/a>, is the brains behind these realistic visualizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I call it 'reality capture,' \" she said. \"You're trying to capture what's out there in the real world...and create a representation of that so others can feel they're in that same space.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_92037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-92037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Avideh Zakhor has been at the forefront of 3-D mapping interior spaces, which, until recently, as proven to be very difficult.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Avideh Zakhor has been at the forefront of 3-D mapping interior spaces, which, until recently, has proven to be very difficult.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To test her technology, Zakhor had a novel idea. \"Why not put all these sensors on top of a truck, drive around, acquire all the signals, images and videos and laser scans and make 3-D models of the real world of everything that is outside?\" she wondered. So her team's sensor-equipped car drove the streets of Berkeley, creating a 3-D model of the city. Her technology \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was licensed by Google in 2007 to help produce its 3-D \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/earth/\">Google Earth\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now anyone can navigate through lifelike \"virtual\" settings - prowling Parisian parks, exploring ruins in Cambodian jungles or fighting zombies in alien landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a big problem in this approach to imaging: it only works outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_92041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-92041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A constellation of over 24 satellites that orbit the earth provide location information for the Global Positioning System (GPS)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A constellation of over 24 satellites that orbit the earth provide location information for the Global Positioning System (GPS) \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It uses GPS, which relies on a series of satellites to identify where it's physically located - and satellite signals are carried through waves at a frequency that doesn't pass through solid objects like walls. That's why, when you use a GPS inside a building, the device can't pinpoint your location accurately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other ways to image interiors, like using laser devices that measure distances across walls and then assembles them. But those take time - 30 to 40 minutes for a small room, said Zakhor. \"A whole building could take a week to scan.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zakhor had a different idea. She created a portable, laser backpack for 3-D mapping that creates fast, automatic and realistic inside images. It collects thousands of data points, then stitches them together with the system's custom-built software, using fancy mathematical algorithms, into a 3-D model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the 30-pound backpack are high-tech laser cameras and scanners, which collect all of the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a way of documenting a building in a very fast way,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_92047\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-92047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The 3-D mapping backpack is lightweight and customizable. Depending on the sensors you attatch, Y-you can map a map a building, measure heat loss from a room, or even monitor oxygen levels\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 3-D mapping backpack is lightweight and customizable. Depending on the sensors you attach, you can map a building, measure heat loss from a room, or even monitor oxygen levels \u003ccite>(Derek Lartaud)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She was stymied by how to identify the position of the backpack indoors - an essential part of image localization. They ended up relying on a technique used in robotics, called SLAM (for \"simultaneous localization and mapping\".) A combination of good sensors and good algorithms, it can find the backpack, construct a map and then build the 3-D models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Localizing the backpack - that took awhile,\" she said. \"We had to try many different things. You tried one thing doesn't work, what if you try that other thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also had to tweak the backpack so it wasn’t so big and bulky, removing some components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she dreams of many different ways her stripped-down 3-D backpack could be used. It could help during construction, for instance, if a plumber sees that an electrician's wires are in the way of his pipes. It could be used in commercial real estate sales - agents could explore a property without actually visiting it. If the backpack has an energy sensor, it could measure everything emitted by lights. It could create drawings of ancient buildings that no longer have blueprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, companies like Google are putting simplified, consumer-grade versions of the backpack's 3-D mapping algorithm into phones, allowing users to create 3-D maps of rooms and other interior environments. It doesn't have the customizability or the accuracy of the backpack, but it's still an impressive feat to have that 3-D mapping power in your mobile phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zakhor is particularly excited by the backpack's potential to save lives during fires or earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First responders can figure out, when they get to a site, their plan of attack in terms of rescuing people,\" she said. \"It allows you to do much more methodical planning of how you send your people inside a collapsed building to rescue people...which staircases are connected to floors, where all the sprinklers are, or where the emergency exits are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday it could test the health of our interior spaces, if loaded with air-quality sensors that measure things like atmospheric pressure, carbon dioxide, air temperature and particulate levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The beauty of the backpack,\" she said, \"is that, as I'm walking through, I collect as many signals as I possibly can.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hyper-realistic video games are made using a technique called 3-D mapping. In the real world, 3-D mapping the indoors is much more difficult than 3-D mapping the outdoors. The solution? A 3-D mapping backpack.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article written by \u003ca href=\"http://about.me/lisa_krieger\">Lisa M. Krieger\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital 3-D renderings of Earth are the backdrop for everything from computer games like \"Grand Theft Auto\" and Hollywood films like \"Enemy of the State\" to mortal combat simulation in Iraq.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new technology permits astonishingly precise measurements of buildings, roads, waterways, coastlines and even vegetation, right down to individual plants. Its attention to detail is so accurate that thousands of tiny windows on skyscrapers seem to show \"reflections\" and the bricks holding the Statute of Liberty show detailed textures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/zakhor.html\">Avideh Zakhor, a UC Berkeley professor of electrical engineering\u003c/a>, is the brains behind these realistic visualizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I call it 'reality capture,' \" she said. \"You're trying to capture what's out there in the real world...and create a representation of that so others can feel they're in that same space.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_92037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-92037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Avideh Zakhor has been at the forefront of 3-D mapping interior spaces, which, until recently, as proven to be very difficult.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/ZakhorStill_3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Avideh Zakhor has been at the forefront of 3-D mapping interior spaces, which, until recently, has proven to be very difficult.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To test her technology, Zakhor had a novel idea. \"Why not put all these sensors on top of a truck, drive around, acquire all the signals, images and videos and laser scans and make 3-D models of the real world of everything that is outside?\" she wondered. So her team's sensor-equipped car drove the streets of Berkeley, creating a 3-D model of the city. Her technology \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was licensed by Google in 2007 to help produce its 3-D \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/earth/\">Google Earth\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now anyone can navigate through lifelike \"virtual\" settings - prowling Parisian parks, exploring ruins in Cambodian jungles or fighting zombies in alien landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a big problem in this approach to imaging: it only works outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_92041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-92041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A constellation of over 24 satellites that orbit the earth provide location information for the Global Positioning System (GPS)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Satellites-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A constellation of over 24 satellites that orbit the earth provide location information for the Global Positioning System (GPS) \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It uses GPS, which relies on a series of satellites to identify where it's physically located - and satellite signals are carried through waves at a frequency that doesn't pass through solid objects like walls. That's why, when you use a GPS inside a building, the device can't pinpoint your location accurately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other ways to image interiors, like using laser devices that measure distances across walls and then assembles them. But those take time - 30 to 40 minutes for a small room, said Zakhor. \"A whole building could take a week to scan.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zakhor had a different idea. She created a portable, laser backpack for 3-D mapping that creates fast, automatic and realistic inside images. It collects thousands of data points, then stitches them together with the system's custom-built software, using fancy mathematical algorithms, into a 3-D model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the 30-pound backpack are high-tech laser cameras and scanners, which collect all of the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a way of documenting a building in a very fast way,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_92047\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-92047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The 3-D mapping backpack is lightweight and customizable. Depending on the sensors you attatch, Y-you can map a map a building, measure heat loss from a room, or even monitor oxygen levels\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/StandingBackpack-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 3-D mapping backpack is lightweight and customizable. Depending on the sensors you attach, you can map a building, measure heat loss from a room, or even monitor oxygen levels \u003ccite>(Derek Lartaud)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She was stymied by how to identify the position of the backpack indoors - an essential part of image localization. They ended up relying on a technique used in robotics, called SLAM (for \"simultaneous localization and mapping\".) A combination of good sensors and good algorithms, it can find the backpack, construct a map and then build the 3-D models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Localizing the backpack - that took awhile,\" she said. \"We had to try many different things. You tried one thing doesn't work, what if you try that other thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also had to tweak the backpack so it wasn’t so big and bulky, removing some components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she dreams of many different ways her stripped-down 3-D backpack could be used. It could help during construction, for instance, if a plumber sees that an electrician's wires are in the way of his pipes. It could be used in commercial real estate sales - agents could explore a property without actually visiting it. If the backpack has an energy sensor, it could measure everything emitted by lights. It could create drawings of ancient buildings that no longer have blueprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, companies like Google are putting simplified, consumer-grade versions of the backpack's 3-D mapping algorithm into phones, allowing users to create 3-D maps of rooms and other interior environments. It doesn't have the customizability or the accuracy of the backpack, but it's still an impressive feat to have that 3-D mapping power in your mobile phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zakhor is particularly excited by the backpack's potential to save lives during fires or earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First responders can figure out, when they get to a site, their plan of attack in terms of rescuing people,\" she said. \"It allows you to do much more methodical planning of how you send your people inside a collapsed building to rescue people...which staircases are connected to floors, where all the sprinklers are, or where the emergency exits are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someday it could test the health of our interior spaces, if loaded with air-quality sensors that measure things like atmospheric pressure, carbon dioxide, air temperature and particulate levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The beauty of the backpack,\" she said, \"is that, as I'm walking through, I collect as many signals as I possibly can.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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