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Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/535327861/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Landfills, like this one at Hunter’s Point, produce methane, which can be used for electricity and fuel. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/535327861/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trash that ends up at a landfill is the ugly stepsister of hipper, cooler compostable kitchen scraps and recyclable bottles and cans. But landfill trash has more of a future than you might think. As garbage decomposes, it gives off \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane\">methane\u003c/a>. Methane, when floating around in the atmosphere, is a harmful greenhouse gas; it traps 20 times more heat than CO2. But methane’s other moniker is natural gas, and is an important energy source. 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There are other gases produced too; this mix of gases produced by anaerobic microbes is called biogas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old landfills are punctuated by pipes that collect the biogas, which is then burned to prevent the gas from entering the atmosphere (and prevent the neighbors from smelling the stink). Open flares are just what they sound like—little burning flames of methane. Closed flares filter out the contaminants before the smoke is released. Flaring the biogas at the landfill is probably the most common way of dealing with it. But it is an unfortunate waste of a potentially valuable fuel source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newer landfills are built with methane collection in mind from the early stages of construction. Pipes can be buried in the landfill as it is filled with trash. Pipes can also be placed in wells drilled through the trash after the landfill has begun to be filled. A vacuum system collects the gas as the microbes produce it. 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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-23-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_4428\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-29622\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new all-electric Nissan Leaf. (Photo: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, California officials are voting on the toughest new regulations in the country to promote cleaner cars. If passed, by 2025, 15% of new cars and trucks sold in the state would have to be powered by batteries, hydrogen fuel cells or other technology that produces little or no air pollution. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kind of tough mandates have been tried before and they failed. But officials are confident that era of electric vehicle as finally arrived in California. That’s becoming the case in the Bay Area, which has been a strong market for advanced cars since the first Prius came out a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a Prius V,” says Joe Testa at Downtown Toyota in Oakland, showing one of \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-hybrid-family/\">several new Prius models\u003c/a> that Toyota is releasing this year. “It’s the longer, wagon style, so it has a little more room.” Testa says there’s already a waiting list for the new Prius Plug-in, which comes out in March. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toyota came out with hybrids ahead of other carmakers, maybe because the company anticipated changes in the market. Or, as some believe, it was due to a California state agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been at the forefront of encouraging, and some would people would say forcing, new technologies. The Prius hybrid electric vehicle is an example of that,” says Tom Cackette. Chief Deputy Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Clean Car History \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cackette says to see California’s legacy of shaping national car policy, you have to go back to 1975. The state had a growing smog problem, so the air board required cars to have catalytic converters. The federal government followed. California then \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/brochure/history.htm\">tightened air pollution rules\u003c/a> for cars. And tightened them again. “And almost in every case, the federal government would follow two, three, four, five years later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, new cars emit 99 percent less smog than cars did in the 1960s. “It’s probably the most successful environmental program in the world,” says Cackette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Clean car diaries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s it like to drive an electric car on an everyday basis? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">Check out our new blog\u003c/a> with lessons from early adopters.[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California has a new goal: dramatically \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cleanenergy/cleanenergy.htm\">cutting greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> to fight climate change. Transportation accounts for 40% of the state’s emissions. “The number one strategy to reduce greenhouse gases is these car standards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc.htm\">The proposed standards\u003c/a> would cut greenhouse gas emissions from new cars in half by 2025. “We actually worked very closely under the federal government under the Obama Administration and we’ve jointly developed the standards. So they won’t just apply in California. But they’ll apply nationwide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting these tougher standards will raise car prices by about $1900, but Cackette says those costs would be offset by fuel savings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jumpstarting Electric Car Sales\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, California is taking an even bolder step, requiring automakers to sell increasing numbers of clean cars in the state. By 2025, they’d have to sell almost a million and half vehicles that run on electricity or hydrogen fuel cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing is – California has tried this before. And it didn’t work. “I guess I would call it a little too visionary perhaps,” says Cackette. In 1990, the Air Resources Board mandated that 10 percent of new car sales be “\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc_technology.htm\">zero emission\u003c/a>” cars by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously that didn’t happen. The price of gas was cheap in those times. The price of the technologies were high,” he says. The air board loosened the rules to include hybrid cars and cleaner gasoline engines, which he says drove carmakers to develop them faster. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Cackette believes that technology has come of age. Nissan is selling the all-electric Leaf and Chevy is selling the Volt, a plug-in hybrid. And there’s another big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Automakers Onboard \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The car manufacturers were adamantly opposed to the concept of government telling them they needed to build a new type of technology. That’s changed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are seeing more agreement between automakers and California and the federal government,” agrees Gloria Bergquist, a spokeswoman for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Automakers have invested billions of dollars in these technologies. And so in some ways we have similar interests. Our interest in recouping our investment is now aligned with the societal imperative to get more of these vehicles on the road,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bergquist says meeting the mandate calling for carmakers to sell a certain number of clean vehicles will ultimately depend on consumers. “There’s still a concern about what the consumer acceptance of these technologies is going to be and that can make a mandate very scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groups Push for Tougher Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think California could be bolder,” says Don Anair is with the Union of Concerned Scientists, a non-profit group that supports even stronger clean car rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need that technology to advance for the technology cost to come down and make these vehicles accessible to more and more consumers. By having a more aggressive standard, that gives more certainty to investors that California is committed.” Anair wants to see tougher standards sooner rather than later, since it takes 15 years on average for the entire fleet of cars on the road to turn over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new rules are successful, electric cars could be adopted at a much faster pace. Tom Cackette of the Air Resources Board says they’re doing all they can to encourage consumers to buy them, including funding a popular rebate program and working with companies to build an electric car charging infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, you’ve got to sort of have a jumpstart to this whole process and in the absence of a jumpstart, there’s a chance that it will fail,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ARB-chart\" width=\"600\" height=\"318\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29644\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart-400x212.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A projection of how zero emissions vehicles like electric cars will be 87% of all cars on the road in California by 2025. Source: California Air Resources Board.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California officials are considering the toughest regulations in the country to promote sales of cars powered by batteries, hydrogen fuel cells or other technology that produces little or no air pollution. These kind of tough mandates have been tried before but they failed. So is this finally the right time for the clean car? ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-23-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_4428\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-29622\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new all-electric Nissan Leaf. (Photo: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, California officials are voting on the toughest new regulations in the country to promote cleaner cars. If passed, by 2025, 15% of new cars and trucks sold in the state would have to be powered by batteries, hydrogen fuel cells or other technology that produces little or no air pollution. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kind of tough mandates have been tried before and they failed. But officials are confident that era of electric vehicle as finally arrived in California. That’s becoming the case in the Bay Area, which has been a strong market for advanced cars since the first Prius came out a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a Prius V,” says Joe Testa at Downtown Toyota in Oakland, showing one of \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-hybrid-family/\">several new Prius models\u003c/a> that Toyota is releasing this year. “It’s the longer, wagon style, so it has a little more room.” Testa says there’s already a waiting list for the new Prius Plug-in, which comes out in March. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toyota came out with hybrids ahead of other carmakers, maybe because the company anticipated changes in the market. Or, as some believe, it was due to a California state agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been at the forefront of encouraging, and some would people would say forcing, new technologies. The Prius hybrid electric vehicle is an example of that,” says Tom Cackette. Chief Deputy Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Clean Car History \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cackette says to see California’s legacy of shaping national car policy, you have to go back to 1975. The state had a growing smog problem, so the air board required cars to have catalytic converters. The federal government followed. California then \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/brochure/history.htm\">tightened air pollution rules\u003c/a> for cars. And tightened them again. “And almost in every case, the federal government would follow two, three, four, five years later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, new cars emit 99 percent less smog than cars did in the 1960s. “It’s probably the most successful environmental program in the world,” says Cackette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Clean car diaries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s it like to drive an electric car on an everyday basis? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">Check out our new blog\u003c/a> with lessons from early adopters.[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California has a new goal: dramatically \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cleanenergy/cleanenergy.htm\">cutting greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> to fight climate change. Transportation accounts for 40% of the state’s emissions. “The number one strategy to reduce greenhouse gases is these car standards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc.htm\">The proposed standards\u003c/a> would cut greenhouse gas emissions from new cars in half by 2025. “We actually worked very closely under the federal government under the Obama Administration and we’ve jointly developed the standards. So they won’t just apply in California. But they’ll apply nationwide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting these tougher standards will raise car prices by about $1900, but Cackette says those costs would be offset by fuel savings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jumpstarting Electric Car Sales\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, California is taking an even bolder step, requiring automakers to sell increasing numbers of clean cars in the state. By 2025, they’d have to sell almost a million and half vehicles that run on electricity or hydrogen fuel cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing is – California has tried this before. And it didn’t work. “I guess I would call it a little too visionary perhaps,” says Cackette. In 1990, the Air Resources Board mandated that 10 percent of new car sales be “\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc_technology.htm\">zero emission\u003c/a>” cars by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously that didn’t happen. The price of gas was cheap in those times. The price of the technologies were high,” he says. The air board loosened the rules to include hybrid cars and cleaner gasoline engines, which he says drove carmakers to develop them faster. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Cackette believes that technology has come of age. Nissan is selling the all-electric Leaf and Chevy is selling the Volt, a plug-in hybrid. And there’s another big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Automakers Onboard \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The car manufacturers were adamantly opposed to the concept of government telling them they needed to build a new type of technology. That’s changed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are seeing more agreement between automakers and California and the federal government,” agrees Gloria Bergquist, a spokeswoman for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Automakers have invested billions of dollars in these technologies. And so in some ways we have similar interests. Our interest in recouping our investment is now aligned with the societal imperative to get more of these vehicles on the road,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bergquist says meeting the mandate calling for carmakers to sell a certain number of clean vehicles will ultimately depend on consumers. “There’s still a concern about what the consumer acceptance of these technologies is going to be and that can make a mandate very scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groups Push for Tougher Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think California could be bolder,” says Don Anair is with the Union of Concerned Scientists, a non-profit group that supports even stronger clean car rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need that technology to advance for the technology cost to come down and make these vehicles accessible to more and more consumers. By having a more aggressive standard, that gives more certainty to investors that California is committed.” Anair wants to see tougher standards sooner rather than later, since it takes 15 years on average for the entire fleet of cars on the road to turn over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new rules are successful, electric cars could be adopted at a much faster pace. Tom Cackette of the Air Resources Board says they’re doing all they can to encourage consumers to buy them, including funding a popular rebate program and working with companies to build an electric car charging infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, you’ve got to sort of have a jumpstart to this whole process and in the absence of a jumpstart, there’s a chance that it will fail,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ARB-chart\" width=\"600\" height=\"318\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29644\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart-400x212.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A projection of how zero emissions vehicles like electric cars will be 87% of all cars on the road in California by 2025. Source: California Air Resources Board.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Got Science on the Brain? Come Blog with QUEST",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\" alt=\"farallones\" title=\"farallones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29014\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do you have a unique voice that sets you apart from the crowd? Contribute your stories to QUEST!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We're looking to include folks who are actively involved in the science, environment and nature blogging community – e.g. have a blog, guest post on others' site, and comment / participate in relevant discussions. And we're looking locally. Our blog has a strong SF Bay Area focus, though we do occasionally cover and/or perform analysis on how this stuff elsewhere that affects the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we cover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST’s geographic coverage is from Mendocino to Monterey and from Sacramento to Santa Clara, and generally covers 9 content areas: astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, environment, geology, health, physics and weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Original posts, 3-500 words with at least 1 image. Schedule determined on availability, but weekly or bi-monthly is preferred.\u003cbr>\n• Posts should relate back to at least one of our 9 themes for the program: Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics, Weather, Geology, Biology, Environment, Health.\u003cbr>\n• Topic should be something about which you have some expertise and/or passion.\u003cbr>\n• A unique voice and ability to follow our QUEST writing guidelines (see below).\u003cbr>\n• Experience with WordPress or similar blogging platform.\u003cbr>\n• Willingness to occasionally be assigned a post topic by the editor as current events dictate.\u003cbr>\n• Respect for copyright and fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would I get paid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes – we offer a small stipend on a per post basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alrighty, then. How do I apply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email us a note and bio to questeditor@kqed.org explaining what you'd like to write for us. Please also include some links to relevant blogs you admire, and/or participate in, and why. Send us a writing sample or two (links are fine), and we'll review it in the next couple weeks. Last day to submit is February 1st. Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Got science on the brain? Come blog with us. KQED’s QUEST is looking to add new voices to our blog, which already offers commentary from our producers, reporters, and several writers from science organizations in our region. pply by February 1st.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\" alt=\"farallones\" title=\"farallones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29014\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do you have a unique voice that sets you apart from the crowd? Contribute your stories to QUEST!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We're looking to include folks who are actively involved in the science, environment and nature blogging community – e.g. have a blog, guest post on others' site, and comment / participate in relevant discussions. And we're looking locally. Our blog has a strong SF Bay Area focus, though we do occasionally cover and/or perform analysis on how this stuff elsewhere that affects the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we cover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST’s geographic coverage is from Mendocino to Monterey and from Sacramento to Santa Clara, and generally covers 9 content areas: astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, environment, geology, health, physics and weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Original posts, 3-500 words with at least 1 image. Schedule determined on availability, but weekly or bi-monthly is preferred.\u003cbr>\n• Posts should relate back to at least one of our 9 themes for the program: Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics, Weather, Geology, Biology, Environment, Health.\u003cbr>\n• Topic should be something about which you have some expertise and/or passion.\u003cbr>\n• A unique voice and ability to follow our QUEST writing guidelines (see below).\u003cbr>\n• Experience with WordPress or similar blogging platform.\u003cbr>\n• Willingness to occasionally be assigned a post topic by the editor as current events dictate.\u003cbr>\n• Respect for copyright and fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would I get paid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes – we offer a small stipend on a per post basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alrighty, then. How do I apply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email us a note and bio to questeditor@kqed.org explaining what you'd like to write for us. Please also include some links to relevant blogs you admire, and/or participate in, and why. Send us a writing sample or two (links are fine), and we'll review it in the next couple weeks. Last day to submit is February 1st. Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-lost-lagoon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lost Lagoon\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco’s “Sludge Puddle” \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/24/supercomputing-draft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercomputers Hit an Energy Wall \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Big, Captivating Idea”: The Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/architecture-for-the-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Architecture for the Birds \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BLOG:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explosive hypothesis about humans’ lack of genetic diversity \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/01/diet-sodas-may-not-be-as-harmless-as-you-think/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diet Sodas May Not Be As Harmless As You Think\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Officials to Consider Tightening Vaccine Exemptions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/18/scientists-understand-heart-disease-better-still-give-bad-advice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientists Understand Heart Disease Better, Still Give Bad Advice\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/24/the-megalodons-descendents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Megalodon’s Descendants \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swine Flu – A Virus or a Bacteria? \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyber Wolves in (Fire)Sheep Clothing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"8972422_d44db3e83b_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-28412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/visualvelocitypcs/8972422/\" target=\"_blank\">visual velocity pc\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yorba is a non-profit startup in San Francisco that is on a mission to bring quality multimedia programs to the free desktop. Founded in January 2009 by Adam Dingle, Yorba's team has created \u003ca href=\"http://yorba.org/shotwell/\"> Shotwell\u003c/a>, one of the most widely used open source photo management applications (similar to iPhoto on the Mac).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From its modest offices it the Mission, Yorba's team of half a dozen developers are not driven by the thrill of a big payout or getting rich quick -- they're fueled by the idea of bringing multumedia software to the world. All Yorba's software is 100% free and available to anyone on the free desktop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the free desktop?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the Mac and Windows war lies a different type of operating system -- the free desktop. Operating systems such as Ubuntu, Fedora and Debian are built by a community of developers who provide them for free to end users like you and me. While open source operating systems have commonly been the stomping ground of uber nerds (more commonly known as \"neck beards\"), they have become increasingly user friendly and offer a variety of applications akin to what you might find on your Mac or Windows computer. Best of all, they are entirely free to run, copy and distribute to friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with some spare time and a passion for programming can write applications for open source and release it to the community. Quality can vary drastically among applications, and not all of the same user friendliness to their Mac/PC counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam started Yorba out of the frustration of not being able to find good audio recoding software for the free desktop when he wanted to record his guitar riffs. From that moment, the idea was born to create Yorba and build a variety of multimedia software that could be easily used, freely distributed and of excellent quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28353\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 483px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/13/yorba-brings-free-software-to-the-multimedia-world/shotwell1_l/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28353\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-28353\" title=\"shotwell\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/shotwell1_l-483x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"483\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cdl id=\"attachment_28353\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 510px;\">\n\u003cdt class=\"wp-caption-dt\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screenshot of Shotwell, Yorba's photo manager\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/dt>\u003c/dl>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adam is passionate about Yorba's mission and future. He says, \"We want to see a world where artists working with photos, audio and video can use a free desktop for their work, where they have excellent free software for working with these media types and where they themselves can participate in the development and evolution of that software. We think that San Francisco is a great place for this to happen because it has a strong culture of art, technology, freedom and generosity, all of which are related to our goals\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds crazy, right? Build a company to give software away! Well perhaps it is, but through private donation Yorba has continued on its mission. Thanks to Yorba's work, millions of people around the world have been able to access high quality multimedia software for free. For many that are unable to afford commercial software, Yorba (and the free desktop) provide opportunities otherwise out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the company has four applications available for users of the free desktop. Its photo manager, Shotwell, comes installed with Ubuntu. Fillmore, a multitrack recorder, and Lombard, a video editor, round out the multimedia applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yorba is hiring. If your interested in working for Yorba or contributing code to their software, you can! To learn much more and to try out its software, visit \u003ca href=\"http://yorba.org/\">Yorba.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"8972422_d44db3e83b_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-28412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/visualvelocitypcs/8972422/\" target=\"_blank\">visual velocity pc\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yorba is a non-profit startup in San Francisco that is on a mission to bring quality multimedia programs to the free desktop. Founded in January 2009 by Adam Dingle, Yorba's team has created \u003ca href=\"http://yorba.org/shotwell/\"> Shotwell\u003c/a>, one of the most widely used open source photo management applications (similar to iPhoto on the Mac).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From its modest offices it the Mission, Yorba's team of half a dozen developers are not driven by the thrill of a big payout or getting rich quick -- they're fueled by the idea of bringing multumedia software to the world. All Yorba's software is 100% free and available to anyone on the free desktop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the free desktop?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the Mac and Windows war lies a different type of operating system -- the free desktop. Operating systems such as Ubuntu, Fedora and Debian are built by a community of developers who provide them for free to end users like you and me. While open source operating systems have commonly been the stomping ground of uber nerds (more commonly known as \"neck beards\"), they have become increasingly user friendly and offer a variety of applications akin to what you might find on your Mac or Windows computer. Best of all, they are entirely free to run, copy and distribute to friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with some spare time and a passion for programming can write applications for open source and release it to the community. Quality can vary drastically among applications, and not all of the same user friendliness to their Mac/PC counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam started Yorba out of the frustration of not being able to find good audio recoding software for the free desktop when he wanted to record his guitar riffs. From that moment, the idea was born to create Yorba and build a variety of multimedia software that could be easily used, freely distributed and of excellent quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28353\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 483px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/13/yorba-brings-free-software-to-the-multimedia-world/shotwell1_l/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28353\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-28353\" title=\"shotwell\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/shotwell1_l-483x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"483\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cdl id=\"attachment_28353\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 510px;\">\n\u003cdt class=\"wp-caption-dt\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screenshot of Shotwell, Yorba's photo manager\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/dt>\u003c/dl>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adam is passionate about Yorba's mission and future. He says, \"We want to see a world where artists working with photos, audio and video can use a free desktop for their work, where they have excellent free software for working with these media types and where they themselves can participate in the development and evolution of that software. We think that San Francisco is a great place for this to happen because it has a strong culture of art, technology, freedom and generosity, all of which are related to our goals\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds crazy, right? Build a company to give software away! Well perhaps it is, but through private donation Yorba has continued on its mission. Thanks to Yorba's work, millions of people around the world have been able to access high quality multimedia software for free. For many that are unable to afford commercial software, Yorba (and the free desktop) provide opportunities otherwise out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the company has four applications available for users of the free desktop. Its photo manager, Shotwell, comes installed with Ubuntu. Fillmore, a multitrack recorder, and Lombard, a video editor, round out the multimedia applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yorba is hiring. If your interested in working for Yorba or contributing code to their software, you can! To learn much more and to try out its software, visit \u003ca href=\"http://yorba.org/\">Yorba.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\" title=\"George Viebranz\" target=\"_blank\">George Viebranz\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day our lives are affected by the work of chemical engineers who specialize in solving problems through the use of \u003ca href=\"http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/polymers/apps/apps.htm\" title=\"polymers\" target=\"_blank\">polymers\u003c/a>. Simply put, polymers are long “macro-molecules”, formed by combining carbon or silicon atoms with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The combinations form long chains of repeating chemical structures, each with a unique set of chemical properties and characteristics. Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=great_jobs&episode=chem_engineer\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some polymers occur in nature, like cellulose, amber, shellac, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Rubber.html\" title=\"natural rubber\" target=\"_blank\">natural rubber\u003c/a>. Other polymers are manufactured by chemists and engineers, and are referred to as synthetic polymers. In an ongoing quest for better and more useful materials, these scientists aim to make substances tough enough to work in the bitter cold of Antarctica or under the immense pressures encountered thousands of feet below an ocean’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/gj-ramsay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27898\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-ramsay-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Becki Ramsay\" title=\"gj-ramsay\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27898\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Becki Ramsay, Chemical Engineer at Parker- Hannifin Corp. in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a part of the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job!\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>” series that highlights exciting careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), a production crew with WVIZ/PBS ideastream®, in Cleveland, Ohio, spent a day with Becki Ramsay. Becki is a chemical engineer with the Hose Products Division of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parker.com/\" title=\"Parker-Hannifin Corporation\" target=\"_blank\">Parker-Hannifin Corporation\u003c/a>. She and her team create hoses from synthetic polymers to meet the design specifications they get from mechanical engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our interview, Becki expressed to us why she decided early on to become an engineer. \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s sort of like you’re interested in so many different things that you don’t really know what to do. You like science, you like math, you like physics. You like all of that. And engineering is one of those things that you can go down any one of those paths depending on what your particular interest is.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> Eventually, Becki decided that she was interested in polymers so she continued her studies to eventually become a chemical engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of her work with Parker, Becki and her team create hoses that remain flexible and convey power through hydraulic fluids while operating under the most extreme environmental conditions, whether it’s sub-zero temperatures or in an application that will pulse it millions of times. These hoses are absolutely critical in the operation of machinery used in industries such as construction, mining, forestry, transportation, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27903\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/burst_test/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/burst_test-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"burst test chamber\" title=\"burst_test\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside this Burst Test Chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, Becki works with chemists and other engineers to create and test the quality of new materials. On the day of our shoot, we visited the Burst Test Chamber. The chamber is made of armor-plated steel and bullet-proof glass. Inside the chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode. Many of the hoses have bursting points in excess of 14,000 pounds per square inch. That would be like getting hit by an explosion with more than 15 million pounds of force, or having to lift three space shuttles! During one of the tests, the hose exploded at nearly 16,000 pounds per square inch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The best part about this career is that I’m always learning something new. Not every design works the way we expect right from the start, but that is all part of research and development. We study and analyze samples when they fail to figure out what went wrong. We find ways to correct those problems and the whole testing process starts over again. It is exciting to see a product go from an idea to an actual sample being tested in the lab. The real satisfaction comes when you get a passing test result and know you’ve solved all the design issues.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fascinating day for us. Sometimes we take so much for granted that we don’t think about the interesting careers and interesting people who change our world with their inventions every day. Look around your house. If you look closely enough and think deeply enough, you’ll be amazed, too, by the number of everyday conveniences we have because of the ingenuity of chemical engineers like Becki Ramsay and the many other polymer scientists just like her.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\" title=\"George Viebranz\" target=\"_blank\">George Viebranz\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day our lives are affected by the work of chemical engineers who specialize in solving problems through the use of \u003ca href=\"http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/polymers/apps/apps.htm\" title=\"polymers\" target=\"_blank\">polymers\u003c/a>. Simply put, polymers are long “macro-molecules”, formed by combining carbon or silicon atoms with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The combinations form long chains of repeating chemical structures, each with a unique set of chemical properties and characteristics. Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=great_jobs&episode=chem_engineer\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some polymers occur in nature, like cellulose, amber, shellac, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Rubber.html\" title=\"natural rubber\" target=\"_blank\">natural rubber\u003c/a>. Other polymers are manufactured by chemists and engineers, and are referred to as synthetic polymers. In an ongoing quest for better and more useful materials, these scientists aim to make substances tough enough to work in the bitter cold of Antarctica or under the immense pressures encountered thousands of feet below an ocean’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/gj-ramsay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27898\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-ramsay-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Becki Ramsay\" title=\"gj-ramsay\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27898\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Becki Ramsay, Chemical Engineer at Parker- Hannifin Corp. in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a part of the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job!\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>” series that highlights exciting careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), a production crew with WVIZ/PBS ideastream®, in Cleveland, Ohio, spent a day with Becki Ramsay. Becki is a chemical engineer with the Hose Products Division of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parker.com/\" title=\"Parker-Hannifin Corporation\" target=\"_blank\">Parker-Hannifin Corporation\u003c/a>. She and her team create hoses from synthetic polymers to meet the design specifications they get from mechanical engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our interview, Becki expressed to us why she decided early on to become an engineer. \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s sort of like you’re interested in so many different things that you don’t really know what to do. You like science, you like math, you like physics. You like all of that. And engineering is one of those things that you can go down any one of those paths depending on what your particular interest is.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> Eventually, Becki decided that she was interested in polymers so she continued her studies to eventually become a chemical engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of her work with Parker, Becki and her team create hoses that remain flexible and convey power through hydraulic fluids while operating under the most extreme environmental conditions, whether it’s sub-zero temperatures or in an application that will pulse it millions of times. These hoses are absolutely critical in the operation of machinery used in industries such as construction, mining, forestry, transportation, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27903\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/burst_test/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/burst_test-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"burst test chamber\" title=\"burst_test\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside this Burst Test Chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, Becki works with chemists and other engineers to create and test the quality of new materials. On the day of our shoot, we visited the Burst Test Chamber. The chamber is made of armor-plated steel and bullet-proof glass. Inside the chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode. Many of the hoses have bursting points in excess of 14,000 pounds per square inch. That would be like getting hit by an explosion with more than 15 million pounds of force, or having to lift three space shuttles! During one of the tests, the hose exploded at nearly 16,000 pounds per square inch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The best part about this career is that I’m always learning something new. Not every design works the way we expect right from the start, but that is all part of research and development. We study and analyze samples when they fail to figure out what went wrong. We find ways to correct those problems and the whole testing process starts over again. It is exciting to see a product go from an idea to an actual sample being tested in the lab. The real satisfaction comes when you get a passing test result and know you’ve solved all the design issues.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fascinating day for us. Sometimes we take so much for granted that we don’t think about the interesting careers and interesting people who change our world with their inventions every day. Look around your house. If you look closely enough and think deeply enough, you’ll be amazed, too, by the number of everyday conveniences we have because of the ingenuity of chemical engineers like Becki Ramsay and the many other polymer scientists just like her.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/mining-blog-marquee-image.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/mining-blog-marquee-image-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mining-blog-marquee-image\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-27951\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nestled among the trees, streams and undeveloped land in Northern Wisconsin rests an environmental, societal and political challenge. The pristine area, with its proximity to Lake Superior, the largest fresh-water lake in the world, is why its residents choose to live there, but the area is also home to 25 percent of the country’s iron ore reserves, a commercial value of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pete Rasmussen and Jamey Francis embody the conflict residents in the area face. Both are from the area. Both went away for college. Both moved back to enjoy what the area had to offer. However, the former doesn’t want to risk the change an iron ore mine could bring, the latter feels the mine would staunch the change that’s already occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://wisconsingeologicalsurvey.org/pdfs/WI-iron-mining.pdf\">four and a half mile stretch of land in question\u003c/a> straddles Ashland and Iron Counties in an area colloquially called Wisconsin’s Northwoods. Since 1965, Iron County, an area where a history of mining is celebrated through streets signs and family history, has seen its population decline by 80 percent. Some, like Francis, see the proposed mine and the thousands of jobs it offers either directly or indirectly as a chance to save the county with the one of the highest unemployment rates (8.6% in September) in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not going to be any opportunity that I can see in the near future other than this mine,” said Francis, an apparel salesman and city councilman in the town of Hurley. “This is an economic game changer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company proposing to develop the mine, \u003ca href=\"http://gogebictaconite.com/project.html\">Gogebic Taconite (GTAC)\u003c/a>, has sponsored community events for most of the last year and held open houses throughout the region in an effort to drum up support. GTAC has also lobbied Wisconsin lawmakers to change state law to treat ferrous mining separately from sulfide mining as Michigan and Minnesota do. Iron ore mining uses water and magnets to extract the iron while sulfide mining uses chemicals to remove the deposits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the legislative changes the company wants is a \u003ca href=\"http://dnrmedia.wi.gov/main/Viewer/?peid=3fa2cf3a7d8d47c5aaad7dd518808d3d\">finite time line for the Department of Natural Resources to approve or deny a permit request\u003c/a>. GTAC is also interested in being granted the ability to mitigate damages to currently protected wetlands by creating 1 ½ acres of wetland for every acre damaged in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://savethewatersedge.com/\">Critics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.miningimpactcoalition.org/index.html\">fear\u003c/a> the legislation is code for simply ramming through a strip mine without concern to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The possibility of poisoning the water for future generations isn’t worth it to me,” said Rasmussen, a freelance photographer, web developer and carpenter in the area. “We’ve known it would be a struggle up here to get by, and it is for a lot of folks and they have to maybe take a couple of jobs. But it’s worth it. It’s part of the price you pay to live in such a beautiful place. And we’re here to protect that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Republican-led legislature is moving forward with legislation to change Wisconsin’s mining laws in order to “get people back to work.” The head of the State Assembly, Rep. Jeff Fitzgerald (R), says there’s “no more important an issue” facing lawmakers in the next few months.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/mining-blog-marquee-image.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/mining-blog-marquee-image-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mining-blog-marquee-image\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-27951\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nestled among the trees, streams and undeveloped land in Northern Wisconsin rests an environmental, societal and political challenge. The pristine area, with its proximity to Lake Superior, the largest fresh-water lake in the world, is why its residents choose to live there, but the area is also home to 25 percent of the country’s iron ore reserves, a commercial value of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pete Rasmussen and Jamey Francis embody the conflict residents in the area face. Both are from the area. Both went away for college. Both moved back to enjoy what the area had to offer. However, the former doesn’t want to risk the change an iron ore mine could bring, the latter feels the mine would staunch the change that’s already occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://wisconsingeologicalsurvey.org/pdfs/WI-iron-mining.pdf\">four and a half mile stretch of land in question\u003c/a> straddles Ashland and Iron Counties in an area colloquially called Wisconsin’s Northwoods. Since 1965, Iron County, an area where a history of mining is celebrated through streets signs and family history, has seen its population decline by 80 percent. Some, like Francis, see the proposed mine and the thousands of jobs it offers either directly or indirectly as a chance to save the county with the one of the highest unemployment rates (8.6% in September) in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not going to be any opportunity that I can see in the near future other than this mine,” said Francis, an apparel salesman and city councilman in the town of Hurley. “This is an economic game changer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company proposing to develop the mine, \u003ca href=\"http://gogebictaconite.com/project.html\">Gogebic Taconite (GTAC)\u003c/a>, has sponsored community events for most of the last year and held open houses throughout the region in an effort to drum up support. GTAC has also lobbied Wisconsin lawmakers to change state law to treat ferrous mining separately from sulfide mining as Michigan and Minnesota do. Iron ore mining uses water and magnets to extract the iron while sulfide mining uses chemicals to remove the deposits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the legislative changes the company wants is a \u003ca href=\"http://dnrmedia.wi.gov/main/Viewer/?peid=3fa2cf3a7d8d47c5aaad7dd518808d3d\">finite time line for the Department of Natural Resources to approve or deny a permit request\u003c/a>. GTAC is also interested in being granted the ability to mitigate damages to currently protected wetlands by creating 1 ½ acres of wetland for every acre damaged in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://savethewatersedge.com/\">Critics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.miningimpactcoalition.org/index.html\">fear\u003c/a> the legislation is code for simply ramming through a strip mine without concern to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The possibility of poisoning the water for future generations isn’t worth it to me,” said Rasmussen, a freelance photographer, web developer and carpenter in the area. “We’ve known it would be a struggle up here to get by, and it is for a lot of folks and they have to maybe take a couple of jobs. But it’s worth it. It’s part of the price you pay to live in such a beautiful place. And we’re here to protect that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Republican-led legislature is moving forward with legislation to change Wisconsin’s mining laws in order to “get people back to work.” The head of the State Assembly, Rep. Jeff Fitzgerald (R), says there’s “no more important an issue” facing lawmakers in the next few months.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27714\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home/smarthome1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27714\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27714\" title=\"smarthome1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/smarthome1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The windows on the SmartHome let in heat during the winter and shade the sun's rays in the summer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reduce, reuse, and recycle. We’ve heard it. Some people practice it. But as energy and other natural resources become harder to obtain and conserve, more people are looking toward solutions for a sustainable future. \u003ca title=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/atthemuseum/onexhibit/smarthome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">SmartHome Cleveland\u003c/a>, first located at the \u003ca title=\"Cleveland Museum of Natural History\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, was designed to create a vision for some sustainable technologies and practices that are available right now to people who are thinking about building or renovating their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges in our country is to conserve our energy supply. Energy, usually starting in the form of natural gas or other fossil fuels, is burned or converted to electricity to supply heating, cooling, illumination, and other household conveniences. It is estimated that an average home wastes about 30% of the energy used for heating and cooling due to poor household insulation. The U. S. Department of Energy estimates an annual cost of about $1,900 per household in lost energy savings. And that doesn’t count the energy we use for lighting, appliances, computers, video games, and many other things we might take for granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what have the designers of SmartHome Cleveland done to address these and other environmental challenges? They have incorporated a variety of technologies to reduce this home’s heating and cooling demands to about 10% of that required by the average home, and they have reduced the need for primary energy consumption to about 30% of that used in the average home. Let’s take a closer look at some of these technologies and the strategies to employ them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first design principle was to create an air-tight system of super insulation. This involved installing an insulated concrete foundation and walls one foot thick that use a combination of synthetic foams and natural cellulose. High-performance triple-pane windows seal in the heat and keep out the cold. Even the joists and beams in the house’s construction were insulated to prevent conduction of the home’s heat to the outside. Even the little bit of heat that would normally escape to the outside is channeled back into the incoming air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large windows with a southern exposure are used to allow the sun’s heat energy into the home during the winter. Instead of a furnace, the SmartHome uses the sun’s heat energy and a small, ductless, air-source heat pump to provide winter heating. The inside-outside air exchange in the house is rated at about 0.6 changes per hour. A typical home exchanges its internal air supply with the outside about 3 to 6 times per hour. By comparison, a drafty, poorly-insulated home might be exchanging its complete air system with the outside as much as 20 times per hour! In northeast Ohio, with winters averaging about 30 degrees Fahrenheit, you can calculate that you might have to heat a poorly insulated house 33 times for every 1 time in the SmartHome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solar panel array and a storage/conversion system provide the home’s electricity. Enough electricity is generated to power the heating-cooling-ventilation system and the energy-efficient appliances and LED lighting. The large southern windows also provide a special kind of directional shading. In the summer, when the sun is higher in the sky and more heat energy is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, the shading reflects the sun’s rays back toward the outside. The heat pump, insulated walls, and roof also help to maintain a comfortable summer temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the house, the roof, a rain garden, and pervious pavement channels up to 500 gallons of rain water and \u003ca title=\"storm runoff\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/storm/chap12.asp\" target=\"_blank\">storm runoff\u003c/a> to a storage cistern and irrigation system. This reduces the demand on the city sewer system and provides recycled water used to keep the shade trees, lawn, and garden plants healthy during the hot Ohio summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History hopes people will “warm up” to this “cool house” by using components of SmartHome Cleveland design to improve our community’s use of its natural resources. In October 2011 the SmartHome was moved to a residential neighborhood in Cleveland’s \u003ca title=\"University Circle\" href=\"http://www.universitycircle.org/\" target=\"_blank\">University Circle\u003c/a> area and will serve as a real home for a family so that further innovation and development can be conducted on its systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more information on saving energy in your home, download the U.S. Department of Energy’s “\u003ca title=\"Energy Savers\" href=\"http://www.energysavers.gov/pdfs/energy_savers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Savers Booklet (pdf)\u003c/a>.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional audio, video, and images: \"\u003ca title=\"What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\" href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/soi/entry/40724\" target=\"_blank\">What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\u003c/a>\" Sound of Ideas radio report, WCPN ideastream.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27714\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home/smarthome1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27714\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27714\" title=\"smarthome1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/smarthome1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The windows on the SmartHome let in heat during the winter and shade the sun's rays in the summer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reduce, reuse, and recycle. We’ve heard it. Some people practice it. But as energy and other natural resources become harder to obtain and conserve, more people are looking toward solutions for a sustainable future. \u003ca title=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/atthemuseum/onexhibit/smarthome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">SmartHome Cleveland\u003c/a>, first located at the \u003ca title=\"Cleveland Museum of Natural History\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, was designed to create a vision for some sustainable technologies and practices that are available right now to people who are thinking about building or renovating their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges in our country is to conserve our energy supply. Energy, usually starting in the form of natural gas or other fossil fuels, is burned or converted to electricity to supply heating, cooling, illumination, and other household conveniences. It is estimated that an average home wastes about 30% of the energy used for heating and cooling due to poor household insulation. The U. S. Department of Energy estimates an annual cost of about $1,900 per household in lost energy savings. And that doesn’t count the energy we use for lighting, appliances, computers, video games, and many other things we might take for granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what have the designers of SmartHome Cleveland done to address these and other environmental challenges? They have incorporated a variety of technologies to reduce this home’s heating and cooling demands to about 10% of that required by the average home, and they have reduced the need for primary energy consumption to about 30% of that used in the average home. Let’s take a closer look at some of these technologies and the strategies to employ them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first design principle was to create an air-tight system of super insulation. This involved installing an insulated concrete foundation and walls one foot thick that use a combination of synthetic foams and natural cellulose. High-performance triple-pane windows seal in the heat and keep out the cold. Even the joists and beams in the house’s construction were insulated to prevent conduction of the home’s heat to the outside. Even the little bit of heat that would normally escape to the outside is channeled back into the incoming air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large windows with a southern exposure are used to allow the sun’s heat energy into the home during the winter. Instead of a furnace, the SmartHome uses the sun’s heat energy and a small, ductless, air-source heat pump to provide winter heating. The inside-outside air exchange in the house is rated at about 0.6 changes per hour. A typical home exchanges its internal air supply with the outside about 3 to 6 times per hour. By comparison, a drafty, poorly-insulated home might be exchanging its complete air system with the outside as much as 20 times per hour! In northeast Ohio, with winters averaging about 30 degrees Fahrenheit, you can calculate that you might have to heat a poorly insulated house 33 times for every 1 time in the SmartHome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solar panel array and a storage/conversion system provide the home’s electricity. Enough electricity is generated to power the heating-cooling-ventilation system and the energy-efficient appliances and LED lighting. The large southern windows also provide a special kind of directional shading. In the summer, when the sun is higher in the sky and more heat energy is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, the shading reflects the sun’s rays back toward the outside. The heat pump, insulated walls, and roof also help to maintain a comfortable summer temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the house, the roof, a rain garden, and pervious pavement channels up to 500 gallons of rain water and \u003ca title=\"storm runoff\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/storm/chap12.asp\" target=\"_blank\">storm runoff\u003c/a> to a storage cistern and irrigation system. This reduces the demand on the city sewer system and provides recycled water used to keep the shade trees, lawn, and garden plants healthy during the hot Ohio summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History hopes people will “warm up” to this “cool house” by using components of SmartHome Cleveland design to improve our community’s use of its natural resources. In October 2011 the SmartHome was moved to a residential neighborhood in Cleveland’s \u003ca title=\"University Circle\" href=\"http://www.universitycircle.org/\" target=\"_blank\">University Circle\u003c/a> area and will serve as a real home for a family so that further innovation and development can be conducted on its systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more information on saving energy in your home, download the U.S. Department of Energy’s “\u003ca title=\"Energy Savers\" href=\"http://www.energysavers.gov/pdfs/energy_savers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Savers Booklet (pdf)\u003c/a>.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional audio, video, and images: \"\u003ca title=\"What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\" href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/soi/entry/40724\" target=\"_blank\">What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\u003c/a>\" Sound of Ideas radio report, WCPN ideastream.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "IBM's Watson Computer and the Future of Artificial Intelligence",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/23/ibms-watson-computer-and-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence/screen-shot-2011-11-21-at-10-55-30-pm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Screen-Shot-2011-11-21-at-10.55.30-PM-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"Watson\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watson battles it out on Jeopardy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Tuesday, Dr. David Ferrucci spoke at \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\" title=\"computer history museum\" target=\"_blank\">The Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View with The Financial Times' Richard Waters about IBM's Watson computer and the future of artificial intelligence (AI).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson is the most successful AI computer since \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)\" title=\"deep blue\" target=\"_blank\">Deep Blue\u003c/a>, the chess-playing computer that played against and defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson's mission was to compete against the top champions of the popular trivia show Jeopardy. Dr. Ferrucci was in charge of the Watson project at IBM, and explained to a packed audience how the project came to be and where IBM is taking this technology in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artificial intelligence began to experience a renaissance in 1995 when research began on teaching computers how to digest and comprehend knowledge in the manner that humans do -- natural language. Natural language comprehension, the goal of Watson, really strikes at the heart of AI. After the success of Deep Blue, IBM executives wanted to find the \"next big thing\". An executive came up with the idea of a computer that could compete playing Jeopardy. It took a couple years to gain mindshare within IBM to take on what seemed like a harebrained idea, but Dr. Ferrucci stepped up to the plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson was significantly more challenging to build than its predecessor. As Dr. Ferrucci explained, when Deep Blue was created to play chess, its goal was to follow the rules and strategies of a well-defined game. There is no background knowledge or natural language processing needed to play chess; as such it is well-suited for a machine to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project ran the risk of killing Ferrucci's career if it failed, but he described it as \"a challenge too irresistible not to try\". Over four years, 27 IBM researchers built Watson with Ferrucci.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson uses ~80 kilowatts of electrical power (approximately equal to 700 incandescent light bulbs), 20 tons of air conditioned cooling capacity, 15 terabytes of RAM (the approximate size of 4 million MP3 songs), and 2,880 CPU cores. It's built inside of a self-contained box, so as to constrain it in a way that would make clear that it was not communicating with the outside world or with humans while playing. It holds information equivalent to ~1,000,000 books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its core, Watson relies on computing many different possible answers to a question and generating and ranking probabilities about the correctness of each possible response. Watson will only answer a question if the highest probability is over a certain threshold (for example, 50%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order for Watson to buzz in, it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Hears the spoken question, and turns that speech into text.\u003cbr>\n2. Generates queries for more information and gets back data.\u003cbr>\n3. Compiles a series of competing hypotheses from that data.\u003cbr>\n4. Ranks each competing hypothesis based on supporting data that it finds.\u003cbr>\n5. Picks and buzzes in with the top-ranked result (assuming it surpasses the \"correctness\" threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to fairly interact with the Jeopardy game as a human does, Watson was outfitted with a robotic hand to depress the buzzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Watson may no longer be competing against Jeopardy contestants its underlying technology, Deep QA, has a variety of applications in the real world. In the field of health care, Deep QA can reason over language and can deliver explanations of diagnoses it finds in natural language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Deep QA will never replace doctors in performing a diagnosis, it is a vast improvement over existing computer systems that perform diagnoses by giving doctors a 5,000 world deductive proof rather than an readily understandable explanation. Deep QA's abilities are applicable across law, education and defense. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about Watson, check out the TED talk, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/webcast/archive/event/ibmwatson\">Final Jeopardy! and the Future of Watson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/23/ibms-watson-computer-and-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence/screen-shot-2011-11-21-at-10-55-30-pm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Screen-Shot-2011-11-21-at-10.55.30-PM-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"Watson\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watson battles it out on Jeopardy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Tuesday, Dr. David Ferrucci spoke at \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\" title=\"computer history museum\" target=\"_blank\">The Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View with The Financial Times' Richard Waters about IBM's Watson computer and the future of artificial intelligence (AI).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson is the most successful AI computer since \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)\" title=\"deep blue\" target=\"_blank\">Deep Blue\u003c/a>, the chess-playing computer that played against and defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson's mission was to compete against the top champions of the popular trivia show Jeopardy. Dr. Ferrucci was in charge of the Watson project at IBM, and explained to a packed audience how the project came to be and where IBM is taking this technology in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artificial intelligence began to experience a renaissance in 1995 when research began on teaching computers how to digest and comprehend knowledge in the manner that humans do -- natural language. Natural language comprehension, the goal of Watson, really strikes at the heart of AI. After the success of Deep Blue, IBM executives wanted to find the \"next big thing\". An executive came up with the idea of a computer that could compete playing Jeopardy. It took a couple years to gain mindshare within IBM to take on what seemed like a harebrained idea, but Dr. Ferrucci stepped up to the plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson was significantly more challenging to build than its predecessor. As Dr. Ferrucci explained, when Deep Blue was created to play chess, its goal was to follow the rules and strategies of a well-defined game. There is no background knowledge or natural language processing needed to play chess; as such it is well-suited for a machine to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project ran the risk of killing Ferrucci's career if it failed, but he described it as \"a challenge too irresistible not to try\". Over four years, 27 IBM researchers built Watson with Ferrucci.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson uses ~80 kilowatts of electrical power (approximately equal to 700 incandescent light bulbs), 20 tons of air conditioned cooling capacity, 15 terabytes of RAM (the approximate size of 4 million MP3 songs), and 2,880 CPU cores. It's built inside of a self-contained box, so as to constrain it in a way that would make clear that it was not communicating with the outside world or with humans while playing. It holds information equivalent to ~1,000,000 books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its core, Watson relies on computing many different possible answers to a question and generating and ranking probabilities about the correctness of each possible response. Watson will only answer a question if the highest probability is over a certain threshold (for example, 50%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order for Watson to buzz in, it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Hears the spoken question, and turns that speech into text.\u003cbr>\n2. Generates queries for more information and gets back data.\u003cbr>\n3. Compiles a series of competing hypotheses from that data.\u003cbr>\n4. Ranks each competing hypothesis based on supporting data that it finds.\u003cbr>\n5. Picks and buzzes in with the top-ranked result (assuming it surpasses the \"correctness\" threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to fairly interact with the Jeopardy game as a human does, Watson was outfitted with a robotic hand to depress the buzzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Watson may no longer be competing against Jeopardy contestants its underlying technology, Deep QA, has a variety of applications in the real world. In the field of health care, Deep QA can reason over language and can deliver explanations of diagnoses it finds in natural language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Deep QA will never replace doctors in performing a diagnosis, it is a vast improvement over existing computer systems that perform diagnoses by giving doctors a 5,000 world deductive proof rather than an readily understandable explanation. Deep QA's abilities are applicable across law, education and defense. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about Watson, check out the TED talk, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/webcast/archive/event/ibmwatson\">Final Jeopardy! and the Future of Watson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is High-Speed Rail Grinding to a Halt?",
"title": "Is High-Speed Rail Grinding to a Halt?",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-21-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/highspeedrail-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"highspeedrail\" title=\"highspeedrail\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-27599\">In 2008, on the TV show \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCBEzkIhtHg\">Capitol Connection\u003c/a>, Quentin Kopp -- a former State Senator, superior court judge and then-chair of the High Speed Rail Authority -- said he was more than optimistic about the future of high speed rail in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am convinced,\" he told the host, State Senator Bob Huff. \"I’m a believer. It’s feasible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, after Kopp’s term expired as a board member for the High Speed Rail Authority, which oversees the project, he asked not to be reappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s not the project that I had in mind and others had in mind,\" he said in a recent interview. \"It’s a different kind of system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Hear more from Kopp and former High Speed Rail Authority chair Mehdi Morshed on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/11/18/high-speed-rails-original-champions-now-have-doubts/\">this NewsFix post\u003c/a>.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after California voters approved a $9 billion bond measure to build a bullet train connecting LA and San Francisco, the plan appears to be under attack from all sides. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents in Los Angeles, the Peninsula and – as of last week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2011/11/14/2614819/kings-co-sues-high-speed-rail.html\">Kings County\u003c/a> – are suing to stop high speed rail. Costs have swelled to $98 billion – triple what voters were told it would cost in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last week, Republicans announced they'd \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jF82et8n04zQciilKhOntqOGJj5A?docId=4304b67a5533402895d04bab413a2a93\">effectively killed\u003c/a> President Obama's high-speed rail initiative, which would have funneled $8 billion dollars to high-speed rail projects in 2012, and over $50 billion in coming years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says he still firmly believes that high-speed rail is necessary, even inevitable, for California. But he's deeply concerned about the so-called \"blended approach,\" which was outlined in the recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.cahighspeedrail.ca.gov/pr_08242011.aspx\">business plan\u003c/a> released earlier this month by the High Speed Rail Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, high-speed rail trains will share tracks with existing commuter services, like Caltrain, and, at least initially, require customers to make several transfers along the SF-LA route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic concept that voters approved in 2008 -- multiple trains that would take you from LA to SF in less than three hours – has become a goal, rather than a guarantee. At least initially, riders will have to transfer. And most trips, it seems, will take more than three hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s not going to be attractive, in my opinion to riders,\" says Kopp. \"And you need riders.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is ridership so important? Because it gets to what may be the thorniest issue of all: Who will pay for high speed rail?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Pay for High-Speed Rail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of ticket sales, there are three basic sources of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, Federal dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If construction begins by next October, the state will pick up $3 billion in stimulus funds, which – combined with bond money from the 2008 vote – will pay to build the first leg of the route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rail officials say they need another $55 billion dollars from the federal government to complete the LA-SF route. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High Speed Rail Authority spokeswoman Rachel Wall said last week's announcement from Congress won't affect California's plans because the state won't have to ask Washington for more money until 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27601\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/photo.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/photo.jpg\" alt=\"highspeedrail 2\" title=\"highspeedrail 2\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27601\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The project has strong support from unions, who say high-speed rail would create 600,000 permanent new jobs in the state. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We’re looking to federal funding in the long term, but not the near term,\" said Wall. \"We’ll continue to work on this with Congress.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, there are state bonds, which California taxpayers pay interest on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betting on Private Investment\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, and much-preferred, option is private investors: Banks or venture capitalists that would be willing to help cover the costs. But their participation isn't a sure thing.\u003cbr>\nAt a hearing in Palo Alto last week, Assemblyman David Valadao, a Republican who represents the area between Fresno and Bakersfield, pressed members of the Rail Authority to be more specific about who would invest in the project, and when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was told, in my office, that this was going to have private investment early on,\" said Valadao, \"and that people were lining up to do this. Now the business plan has changed? Why would I have faith in the system now?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investors are out there, responded Roloef Van Ark, CEO of the High-Speed Rail Authority. \"The people that want to fund these projects speak to us, and they continue to speak to us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Ark and other officials say they believe investors will eventually fund the project because they’ll see that railways – unlike roads – can actually turn a profit, through ticket sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will eventually have to make changes to its infrastructure to accommodate population growth, said High-Speed Rail Authority chairman Mike Rossi. So it might as well do so in a way that can generate revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These things last for 100 years and they cover their operating, maintenance and capital refreshment,\" said Rossi. \"I don’t know any road that does that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nRiders on the \"Rail to Nowhere.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high-speed rail will only generate revenue if people ride it. And the issue of whether they will has become particularly controversial, especially given that the first stretch of the system won't be to either of the state's population centers, but through the Central Valley, what rail officials call the \"spine\" of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, this was the least controversial route, the one where construction could start soonest. Rail officials, as well as Quentin Kopp, believe the middle section is a good place to try out the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201109061000\">Richard White,\u003c/a> a professor of history at Stanford University and author of a book about the transcontinental railroad, have derided this route as a \"rail to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s what’s gotten the project so much ridicule, says White. \"And it deserves the ridicule.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says from a financial standpoint, there are just too many things already starting to go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal funding may never re-appear. Private investors may never materialize. Either of those scenarios leaves California taxpayers holding the bag. He says the state can't afford to take the risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a state that is essentially failing to fund its university system, is failing to fund its K-12 education. To propose to spend $100 billion on this is frankly ridiculous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says in order to accommodate population growth, the state should focus on improving existing systems that aren't working as well as they could, not building expensive new ones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The low-hanging-fruit is regional transportation around SF and LA. Why not build public projects that will get people off freeways in the places the freeways are most crowded?\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia: The Land of Big Dreams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Congressman Jim Costa, who represents the Central Valley, where the first leg of the rail would be built, says critics, like White, aren't taking the long view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We built Hoover Dam in the middle of the 1930s in the midst of the depression\" says Costa, \"when our economic times were far more difficult than they are today. We didn’t need the water then, we didn’t need the electricity then. But we knew we would need the water, and we would need the electricity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Rossi, with the Rail Authority, says despite all the challenges, California can make the rail system work. \"This state is still the most innovative economy in the world,\" he says. \"We Californians can do big things, period.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to qualify for roughly $3 billion in federal stimulus funding, the state must break ground on the project by next October. Critics want to send the issue back to voters.\u003cbr>\nWhether to do that, move ahead, or stop the project in its tracks is now up to the Democratically controlled legislature, and Gov. Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In 2008, high speed rail seemed like a game changer, the kind of \"Big Idea\" that California is famous for. But three years later, the plan is in serious trouble.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-21-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/highspeedrail-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"highspeedrail\" title=\"highspeedrail\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-27599\">In 2008, on the TV show \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCBEzkIhtHg\">Capitol Connection\u003c/a>, Quentin Kopp -- a former State Senator, superior court judge and then-chair of the High Speed Rail Authority -- said he was more than optimistic about the future of high speed rail in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am convinced,\" he told the host, State Senator Bob Huff. \"I’m a believer. It’s feasible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, after Kopp’s term expired as a board member for the High Speed Rail Authority, which oversees the project, he asked not to be reappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s not the project that I had in mind and others had in mind,\" he said in a recent interview. \"It’s a different kind of system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Hear more from Kopp and former High Speed Rail Authority chair Mehdi Morshed on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/11/18/high-speed-rails-original-champions-now-have-doubts/\">this NewsFix post\u003c/a>.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after California voters approved a $9 billion bond measure to build a bullet train connecting LA and San Francisco, the plan appears to be under attack from all sides. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents in Los Angeles, the Peninsula and – as of last week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2011/11/14/2614819/kings-co-sues-high-speed-rail.html\">Kings County\u003c/a> – are suing to stop high speed rail. Costs have swelled to $98 billion – triple what voters were told it would cost in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last week, Republicans announced they'd \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jF82et8n04zQciilKhOntqOGJj5A?docId=4304b67a5533402895d04bab413a2a93\">effectively killed\u003c/a> President Obama's high-speed rail initiative, which would have funneled $8 billion dollars to high-speed rail projects in 2012, and over $50 billion in coming years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kopp says he still firmly believes that high-speed rail is necessary, even inevitable, for California. But he's deeply concerned about the so-called \"blended approach,\" which was outlined in the recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.cahighspeedrail.ca.gov/pr_08242011.aspx\">business plan\u003c/a> released earlier this month by the High Speed Rail Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, high-speed rail trains will share tracks with existing commuter services, like Caltrain, and, at least initially, require customers to make several transfers along the SF-LA route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic concept that voters approved in 2008 -- multiple trains that would take you from LA to SF in less than three hours – has become a goal, rather than a guarantee. At least initially, riders will have to transfer. And most trips, it seems, will take more than three hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s not going to be attractive, in my opinion to riders,\" says Kopp. \"And you need riders.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is ridership so important? Because it gets to what may be the thorniest issue of all: Who will pay for high speed rail?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Pay for High-Speed Rail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of ticket sales, there are three basic sources of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, Federal dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If construction begins by next October, the state will pick up $3 billion in stimulus funds, which – combined with bond money from the 2008 vote – will pay to build the first leg of the route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rail officials say they need another $55 billion dollars from the federal government to complete the LA-SF route. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High Speed Rail Authority spokeswoman Rachel Wall said last week's announcement from Congress won't affect California's plans because the state won't have to ask Washington for more money until 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27601\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/photo.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/photo.jpg\" alt=\"highspeedrail 2\" title=\"highspeedrail 2\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27601\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The project has strong support from unions, who say high-speed rail would create 600,000 permanent new jobs in the state. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We’re looking to federal funding in the long term, but not the near term,\" said Wall. \"We’ll continue to work on this with Congress.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, there are state bonds, which California taxpayers pay interest on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betting on Private Investment\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, and much-preferred, option is private investors: Banks or venture capitalists that would be willing to help cover the costs. But their participation isn't a sure thing.\u003cbr>\nAt a hearing in Palo Alto last week, Assemblyman David Valadao, a Republican who represents the area between Fresno and Bakersfield, pressed members of the Rail Authority to be more specific about who would invest in the project, and when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was told, in my office, that this was going to have private investment early on,\" said Valadao, \"and that people were lining up to do this. Now the business plan has changed? Why would I have faith in the system now?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investors are out there, responded Roloef Van Ark, CEO of the High-Speed Rail Authority. \"The people that want to fund these projects speak to us, and they continue to speak to us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Ark and other officials say they believe investors will eventually fund the project because they’ll see that railways – unlike roads – can actually turn a profit, through ticket sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will eventually have to make changes to its infrastructure to accommodate population growth, said High-Speed Rail Authority chairman Mike Rossi. So it might as well do so in a way that can generate revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These things last for 100 years and they cover their operating, maintenance and capital refreshment,\" said Rossi. \"I don’t know any road that does that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nRiders on the \"Rail to Nowhere.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high-speed rail will only generate revenue if people ride it. And the issue of whether they will has become particularly controversial, especially given that the first stretch of the system won't be to either of the state's population centers, but through the Central Valley, what rail officials call the \"spine\" of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, this was the least controversial route, the one where construction could start soonest. Rail officials, as well as Quentin Kopp, believe the middle section is a good place to try out the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201109061000\">Richard White,\u003c/a> a professor of history at Stanford University and author of a book about the transcontinental railroad, have derided this route as a \"rail to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s what’s gotten the project so much ridicule, says White. \"And it deserves the ridicule.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says from a financial standpoint, there are just too many things already starting to go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal funding may never re-appear. Private investors may never materialize. Either of those scenarios leaves California taxpayers holding the bag. He says the state can't afford to take the risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a state that is essentially failing to fund its university system, is failing to fund its K-12 education. To propose to spend $100 billion on this is frankly ridiculous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says in order to accommodate population growth, the state should focus on improving existing systems that aren't working as well as they could, not building expensive new ones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The low-hanging-fruit is regional transportation around SF and LA. Why not build public projects that will get people off freeways in the places the freeways are most crowded?\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia: The Land of Big Dreams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Congressman Jim Costa, who represents the Central Valley, where the first leg of the rail would be built, says critics, like White, aren't taking the long view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We built Hoover Dam in the middle of the 1930s in the midst of the depression\" says Costa, \"when our economic times were far more difficult than they are today. We didn’t need the water then, we didn’t need the electricity then. But we knew we would need the water, and we would need the electricity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Rossi, with the Rail Authority, says despite all the challenges, California can make the rail system work. \"This state is still the most innovative economy in the world,\" he says. \"We Californians can do big things, period.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>How do you see the world? \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/seeing/\">Visual perspective\u003c/a> - the way things appear to our eye- things like shapes, dimensions, colors- those are set. But some \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconperception.html\">perspectives\u003c/a> can be manipulated; proximity or angles can be changed. For example, you might be sitting at your computer now. Stand up and see how the room looks different from that other angle. While there are optical illusions and tricks to the eye, most visual variables are not going to be physically altered. (standing up isn’t going to change the color of the curtains) But a different view can change perceptions. And how we perceive the information we take in is very much a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all perceive the world through our own lens. (You might think those curtains are ugly) Our point of view, or cognitive perception, is largely shaped by our experiences, our beliefs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/mental-health-article/shapes-emotions-and-perception/551731\">emotions\u003c/a>, moods and the actions around us. In that way, you choose how you see. And how we traverse the world and how we interact with others is shaped by this perspective. For instance, does the world look different when you are happy or sad? Does the traffic you are in seem worse when you are late or \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/green-living-article/perception/1360527\">angry\u003c/a>? Doesn’t the sun shine brighter when you are in love? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive perception can be manipulated too. Perhaps you are feeling blue because you are being laid off and losing your job? You might be feeling embarrassed, hurt or concerned about the future. It might feel like it’s the end of the world. But with a small twist of your point of view, the perspective might change. How does it compare on scale to other people or events around you? For example, how does the pain of losing your job compare to the illness or loss of a loved one? How would losing your job feel compared to, say, losing your ability to walk? Pretty small concern then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most visual and cognitive perception is unconscious. It’s not something we focus on as we slog through our daily routines. But for people in wheelchairs, perspective is often in the forefront. When you navigate the world on wheels, you have to think about how you get in a building, get out of bed, make breakfast, get into your car to get to work -- how you do so many of the things able-bodied people take for granted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world looks different from a sitting position too. When you are in a wheelchair, you always have to look up to talk with your standing fiends and family. That shapes your perspective, both visual and cognitive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So thinking about perspectives, one of the things that struck me most was the inspiring attitudes of \u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\">Tamara Mena \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>, the two exoskeleton test pilots we featured in our story. These two young people were both dealt major blows while in the prime of their lives. Both were vibrant and active teenagers when each was involved in catastrophic automobile accidents. Both had to deal with painful rehabilitations. And both faced a future where they probably would never walk again. And through that, both remain courageous, upbeat and positive. Where many might have given up, these two are charging into the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So put yourself in their shoes and think about what it might mean to be able to stand up and change your perspective. What would it mean to be able to look your friends in the eye, to stand and fully embrace your family again? Think about how the room looked different when you stood up from your computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of exoskeleton technology is marching forward. We saw Austin Whitney \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\">walk across the stage\u003c/a> to receive his college diploma. More is hopefully on the way. Maybe someday soon we’ll also see paraplegics walking down the aisle at their weddings and walking onto airplanes to fly off on their honeymoons. Or less dramatically, maybe soon paraplegics will be able to regain the mundane pleasure of standing at the kitchen counter, making peanut butter sandwiches for their kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fantasy? Too much to hope for? It’s all in your perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****************************************************************************************************\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Web Extra - Tamara Mena: Exoskeleton Test Pilot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was 19 years old, Tamara Mena suffered a debilitating spinal injury that left her paralyzed from the chest down. Today she is working as an exoskeleton \"test pilot\" at Ekso Bionics, putting this new technology through its paces. Someday exoskeletons like the one she is testing may give paraplegics the ability to stand up and walk. This is her story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4DdHGEucTE\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional links:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\" title=\"Tamara Mena\">Tamara Mena\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\" title=\"Austin Whitney \">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/\" title=\"Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory \">Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.eksobionics.com/\" title=\" Ekso Bionics\">Ekso Bionics\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.tibion.com/\" title=\"Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\">Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\" title=\"The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \">The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/05/12/paraplegic-student-exoskeleton-graduation-walk/\" title=\"Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\">Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2010/10/07/berkeley-bionics-to-launch-elegs/\" title=\"Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\">Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How do you see the world? \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/seeing/\">Visual perspective\u003c/a> - the way things appear to our eye- things like shapes, dimensions, colors- those are set. But some \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconperception.html\">perspectives\u003c/a> can be manipulated; proximity or angles can be changed. For example, you might be sitting at your computer now. Stand up and see how the room looks different from that other angle. While there are optical illusions and tricks to the eye, most visual variables are not going to be physically altered. (standing up isn’t going to change the color of the curtains) But a different view can change perceptions. And how we perceive the information we take in is very much a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all perceive the world through our own lens. (You might think those curtains are ugly) Our point of view, or cognitive perception, is largely shaped by our experiences, our beliefs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/mental-health-article/shapes-emotions-and-perception/551731\">emotions\u003c/a>, moods and the actions around us. In that way, you choose how you see. And how we traverse the world and how we interact with others is shaped by this perspective. For instance, does the world look different when you are happy or sad? Does the traffic you are in seem worse when you are late or \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/green-living-article/perception/1360527\">angry\u003c/a>? Doesn’t the sun shine brighter when you are in love? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive perception can be manipulated too. Perhaps you are feeling blue because you are being laid off and losing your job? You might be feeling embarrassed, hurt or concerned about the future. It might feel like it’s the end of the world. But with a small twist of your point of view, the perspective might change. How does it compare on scale to other people or events around you? For example, how does the pain of losing your job compare to the illness or loss of a loved one? How would losing your job feel compared to, say, losing your ability to walk? Pretty small concern then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most visual and cognitive perception is unconscious. It’s not something we focus on as we slog through our daily routines. But for people in wheelchairs, perspective is often in the forefront. When you navigate the world on wheels, you have to think about how you get in a building, get out of bed, make breakfast, get into your car to get to work -- how you do so many of the things able-bodied people take for granted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world looks different from a sitting position too. When you are in a wheelchair, you always have to look up to talk with your standing fiends and family. That shapes your perspective, both visual and cognitive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So thinking about perspectives, one of the things that struck me most was the inspiring attitudes of \u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\">Tamara Mena \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>, the two exoskeleton test pilots we featured in our story. These two young people were both dealt major blows while in the prime of their lives. Both were vibrant and active teenagers when each was involved in catastrophic automobile accidents. Both had to deal with painful rehabilitations. And both faced a future where they probably would never walk again. And through that, both remain courageous, upbeat and positive. Where many might have given up, these two are charging into the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So put yourself in their shoes and think about what it might mean to be able to stand up and change your perspective. What would it mean to be able to look your friends in the eye, to stand and fully embrace your family again? Think about how the room looked different when you stood up from your computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of exoskeleton technology is marching forward. We saw Austin Whitney \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\">walk across the stage\u003c/a> to receive his college diploma. More is hopefully on the way. Maybe someday soon we’ll also see paraplegics walking down the aisle at their weddings and walking onto airplanes to fly off on their honeymoons. Or less dramatically, maybe soon paraplegics will be able to regain the mundane pleasure of standing at the kitchen counter, making peanut butter sandwiches for their kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fantasy? Too much to hope for? It’s all in your perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****************************************************************************************************\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Web Extra - Tamara Mena: Exoskeleton Test Pilot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was 19 years old, Tamara Mena suffered a debilitating spinal injury that left her paralyzed from the chest down. Today she is working as an exoskeleton \"test pilot\" at Ekso Bionics, putting this new technology through its paces. Someday exoskeletons like the one she is testing may give paraplegics the ability to stand up and walk. This is her story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4DdHGEucTE\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional links:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\" title=\"Tamara Mena\">Tamara Mena\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\" title=\"Austin Whitney \">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/\" title=\"Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory \">Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.eksobionics.com/\" title=\" Ekso Bionics\">Ekso Bionics\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.tibion.com/\" title=\"Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\">Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\" title=\"The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \">The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/05/12/paraplegic-student-exoskeleton-graduation-walk/\" title=\"Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\">Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2010/10/07/berkeley-bionics-to-launch-elegs/\" title=\"Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\">Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct: Big Fixes for Big Quakes",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 2002, San Francisco voters passed a ballot measure that would more than double their water rates by 2016. Why? Because the majority of those voters felt that spending billions of dollars to seismically retrofit and upgrade their water system was worth such an investment, especially when that water, most of which originated as Sierra Nevada snow melt 167 miles to the east, crosses three active faults on its way to Bay Area faucets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long overdue for an upgrade, much of the Hetch Hetchy water delivery system was built in the 1920s and 1930s, with large swathes of pipelines made of riveted steel that don't perform well during big earthquakes. At a cost of $4.6 billion, paid for by 2.5 million residents in Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco counties who rely on a blend of Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been installing new pipes and employing state-of-the-art engineering elements designed to withstand, for example, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault. Water storage capacity is also being expanded under the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. When the program is completed in 2016, a new tunnel built 100 feet below the San Francisco Bay will carry a steel water pipeline 5 miles from the peninsula to the East Bay. The nearly 90 year-old, earthen Calaveras dam in southern Alameda county will also be replaced, allowing the adjacent reservoir to finally be filled to its original storage capacity of 31 billion gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24626\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills pipelines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josiah Hooper and Producer Sheraz Sadiq inside a concrete vault containing two Hetch Hetchy water pipelines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I was assigned this story, I knew that it would be a challenge to describe key features of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program while also explaining the controversial history of the creation of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct after San Francisco officials received federal permission in 1913 to flood and dam Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite National Park. Fortunately, my job was made much easier thanks to the assistance provided by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to film the construction activities on several key projects and to interview members of their staff, including General Manager Ed Harrington and the director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program, Julie Labonte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helped to find an eloquent historian, \u003ca href=\"http://graybrechin.net/\">Gray Brechin\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley, to share with me the colorful history of Hetch Hetchy. He used to work as a TV Producer at KQED in the '80s, so he knew the importance of delivering concise and engaging soundbites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest and most vocal champion for Hetch Hetchy water was San Francisco Mayor James Phelan, who served from 1897 to 1902. Mayor Phelan hired an official at the USGS who was willing to moonlight on Phelan's behalf and file water rights to stretches of the Tuolumne River which flows through the Hetch Hetchy valley. Other water sources such as the American River, Sacramento River and even Lake Tahoe were also considered, and while they would have been cheaper to divert for the bustling metropolis of San Francisco, they wouldn't provide the quality of drinking water passing through the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley\">Hetch Hetchy valley\u003c/a> in Yosemite National Park. Even President Theodore Roosevelt, a pragmatic conservationist who had camped with John Muir in Yosemite and established five national parks during his presidency, sympathized with San Francisco's request for the Sierra water flowing through Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir, a Scottish-born naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club, led the fight to save Hetch Hetchy. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, local publications like \u003cem>The Call\u003c/em> pilloried Muir for refusing to go along with the city's plans to dam the valley. But Muir stood firm, writing passionately about the \"cathedral\" of Hetch Hetchy in national publications and trying to rally wealthy East Coast contacts and friends to his cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Phelan left office in 1902, a corruption scandal involving his successor and a series of ineffectual, caretaker mayors didn't help the city's grasp for the waters of Hetch Hetchy. But the tide began to turn with the election of James Rolph Jr. in 1911 and President Woodrow Wilson's appointment of Phelan business associate and attorney, Franklin K. Lane, as Secretary of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed into law the Raker Act which allowed the city to move forward with the construction of the Hetch Hetchy water system. Muir died just a year later, embittered by the loss of his David vs. Goliath struggle to protect the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we didn't have the resources to visit the reservoir created by the dam at Hetch Hetchy, we were granted rare access inside a new tunnel being adjacent to the Irvington Tunnel. This tunnel transports 95% of the system's water from Sunol to Fremont and it has not been taken out of service for maintenance and repair since 1966. When it's completed in 2014, the nearly 9-foot in diameter new Irvington Tunnel will offer an important level of redundancy to back-up a critical piece of Hetch Hetchy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24627\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills roadheader\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A roadheader inside the New Irvington Tunnel which is being built alongside the old Irvington Tunnel to convey Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water from Sunol Valley to Fremont.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Redundancy\" is a word that came up quite often during my research into the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program which, in addition to the New Irvington Tunnel, is building other infrastructure to ensure the continued delivery of 265 million gallons of water a day within 24 hours of a major earthquake. Take for example the new Bay Division Pipeline, a fifth regional pipeline that will extend for 21 miles, including a five mile-section bored under the San Francisco Bay that will connect to a seven mile-section of pipe extending from Newark to the New Irvington Tunnel in Fremont. The new 6-foot diameter, welded steel water pipeline will also extend nine miles from Menlo Park across the peninsula in San Mateo county. The last time a regional water pipeline was added to the Hetch Hetchy water system was Bay Division Pipeline #4, built in 1973 to carry water south of the San Francisco Bay alongside another regional pipeline completed 17 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24628\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2 trailing gear\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two sections of trailing gear located next to the new Bay Tunnel construction site in Menlo Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So the overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system will improve earthquake reliability, in part through redundant, back-up structures like the New Irvington Tunnel and the new Bay Division Pipeline #5. The upgrades to the water system will also boost storage capacity and, according to Julie Labonte and Ed Harrington, will also enable more efficient use of water through enhanced delivery of recycled water or groundwater. Given the likely increase in the Bay Area's population, and the effects of climate change on rainfall and Sierra snowpack levels, making sure the taps continue to flow with Hetch Hetchy water for future generations is a daunting task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also a race against time. A stretch of Hetch Hetchy water pipelines cross the Hayward fault, an active fault which last ruptured in 1868. The past five earthquakes on that fault had intervals of roughly 140 years, so the fault could slip at any time, triggering a massive earthquake in a dense urban corridor. Having water on hand to drink and fight fires will be essential to minimizing the repercussions of a massive, magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ancient Rome, water has been essential to the growth of cities and the expansion of empires. To paraphrase William Mulholland, the visionary engineer behind the 230-mile Owens Valley aqueduct that serves Los Angeles, \"if we don't get it, we won't need it.\" Indeed, empires may come and go but the need for water will persist. The challenge today, it would seem, is how to continue to meet this need while upgrading these marvels of 20th-century engineering to adapt to a 21st-century landscape of seismic hazards, urban growth and stretches of hot, dry days.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2002, San Francisco voters passed a ballot measure that would more than double their water rates by 2016. Why? Because the majority of those voters felt that spending billions of dollars to seismically retrofit and upgrade their water system was worth such an investment, especially when that water, most of which originated as Sierra Nevada snow melt 167 miles to the east, crosses three active faults on its way to Bay Area faucets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long overdue for an upgrade, much of the Hetch Hetchy water delivery system was built in the 1920s and 1930s, with large swathes of pipelines made of riveted steel that don't perform well during big earthquakes. At a cost of $4.6 billion, paid for by 2.5 million residents in Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco counties who rely on a blend of Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been installing new pipes and employing state-of-the-art engineering elements designed to withstand, for example, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault. Water storage capacity is also being expanded under the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. When the program is completed in 2016, a new tunnel built 100 feet below the San Francisco Bay will carry a steel water pipeline 5 miles from the peninsula to the East Bay. The nearly 90 year-old, earthen Calaveras dam in southern Alameda county will also be replaced, allowing the adjacent reservoir to finally be filled to its original storage capacity of 31 billion gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24626\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills pipelines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josiah Hooper and Producer Sheraz Sadiq inside a concrete vault containing two Hetch Hetchy water pipelines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I was assigned this story, I knew that it would be a challenge to describe key features of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program while also explaining the controversial history of the creation of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct after San Francisco officials received federal permission in 1913 to flood and dam Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite National Park. Fortunately, my job was made much easier thanks to the assistance provided by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to film the construction activities on several key projects and to interview members of their staff, including General Manager Ed Harrington and the director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program, Julie Labonte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helped to find an eloquent historian, \u003ca href=\"http://graybrechin.net/\">Gray Brechin\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley, to share with me the colorful history of Hetch Hetchy. He used to work as a TV Producer at KQED in the '80s, so he knew the importance of delivering concise and engaging soundbites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest and most vocal champion for Hetch Hetchy water was San Francisco Mayor James Phelan, who served from 1897 to 1902. Mayor Phelan hired an official at the USGS who was willing to moonlight on Phelan's behalf and file water rights to stretches of the Tuolumne River which flows through the Hetch Hetchy valley. Other water sources such as the American River, Sacramento River and even Lake Tahoe were also considered, and while they would have been cheaper to divert for the bustling metropolis of San Francisco, they wouldn't provide the quality of drinking water passing through the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley\">Hetch Hetchy valley\u003c/a> in Yosemite National Park. Even President Theodore Roosevelt, a pragmatic conservationist who had camped with John Muir in Yosemite and established five national parks during his presidency, sympathized with San Francisco's request for the Sierra water flowing through Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir, a Scottish-born naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club, led the fight to save Hetch Hetchy. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, local publications like \u003cem>The Call\u003c/em> pilloried Muir for refusing to go along with the city's plans to dam the valley. But Muir stood firm, writing passionately about the \"cathedral\" of Hetch Hetchy in national publications and trying to rally wealthy East Coast contacts and friends to his cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Phelan left office in 1902, a corruption scandal involving his successor and a series of ineffectual, caretaker mayors didn't help the city's grasp for the waters of Hetch Hetchy. But the tide began to turn with the election of James Rolph Jr. in 1911 and President Woodrow Wilson's appointment of Phelan business associate and attorney, Franklin K. Lane, as Secretary of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed into law the Raker Act which allowed the city to move forward with the construction of the Hetch Hetchy water system. Muir died just a year later, embittered by the loss of his David vs. Goliath struggle to protect the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we didn't have the resources to visit the reservoir created by the dam at Hetch Hetchy, we were granted rare access inside a new tunnel being adjacent to the Irvington Tunnel. This tunnel transports 95% of the system's water from Sunol to Fremont and it has not been taken out of service for maintenance and repair since 1966. When it's completed in 2014, the nearly 9-foot in diameter new Irvington Tunnel will offer an important level of redundancy to back-up a critical piece of Hetch Hetchy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24627\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills roadheader\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A roadheader inside the New Irvington Tunnel which is being built alongside the old Irvington Tunnel to convey Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water from Sunol Valley to Fremont.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Redundancy\" is a word that came up quite often during my research into the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program which, in addition to the New Irvington Tunnel, is building other infrastructure to ensure the continued delivery of 265 million gallons of water a day within 24 hours of a major earthquake. Take for example the new Bay Division Pipeline, a fifth regional pipeline that will extend for 21 miles, including a five mile-section bored under the San Francisco Bay that will connect to a seven mile-section of pipe extending from Newark to the New Irvington Tunnel in Fremont. The new 6-foot diameter, welded steel water pipeline will also extend nine miles from Menlo Park across the peninsula in San Mateo county. The last time a regional water pipeline was added to the Hetch Hetchy water system was Bay Division Pipeline #4, built in 1973 to carry water south of the San Francisco Bay alongside another regional pipeline completed 17 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24628\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2 trailing gear\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two sections of trailing gear located next to the new Bay Tunnel construction site in Menlo Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So the overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system will improve earthquake reliability, in part through redundant, back-up structures like the New Irvington Tunnel and the new Bay Division Pipeline #5. The upgrades to the water system will also boost storage capacity and, according to Julie Labonte and Ed Harrington, will also enable more efficient use of water through enhanced delivery of recycled water or groundwater. Given the likely increase in the Bay Area's population, and the effects of climate change on rainfall and Sierra snowpack levels, making sure the taps continue to flow with Hetch Hetchy water for future generations is a daunting task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also a race against time. A stretch of Hetch Hetchy water pipelines cross the Hayward fault, an active fault which last ruptured in 1868. The past five earthquakes on that fault had intervals of roughly 140 years, so the fault could slip at any time, triggering a massive earthquake in a dense urban corridor. Having water on hand to drink and fight fires will be essential to minimizing the repercussions of a massive, magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ancient Rome, water has been essential to the growth of cities and the expansion of empires. To paraphrase William Mulholland, the visionary engineer behind the 230-mile Owens Valley aqueduct that serves Los Angeles, \"if we don't get it, we won't need it.\" Indeed, empires may come and go but the need for water will persist. The challenge today, it would seem, is how to continue to meet this need while upgrading these marvels of 20th-century engineering to adapt to a 21st-century landscape of seismic hazards, urban growth and stretches of hot, dry days.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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