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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says understanding that process could improve cloud-seeding techniques or show when it may not be effective, something that could be key as California relies more than ever on every last raindrop.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>There are so many incredible revelations and insights that scientists give you that are really mind-blowing. I’m really interested in taking those ideas to the public in any way I can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How do you make choices about what you include in your videos?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I learn something every time I go through these things. I watch a lot of documentaries to learn about what’s going on, and I try and summarize everything I learned in the videos without cutting out important pieces of information or [putting in] things that would mislead people. I try to stay true to the original point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Why did you choose the subject of climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since I started the project climate change has been on my mind. It’s part science, part call to action, raising awareness about the issue. I think it was important to do and I’m glad I did it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How do you make someone’s voice go up and down?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear someone talk, in a way, they’re singing. Their pitch is going up and down, it’s rhythmic, and it’s got its own flow to it. You tweak the rhythm of the speech first, and once you have something rhythmical and catchy out [of] the original speech, you can go change the pitches of each word they say. You can format to a melody you have in your mind or create a new one of your own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What’s important about songs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think music reaches out to people on a deeper level than words. When I hear a great piece of music, it reaches down to my core. Not many people have [made popular songs] with science before, which is why I’m in the game.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"You can't win; you are sure to lose; and you can't get out of the game.\"\u003cem>---Garrett Hardin, Filters Against Folly: How to Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we look for renewable and cleaner supplies of energy, we must acknowledge that humans have created a world that relies on vast amounts of non-renewable energy every day. If humans want to continue living on Earth, issues of energy production and consumption must be addressed today and into the future. In less than 200 years humans have extracted an incredible amount of coal, oil, and gas from the ground to feed our energy hunger. Earth’s non-renewable resources are finite and dwindling. The burning of fossil fuels produces more carbon dioxide emissions than the planet’s natural systems are capable of recycling. Of the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, and fracking may provide a bridge to the future until cleaner energies are more efficient and affordable. That bridge, however, may be very fragile and risky to travel unless critical decisions are made about our use of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> \u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy. \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"You can't win; you are sure to lose; and you can't get out of the game.\"\u003cem>---Garrett Hardin, Filters Against Folly: How to Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we look for renewable and cleaner supplies of energy, we must acknowledge that humans have created a world that relies on vast amounts of non-renewable energy every day. If humans want to continue living on Earth, issues of energy production and consumption must be addressed today and into the future. In less than 200 years humans have extracted an incredible amount of coal, oil, and gas from the ground to feed our energy hunger. Earth’s non-renewable resources are finite and dwindling. The burning of fossil fuels produces more carbon dioxide emissions than the planet’s natural systems are capable of recycling. Of the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, and fracking may provide a bridge to the future until cleaner energies are more efficient and affordable. That bridge, however, may be very fragile and risky to travel unless critical decisions are made about our use of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> \u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy. \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as human behavior, and applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64807\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati users often take an artistic approach to their posts. Batteries and bottle caps become inspiration for Instagram updates. Source: Litterati\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640-400x133.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati users often take an artistic approach to their posts. Batteries and bottle caps become inspiration for Instagram updates. Source: Litterati\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has been mushroom hunting will be familiar with the experience of walking for hours and not seeing a single specimen. Yet the minute you locate your first mushroom, they suddenly appear everywhere. Known interchangeably as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.damninteresting.com/the-baader-meinhof-phenomenon/\">Baader-Meinhof phenomenon\u003c/a> and the frequency illusion, such shifts in perception are the result of our brain’s extraordinary capacity to spot and interpret patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we notice something, we’re much more likely to take note when we come across it again. Without realizing it, we’ve had a shift in consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/1-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati founder Jeff Kirshner tags a piece of litter in Oakland, CA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati founder Jeff Kirshner tags a piece of litter in Oakland, CA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For tech entrepreneur Jeff Kirschner, this phenomenon may hold the key to solving a uniquely modern problem -- litter. It all started when he took a walk in the woods with his children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My daughter noticed a plastic tub of kitty litter in a creek. ‘Daaaaddy, that doesn't go there.’ That was an eye-opening moment for me,” Kirschner said. “We have become desensitized to trash. Litter is so ubiquitous that for most of us it just fades into the background.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our culture’s tendency to litter has wide-reaching consequences. According to a recent study \u003ca href=\"http://www.statisticbrain.com/littering-statistics/\">over 75 percent of us admit to littering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s the big deal? When litter doesn't make it to a recycling center or trash bin, it ends up in the natural world. For example, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X12005668\">Plymouth University study\u003c/a> found that one-third of fish caught in the English Channel were contaminated with microplastics in their intestinal tracts, something to think about over your next plate of fish and chips! Because we humans sit toward the top of the food chain, any contamination of fish or animals eventually works its way back up to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Floating-Lightbulb.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64539 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Floating-Lightbulb-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"A light bulb moment for #Litterati user @goproinparadise. This image was taken off the coast of Koh Phi Phi, Thailand.\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A light bulb moment for #Litterati user @goproinparadise. This image was taken off the coast of Koh Phi Phi, Thailand.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kirschner started thinking about how technology might make a difference, and the result was \u003ca href=\"http://www.litterati.org/index.php\">Litterati\u003c/a>, a new kind of social network based on a shared determination to see and take responsibility for the mess that we have created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was reminded of being a kid at summer camp,” he said. “Our director would instruct us to each pick up five pieces of trash. Suddenly you had 200 kids each picking up five pieces, and within a few minutes we had a much cleaner camp. So my idea was to apply that same crowdsource-cleaning behavior to the entire planet. That was the inspiration for Litterati.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using smart phones, Litterati users take photos of trash. They share them via Instagram using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"http://instagram.com/litterati\">#litterati\u003c/a>, and then they dispose of the trash responsibly. The result is an ever-growing “virtual landfill,” which serves as a striking reminder of just how much we waste as a culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As a recent recruit, I can attest that the experience is surprisingly addictive, and I can report a distinct shift in perception. Once you start photographing cigarette packets on the sidewalk or Coke cans in a ditch, you also start noticing what else is being thrown away -- old bandages, store receipts, condoms, beer cans -- and you are confronted with an unavoidable realization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stuff is literally \u003cstrong>everywhere.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Map850.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Map850-450x232.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati users across the world have documented - and presumably discarded - over 27,000 pieces of trash.\" width=\"450\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati users across the world have documented - and presumably discarded - over 27,000 pieces of trash. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Litterati doesn’t just help us see litter -- it also empowers users to do something about it. By creating a community of like-minded activists, Litterati helps normalize the act of picking up other people’s trash. Crucially, by mapping where litter is occurring and what it consists of, it also creates an important feedback loop for companies and municipalities to better understand the scope of the problem and to take more effective action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Kirschner explained, the site has already attracted some productive partnerships, “Last year on Earth Day we partnered with Whole Foods. Anyone who picked up one piece of litter could show their Litterati photograph and get a free cup of coffee. During this year's California Coastal Cleanup we partnered with the California Coastal Commission and Chipotle and ran a photo contest. And this past month we ran a contest with the NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) to help fight plastic pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Litterati goes from here remains to be seen. It has already garnered attention from media outlets like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/16/change-agents-jeff-kirschner-litterati/2953709/\">USA Today\u003c/a>, and there are ideas to “gamify” the platform to encourage friendly competition among users and even communities. Kirschner enthusiastically imagines a competitive Litterati-empowered trash pickup among communities across the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, though, Kirschner insisted that Litterati is about cooperation, not competition, and taking positive action, not pointing fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is to create a “litter-free world,” he said, “but I’m well aware that picking up litter doesn’t solve our trash problem. It does serve to shift consciousness, though, and we can use that newfound consciousness to inspire action from our neighbors, our communities, our governments, and the corporations we buy from, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64807\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati users often take an artistic approach to their posts. Batteries and bottle caps become inspiration for Instagram updates. Source: Litterati\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640-400x133.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati users often take an artistic approach to their posts. Batteries and bottle caps become inspiration for Instagram updates. Source: Litterati\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has been mushroom hunting will be familiar with the experience of walking for hours and not seeing a single specimen. Yet the minute you locate your first mushroom, they suddenly appear everywhere. Known interchangeably as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.damninteresting.com/the-baader-meinhof-phenomenon/\">Baader-Meinhof phenomenon\u003c/a> and the frequency illusion, such shifts in perception are the result of our brain’s extraordinary capacity to spot and interpret patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we notice something, we’re much more likely to take note when we come across it again. Without realizing it, we’ve had a shift in consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/1-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati founder Jeff Kirshner tags a piece of litter in Oakland, CA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati founder Jeff Kirshner tags a piece of litter in Oakland, CA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For tech entrepreneur Jeff Kirschner, this phenomenon may hold the key to solving a uniquely modern problem -- litter. It all started when he took a walk in the woods with his children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My daughter noticed a plastic tub of kitty litter in a creek. ‘Daaaaddy, that doesn't go there.’ That was an eye-opening moment for me,” Kirschner said. “We have become desensitized to trash. Litter is so ubiquitous that for most of us it just fades into the background.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our culture’s tendency to litter has wide-reaching consequences. According to a recent study \u003ca href=\"http://www.statisticbrain.com/littering-statistics/\">over 75 percent of us admit to littering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s the big deal? When litter doesn't make it to a recycling center or trash bin, it ends up in the natural world. For example, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X12005668\">Plymouth University study\u003c/a> found that one-third of fish caught in the English Channel were contaminated with microplastics in their intestinal tracts, something to think about over your next plate of fish and chips! Because we humans sit toward the top of the food chain, any contamination of fish or animals eventually works its way back up to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Floating-Lightbulb.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64539 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Floating-Lightbulb-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"A light bulb moment for #Litterati user @goproinparadise. This image was taken off the coast of Koh Phi Phi, Thailand.\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A light bulb moment for #Litterati user @goproinparadise. This image was taken off the coast of Koh Phi Phi, Thailand.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kirschner started thinking about how technology might make a difference, and the result was \u003ca href=\"http://www.litterati.org/index.php\">Litterati\u003c/a>, a new kind of social network based on a shared determination to see and take responsibility for the mess that we have created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was reminded of being a kid at summer camp,” he said. “Our director would instruct us to each pick up five pieces of trash. Suddenly you had 200 kids each picking up five pieces, and within a few minutes we had a much cleaner camp. So my idea was to apply that same crowdsource-cleaning behavior to the entire planet. That was the inspiration for Litterati.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using smart phones, Litterati users take photos of trash. They share them via Instagram using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"http://instagram.com/litterati\">#litterati\u003c/a>, and then they dispose of the trash responsibly. The result is an ever-growing “virtual landfill,” which serves as a striking reminder of just how much we waste as a culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As a recent recruit, I can attest that the experience is surprisingly addictive, and I can report a distinct shift in perception. Once you start photographing cigarette packets on the sidewalk or Coke cans in a ditch, you also start noticing what else is being thrown away -- old bandages, store receipts, condoms, beer cans -- and you are confronted with an unavoidable realization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stuff is literally \u003cstrong>everywhere.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Map850.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Map850-450x232.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati users across the world have documented - and presumably discarded - over 27,000 pieces of trash.\" width=\"450\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati users across the world have documented - and presumably discarded - over 27,000 pieces of trash. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Litterati doesn’t just help us see litter -- it also empowers users to do something about it. By creating a community of like-minded activists, Litterati helps normalize the act of picking up other people’s trash. Crucially, by mapping where litter is occurring and what it consists of, it also creates an important feedback loop for companies and municipalities to better understand the scope of the problem and to take more effective action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Kirschner explained, the site has already attracted some productive partnerships, “Last year on Earth Day we partnered with Whole Foods. Anyone who picked up one piece of litter could show their Litterati photograph and get a free cup of coffee. During this year's California Coastal Cleanup we partnered with the California Coastal Commission and Chipotle and ran a photo contest. And this past month we ran a contest with the NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) to help fight plastic pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Litterati goes from here remains to be seen. It has already garnered attention from media outlets like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/16/change-agents-jeff-kirschner-litterati/2953709/\">USA Today\u003c/a>, and there are ideas to “gamify” the platform to encourage friendly competition among users and even communities. Kirschner enthusiastically imagines a competitive Litterati-empowered trash pickup among communities across the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, though, Kirschner insisted that Litterati is about cooperation, not competition, and taking positive action, not pointing fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is to create a “litter-free world,” he said, “but I’m well aware that picking up litter doesn’t solve our trash problem. It does serve to shift consciousness, though, and we can use that newfound consciousness to inspire action from our neighbors, our communities, our governments, and the corporations we buy from, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64356\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The silica-based Hole Patch mixture is fluid at rest\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hole Patch is fluid at rest, but special physical properties enable it to harden when struck by moving cars.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayank Saksena is studying biomedical engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/\">Case Western Reserve University\u003c/a>, but lately his mind has been on potholes. That’s because he thinks he’s found a better way to patch them, using a nontoxic, locally sourced, and reusable product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it all started. Saksena and a group of fellow engineering students were tinkering around with cornstarch and water, just like they had back in high school science experiments. The mixture is what’s called a “non-Newtonian fluid” because it hardens when force is applied to it and turns back to goo when the force lets up. They watched YouTube videos of students in Spain who had filled a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw\">giant bathtub\u003c/a> with the liquid goo and then run across it without falling in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">This, plus entering an \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/desp/saint-gobain\">engineering contest\u003c/a> that focused on using simple materials to create a new product, got Saksena and his friends mixing up batches of cornstarch and water by hand outside their dorm room. They put it in trash bags and stuck it in potholes around Case’s campus in Cleveland, Ohio. Then they watched what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">Just as with the giant bathtub experiment, the students found that the goo did in fact harden when cars drove over it, allowing drivers to avoid the “THUMP, thump” that so many commuters experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-64356 \">That’s when Saksena got excited. His team had found what could be an easy fix to a common problem, especially in areas with extreme weather. “The more traffic you have and the worse the weather conditions are, like in the Midwest where it swings from very cold to very hot, that's really hard on pavement,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/williambuttlar\">William Buttlar,\u003c/a> an engineer who specializes in pavement and transportation issues at the University of Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">No one likes potholes, and cities often have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/ParksRecreationandProperties/Street%20Operations/Street%20Operations%20Potholes\">backlog of repairs\u003c/a>. “It’s frustrating,” said Saksena. “You’re on your way to work and suddenly you hit a pothole and the coffee spills all over your pants.” Even worse, he added, is the $400 to $500 bill from the auto shop after an encounter with a particularly nasty pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Saksena and the other co-founders, all still students, have secured grant funding to pursue their invention as a business venture. They’re in the R&D phase now. They have moved on from their initial cornstarch-and-water cocktail and are exploring other possibilities, including silica-based synthetic fluids. They’re hesitant to reveal too much, since they’re in the midst of applying for intellectual property rights. Saksena said the mixture and the bag that holds it are both non-petroleum based and nontoxic. “If the bag were to rip -- and it’s designed not to rip -- whatever fluid that would come out wouldn’t have a negative impact if it were to seep into groundwater,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u003ciframe style=\"width: 512px;height: 288px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=quest&episode=hole_patch\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their product, called \u003ca href=\"http://holepatchllc.net/\">Hole Patch\u003c/a>, would be an alternative way to temporarily patch potholes during the winter months. The Hole Patch founders don’t see their product as a permanent fix -- nothing beats a full repaving of a worn-out street. But permanent pothole fixes can’t be performed in cold and wet weather, so the creators see Hole Patch as a better stop-gap measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traditional way to temporarily fix a pothole in winter is called a “cold patch,” a mix of gravel and asphalt. It contains many known toxic and cancer-causing compounds that can migrate into waterways when the asphalt breaks down, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/hazardssafety/toxic/asphalt.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the National Park Service. The traditional method also requires a half-hour’s worth of labor from a work crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hole Patch, by contrast, could be tossed into potholes by just about anyone. Saksena envisions city police and other officials carrying the bags around in their trunks and popping some in when they hit a bump. He said the bag comes in one standard size and can be stacked to fill the dimensions of any pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64355 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The students' creation hardens when struck, allowing for easier passage over eroding roads.\" width=\"315\" height=\"176\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Traditional pothole fills aren't sustainable and can be costly.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The vision for Hole Patch is to help cities repair potholes more efficiently and affordably while using more sustainable materials. “It may not save lives, but it can definitely make someone’s day better,” said Saksena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The product will soon move out of the lab and onto streets across the Midwest and Northeast. A multi-city pilot project is in the works for 2014. Bill Driscoll, a county engineer in Ohio, considers this road testing to be a crucial next step. “What happens when the plows start hitting it?” he asked. The product must hold up in the snow, salt, rain, and true commuter traffic for it to be embraced. “I think most people are going to want to see it in the field and in the ground before they start buying it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Driscoll and others in the field are also quite impressed by the students’ out-of-the-box thinking, and some say it has a real chance of success. “If someone comes up with something that builds a better mousetrap, everyone’s all for that,” said Driscoll, “so let’s see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/hweinberger/\">Hannah Weinberger\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64356\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The silica-based Hole Patch mixture is fluid at rest\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hole Patch is fluid at rest, but special physical properties enable it to harden when struck by moving cars.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayank Saksena is studying biomedical engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/\">Case Western Reserve University\u003c/a>, but lately his mind has been on potholes. That’s because he thinks he’s found a better way to patch them, using a nontoxic, locally sourced, and reusable product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it all started. Saksena and a group of fellow engineering students were tinkering around with cornstarch and water, just like they had back in high school science experiments. The mixture is what’s called a “non-Newtonian fluid” because it hardens when force is applied to it and turns back to goo when the force lets up. They watched YouTube videos of students in Spain who had filled a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw\">giant bathtub\u003c/a> with the liquid goo and then run across it without falling in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">This, plus entering an \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/desp/saint-gobain\">engineering contest\u003c/a> that focused on using simple materials to create a new product, got Saksena and his friends mixing up batches of cornstarch and water by hand outside their dorm room. They put it in trash bags and stuck it in potholes around Case’s campus in Cleveland, Ohio. Then they watched what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">Just as with the giant bathtub experiment, the students found that the goo did in fact harden when cars drove over it, allowing drivers to avoid the “THUMP, thump” that so many commuters experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-64356 \">That’s when Saksena got excited. His team had found what could be an easy fix to a common problem, especially in areas with extreme weather. “The more traffic you have and the worse the weather conditions are, like in the Midwest where it swings from very cold to very hot, that's really hard on pavement,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/williambuttlar\">William Buttlar,\u003c/a> an engineer who specializes in pavement and transportation issues at the University of Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">No one likes potholes, and cities often have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/ParksRecreationandProperties/Street%20Operations/Street%20Operations%20Potholes\">backlog of repairs\u003c/a>. “It’s frustrating,” said Saksena. “You’re on your way to work and suddenly you hit a pothole and the coffee spills all over your pants.” Even worse, he added, is the $400 to $500 bill from the auto shop after an encounter with a particularly nasty pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Saksena and the other co-founders, all still students, have secured grant funding to pursue their invention as a business venture. They’re in the R&D phase now. They have moved on from their initial cornstarch-and-water cocktail and are exploring other possibilities, including silica-based synthetic fluids. They’re hesitant to reveal too much, since they’re in the midst of applying for intellectual property rights. Saksena said the mixture and the bag that holds it are both non-petroleum based and nontoxic. “If the bag were to rip -- and it’s designed not to rip -- whatever fluid that would come out wouldn’t have a negative impact if it were to seep into groundwater,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u003ciframe style=\"width: 512px;height: 288px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=quest&episode=hole_patch\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their product, called \u003ca href=\"http://holepatchllc.net/\">Hole Patch\u003c/a>, would be an alternative way to temporarily patch potholes during the winter months. The Hole Patch founders don’t see their product as a permanent fix -- nothing beats a full repaving of a worn-out street. But permanent pothole fixes can’t be performed in cold and wet weather, so the creators see Hole Patch as a better stop-gap measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traditional way to temporarily fix a pothole in winter is called a “cold patch,” a mix of gravel and asphalt. It contains many known toxic and cancer-causing compounds that can migrate into waterways when the asphalt breaks down, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/hazardssafety/toxic/asphalt.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the National Park Service. The traditional method also requires a half-hour’s worth of labor from a work crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hole Patch, by contrast, could be tossed into potholes by just about anyone. Saksena envisions city police and other officials carrying the bags around in their trunks and popping some in when they hit a bump. He said the bag comes in one standard size and can be stacked to fill the dimensions of any pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64355 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The students' creation hardens when struck, allowing for easier passage over eroding roads.\" width=\"315\" height=\"176\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Traditional pothole fills aren't sustainable and can be costly.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The vision for Hole Patch is to help cities repair potholes more efficiently and affordably while using more sustainable materials. “It may not save lives, but it can definitely make someone’s day better,” said Saksena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The product will soon move out of the lab and onto streets across the Midwest and Northeast. A multi-city pilot project is in the works for 2014. Bill Driscoll, a county engineer in Ohio, considers this road testing to be a crucial next step. “What happens when the plows start hitting it?” he asked. The product must hold up in the snow, salt, rain, and true commuter traffic for it to be embraced. “I think most people are going to want to see it in the field and in the ground before they start buying it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Driscoll and others in the field are also quite impressed by the students’ out-of-the-box thinking, and some say it has a real chance of success. “If someone comes up with something that builds a better mousetrap, everyone’s all for that,” said Driscoll, “so let’s see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/hweinberger/\">Hannah Weinberger\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Human Health in a Changing Climate",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64358\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64358 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\" alt=\"Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. \" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. Image by Bryce Richter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Jonathan Patz\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Polar bears aren’t the only species threatened by climate change. Jonathan Patz, director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin, has spent the last two decades studying the ways that a warming world will affect human health. In 2007, he shared the Nobel Prize as a lead author for the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>. Patz, who holds degrees in medicine and public health, crisscrosses the globe to spread the word about the far-reaching impacts of climate change on our health and why better urban planning might be the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>When we think about the effects of climate change on our health, most of us probably think about big events like heat waves. Are there other, overlooked implications for public health? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons I think that climate change poses an enormous public health risk is because of the multiple pathways through which the impacts will be experienced. When you have a heat wave, you get worsening of \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007JD009775/abstract\">pollution effects\u003c/a>. Also higher temperatures promote more \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/108/10/4248.full.pdf+html?sid=88885811-ae9a-4b37-9fb7-44db29a15a92\">ragweed pollen\u003c/a>, and then all sorts of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/full/nature04188.html\">infectious diseases\u003c/a>. There are so many diseases very sensitive to small shifts in temperature. It’s also extremes of the water cycle. Already we don’t handle heavy rainfall events very well. When it rains really hard, you’re going to find \u003ca href=\"http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0749-3797/PIIS0749379708007022.pdf\">bacteria and viruses\u003c/a> in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think one of the biggest problems that’s the most difficult to study and document, could be the disruption of big populations: droughts forcing people to move, sea level rise. These are going to cause population-wide disruption, social upheaval. I think this could be a huge burden with mental health, post-traumatic stress, and things like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64334\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64334 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res-258x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the upper map, countries are sized based on their greenhouse gas production\" width=\"258\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The disparity in carbon emissions (shown in the upper map) and prevalence of climate-senstive disease (lower map) between industrialized and non-industrialized countries is an ethical problem. Image by Jeff Miller, UW-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ve said that the way climate change is affecting our health is an ethical issue.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where are today’s most climate-sensitive diseases like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/33/13844.full.pdf+html?sid=d981662e-43e1-4edb-bb3c-627a2f1a1fe7\">malaria\u003c/a>, malnutrition, diarrheal disease? They’re mostly in poor countries, especially Africa and India. Then you ask the question, who’s causing global warming? Global warming is primarily from burning fossil fuels -- that’s in the industrialized world. That’s the huge ethical dilemma. Those most vulnerable are the least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM1cQIH72tc&feature=youtu.be\">meeting with the Dalai Lama\u003c/a> two years ago, I was explaining to him that we didn’t know when we were developing the steam engine and oil- and gas-powered vehicles and powering our electricity with coal, we didn’t know that it was a bad thing. So now we know that. And the Dalai Lama asked me, he said, “Well, wait a minute, now that you know that, why are you still burning fossil fuels? It’s no longer ethical, with that knowledge.” I said to him, “That’s a good question. That’s a very good question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by the enormity of the problem. Are there concrete things people can do that will mitigate some of the negative effects on our health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is the exciting piece of this that I really think is important. With every crisis there’s an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The automobile, the dependence on the automobile, is really a very costly design for our health. We actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261937/\">quantified\u003c/a> the economic benefit and the health benefit if you took the 11 largest cities in the upper Midwest and you asked the question, what if short car trips, trips that are two and a half miles, were taken off the road? What would it mean for urban air quality? We found that we would save 500 lives a year, hundreds of thousands in hospitalizations, and about four billion dollars every year in savings from avoided health costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, what if half of those short car trips become bicycle trips, and only during the summer? That would save another 700 lives per year because of physical fitness. So we’re talking about eight billion dollars, about 1,300 lives saved. So, this is a golden opportunity -- a huge public health dividend -- to be able to design cities and design transportation for active transit, for biking, for walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You bike to work, right? Even in the Wisconsin winter?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have recently bought studded snow tires and I do bike to work, but that’s not actually the message that I want to portray. Because I would say while I bike to work in the winter, I do it for speed and convenience. If I lived further away, I would probably take the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biking has to become the preferred choice, the easy choice. You can’t ask people to bicycle because they should. This is where the challenge is to urban planning and to the policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64363 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I\u003c/em>\u003cem>s that why you’re so committed to advocacy? You spend a lot of time talking to government officials and policymakers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do. I’ve spent about 20 years working on climate change health issues. Most of that time has been looking at the hazardous effects, and I think it’s clear that climate change is a big hazard. But I now think that the policies towards smart urban planning, clean energy sources – the potential health benefits of those mitigation policies are huge. I use that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=41786\">cartoon\u003c/a> all the time, these climate skeptics saying, “What if climate change is a hoax and we create a healthier and cleaner community for nothing?!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You were one of the first people in this field. Was there a moment when you realized what huge implications climate change had for public health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>During one of my medical residencies I rotated at the EPA, and they asked me to review the literature on this issue. And I looked at this 1989 government report where the only health concern was the supplies of underarm deodorant. That was the health concern. And I said, wait a minute…this is a linchpin issue. This is one of those issues that involved population policy, per capita energy and resources, and potential big hazards. This is a huge issue and nobody’s actually doing research. So I started researching it. And now it’s great to see things are really spinning up and people have put climate change health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Back then, did you ever think you’d end up talking to the Dalai Lama about climate change?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I didn’t think about that one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Public heath expert Jonathan Patz reveals some of the less obvious effects of a changing climate on our health, and offers up some ideas about how to combat climate change and improve human health at the same time.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64358\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64358 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\" alt=\"Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. \" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. Image by Bryce Richter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Jonathan Patz\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Polar bears aren’t the only species threatened by climate change. Jonathan Patz, director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin, has spent the last two decades studying the ways that a warming world will affect human health. In 2007, he shared the Nobel Prize as a lead author for the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>. Patz, who holds degrees in medicine and public health, crisscrosses the globe to spread the word about the far-reaching impacts of climate change on our health and why better urban planning might be the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>When we think about the effects of climate change on our health, most of us probably think about big events like heat waves. Are there other, overlooked implications for public health? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons I think that climate change poses an enormous public health risk is because of the multiple pathways through which the impacts will be experienced. When you have a heat wave, you get worsening of \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007JD009775/abstract\">pollution effects\u003c/a>. Also higher temperatures promote more \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/108/10/4248.full.pdf+html?sid=88885811-ae9a-4b37-9fb7-44db29a15a92\">ragweed pollen\u003c/a>, and then all sorts of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/full/nature04188.html\">infectious diseases\u003c/a>. There are so many diseases very sensitive to small shifts in temperature. It’s also extremes of the water cycle. Already we don’t handle heavy rainfall events very well. When it rains really hard, you’re going to find \u003ca href=\"http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0749-3797/PIIS0749379708007022.pdf\">bacteria and viruses\u003c/a> in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think one of the biggest problems that’s the most difficult to study and document, could be the disruption of big populations: droughts forcing people to move, sea level rise. These are going to cause population-wide disruption, social upheaval. I think this could be a huge burden with mental health, post-traumatic stress, and things like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64334\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64334 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res-258x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the upper map, countries are sized based on their greenhouse gas production\" width=\"258\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The disparity in carbon emissions (shown in the upper map) and prevalence of climate-senstive disease (lower map) between industrialized and non-industrialized countries is an ethical problem. Image by Jeff Miller, UW-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ve said that the way climate change is affecting our health is an ethical issue.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where are today’s most climate-sensitive diseases like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/33/13844.full.pdf+html?sid=d981662e-43e1-4edb-bb3c-627a2f1a1fe7\">malaria\u003c/a>, malnutrition, diarrheal disease? They’re mostly in poor countries, especially Africa and India. Then you ask the question, who’s causing global warming? Global warming is primarily from burning fossil fuels -- that’s in the industrialized world. That’s the huge ethical dilemma. Those most vulnerable are the least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM1cQIH72tc&feature=youtu.be\">meeting with the Dalai Lama\u003c/a> two years ago, I was explaining to him that we didn’t know when we were developing the steam engine and oil- and gas-powered vehicles and powering our electricity with coal, we didn’t know that it was a bad thing. So now we know that. And the Dalai Lama asked me, he said, “Well, wait a minute, now that you know that, why are you still burning fossil fuels? It’s no longer ethical, with that knowledge.” I said to him, “That’s a good question. That’s a very good question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by the enormity of the problem. Are there concrete things people can do that will mitigate some of the negative effects on our health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is the exciting piece of this that I really think is important. With every crisis there’s an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The automobile, the dependence on the automobile, is really a very costly design for our health. We actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261937/\">quantified\u003c/a> the economic benefit and the health benefit if you took the 11 largest cities in the upper Midwest and you asked the question, what if short car trips, trips that are two and a half miles, were taken off the road? What would it mean for urban air quality? We found that we would save 500 lives a year, hundreds of thousands in hospitalizations, and about four billion dollars every year in savings from avoided health costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, what if half of those short car trips become bicycle trips, and only during the summer? That would save another 700 lives per year because of physical fitness. So we’re talking about eight billion dollars, about 1,300 lives saved. So, this is a golden opportunity -- a huge public health dividend -- to be able to design cities and design transportation for active transit, for biking, for walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You bike to work, right? Even in the Wisconsin winter?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have recently bought studded snow tires and I do bike to work, but that’s not actually the message that I want to portray. Because I would say while I bike to work in the winter, I do it for speed and convenience. If I lived further away, I would probably take the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biking has to become the preferred choice, the easy choice. You can’t ask people to bicycle because they should. This is where the challenge is to urban planning and to the policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64363 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I\u003c/em>\u003cem>s that why you’re so committed to advocacy? You spend a lot of time talking to government officials and policymakers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do. I’ve spent about 20 years working on climate change health issues. Most of that time has been looking at the hazardous effects, and I think it’s clear that climate change is a big hazard. But I now think that the policies towards smart urban planning, clean energy sources – the potential health benefits of those mitigation policies are huge. I use that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=41786\">cartoon\u003c/a> all the time, these climate skeptics saying, “What if climate change is a hoax and we create a healthier and cleaner community for nothing?!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You were one of the first people in this field. Was there a moment when you realized what huge implications climate change had for public health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>During one of my medical residencies I rotated at the EPA, and they asked me to review the literature on this issue. And I looked at this 1989 government report where the only health concern was the supplies of underarm deodorant. That was the health concern. And I said, wait a minute…this is a linchpin issue. This is one of those issues that involved population policy, per capita energy and resources, and potential big hazards. This is a huge issue and nobody’s actually doing research. So I started researching it. And now it’s great to see things are really spinning up and people have put climate change health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Back then, did you ever think you’d end up talking to the Dalai Lama about climate change?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I didn’t think about that one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "'The Vine That Ate the South' Heads North",
"title": "'The Vine That Ate the South' Heads North",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/kudzu/Stream/kudzu+11.19+with+intro+and+funder+mp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64034\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say the word “kudzu” to anyone from the South and they’ll probably know what you’re talking about. That’s because in states like Georgia and Alabama the invasive vine known as kudzu covers roadsides, chokes forests, brings down power lines, and blankets entire buildings. It’s made its way into country songs, becoming a metaphor for clingy love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu’s twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s even made it to northeast Ohio, where people didn’t expect it would survive the harsh winters. I went to check out one rogue patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, near Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this rundown urban lot, the vine has worked its way up the power line and along the fencing and onto the nearby business and over the trees clear to people’s homes. Kudzu’s all over here -- just a sea of green in this gravel parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite an eyeful. Amy Stone, with the Ohio State University Extension invasive species team, said this spot and others like it worry her because kudzu’s an aggressive, invasive, non-native species that’s caused a lot of grief down South. “It’s also known as the ‘vine that swallowed the South,’ or the ‘vine that ate the South.’ And so just imagine this kind of on steroids everywhere,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"In southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda, \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda,\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers aren’t entirely sure why the vine is extending its northern reach, but many attribute it to\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/climate_change_information_kit/items/288.php\"> warmer winters from climate change.\u003c/a> “We thought maybe it wouldn’t be hardy here,” said Stone. But due to changing weather conditions and a longer growing season, she said we may be able to see flowering and seeding of the vine, which would spread it even faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm\">Kudzu\u003c/a> can grow a foot a day -- up to 60 feet a season. It throws down roots everywhere it can, working its way into cracks and crevices on buildings, even collapsing whole barns and buckling power lines. Ohio recently joined \u003ca href=\"http://appalachianohioweeds.org/?s=kudzu\">14 other states\u003c/a> in adding kudzu to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/901%3A5-37\">noxious weed list\u003c/a>. Stone said all the Southern states have it and it’s working its way up north. “I think there’s even been some established sites in Maine, up the East Coast and all the way through the Midwest,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing is, farmers were told to plant kudzu back in the ’30s to control erosion. We learned quickly this was bad advice, said Stone. “What we found out is there’s just no stopping kudzu,” she said. It’s got a pretty purple flower and was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental. People still see it and coo, take a cutting, and unknowingly unleash the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the kudzu patch in the Cleveland parking lot, Stone and I wade into the kudzu to check out the vine’s progression. Below the sea of green, bits of purple pop up -- the flower. And pollinators have been busy -- we find furry seed pods all over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seedpods which further enable its spread.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seed pods which further enable its spread.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is not good. Now the vine can be spread not only by ground but by wind or animal. “Wherever it drops off would be another start of kudzu,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with kudzu comes problems. It drives out native plants, swallows trees whole and kills them, causes structural damage, and is bad for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu brings kudzu bugs, which also like to eat soybeans, and the vine plays host to the crop disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Basidiomycetes/Pages/SoybeanRust.aspx\">soybean rust\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were milling around, a neighbor came over, introduced himself as George Nelson, and asked me a good question, “Well, are you gonna have them clean it up?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once kudzu’s got a foothold in a place, it takes a whole lot of money and perseverance to clean it up. Stone said herbicides are the most effective way to take down the vine. Goats have also been tried as a means of control. “If you don’t get every little piece of it, it will be back,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map-304x253.png\" alt=\"Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\" width=\"304\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to the man’s point, who is going to clean this up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out someone offered, way back when kudzu was first discovered here in early 2000. “Through our conservation outreach program, I would have done it and I still would,” said Jim Bissell, a botanist with the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. He estimates it’d take nearly $10,000 to clean this up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, Bissell couldn’t find a taker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners didn’t want to get their hands dirty, so he let it drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I gave him a site update, though, and told him about the seed pods, it got his attention. “They didn’t have seed pods when I looked at it, so that could be a change already,” he said, “so that’s kind of frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a long story short, Bissell is now reviving efforts to get this spot cleaned up, but the road ahead is all the more weedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O’Malley\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The invasive vine known as kudzu has twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/kudzu/Stream/kudzu+11.19+with+intro+and+funder+mp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64034\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say the word “kudzu” to anyone from the South and they’ll probably know what you’re talking about. That’s because in states like Georgia and Alabama the invasive vine known as kudzu covers roadsides, chokes forests, brings down power lines, and blankets entire buildings. It’s made its way into country songs, becoming a metaphor for clingy love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu’s twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s even made it to northeast Ohio, where people didn’t expect it would survive the harsh winters. I went to check out one rogue patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, near Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this rundown urban lot, the vine has worked its way up the power line and along the fencing and onto the nearby business and over the trees clear to people’s homes. Kudzu’s all over here -- just a sea of green in this gravel parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite an eyeful. Amy Stone, with the Ohio State University Extension invasive species team, said this spot and others like it worry her because kudzu’s an aggressive, invasive, non-native species that’s caused a lot of grief down South. “It’s also known as the ‘vine that swallowed the South,’ or the ‘vine that ate the South.’ And so just imagine this kind of on steroids everywhere,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"In southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda, \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda,\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers aren’t entirely sure why the vine is extending its northern reach, but many attribute it to\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/climate_change_information_kit/items/288.php\"> warmer winters from climate change.\u003c/a> “We thought maybe it wouldn’t be hardy here,” said Stone. But due to changing weather conditions and a longer growing season, she said we may be able to see flowering and seeding of the vine, which would spread it even faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm\">Kudzu\u003c/a> can grow a foot a day -- up to 60 feet a season. It throws down roots everywhere it can, working its way into cracks and crevices on buildings, even collapsing whole barns and buckling power lines. Ohio recently joined \u003ca href=\"http://appalachianohioweeds.org/?s=kudzu\">14 other states\u003c/a> in adding kudzu to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/901%3A5-37\">noxious weed list\u003c/a>. Stone said all the Southern states have it and it’s working its way up north. “I think there’s even been some established sites in Maine, up the East Coast and all the way through the Midwest,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing is, farmers were told to plant kudzu back in the ’30s to control erosion. We learned quickly this was bad advice, said Stone. “What we found out is there’s just no stopping kudzu,” she said. It’s got a pretty purple flower and was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental. People still see it and coo, take a cutting, and unknowingly unleash the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the kudzu patch in the Cleveland parking lot, Stone and I wade into the kudzu to check out the vine’s progression. Below the sea of green, bits of purple pop up -- the flower. And pollinators have been busy -- we find furry seed pods all over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seedpods which further enable its spread.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seed pods which further enable its spread.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is not good. Now the vine can be spread not only by ground but by wind or animal. “Wherever it drops off would be another start of kudzu,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with kudzu comes problems. It drives out native plants, swallows trees whole and kills them, causes structural damage, and is bad for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu brings kudzu bugs, which also like to eat soybeans, and the vine plays host to the crop disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Basidiomycetes/Pages/SoybeanRust.aspx\">soybean rust\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were milling around, a neighbor came over, introduced himself as George Nelson, and asked me a good question, “Well, are you gonna have them clean it up?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once kudzu’s got a foothold in a place, it takes a whole lot of money and perseverance to clean it up. Stone said herbicides are the most effective way to take down the vine. Goats have also been tried as a means of control. “If you don’t get every little piece of it, it will be back,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map-304x253.png\" alt=\"Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\" width=\"304\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to the man’s point, who is going to clean this up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out someone offered, way back when kudzu was first discovered here in early 2000. “Through our conservation outreach program, I would have done it and I still would,” said Jim Bissell, a botanist with the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. He estimates it’d take nearly $10,000 to clean this up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, Bissell couldn’t find a taker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners didn’t want to get their hands dirty, so he let it drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I gave him a site update, though, and told him about the seed pods, it got his attention. “They didn’t have seed pods when I looked at it, so that could be a change already,” he said, “so that’s kind of frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a long story short, Bissell is now reviving efforts to get this spot cleaned up, but the road ahead is all the more weedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O’Malley\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Transforming San Francisco Into a Model of Disaster Preparedness",
"title": "Transforming San Francisco Into a Model of Disaster Preparedness",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/20/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness/shawn-clover_edited-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg\" alt=\"A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today. Credit: Shawn Clover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today.\u003cbr>Credit: Shawn Clover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mention sleeping in \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/golden-gate-park/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>, and most people think of homelessness. But the idea that San Francisco’s most famous park could be used as an emergency shelter for thousands of victims after a major earthquake – as it was after the 1906 earthquake – is again resurfacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.publicarchitecture.org/\">Public Architecture\u003c/a>, a San Francisco non-profit organization, recently asked three architecture and design firms to devise resiliency plans for the city that could be put in place as soon as next year and explore creative ways San Francisco could respond to natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With everything from urine recycling to art installations that indicate areas at risk for earthquake liquefaction, tsunamis and floods, the firms drew up a variety of innovative strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the plans, from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/\">CMG Landscape Architecture\u003c/a>, looks to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a>. That catastrophe killed at least 3,000 people, destroyed more than 28,000 buildings and left 225,000 people homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit, many victims flocked to the Presidio—then a military outpost—and to Golden Gate Park for refuge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, tents were constructed, but as winter approached, soldiers from the Army built small houses that provided shelter for more than 16,000 survivors. CMG believes the Park can once again support many thousands of people, if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it,” said CMG design leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/firm/people/scott-cataffa/\">Scott Cataffa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMG proposes new waste treatment facilities, emergency-response infrastructure and energy supplies by lining the Park’s polo fields with dry-composting restrooms and first aid stations. The restrooms would divert treated wastewater onto nearby turf for use as a natural fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An on-site, sand-filter water treatment system also would serve as a 100-foot tall water tower and viewing deck. The observation deck, covered with solar panels and a modern-day windmill, would allow people to survey the surrounding area. Dutch and Murphy Windmills that already exist at the Park would serve as a back-up power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By integrating large-scale sanitation-systems, water treatment infrastructure and a water tower, the park could support up to 12,000 people, Cataffa estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already a precedent for Golden Gate Park supporting a large influx of people in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annual events, like the Outside Lands music festival, draw hundreds of thousands of fans into the park during the summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, CMG officials believe that public events are ideal opportunities to teach disaster preparedness and encourage a sense of community among attendees. “During Super Storm Sandy, some communities had fewer economic resources but knew each other better and they looked out for each other,” Caffata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to tap into the sharing economy of Burning Man and back-country camping,” he said, “and see if we could come together and get to know our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next April 18, on the 108th anniversary of the 1906 earthquake, CMG proposes a “Camp the Park” event. Interested San Franciscans would spend the night in Golden Gate Park to test the city’s ability to mobilize and prepare for disaster response while meeting neighbors and learning about survival techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporate sponsors would provide the funding while the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department would need to approve the event and any structural upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, not everyone thinks it’s a good idea to herd thousands of people into Golden Gate Park after the next major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our first choice is to keep people in their homes, not in a city that gets built in Golden Gate Park,\" said Lt. Erica Arteseros, program coordinator for the San Francisco Fire Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-fire.org/index.aspx?page=875\">Neighborhood Emergency Response Team\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arteseros' program, formed after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, allows roughly 2,000 people a year to receive 18 hours of disaster preparedness training from San Francisco firefighters and emergency responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s not enough space and housing to accommodate everyone leaving their home,” she said. “If your home is safe enough to stay in, that’s the best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a>, a non-profit planning group, has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/san-francisco-safe-enough-stay\">“Safe Enough to Stay”\u003c/a> report that details what it would take to make people's homes suitable as shelters after an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If residents can stay in their homes, the process of rebuilding the city can begin much sooner, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, after a magnitude 7.0 earthquake or greater, many people would be left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfdem.org/\">Department of Emergency Management\u003c/a> would work with the Red Cross to set up temporary shelters and use large spaces like the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium to provide longer term housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all San Francisco's current planning, CMG and Public Architecture say they are not evaluating optimal conditions. They anticipate a future that is hard to imagine and even harder to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for a best-case scenario,” said Public Architecture CEO John Peterson. “Unfortunately the best case is not realistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The next “big one” is never out of mind for San Francisco residents who may have a new place to gather if one landscape architecture firm has its way. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/20/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness/shawn-clover_edited-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg\" alt=\"A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today. Credit: Shawn Clover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today.\u003cbr>Credit: Shawn Clover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mention sleeping in \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/golden-gate-park/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>, and most people think of homelessness. But the idea that San Francisco’s most famous park could be used as an emergency shelter for thousands of victims after a major earthquake – as it was after the 1906 earthquake – is again resurfacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.publicarchitecture.org/\">Public Architecture\u003c/a>, a San Francisco non-profit organization, recently asked three architecture and design firms to devise resiliency plans for the city that could be put in place as soon as next year and explore creative ways San Francisco could respond to natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With everything from urine recycling to art installations that indicate areas at risk for earthquake liquefaction, tsunamis and floods, the firms drew up a variety of innovative strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the plans, from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/\">CMG Landscape Architecture\u003c/a>, looks to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a>. That catastrophe killed at least 3,000 people, destroyed more than 28,000 buildings and left 225,000 people homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit, many victims flocked to the Presidio—then a military outpost—and to Golden Gate Park for refuge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, tents were constructed, but as winter approached, soldiers from the Army built small houses that provided shelter for more than 16,000 survivors. CMG believes the Park can once again support many thousands of people, if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it,” said CMG design leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/firm/people/scott-cataffa/\">Scott Cataffa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMG proposes new waste treatment facilities, emergency-response infrastructure and energy supplies by lining the Park’s polo fields with dry-composting restrooms and first aid stations. The restrooms would divert treated wastewater onto nearby turf for use as a natural fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An on-site, sand-filter water treatment system also would serve as a 100-foot tall water tower and viewing deck. The observation deck, covered with solar panels and a modern-day windmill, would allow people to survey the surrounding area. Dutch and Murphy Windmills that already exist at the Park would serve as a back-up power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By integrating large-scale sanitation-systems, water treatment infrastructure and a water tower, the park could support up to 12,000 people, Cataffa estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already a precedent for Golden Gate Park supporting a large influx of people in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annual events, like the Outside Lands music festival, draw hundreds of thousands of fans into the park during the summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, CMG officials believe that public events are ideal opportunities to teach disaster preparedness and encourage a sense of community among attendees. “During Super Storm Sandy, some communities had fewer economic resources but knew each other better and they looked out for each other,” Caffata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to tap into the sharing economy of Burning Man and back-country camping,” he said, “and see if we could come together and get to know our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next April 18, on the 108th anniversary of the 1906 earthquake, CMG proposes a “Camp the Park” event. Interested San Franciscans would spend the night in Golden Gate Park to test the city’s ability to mobilize and prepare for disaster response while meeting neighbors and learning about survival techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporate sponsors would provide the funding while the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department would need to approve the event and any structural upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, not everyone thinks it’s a good idea to herd thousands of people into Golden Gate Park after the next major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our first choice is to keep people in their homes, not in a city that gets built in Golden Gate Park,\" said Lt. Erica Arteseros, program coordinator for the San Francisco Fire Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-fire.org/index.aspx?page=875\">Neighborhood Emergency Response Team\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arteseros' program, formed after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, allows roughly 2,000 people a year to receive 18 hours of disaster preparedness training from San Francisco firefighters and emergency responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s not enough space and housing to accommodate everyone leaving their home,” she said. “If your home is safe enough to stay in, that’s the best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a>, a non-profit planning group, has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/san-francisco-safe-enough-stay\">“Safe Enough to Stay”\u003c/a> report that details what it would take to make people's homes suitable as shelters after an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If residents can stay in their homes, the process of rebuilding the city can begin much sooner, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, after a magnitude 7.0 earthquake or greater, many people would be left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfdem.org/\">Department of Emergency Management\u003c/a> would work with the Red Cross to set up temporary shelters and use large spaces like the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium to provide longer term housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all San Francisco's current planning, CMG and Public Architecture say they are not evaluating optimal conditions. They anticipate a future that is hard to imagine and even harder to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for a best-case scenario,” said Public Architecture CEO John Peterson. “Unfortunately the best case is not realistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design",
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"headTitle": "Future Home: Designing for Efficiency | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Imagine an energy efficient house that's a blueprint for the future, but exists today. That’s exactly what 60 architectural and engineering students from the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) designed and built. Their \u003ca title=\"Chameleon House\" href=\"http://solarhouse.mst.edu/houses/2013.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Chameleon House\u003c/a> is a 1,000-square-foot home powered entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House is the Missouri S&T entry in the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, a worldwide competition that challenges university students to build state-of-the-art solar-powered homes. The contest is intended to encourage the development of home designs and technologies that are energy efficient, economical, and attractive. This year, 19 university teams are competing to make use of energy-saving technologies that are readily available in the marketplace, although these technologies are integrated in a variety of innovative combinations in each solar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Missouri S&T students spent nearly two years designing the Chameleon House. They chose the name because their home adapts to changing features with a modern, adjustable, open-space interior and a “live” web-based automation system that updates the home’s heating and cooling settings with the changing weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most conventional homes get their power from the burning of fossil fuels, solar homes like the Chameleon House use clean, renewable energy from the sun, which reduces the cost to the environment and energy bills for residents. Thanks to a unique solar array and a thoughtful design plan that packs energy savings into every square inch, the Chameleon House is able to generate enough energy to operate the home off the public utility grid with power to spare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST went behind the scenes to show how Missouri S&T students infused the Chameleon House with the energy-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Frame: Support from SIPs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63238\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63238\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63238 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n\" width=\"236\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Missouri S&T students prepare a SIP (Structural Insulated Panel) at the Chameleon House construction site. Photo courtesy Missouri S&T.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional homes are constructed from dimensional lumber or “studs,” padded with pre-cut panels of fiberglass, rock wool, or cellulose insulation. But the frame of the Chameleon Home is different. It's built with high-tech prefabricated walls called \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>tructural \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>nsulated \u003cstrong>p\u003c/strong>anels (SIPs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each SIP looks a bit like a marshmallow sandwich, according to Aaron Enz, the director of construction for the Chameleon House. A SIP is made from two pieces of oriented strand board (OSB), engineered sheets of wood made from glued layers of wood chips, separated by a dense layer of polystyrene foam in the middle. “[T]he reason that these are so good at thermally insulating the house is because there’s no wooden beams that go from this piece of plywood to the other,” said Enz. And even though the foam panels look delicate, their structure is strong, like a steel I-beam. Enz added, “They may not look like it, but they’re designed to be sturdy [enough] to withstand earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory confirms that SIPs are nearly airtight insulators that are 15 times better at stopping air leakage than conventional home frame construction. The study also found SIPs to be 40 to 50 percent more energy efficient than conventional stud walls, and so can keep a house warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Solar Array\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power the Chameleon House, the Missouri S&T team covered and wired the roof with 21 unique solar panel modules called \u003cstrong>r\u003c/strong>edundant \u003cstrong>a\u003c/strong>rray \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>ntegrated \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>olar (RAIS) modules. Traditional solar modules have individual crystalline silicon cells wired together in series, like a single strand of Christmas tree lights. When one cell stops working or underperforms, the whole module is affected and may fail. But RAIS cells and modules are wired in parallel, with multiple contacts between the circuit’s beginning and end. That means if one module fails or underperforms, the rest of the modules continues to operate and generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63233\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/solar-panel-installation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63233\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63233 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Solar-Panel-installation-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Panel installation\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-one solar panels with reflectors cover the roof of the Chameleon House. The home generates 10.5 kilowatts -- enough to power the house year-round.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity. Each panel contains multiple silicon solar cells topped with metal-wire conductor strips. When the sun’s rays hit the silicon cells, they excite the silicon electrons and cause them to generate a direct electrical current (DC) like a mini generator. Inverter devices within the array convert the DC into alternating current (AC) to power appliances, lights, and other home devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House solar array has an additional feature not found in standard solar panels. Each RAIS module looks like a small A-frame and is backed by a reflector that increases its solar collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Wright, who leads the Chameleon House electrical team, explained, “The solar array consists of 21 panels that total 8.6 kilowatts. Then on the front of the house, we’ll have an overhang with a bifacial panel (panels that collect light from the top and bottom), and it’ll generate 1.9 kilowatts. So, we’ll have a total of 10.5 kilowatts on the house. Basically, the house will be net zero, and that means it will produce as much electricity as it uses over a year’s period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule, solar panels produce electricity during the five sunniest hours of the day. So, the Chameleon House will produce 52.5 kilowatt hours per day or 1,500 kilowatt hours per month. According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, conventional American homes use an average of 940 to 1,348 kilowatt hours per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project manager Emily Vandivert is proud of the Chameleon House’s free energy output. “You’re gaining free energy from the sun, other than the cost of the actual panels. It makes sense to use the sun’s power because we are able to harvest that power and transport it into actual energy,” she stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heating and Cooling: A \"Live\" Automation System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/cu_home-automation_tablet-control/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63232\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63232 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CU_Home-Automation_tablet-control-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"CU_Home Automation_tablet control\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chameleon House features a home automation system with tablet controls.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House boasts a unique smart home feature: an automation system that optimizes the home’s total energy efficiency. The system combines a smart thermostat with a Web-based interface that monitors changing weather conditions in real time and tracks interior climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The automation system operates from a built-in computer in the home's mechanical room, and it can be monitored or updated with a Web-based tablet or smart phone. As the computer monitors “live\" updates of changing weather conditions via the Web, the automation system makes small changes to the heating and cooling systems within the house. These small automated changes reduce the home's power consumption, saving heating and cooling costs compared to manual changes made to suit a person’s comfort level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the Chameleon House took final shape - after five months of construction - a day of reckoning arrived. The Chameleon House had to be taken apart in three sections and shipped by truck to Irvine, CA in order to compete in the Solar Decathlon. After a five-day trek across the country, the Missouri S&T students had just nine days to reassemble the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House premiered to the public at the Solar Decathlon in Irvine, California, in October. The international competition included nearly 4,000 university students from the U.S., Canada, Austria and the Czech Republic. More than 64,000 people visited the 19 solar homes. For more information about the Chameleon House and to learn about the other Solar Decathlon homes, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.solardecathlon.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine an energy efficient house that's a blueprint for the future, but exists today. That’s exactly what 60 architectural and engineering students from the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) designed and built. Their \u003ca title=\"Chameleon House\" href=\"http://solarhouse.mst.edu/houses/2013.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Chameleon House\u003c/a> is a 1,000-square-foot home powered entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House is the Missouri S&T entry in the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, a worldwide competition that challenges university students to build state-of-the-art solar-powered homes. The contest is intended to encourage the development of home designs and technologies that are energy efficient, economical, and attractive. This year, 19 university teams are competing to make use of energy-saving technologies that are readily available in the marketplace, although these technologies are integrated in a variety of innovative combinations in each solar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Missouri S&T students spent nearly two years designing the Chameleon House. They chose the name because their home adapts to changing features with a modern, adjustable, open-space interior and a “live” web-based automation system that updates the home’s heating and cooling settings with the changing weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most conventional homes get their power from the burning of fossil fuels, solar homes like the Chameleon House use clean, renewable energy from the sun, which reduces the cost to the environment and energy bills for residents. Thanks to a unique solar array and a thoughtful design plan that packs energy savings into every square inch, the Chameleon House is able to generate enough energy to operate the home off the public utility grid with power to spare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST went behind the scenes to show how Missouri S&T students infused the Chameleon House with the energy-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Frame: Support from SIPs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63238\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63238\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63238 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n\" width=\"236\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Missouri S&T students prepare a SIP (Structural Insulated Panel) at the Chameleon House construction site. Photo courtesy Missouri S&T.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional homes are constructed from dimensional lumber or “studs,” padded with pre-cut panels of fiberglass, rock wool, or cellulose insulation. But the frame of the Chameleon Home is different. It's built with high-tech prefabricated walls called \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>tructural \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>nsulated \u003cstrong>p\u003c/strong>anels (SIPs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each SIP looks a bit like a marshmallow sandwich, according to Aaron Enz, the director of construction for the Chameleon House. A SIP is made from two pieces of oriented strand board (OSB), engineered sheets of wood made from glued layers of wood chips, separated by a dense layer of polystyrene foam in the middle. “[T]he reason that these are so good at thermally insulating the house is because there’s no wooden beams that go from this piece of plywood to the other,” said Enz. And even though the foam panels look delicate, their structure is strong, like a steel I-beam. Enz added, “They may not look like it, but they’re designed to be sturdy [enough] to withstand earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory confirms that SIPs are nearly airtight insulators that are 15 times better at stopping air leakage than conventional home frame construction. The study also found SIPs to be 40 to 50 percent more energy efficient than conventional stud walls, and so can keep a house warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Solar Array\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power the Chameleon House, the Missouri S&T team covered and wired the roof with 21 unique solar panel modules called \u003cstrong>r\u003c/strong>edundant \u003cstrong>a\u003c/strong>rray \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>ntegrated \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>olar (RAIS) modules. Traditional solar modules have individual crystalline silicon cells wired together in series, like a single strand of Christmas tree lights. When one cell stops working or underperforms, the whole module is affected and may fail. But RAIS cells and modules are wired in parallel, with multiple contacts between the circuit’s beginning and end. That means if one module fails or underperforms, the rest of the modules continues to operate and generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63233\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/solar-panel-installation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63233\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63233 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Solar-Panel-installation-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Panel installation\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-one solar panels with reflectors cover the roof of the Chameleon House. The home generates 10.5 kilowatts -- enough to power the house year-round.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity. Each panel contains multiple silicon solar cells topped with metal-wire conductor strips. When the sun’s rays hit the silicon cells, they excite the silicon electrons and cause them to generate a direct electrical current (DC) like a mini generator. Inverter devices within the array convert the DC into alternating current (AC) to power appliances, lights, and other home devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House solar array has an additional feature not found in standard solar panels. Each RAIS module looks like a small A-frame and is backed by a reflector that increases its solar collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Wright, who leads the Chameleon House electrical team, explained, “The solar array consists of 21 panels that total 8.6 kilowatts. Then on the front of the house, we’ll have an overhang with a bifacial panel (panels that collect light from the top and bottom), and it’ll generate 1.9 kilowatts. So, we’ll have a total of 10.5 kilowatts on the house. Basically, the house will be net zero, and that means it will produce as much electricity as it uses over a year’s period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule, solar panels produce electricity during the five sunniest hours of the day. So, the Chameleon House will produce 52.5 kilowatt hours per day or 1,500 kilowatt hours per month. According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, conventional American homes use an average of 940 to 1,348 kilowatt hours per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project manager Emily Vandivert is proud of the Chameleon House’s free energy output. “You’re gaining free energy from the sun, other than the cost of the actual panels. It makes sense to use the sun’s power because we are able to harvest that power and transport it into actual energy,” she stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heating and Cooling: A \"Live\" Automation System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/cu_home-automation_tablet-control/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63232\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63232 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CU_Home-Automation_tablet-control-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"CU_Home Automation_tablet control\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chameleon House features a home automation system with tablet controls.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House boasts a unique smart home feature: an automation system that optimizes the home’s total energy efficiency. The system combines a smart thermostat with a Web-based interface that monitors changing weather conditions in real time and tracks interior climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The automation system operates from a built-in computer in the home's mechanical room, and it can be monitored or updated with a Web-based tablet or smart phone. As the computer monitors “live\" updates of changing weather conditions via the Web, the automation system makes small changes to the heating and cooling systems within the house. These small automated changes reduce the home's power consumption, saving heating and cooling costs compared to manual changes made to suit a person’s comfort level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the Chameleon House took final shape - after five months of construction - a day of reckoning arrived. The Chameleon House had to be taken apart in three sections and shipped by truck to Irvine, CA in order to compete in the Solar Decathlon. After a five-day trek across the country, the Missouri S&T students had just nine days to reassemble the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House premiered to the public at the Solar Decathlon in Irvine, California, in October. The international competition included nearly 4,000 university students from the U.S., Canada, Austria and the Czech Republic. More than 64,000 people visited the 19 solar homes. For more information about the Chameleon House and to learn about the other Solar Decathlon homes, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.solardecathlon.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening",
"title": "Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening",
"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">As World’s Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Forget the Lawnmower, Hire Sheep",
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"content": "\u003cp>Cities that have seen their populations dwindle over the years, like Detroit and Cleveland, find themselves faced with a problem: hundreds of vacant lots that require upkeep. Without maintenance, the land becomes overgrown. The lots turn into eyesores and bring down adjacent property values. But landscaping isn’t cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now one community is testing a new way to keep their vacant lots tidy: sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbanshepherds.com/\">Urban Shepherds\u003c/a> runs an urban grazing program on a four-acre lot in Cleveland’s St. Clair neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 268px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Evan-llama-photo-e1381957896822.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Evan-llama-photo-e1381957896822-268x360.jpg\" alt='A \"guardian llama\" protects the flock from urban predators. Credit: Evan Zuzik ' width=\"268\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"guardian llama\" protects the flock from urban predators. Credit: Evan Zuzik\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I went by to check it out on a hot day when the sheep weren’t really feeling like talking -- a problem when you’re trying to produce a radio story. Trying to get close enough to hear a solid “baa” got me in trouble with their “guardian llama.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, there’s a llama in downtown Cleveland. He protects the sheep from urban predators like unruly dogs and people. Together, sheep and llama roam the fenced lot and keep the grass in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lot sits amid an upscale apartment building, Lake Erie, and a major highway. The sheep spend their days chewing grass, clover, and weeds. They munch in the morning, munch in the evening, munch in the shade, and munch by the lake. It’s a pretty nice gig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not a bad deal for the property manager, either, at least according to Michael Fleming, who spearheaded the effort to bring the sheep here. Fleming heads the St. Clair Superior Development Corporation and is a board member of Urban Shepherds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JS6unyUP8z4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got the idea for “sheep lawnmowers” when he heard about it being done in Brazilian parks. He wanted to give it a shot in an urban area like Cleveland. The city, like others in the Rust Belt, has seen its population shrink and the number of overgrown vacant lots increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups like Urban Shepherds see sheep as the perfect caretakers for blighted areas. “We would like to form a sort of model that can be replicated in other cities. There’s no reason why this couldn’t be expanded far, far beyond Cleveland,” said Fleming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pilot project is meant to test the cost and feasibility of the program. While they can’t give a sheep versus lawnmower price comparison just yet, Urban Shepherds is confident the sheep will do the work for far less than traditional lawn care. “Our goal is to cut it by 50 percent,” says Development Coordinator Brendan Trewella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-002-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Urban Shepherds run a sheep-grazing program on this vacant Cleveland lot, and hope to deploy this model in other urban areas.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Urban Shepherds run a sheep-grazing program on this vacant Cleveland lot, and hope to deploy this model in other urban areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The flock doesn’t require much care besides daily water and a mineral block. They winter at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thespicylamb.com/\">Spicy Lamb Farm\u003c/a> in Peninsula, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Fleming knows this lot won’t be vacant forever -- a condo is in the works -- but the sheep are like a tide-me-over that’s good for neighborhood morale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, take “volunteer shepherd” Evan Zuzik, a resident of the nearby apartment building who checks on the sheep every day. He says the sheep are a tourist draw, as well as conversation starter. “People are generally like, wait -- there are sheep in downtown Cleveland?” said Zuzik. Apartment dwellers are eager to swap rooms for a “sheep view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re more than a pretty face. The sheep offer environmental benefits, too. Ditching the gas-powered mower reduces carbon dioxide emissions and smog. The need for herbicides may be reduced as well, and some say sheep help repopulate native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Instead of having a lawnmower that produces all this carbon pollution and grass clippings, we have a bunch of sheep that could go to market.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the year,” said Trewella, “instead of having a lawnmower that produces all this carbon pollution and grass clippings that will ultimately go into a landfill, we have a bunch of sheep that could go to market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Clevenger, a sheep specialist at Ohio State University Extension, thinks the group is on to something. “Sheep are a way to utilize some of the grounds that we have that aren’t fit for other things,” he said. “They’re just a docile species that does an amazing job at taking a given amount of acres and turning it into more lamb and more wool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of sheep and other \u003ca href=\"http://www.movoto.com/blog/novelty-real-estate/reduce-animal-unemployment-hire-a-goat/\">animal mowers\u003c/a> (like goats) seems to be a growing trend. Flocks roam the grounds near O’Hare Airport in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbez.org/news/herd-goats-llamas-sheep-and-burros-are-grazing-around-o%E2%80%99hare-grounds-108408\">Chicago\u003c/a>, in troubled neighborhoods of \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/greenshepherdproject\">Indianapolis\u003c/a>, and in vineyards out West. Even abroad, there are grazers on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/05/27/186735905/let-them-eat-grass-paris-employs-sheep-as-eco-mowers\">Parisian lawn\u003c/a>s, for instance, and in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/sheep-grazing\">British city\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, “the largest sheep producing state east of the Mississippi,” there are plenty of animals to potentially chew on the state’s vacant urban lots, and shepherds ready to put them to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62540\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg\" alt=\"The sheep roam the edges of Lake Erie.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sheep roam the edges of Lake Erie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "At a vacant lot in Cleveland, sheep are employed as urban “eco-mowers” -- part of a growing number of global initiatives to replace mowing with munching.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cities that have seen their populations dwindle over the years, like Detroit and Cleveland, find themselves faced with a problem: hundreds of vacant lots that require upkeep. Without maintenance, the land becomes overgrown. The lots turn into eyesores and bring down adjacent property values. But landscaping isn’t cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now one community is testing a new way to keep their vacant lots tidy: sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbanshepherds.com/\">Urban Shepherds\u003c/a> runs an urban grazing program on a four-acre lot in Cleveland’s St. Clair neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 268px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Evan-llama-photo-e1381957896822.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Evan-llama-photo-e1381957896822-268x360.jpg\" alt='A \"guardian llama\" protects the flock from urban predators. Credit: Evan Zuzik ' width=\"268\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"guardian llama\" protects the flock from urban predators. Credit: Evan Zuzik\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I went by to check it out on a hot day when the sheep weren’t really feeling like talking -- a problem when you’re trying to produce a radio story. Trying to get close enough to hear a solid “baa” got me in trouble with their “guardian llama.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, there’s a llama in downtown Cleveland. He protects the sheep from urban predators like unruly dogs and people. Together, sheep and llama roam the fenced lot and keep the grass in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lot sits amid an upscale apartment building, Lake Erie, and a major highway. The sheep spend their days chewing grass, clover, and weeds. They munch in the morning, munch in the evening, munch in the shade, and munch by the lake. It’s a pretty nice gig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not a bad deal for the property manager, either, at least according to Michael Fleming, who spearheaded the effort to bring the sheep here. Fleming heads the St. Clair Superior Development Corporation and is a board member of Urban Shepherds.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/JS6unyUP8z4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/JS6unyUP8z4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>He got the idea for “sheep lawnmowers” when he heard about it being done in Brazilian parks. He wanted to give it a shot in an urban area like Cleveland. The city, like others in the Rust Belt, has seen its population shrink and the number of overgrown vacant lots increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups like Urban Shepherds see sheep as the perfect caretakers for blighted areas. “We would like to form a sort of model that can be replicated in other cities. There’s no reason why this couldn’t be expanded far, far beyond Cleveland,” said Fleming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pilot project is meant to test the cost and feasibility of the program. While they can’t give a sheep versus lawnmower price comparison just yet, Urban Shepherds is confident the sheep will do the work for far less than traditional lawn care. “Our goal is to cut it by 50 percent,” says Development Coordinator Brendan Trewella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-002-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Urban Shepherds run a sheep-grazing program on this vacant Cleveland lot, and hope to deploy this model in other urban areas.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Urban Shepherds run a sheep-grazing program on this vacant Cleveland lot, and hope to deploy this model in other urban areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The flock doesn’t require much care besides daily water and a mineral block. They winter at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thespicylamb.com/\">Spicy Lamb Farm\u003c/a> in Peninsula, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Fleming knows this lot won’t be vacant forever -- a condo is in the works -- but the sheep are like a tide-me-over that’s good for neighborhood morale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, take “volunteer shepherd” Evan Zuzik, a resident of the nearby apartment building who checks on the sheep every day. He says the sheep are a tourist draw, as well as conversation starter. “People are generally like, wait -- there are sheep in downtown Cleveland?” said Zuzik. Apartment dwellers are eager to swap rooms for a “sheep view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re more than a pretty face. The sheep offer environmental benefits, too. Ditching the gas-powered mower reduces carbon dioxide emissions and smog. The need for herbicides may be reduced as well, and some say sheep help repopulate native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Instead of having a lawnmower that produces all this carbon pollution and grass clippings, we have a bunch of sheep that could go to market.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the year,” said Trewella, “instead of having a lawnmower that produces all this carbon pollution and grass clippings that will ultimately go into a landfill, we have a bunch of sheep that could go to market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Clevenger, a sheep specialist at Ohio State University Extension, thinks the group is on to something. “Sheep are a way to utilize some of the grounds that we have that aren’t fit for other things,” he said. “They’re just a docile species that does an amazing job at taking a given amount of acres and turning it into more lamb and more wool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of sheep and other \u003ca href=\"http://www.movoto.com/blog/novelty-real-estate/reduce-animal-unemployment-hire-a-goat/\">animal mowers\u003c/a> (like goats) seems to be a growing trend. Flocks roam the grounds near O’Hare Airport in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbez.org/news/herd-goats-llamas-sheep-and-burros-are-grazing-around-o%E2%80%99hare-grounds-108408\">Chicago\u003c/a>, in troubled neighborhoods of \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/greenshepherdproject\">Indianapolis\u003c/a>, and in vineyards out West. Even abroad, there are grazers on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/05/27/186735905/let-them-eat-grass-paris-employs-sheep-as-eco-mowers\">Parisian lawn\u003c/a>s, for instance, and in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/sheep-grazing\">British city\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, “the largest sheep producing state east of the Mississippi,” there are plenty of animals to potentially chew on the state’s vacant urban lots, and shepherds ready to put them to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62540\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg\" alt=\"The sheep roam the edges of Lake Erie.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sheep roam the edges of Lake Erie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Using Social Media to Rescue Food",
"title": "Using Social Media to Rescue Food",
"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science- Web series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>On a gray, foggy summer morning in San Francisco, Shakirah Simley is busily typing away at a computer in a loft space overlooking premium organic produce, prepared foods and artisanal groceries for sale at \u003ca href=\"http://www.biritemarket.com/\">Bi-Rite Market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 28-year-old former Fulbright scholar, cooking instructor and Community Coordinator for Bi-Rite is on a mission this morning: to give away 115 pounds of organic gold apricots and black seedless grapes to a local hunger-relief charity. Fifteen minutes later, a tweet alerts Simley that a volunteer from \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodrunners.org/\">Food Runners\u003c/a> is on his way to claim the fresh fruits which will be distributed within 24 hours to low-income residents in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59839\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.09.13_JV0A0043_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.09.13_JV0A0043_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shakirah Simley manages the community outreach and giving initiatives for Bi-Rite market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shakirah Simley manages the community outreach and giving initiatives for Bi-Rite market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's a stunningly effective demonstration of how the battle against food waste has shifted online, where Facebook, Twitter and startups are helping to nimbly crowdsource surplus food that would otherwise end up composted or worse - end up rotting in a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to efficient purchasing and its popular deli and creamery, not much gets wasted at Bi-Rite. Still, the summer months can yield bumper crops of fruits and vegetables. So in June of 2013, Simley decided to give away some excess fruit through \u003ca href=\"http://www.cropmobster.com/\">CropMobster\u003c/a>, a web site co-founded and launched by Nick Papadopoulos, a Bi-Rite supplier and the General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomfieldfarmsorganics.com/\">Bloomfield Farms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to change the mindset that it’s acceptable for 40 percent of any industry to go to waste. Imagine if you saw 40 percent of smartphones going to the dump just as they're coming off the assembly line,\" said Papadopoulos, a management consultant who created CropMobster after seeing that a significant portion of each week's harvest wasn't being sold. Determined not to let the crops go to waste, he jumped onto Facebook and sent out texts to see if his network of friends and contacts would come to the rescue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impressed with the results of this digital experiment, Papadopoulos and his colleagues launched the CropMobster web site which has helped save more than 40 tons of food in the Bay Area. The site is easy to use, allowing just about anyone - including farmers, retailers and caterers - to sign up and post quick alerts about surplus food, nursery seedlings, even chickens in need of new homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s free to sign-up and use the site, CropMobster makes money through online tips and commissions - in the 10 to 20% range according to Papadopoulos - for growers who've used the application to quickly sell large amounts of perishable food, such as 10-pound cases of organic heirloom tomatoes and organic lemon cucumbers sold at 50% off by a Santa Rosa farm in late August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>DONATION: Organic Apricots and ACME Bread | Bi-Rite Market (San Francisco, CA) \u003ca href=\"http://t.co/i4vaub6w5P\">http://t.co/i4vaub6w5P\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— CropMobster™ (@CropMobster) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CropMobster/statuses/367031210213507072\">August 12, 2013\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"We need to have a system that is fast and that's where crowdsourcing and harnessing the power of the community is so critical in each situation of surplus and potential waste,\" Papadopoulos said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 15 miles from Bi-Rite, in Berkeley, California, shoppers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.andronicos.com/\">Andronico’s\u003c/a> are sifting through racks of organic, bagged apples and potatoes on sale for 50 cents a pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Andronico’s first began partnering with \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodstarpartners.com/how-it-works.html\">FoodStar\u003c/a>, a Bay Area start-up that helps retailers reduce food waste, in February 2013 when it set up a bin of slightly undersized Pink Lady apples. Customers heartily snapped up the bargain apples and soon Andronico’s began offering not only surplus produce grown by California farmers but also bags of potatoes, pears, oranges and other items which are slightly blemished or undersized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers learn about the “flash sales” of discounted produce three times a week at Andronico's five locations through weekly emails and the store's Facebook page . Chad Solari, the manager of Andronico’s produce and floral departments, said that the FoodStar offerings have reduced the store’s produce waste by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60822\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/704_FoodWaste_BKwok_Screen-shot-2013-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A screenshot announcing a recent FoodStar flash sale on Andronico's Facebook page. Image courtesy of Bridget Kwok. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot announcing a recent FoodStar flash sale on Andronico's Facebook page. Image courtesy of Bridget Kwok.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we all need to do as retailers and customers to try to reduce food waste is to think about it and put our heads together and find solutions. Our FoodStar program is a step in the right direction for the communities we serve,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows, there may even be a compelling business model around a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/21/222082247/trader-joes-ex-president-to-turn-expired-food-into-cheap-meals\">store which exclusively sells discounted foods nearing their sell-by dates. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against the backdrop of super-sized portions and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/opinion/bruni-hard-truths-about-our-soft-bodies.html\">a peculiarly American appetite for excess\u003c/a>, it's encouraging to see how retailers and startups are using the connective power of the web to speedily supply food to those in need or those simply craving a good bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the U.S., more than 30 million tons of food end up in landfills each year. The food waste occurs throughout the food chain, from farm to table. But now social media is being mobilized to rescue surplus food and keep it from going to waste. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a gray, foggy summer morning in San Francisco, Shakirah Simley is busily typing away at a computer in a loft space overlooking premium organic produce, prepared foods and artisanal groceries for sale at \u003ca href=\"http://www.biritemarket.com/\">Bi-Rite Market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 28-year-old former Fulbright scholar, cooking instructor and Community Coordinator for Bi-Rite is on a mission this morning: to give away 115 pounds of organic gold apricots and black seedless grapes to a local hunger-relief charity. Fifteen minutes later, a tweet alerts Simley that a volunteer from \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodrunners.org/\">Food Runners\u003c/a> is on his way to claim the fresh fruits which will be distributed within 24 hours to low-income residents in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59839\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.09.13_JV0A0043_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.09.13_JV0A0043_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shakirah Simley manages the community outreach and giving initiatives for Bi-Rite market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shakirah Simley manages the community outreach and giving initiatives for Bi-Rite market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's a stunningly effective demonstration of how the battle against food waste has shifted online, where Facebook, Twitter and startups are helping to nimbly crowdsource surplus food that would otherwise end up composted or worse - end up rotting in a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to efficient purchasing and its popular deli and creamery, not much gets wasted at Bi-Rite. Still, the summer months can yield bumper crops of fruits and vegetables. So in June of 2013, Simley decided to give away some excess fruit through \u003ca href=\"http://www.cropmobster.com/\">CropMobster\u003c/a>, a web site co-founded and launched by Nick Papadopoulos, a Bi-Rite supplier and the General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomfieldfarmsorganics.com/\">Bloomfield Farms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to change the mindset that it’s acceptable for 40 percent of any industry to go to waste. Imagine if you saw 40 percent of smartphones going to the dump just as they're coming off the assembly line,\" said Papadopoulos, a management consultant who created CropMobster after seeing that a significant portion of each week's harvest wasn't being sold. Determined not to let the crops go to waste, he jumped onto Facebook and sent out texts to see if his network of friends and contacts would come to the rescue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impressed with the results of this digital experiment, Papadopoulos and his colleagues launched the CropMobster web site which has helped save more than 40 tons of food in the Bay Area. The site is easy to use, allowing just about anyone - including farmers, retailers and caterers - to sign up and post quick alerts about surplus food, nursery seedlings, even chickens in need of new homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s free to sign-up and use the site, CropMobster makes money through online tips and commissions - in the 10 to 20% range according to Papadopoulos - for growers who've used the application to quickly sell large amounts of perishable food, such as 10-pound cases of organic heirloom tomatoes and organic lemon cucumbers sold at 50% off by a Santa Rosa farm in late August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>DONATION: Organic Apricots and ACME Bread | Bi-Rite Market (San Francisco, CA) \u003ca href=\"http://t.co/i4vaub6w5P\">http://t.co/i4vaub6w5P\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— CropMobster™ (@CropMobster) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CropMobster/statuses/367031210213507072\">August 12, 2013\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"We need to have a system that is fast and that's where crowdsourcing and harnessing the power of the community is so critical in each situation of surplus and potential waste,\" Papadopoulos said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 15 miles from Bi-Rite, in Berkeley, California, shoppers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.andronicos.com/\">Andronico’s\u003c/a> are sifting through racks of organic, bagged apples and potatoes on sale for 50 cents a pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Andronico’s first began partnering with \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodstarpartners.com/how-it-works.html\">FoodStar\u003c/a>, a Bay Area start-up that helps retailers reduce food waste, in February 2013 when it set up a bin of slightly undersized Pink Lady apples. Customers heartily snapped up the bargain apples and soon Andronico’s began offering not only surplus produce grown by California farmers but also bags of potatoes, pears, oranges and other items which are slightly blemished or undersized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers learn about the “flash sales” of discounted produce three times a week at Andronico's five locations through weekly emails and the store's Facebook page . Chad Solari, the manager of Andronico’s produce and floral departments, said that the FoodStar offerings have reduced the store’s produce waste by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60822\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/704_FoodWaste_BKwok_Screen-shot-2013-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A screenshot announcing a recent FoodStar flash sale on Andronico's Facebook page. Image courtesy of Bridget Kwok. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot announcing a recent FoodStar flash sale on Andronico's Facebook page. Image courtesy of Bridget Kwok.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we all need to do as retailers and customers to try to reduce food waste is to think about it and put our heads together and find solutions. Our FoodStar program is a step in the right direction for the communities we serve,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows, there may even be a compelling business model around a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/21/222082247/trader-joes-ex-president-to-turn-expired-food-into-cheap-meals\">store which exclusively sells discounted foods nearing their sell-by dates. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against the backdrop of super-sized portions and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/opinion/bruni-hard-truths-about-our-soft-bodies.html\">a peculiarly American appetite for excess\u003c/a>, it's encouraging to see how retailers and startups are using the connective power of the web to speedily supply food to those in need or those simply craving a good bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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