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"disqusTitle": "Improving Golf’s Environmental Scorecard",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf is a game of opposites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit the ball farther, relax. To send the ball higher, hit down on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of antithetical actions can work when it comes to golf course stewardship, too: to improve a course, superintendents should consider managing less, not more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_9660\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retention ponds are used to irrigate the golf course at NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf represents an easy target for environmentalists who call attention to the vast amounts of water, fertilizer, and chemicals used to maintain manicured courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, that’s the perception,” says David Hueber, onetime CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngf.org/\">National Golf Foundation\u003c/a>, who says his doctorate from Clemson University might be “the first Ph.D. in sustainable golf development and management.” According to Hueber, \"When it comes to an issue of sustainability, it kind of fits that perception that [golf courses] are not going to be good stewards. They use too much water, fertilizer, chemicals. It makes golf the pariah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that golf-course managers have long sought to reduce irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticide use, if only for economic reasons. Modern superintendents are often among the first to say that sustainable course management could be a win/win for the environment \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the club’s bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, take North Carolina’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinehurst.com/\">Pinehurst Resort\u003c/a>, which will be the home of the U.S. Open in 2014. Over the past three years the resort’s famed Pinehurst \u003ca href=\"http://www.golfclubatlas.com/courses-by-country/usa/pinehurst-no-2-2/\">No. 2 course has been restored\u003c/a> to what golfers call its “midcentury glory,” and what environmentalists call sustainable land management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/perspectives/pinehurst-no-2-goes-native/\">restoring Pinehurst No. 2\u003c/a>, the club made environmentally sound decisions based on economic principles. Cutting the irrigated acreage back from 90 to 50 acres saved mowing, irrigation, pesticide, and maintenance costs. Restoring maintained turf back to natural areas -- “no mow zones” as they are sometimes called -- provided habitat for species like the red-cockaded woodpecker. “We were the first private landowner to sign up for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program,” says Bob Farren, director of golf course and grounds management for the Pinehurst Resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60879\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60879 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU-485x360.jpg\" alt=\"The water coming off NC State University's golf course is cleaner than the water that runs onto it. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"340\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist with NC State University, says native species like the longleaf pine thrive at Lonnie Poole.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist and director of sustainability development at North Carolina State University, was initially suspicious of claims of environmentally sustainable courses. “I was that person looking in at golf courses saying they are so unsustainable, it is a joke to consider a golf course sustainable,” said Seth Carley. But she changed her tune after working with the designers of the university’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lonniepoolegolfcourse.com/\">Lonnie Poole golf course\u003c/a>. The university course uses reclaimed water for fairway irrigation and water from rainwater retention ponds for green irrigation, eliminating the need to use potable water. The course also boasts 50-foot buffers along all waterways, enabling Lonnie Poole to do something golf courses have long done but people do not necessarily appreciate: filter runoff water. “The water coming off the course is cleaner than the water running onto the course,” Seth Carley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some courses offer more than just cleaner water. NCSU’s Lonnie Poole is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/media-releases/poole-golf-course-receives-audubon-international-certification/\">certified Audubon International Signature Golf Course Sanctuary\u003c/a>, and Seth Carley said she’s seen the wildlife to prove it -- foxes, herons, raccoons, and beaver. “The deer don’t care whether the fairways are manicured,” she says. “They go out and forage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60882\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-60882\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The "rough" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\" width=\"344\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"rough\" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although a golf course is still a far cry from being the untouched wild area that it once was, bear in mind that many golf courses are built on abandoned agricultural land. “I tell people we’ve increased biodiversity,” said Seth Carley. “We have broomsedge and bluestem, warm season native grasses. The concept of the area is sort of old field progression.” Ironically, Seth Carley was criticized for reintroducing longleaf pine, the area’s original inhabitant, because post-agricultural North Carolina no longer supports that ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Course superintendents and environmentalists may come at the issue from different angles, but they all seem to advocate the same thing: more natural areas, more responsible use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides, and greater community access. “I say ‘wildlife habitat,’” said Seth Carley, “they don’t say that. They’re just thinking ‘I don’t want to mow, I don’t want to feed, I don’t want to manage that much grass.’”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "How thinking outside the (tee) box can help the environment, save money, and improve your golf game.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf is a game of opposites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit the ball farther, relax. To send the ball higher, hit down on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of antithetical actions can work when it comes to golf course stewardship, too: to improve a course, superintendents should consider managing less, not more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_9660\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retention ponds are used to irrigate the golf course at NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf represents an easy target for environmentalists who call attention to the vast amounts of water, fertilizer, and chemicals used to maintain manicured courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, that’s the perception,” says David Hueber, onetime CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngf.org/\">National Golf Foundation\u003c/a>, who says his doctorate from Clemson University might be “the first Ph.D. in sustainable golf development and management.” According to Hueber, \"When it comes to an issue of sustainability, it kind of fits that perception that [golf courses] are not going to be good stewards. They use too much water, fertilizer, chemicals. It makes golf the pariah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that golf-course managers have long sought to reduce irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticide use, if only for economic reasons. Modern superintendents are often among the first to say that sustainable course management could be a win/win for the environment \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the club’s bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, take North Carolina’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinehurst.com/\">Pinehurst Resort\u003c/a>, which will be the home of the U.S. Open in 2014. Over the past three years the resort’s famed Pinehurst \u003ca href=\"http://www.golfclubatlas.com/courses-by-country/usa/pinehurst-no-2-2/\">No. 2 course has been restored\u003c/a> to what golfers call its “midcentury glory,” and what environmentalists call sustainable land management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/perspectives/pinehurst-no-2-goes-native/\">restoring Pinehurst No. 2\u003c/a>, the club made environmentally sound decisions based on economic principles. Cutting the irrigated acreage back from 90 to 50 acres saved mowing, irrigation, pesticide, and maintenance costs. Restoring maintained turf back to natural areas -- “no mow zones” as they are sometimes called -- provided habitat for species like the red-cockaded woodpecker. “We were the first private landowner to sign up for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program,” says Bob Farren, director of golf course and grounds management for the Pinehurst Resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60879\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60879 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU-485x360.jpg\" alt=\"The water coming off NC State University's golf course is cleaner than the water that runs onto it. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"340\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist with NC State University, says native species like the longleaf pine thrive at Lonnie Poole.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist and director of sustainability development at North Carolina State University, was initially suspicious of claims of environmentally sustainable courses. “I was that person looking in at golf courses saying they are so unsustainable, it is a joke to consider a golf course sustainable,” said Seth Carley. But she changed her tune after working with the designers of the university’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lonniepoolegolfcourse.com/\">Lonnie Poole golf course\u003c/a>. The university course uses reclaimed water for fairway irrigation and water from rainwater retention ponds for green irrigation, eliminating the need to use potable water. The course also boasts 50-foot buffers along all waterways, enabling Lonnie Poole to do something golf courses have long done but people do not necessarily appreciate: filter runoff water. “The water coming off the course is cleaner than the water running onto the course,” Seth Carley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some courses offer more than just cleaner water. NCSU’s Lonnie Poole is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/media-releases/poole-golf-course-receives-audubon-international-certification/\">certified Audubon International Signature Golf Course Sanctuary\u003c/a>, and Seth Carley said she’s seen the wildlife to prove it -- foxes, herons, raccoons, and beaver. “The deer don’t care whether the fairways are manicured,” she says. “They go out and forage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60882\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-60882\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The "rough" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\" width=\"344\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"rough\" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although a golf course is still a far cry from being the untouched wild area that it once was, bear in mind that many golf courses are built on abandoned agricultural land. “I tell people we’ve increased biodiversity,” said Seth Carley. “We have broomsedge and bluestem, warm season native grasses. The concept of the area is sort of old field progression.” Ironically, Seth Carley was criticized for reintroducing longleaf pine, the area’s original inhabitant, because post-agricultural North Carolina no longer supports that ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Course superintendents and environmentalists may come at the issue from different angles, but they all seem to advocate the same thing: more natural areas, more responsible use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides, and greater community access. “I say ‘wildlife habitat,’” said Seth Carley, “they don’t say that. They’re just thinking ‘I don’t want to mow, I don’t want to feed, I don’t want to manage that much grass.’”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?",
"title": "Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?",
"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford Solar Car Races Across Australian Desert",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford solar car race image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Just as co-eds are getting wrapped up in college football, a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are dusting the sand off their shirts after a week in the Australian outback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team designed, built, and raced a solar-powered car 1,864 miles from the edge of northern Australia to the southern port of Adelaide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty-eight teams made up of high school and college students from 24 countries competed in the cross-continental race, which promotes advanced solar-power technology that could fuel cars of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-62235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map-270x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Race Map\" width=\"270\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Stanford took fourth in the biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsolarchallenge.org/\">Bridgestone World Solar Challenge\u003c/a> behind the Netherland’s \u003ca href=\"http://home.tudelft.nl/en/\">Delft University of Technology\u003c/a>, which placed first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although there is no cash prize, the first team to cross the finish line wins more than bragging rights. Many of these students go on to accept coveted engineering job offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford students that participated in the past were offered jobs and internships with prestigious companies like Tesla Motors, Apple and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team spent two years designing and building \u003ca href=\"http://solarcar.stanford.edu/\">Luminos\u003c/a>, a carbon fiber car that can travel up to 70 mph and is powered almost entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the race the car averaged between 40 and 55 mph due to overcast skies and rain that often blocked the sunlight.\u003cbr>\nIn addition to the overall design, the students built an original motor for the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Most teams just buy kits as an off the shelf solution to motor design but our team actually developed our own,” said recent Stanford graduate and team director, Wesley Ford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn a lot from designing and building almost everything on our car and we place a very high value on that,” said Jason Trinidad, an undeclared sophomore who took turns driving the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may cost us in placing in the race, [but] it does produce exceptional engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has 50 members who pitched in throughout the process, while 16 traveled to Australia. Stanford first participated in the challenge in 1989 and Luminos will be the team’s eleventh entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professors say that students had guidance but no actual participation from faculty or professionals. The race is a chance for students to get their hands dirty and advance alternative energy technology at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good that challenge is in the title. It pushes the envelope and now things that weren’t possible before are possible today,” said Stanford lecturer and team advisor Sven Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62247\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62247\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford students stand behind their design Luminos which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford students stand behind their car (Luminos) which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night. The blazing sun, although necessary to power the car, provides other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Outback is hot, lotta flies, not very comfortable place to be when you’re driving,” Ford said. Students on the solar team put in four-hour shifts driving in 90 degree weather, jammed in their single passenger car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will probably come to a sense of, ‘Oh, you know what, a car that actually has air conditioning or a nice stereo or something like that, that makes a lot of sense,'” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the race encouraged more practical or useful designs that included four wheels and a roomier inside; previous vehicles had two wheels and barely enough room for the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Super efficiency is one thing, but to get consumers to subscribe to a high efficiency vehicle, that’s a whole different story,” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hc1eup37S-A]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford solar car race image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Just as co-eds are getting wrapped up in college football, a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are dusting the sand off their shirts after a week in the Australian outback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team designed, built, and raced a solar-powered car 1,864 miles from the edge of northern Australia to the southern port of Adelaide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty-eight teams made up of high school and college students from 24 countries competed in the cross-continental race, which promotes advanced solar-power technology that could fuel cars of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-62235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map-270x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Race Map\" width=\"270\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Stanford took fourth in the biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsolarchallenge.org/\">Bridgestone World Solar Challenge\u003c/a> behind the Netherland’s \u003ca href=\"http://home.tudelft.nl/en/\">Delft University of Technology\u003c/a>, which placed first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although there is no cash prize, the first team to cross the finish line wins more than bragging rights. Many of these students go on to accept coveted engineering job offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford students that participated in the past were offered jobs and internships with prestigious companies like Tesla Motors, Apple and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team spent two years designing and building \u003ca href=\"http://solarcar.stanford.edu/\">Luminos\u003c/a>, a carbon fiber car that can travel up to 70 mph and is powered almost entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the race the car averaged between 40 and 55 mph due to overcast skies and rain that often blocked the sunlight.\u003cbr>\nIn addition to the overall design, the students built an original motor for the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Most teams just buy kits as an off the shelf solution to motor design but our team actually developed our own,” said recent Stanford graduate and team director, Wesley Ford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn a lot from designing and building almost everything on our car and we place a very high value on that,” said Jason Trinidad, an undeclared sophomore who took turns driving the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may cost us in placing in the race, [but] it does produce exceptional engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has 50 members who pitched in throughout the process, while 16 traveled to Australia. Stanford first participated in the challenge in 1989 and Luminos will be the team’s eleventh entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professors say that students had guidance but no actual participation from faculty or professionals. The race is a chance for students to get their hands dirty and advance alternative energy technology at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good that challenge is in the title. It pushes the envelope and now things that weren’t possible before are possible today,” said Stanford lecturer and team advisor Sven Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62247\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62247\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford students stand behind their design Luminos which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford students stand behind their car (Luminos) which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night. The blazing sun, although necessary to power the car, provides other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Outback is hot, lotta flies, not very comfortable place to be when you’re driving,” Ford said. Students on the solar team put in four-hour shifts driving in 90 degree weather, jammed in their single passenger car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will probably come to a sense of, ‘Oh, you know what, a car that actually has air conditioning or a nice stereo or something like that, that makes a lot of sense,'” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the race encouraged more practical or useful designs that included four wheels and a roomier inside; previous vehicles had two wheels and barely enough room for the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Super efficiency is one thing, but to get consumers to subscribe to a high efficiency vehicle, that’s a whole different story,” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Hc1eup37S-A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Hc1eup37S-A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The future of home design is in a box. At least, that’s where 100 \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are placing their bets. They’ve constructed a mechanical room that powers a house like the engine of a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students have spent thousands of hours over the past two years designing and creating a prefabricated home on campus that they hope will win top honors at the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">Department of Energy\u003c/a>’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/contests.html\">Solar Decathlon Competition\u003c/a> that kicks off in Irvine, CA on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've waited so long for this moment,\" said graduate student \u003ca href=\"http://tedx.stanford.edu/2013/speakers/derek-ouyang/\">Derek Ouyang\u003c/a>, project manager of the Stanford team. \"I'm excited and exhausted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61556 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Irvine just two days before the competition. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, CA before the contest starts on Oct 3. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every two years, hundreds of teams from around the world submit proposals. Only 20 teams, however, are invited to compete in the home-building event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is no official prize, placing first in any one of ten categories all but guarantees a job offer from a prestigious architecture firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOE provided $100,000 in seed funding for each team and Stanford fund-raised an additional $1 million for construction, labor and material. Ouyang values the house at about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other California teams, including Santa Clara University, the University of Southern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/team_sci_arc_caltech.html\">Southern California Institute of Architecture and California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>, are also competing in event, which runs through October 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is Stanford’s first entry in the competition. Participating students have backgrounds in everything from computer science to product design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 students participated in building Stanford's “\u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">Start.Home\u003c/a>”, though roughly 20 have worked continuously on the project. None of the students had ever built a house before and many had never even hammered a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61559\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61559 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior-546x360.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\" width=\"382\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To fulfill the DOE requirements of a creating 1,000 square foot solar-powered home that is attractive, affordable and energy-efficient, Stanford decided to rethink how prefabricated homes are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most prefab homes come in a limited number of sizes and styles, Stanford’s team decided to create a house that could expand to meet a family's needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a unit that contains a majority of the house’s mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems in a “core,” the homeowner could build rooms around this central fixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 180 square foot core attaches to a kitchen counter and appliances, a bathroom and a laundry room, so all that’s needed, the students say, are additional living spaces—as many as the homeowner desires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With this design everything arrives on site ready to go,\" said graduate student and construction team leader Rob Best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You build rooms around the core and just as a family grows, the house can grow with you because you can always add on more rooms that connect to the core.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61471 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford's main innovative is a "core" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford's main innovative is a \"core\" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core has a pump that filters used water from the kitchen sink and shower (known as graywater), and sends it to a vegetable garden in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121220143405.htm\">special layer of paint\u003c/a> covering the core removes nitrogen oxides --major components of smog--from the air. Ouyang said it’s the equivalent of removing two cars from the road every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels cover the roof of the house so that the home is a net-zero energy building, which means it generates all its power from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the house even greener, the students salvaged wood from old homes in the Bay Area for the walls and floor, and put a living wall made out of plants in the bathroom to purify the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to encourage sustainable behavior, the students installed an iPad on the wall of the core that tells users about their water and energy consumption. It allows the homeowner to set goals and compare his or her energy use with neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people actually want to behave in a more sustainable way, the issue is just convenience,” said alum and design team leader Jason Bade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the invisible visible was a key part of the team’s strategy; the outlets on the walls glow red if they aren’t turned “off” and the team created a central switch that prevents energy from going to the sockets when appliances are not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people don’t realize that plugged-in appliances like toasters and blenders are still using energy even when they are just sitting on the counter,” Bade said. “We’re trying to make saving energy almost a no-brainer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students built the home on campus, then took it apart and moved it to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocgp.org/\">Orange County Great Park\u003c/a> for the competition, which was no easy feat. The handicap ramp leading to the entrance was too steep in some sections and the students had to rebuild it on-site in Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the contest coincides with the first week of classes. Ouyang said very few students traveled to Irvine, making re-assembly quite difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having enough manpower has been really tough,\" Ouyang said. \"We've been working from 7 a.m. to midnight for eight days straight, barely finishing the house in time for Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the competition, the Start.Home will be re-assembled on Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve and provide a new home for the resident ranger and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Ouyang. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 10/13/13\u003c/strong> – Stanford placed fifth overall. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The future of home design is in a box. At least, that’s where 100 \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are placing their bets. They’ve constructed a mechanical room that powers a house like the engine of a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students have spent thousands of hours over the past two years designing and creating a prefabricated home on campus that they hope will win top honors at the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">Department of Energy\u003c/a>’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/contests.html\">Solar Decathlon Competition\u003c/a> that kicks off in Irvine, CA on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've waited so long for this moment,\" said graduate student \u003ca href=\"http://tedx.stanford.edu/2013/speakers/derek-ouyang/\">Derek Ouyang\u003c/a>, project manager of the Stanford team. \"I'm excited and exhausted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61556 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Irvine just two days before the competition. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, CA before the contest starts on Oct 3. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every two years, hundreds of teams from around the world submit proposals. Only 20 teams, however, are invited to compete in the home-building event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is no official prize, placing first in any one of ten categories all but guarantees a job offer from a prestigious architecture firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOE provided $100,000 in seed funding for each team and Stanford fund-raised an additional $1 million for construction, labor and material. Ouyang values the house at about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other California teams, including Santa Clara University, the University of Southern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/team_sci_arc_caltech.html\">Southern California Institute of Architecture and California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>, are also competing in event, which runs through October 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is Stanford’s first entry in the competition. Participating students have backgrounds in everything from computer science to product design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 students participated in building Stanford's “\u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">Start.Home\u003c/a>”, though roughly 20 have worked continuously on the project. None of the students had ever built a house before and many had never even hammered a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61559\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61559 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior-546x360.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\" width=\"382\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To fulfill the DOE requirements of a creating 1,000 square foot solar-powered home that is attractive, affordable and energy-efficient, Stanford decided to rethink how prefabricated homes are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most prefab homes come in a limited number of sizes and styles, Stanford’s team decided to create a house that could expand to meet a family's needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a unit that contains a majority of the house’s mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems in a “core,” the homeowner could build rooms around this central fixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 180 square foot core attaches to a kitchen counter and appliances, a bathroom and a laundry room, so all that’s needed, the students say, are additional living spaces—as many as the homeowner desires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With this design everything arrives on site ready to go,\" said graduate student and construction team leader Rob Best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You build rooms around the core and just as a family grows, the house can grow with you because you can always add on more rooms that connect to the core.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61471 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford's main innovative is a "core" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford's main innovative is a \"core\" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core has a pump that filters used water from the kitchen sink and shower (known as graywater), and sends it to a vegetable garden in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121220143405.htm\">special layer of paint\u003c/a> covering the core removes nitrogen oxides --major components of smog--from the air. Ouyang said it’s the equivalent of removing two cars from the road every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels cover the roof of the house so that the home is a net-zero energy building, which means it generates all its power from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the house even greener, the students salvaged wood from old homes in the Bay Area for the walls and floor, and put a living wall made out of plants in the bathroom to purify the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to encourage sustainable behavior, the students installed an iPad on the wall of the core that tells users about their water and energy consumption. It allows the homeowner to set goals and compare his or her energy use with neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people actually want to behave in a more sustainable way, the issue is just convenience,” said alum and design team leader Jason Bade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the invisible visible was a key part of the team’s strategy; the outlets on the walls glow red if they aren’t turned “off” and the team created a central switch that prevents energy from going to the sockets when appliances are not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people don’t realize that plugged-in appliances like toasters and blenders are still using energy even when they are just sitting on the counter,” Bade said. “We’re trying to make saving energy almost a no-brainer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students built the home on campus, then took it apart and moved it to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocgp.org/\">Orange County Great Park\u003c/a> for the competition, which was no easy feat. The handicap ramp leading to the entrance was too steep in some sections and the students had to rebuild it on-site in Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the contest coincides with the first week of classes. Ouyang said very few students traveled to Irvine, making re-assembly quite difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having enough manpower has been really tough,\" Ouyang said. \"We've been working from 7 a.m. to midnight for eight days straight, barely finishing the house in time for Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the competition, the Start.Home will be re-assembled on Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve and provide a new home for the resident ranger and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Ouyang. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 10/13/13\u003c/strong> – Stanford placed fifth overall. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60124\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\" alt=\"XBD201108-01182-110.TIF\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil scientist Margaret Torn conducting fieldwork on microbes in the soil near Council, Alaska. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Jennifer Huber— Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the northernmost city of the United States—Barrow, Alaska—the treeless, flat tundra looks stark and forbidding to many people. The permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is only capable of supporting plants like moss, heather, and lichen, and the temperatures can drop to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">However, this tundra is a mecca for climate scientists like Margaret Torn, co-lead of the Climate and Carbon Sciences Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> (Berkeley Lab).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>\"[Alaskan permafrost] has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right\" --soil scientist Margaret Torn\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Torn just returned from performing field experiments near Barrow. She is part of the 10-year \u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment\u003c/a>, a large collaboration among scientists and engineers who are trying to better understand the Arctic’s terrestrial ecosystem so they can improve vital climate predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists are finding \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10040-012-0939-y\">new ways\u003c/a> to study this complex ecosystem, including looking deep into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is a big mystery,” explains Torn. “We don’t understand why soil holds so much carbon. And we don’t understand how a warming climate will affect soils, the question being whether a warming climate will result in carbon transferring from soils to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, creating additional global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are an important part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bAuCfaNYNE\">carbon cycle\u003c/a>. In the natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is taken up by plants and photosynthesized. If the plants aren’t harvested for food or fuel, they decay and their organic matter makes its way to the soil. There, it is processed by tiny microbes—bacteria and fungi—that release the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are critical because they store about 2.3 \u003cem>trillion\u003c/em> tons of carbon—more than twice as much as the atmosphere or vegetation. In comparison, burning fossil fuels releases about 9 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are also a long-term reservoir of carbon. Carbon cycles very slowly deep in the soil, where it can remain for 50,000 years. So, a critical question is, how long will soils contain these rich deposits of carbon? Will the carbon stay put or will it enter the atmosphere in the near future, greatly amplifying climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic’s tundra is an area that is particularly worrisome. Cold temperatures suppress microbial growth, which helps trap the vast stores of carbon in the soil. But global warming is causing the permafrost to thaw, triggering the microbes to become active and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\" alt=\"Equipment that measures greenhouse gas fluxes from the tundra into the atmosphere.\" width=\"277\" height=\"369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equipment Torn and her team use to sample greenhouse gases flowing from the land to the atmosphere. They later determine how old the carbon is in these gas samples using carbon-14 dating. Photo: Margaret Torn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Torn’s group drills wells in the Alaskan ground to directly measure the flow of carbon dioxide and methane from the land to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They measure these gas flows in areas where the permafrost is intact and where it is thawing, trying to understand the environmental variables that are controlling the release of greenhouse gases. They see very high methane concentrations in areas where the permafrost is thawing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this summer they found that in some areas specialized microbes consume this methane before it is released, so carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is good news for the environment because carbon dioxide is a less potent greenhouse gas than methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also take soil core samples from different regions in Barrow and then incubate them at different temperatures at Berkeley Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They find that each handful of soil has thousands of different kinds of microbes and billions of cells that respond differently to the environment. They also determine the age of the carbon in the samples by using \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/carbon-14.htm\">carbon-14 dating\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve seen this summer is that the carbon that is being decomposed just above the permafrost is more than 2,500 years old,” says Torn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, this place that we’re studying has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results have been validated by other recent experiments, but they contradict the old belief that carbon hidden deep in soil will remain there forever due to the soil’s material properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The field is evolving rapidly. We’re trying to unravel the mystery of why we see older carbon in the soil, trying to create a more realistic view,” explains Torn. “It is more complex. It’s the interaction between the entire ecosystem and the material properties that’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the more complicated, realistic view makes climate modeling more challenging. Climate models are computer programs that simulate how the climate has changed in the past and how it will change in the future. They are critical to understanding our planet and how to limit the impact of human activity upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists know that their climate models are wrong when it comes to soil carbon. This is why scientists need new data, like the data they’re acquiring in Alaska, to test and improve their models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can do so much better than we’re doing,” says Torn. “So, we feel pretty confident that we can make improvements. It may not be perfect, but our work is going to make predictions more robust and believable.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Recent measurements show that the billions of tons of old carbon hidden deep in the earth may release into the atmosphere, greatly accelerating climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60124\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\" alt=\"XBD201108-01182-110.TIF\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil scientist Margaret Torn conducting fieldwork on microbes in the soil near Council, Alaska. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Jennifer Huber— Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the northernmost city of the United States—Barrow, Alaska—the treeless, flat tundra looks stark and forbidding to many people. The permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is only capable of supporting plants like moss, heather, and lichen, and the temperatures can drop to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">However, this tundra is a mecca for climate scientists like Margaret Torn, co-lead of the Climate and Carbon Sciences Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> (Berkeley Lab).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>\"[Alaskan permafrost] has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right\" --soil scientist Margaret Torn\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Torn just returned from performing field experiments near Barrow. She is part of the 10-year \u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment\u003c/a>, a large collaboration among scientists and engineers who are trying to better understand the Arctic’s terrestrial ecosystem so they can improve vital climate predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists are finding \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10040-012-0939-y\">new ways\u003c/a> to study this complex ecosystem, including looking deep into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is a big mystery,” explains Torn. “We don’t understand why soil holds so much carbon. And we don’t understand how a warming climate will affect soils, the question being whether a warming climate will result in carbon transferring from soils to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, creating additional global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are an important part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bAuCfaNYNE\">carbon cycle\u003c/a>. In the natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is taken up by plants and photosynthesized. If the plants aren’t harvested for food or fuel, they decay and their organic matter makes its way to the soil. There, it is processed by tiny microbes—bacteria and fungi—that release the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are critical because they store about 2.3 \u003cem>trillion\u003c/em> tons of carbon—more than twice as much as the atmosphere or vegetation. In comparison, burning fossil fuels releases about 9 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are also a long-term reservoir of carbon. Carbon cycles very slowly deep in the soil, where it can remain for 50,000 years. So, a critical question is, how long will soils contain these rich deposits of carbon? Will the carbon stay put or will it enter the atmosphere in the near future, greatly amplifying climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic’s tundra is an area that is particularly worrisome. Cold temperatures suppress microbial growth, which helps trap the vast stores of carbon in the soil. But global warming is causing the permafrost to thaw, triggering the microbes to become active and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\" alt=\"Equipment that measures greenhouse gas fluxes from the tundra into the atmosphere.\" width=\"277\" height=\"369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equipment Torn and her team use to sample greenhouse gases flowing from the land to the atmosphere. They later determine how old the carbon is in these gas samples using carbon-14 dating. Photo: Margaret Torn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Torn’s group drills wells in the Alaskan ground to directly measure the flow of carbon dioxide and methane from the land to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They measure these gas flows in areas where the permafrost is intact and where it is thawing, trying to understand the environmental variables that are controlling the release of greenhouse gases. They see very high methane concentrations in areas where the permafrost is thawing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this summer they found that in some areas specialized microbes consume this methane before it is released, so carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is good news for the environment because carbon dioxide is a less potent greenhouse gas than methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also take soil core samples from different regions in Barrow and then incubate them at different temperatures at Berkeley Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They find that each handful of soil has thousands of different kinds of microbes and billions of cells that respond differently to the environment. They also determine the age of the carbon in the samples by using \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/carbon-14.htm\">carbon-14 dating\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve seen this summer is that the carbon that is being decomposed just above the permafrost is more than 2,500 years old,” says Torn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, this place that we’re studying has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results have been validated by other recent experiments, but they contradict the old belief that carbon hidden deep in soil will remain there forever due to the soil’s material properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The field is evolving rapidly. We’re trying to unravel the mystery of why we see older carbon in the soil, trying to create a more realistic view,” explains Torn. “It is more complex. It’s the interaction between the entire ecosystem and the material properties that’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the more complicated, realistic view makes climate modeling more challenging. Climate models are computer programs that simulate how the climate has changed in the past and how it will change in the future. They are critical to understanding our planet and how to limit the impact of human activity upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists know that their climate models are wrong when it comes to soil carbon. This is why scientists need new data, like the data they’re acquiring in Alaska, to test and improve their models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can do so much better than we’re doing,” says Torn. “So, we feel pretty confident that we can make improvements. It may not be perfect, but our work is going to make predictions more robust and believable.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited.jpg\" alt=\"13-09-10 QUEST Groundwater Wars - Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px edited\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boat launch at Long Lake, near Plainfield, no longer reaches the water. In Wisconsin's Central Sands, some lakes and streams have lowered or dried up in recent years as the number of high-capacity wells has mushroomed, largely for irrigation. Kate Golden/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a state with about 15,000 lakes and more than a quadrillion gallons of groundwater, it's hard to believe that water could ever be in short supply. But across central Wisconsin, in a region known as the Central Sands, residents have watched water levels in lakes and small streams drop for years. Experts say the culprit is largely the burgeoning number of high-capacity wells, primarily for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some, the question is this: Who needs the water more — the potato plants or the trout?\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“We view ourselves as good guys, we’re raising the food, we’re getting dirty doing it, we listen to cowboy songs on the radio, how can we be to blame for anything? It’s not easy confronting that we just might be the bull in the china shop.”\u003c/em> — Justin Isherwood, a Central Wisconsin vegetable grower with about a dozen high-capacity wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters Kate Prengaman and Kate Golden from the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism cover the story; \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/projects/groundwater-concerns/\">Water war pits Wisconsin farms against fish\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/CentralSands_wells3.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/CentralSands_wells3.gif\" alt=\"CentralSands_wells3\" width=\"450\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of high capacity wells in the Central Sands area of Wisconsin has significantly increased since 1963.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": " In a state with more than a quadrillion gallons of groundwater, central Wisconsin residents have watched water levels in streams and lakes drop for years-- where did the water go?",
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"disqusTitle": "Revitalizing Grasslands, One Steak at a Time",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\" alt=\"Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of the world’s land is turning to desert, thanks largely to the steak on your plate. That’s the conventional wisdom, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades people have pointed to overgrazing by cattle as the main cause of desertification. When animals overgraze, they strip the land of native grasses, leading to erosion of the topsoil from wind and storms. These parched landscapes become incapable of supporting the livestock or wild animals that once lived there -- a situation that has led to famine and conflict in developing nations around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if livestock could be used in a way that actually revitalizes landscapes and mitigates the impacts of climate change? It’s a counterintuitive and controversial idea that has the environmental community buzzing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59719 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership-451x360.jpg\" alt=\"desertification, Savory Institute, Allan Savory\" width=\"282\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea’s unlikely champion is Allan Savory, a 77-year-old biologist, farmer, and former politician. In the 1950s, he was responsible for the slaughter of tens of thousands of wild African elephants. Like many ecologists of the time, Savory believed elephants were destroying the African savanna, and by thinning the herds the grasslands would rebound. So Savory persuaded the government of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) to cull more than 40,000 elephants, but the grasslands continued to wither.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through this tragic experiment Savory unlocked what he believes is the key to saving grasslands and reversing desertification. Savory’s method, known as holistic planned grazing, calls for managing livestock in ways that mimic the prehistoric herds that once roamed the earth, fortifying grasslands with the pounding of their hooves and nutrient-rich manure. The cattle’s natural movement patterns and activities, Savory claims, spur the regrowth of carbon-sequestering grasslands. And if done on a large enough scale, these grasses could not only absorb enough carbon to offset the methane produced by livestock but also help combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no alternative to address the massive environmental malfunctioning over so much of the world that is desertifying,” Savory said. “Only livestock properly managed can do what is required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59725\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59725 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\" alt=\"Savory9_TimLindenbaum\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Tim Lindenbaum\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Savory, winner of the 2003 Banksia International Award and the 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge, runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savoryinstitute.com/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to spreading the practice. But it wasn’t until \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI\">Savory’s TED talk\u003c/a> in February 2013 that this method attracted mainstream attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned grazing has its share of critics, with some claiming the practice doesn’t scale well and others questioning the research supporting it. Savory has faced this criticism for decades but remains unfazed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To rectify the damaging ways of agriculture we have all the knowledge we need,” he said. “And as more and more people adopt planned grazing practices, the tide is finally beginning to turn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\" alt=\"Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of the world’s land is turning to desert, thanks largely to the steak on your plate. That’s the conventional wisdom, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades people have pointed to overgrazing by cattle as the main cause of desertification. When animals overgraze, they strip the land of native grasses, leading to erosion of the topsoil from wind and storms. These parched landscapes become incapable of supporting the livestock or wild animals that once lived there -- a situation that has led to famine and conflict in developing nations around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if livestock could be used in a way that actually revitalizes landscapes and mitigates the impacts of climate change? It’s a counterintuitive and controversial idea that has the environmental community buzzing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59719 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership-451x360.jpg\" alt=\"desertification, Savory Institute, Allan Savory\" width=\"282\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea’s unlikely champion is Allan Savory, a 77-year-old biologist, farmer, and former politician. In the 1950s, he was responsible for the slaughter of tens of thousands of wild African elephants. Like many ecologists of the time, Savory believed elephants were destroying the African savanna, and by thinning the herds the grasslands would rebound. So Savory persuaded the government of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) to cull more than 40,000 elephants, but the grasslands continued to wither.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through this tragic experiment Savory unlocked what he believes is the key to saving grasslands and reversing desertification. Savory’s method, known as holistic planned grazing, calls for managing livestock in ways that mimic the prehistoric herds that once roamed the earth, fortifying grasslands with the pounding of their hooves and nutrient-rich manure. The cattle’s natural movement patterns and activities, Savory claims, spur the regrowth of carbon-sequestering grasslands. And if done on a large enough scale, these grasses could not only absorb enough carbon to offset the methane produced by livestock but also help combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no alternative to address the massive environmental malfunctioning over so much of the world that is desertifying,” Savory said. “Only livestock properly managed can do what is required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59725\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59725 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\" alt=\"Savory9_TimLindenbaum\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Tim Lindenbaum\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Savory, winner of the 2003 Banksia International Award and the 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge, runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savoryinstitute.com/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to spreading the practice. But it wasn’t until \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI\">Savory’s TED talk\u003c/a> in February 2013 that this method attracted mainstream attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned grazing has its share of critics, with some claiming the practice doesn’t scale well and others questioning the research supporting it. Savory has faced this criticism for decades but remains unfazed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To rectify the damaging ways of agriculture we have all the knowledge we need,” he said. “And as more and more people adopt planned grazing practices, the tide is finally beginning to turn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vpTHi7O66pI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vpTHi7O66pI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Meet the Natives: Wild Bees",
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"content": "\u003cp>Before I met \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/\">Claudio Gratton\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, my idea of a “bee” was a little striped insect that lives in a hive and makes honey, pollinating the flowers whose nectar it collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Gratton, the honeybee that I’m imagining is only one of a huge, diverse -- and largely unknown -- set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/the-buzz-on-native-bees/\">bee species\u003c/a> on the planet. Despite their ubiquity in North America, honeybees are a European import.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of other pollinators out there,” explains Gratton. The 500 or 600 wild bee species that live in Wisconsin are only a fraction of the 4,000 native to the United States. But because they tend to be solitary, aren’t easily managed, and don’t produce honey, they’ve mostly flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw some of these native bees neatly pinned in glass cases in Gratton’s lab. They range from big, fluffy bumblebees to tiny creatures barely larger than the head of the pin skewering them. Some are iridescent -- almost otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59185 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h-414x360.jpg\" alt=\"Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program. \" width=\"331\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/\">USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much more than just eye-catching novelties, native bees could be the key to avoiding an impending agricultural crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We rely on honeybees to pollinate about three-quarters of the world’s food. Crops like almonds, apples, onions, and blueberries all need animals like insects and bats to ferry pollen from anther to stigma. Most commercial farmers rent honeybee hives each year to provide pollination services. But over the last decade the honeybee population has been devastated by an onslaught of agricultural chemicals, diseases, parasites, and climate-change-induced shifts in plant behavior. In combination, these forces cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/honeybee-decline.html\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, which has claimed a third of the nation’s honeybees every year for the last seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could wild, native bees step into the breach and offer the same agricultural support long provided by honeybees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using native pollinators as a substitute for honeybees is something we’re looking at,” Gratton says. After all, before European settlers arrived with their straw beehives in the 17th century, wild bees and other native pollinators turned America’s flowers into food. Based on Gratton’s studies of cranberry farms in Wisconsin (the country’s largest cranberry producer), they may be doing it again. Some cranberry farmers can get a good yield without bringing in any honeybees at all. A study in New Jersey found similar results for watermelons. In fact, some recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348685/description/Native_pollinators_boost_crop_yields_worldwide\">data\u003c/a> suggest that wild bees may be even more efficient pollinators than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can farmers encourage wild bees to pollinate crops? \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecology-Letters.pdf\">Studies\u003c/a> suggest that strategies like planting small patches of other flowering plants among crops, avoiding pesticides and herbicides, and planning crop rotations to ensure blossoms throughout the season can all encourage native-pollinator activity. But perhaps most critical, says Gratton, is keeping agricultural landscapes diverse. Because wild bees depend on natural landscapes for habitat and food, interspersing fields with uncultivated areas like grasslands and forests can actually increase crop yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Gratton points out, “We often think of these areas as wastelands, as unproductive environments, when in fact they’re very productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if farmers are able to attract native bees, one of the key questions is whether or not these bees will be able to sidestep the challenges facing honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is “maybe.” In honeybee colonies, tens of thousands of bees pick up an array of pesticides and herbicides as the hives are trucked around the country chasing blooming crops. These chemicals get commingled and concentrated in the food fed to the queen bee and her young. This can create a toxic cocktail that wipes out generations of larvae. But most native bees tend to be loners. A single bee feeding only her own offspring might be able to avoid the disastrous effects of concentrating and combining agricultural chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these are new questions, and the answers won’t reveal themselves without much more data, which can be difficult for researchers to collect. Wild bees’ solitary habits make them especially challenging to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things I would love to do,” says Gratton, “is to have eyes everywhere in the landscape.” But even if you can find them, bee species are tricky to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yorku.ca/bugsrus/BFoW/Images/Introduction/Introduction.html\">tell apart\u003c/a> -- even for experts -- so Gratton is working with colleagues in the engineering department to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://idbee.ece.wisc.edu\">computer program\u003c/a> that can identify a bee’s species just by looking at the veins on its wings. He’s hoping that one day this technology will become a mobile app, so anyone anywhere could snap a cell phone picture and help entomologists like Gratton make sure that native pollinators keep on pollinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Gratton and his students troop into the landscape with low-tech equipment, trapping bees with insect nets, bowls of soapy water, and simulated nests made out of bamboo. They painstakingly catalog the insects they catch. And they hope that the data they collect will shed light on the promise that native pollinators can help build sustainable agricultural systems -- with or without honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The United States is home to some 4,000 native bee species. In this video, entomologist Claudio Gratton explores whether these wild pollinators can keep agriculture buzzing as honeybee populations struggle to survive. ",
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"description": "The United States is home to some 4,000 native bee species. In this video, entomologist Claudio Gratton explores whether these wild pollinators can keep agriculture buzzing as honeybee populations struggle to survive. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Before I met \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/\">Claudio Gratton\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, my idea of a “bee” was a little striped insect that lives in a hive and makes honey, pollinating the flowers whose nectar it collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Gratton, the honeybee that I’m imagining is only one of a huge, diverse -- and largely unknown -- set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/the-buzz-on-native-bees/\">bee species\u003c/a> on the planet. Despite their ubiquity in North America, honeybees are a European import.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of other pollinators out there,” explains Gratton. The 500 or 600 wild bee species that live in Wisconsin are only a fraction of the 4,000 native to the United States. But because they tend to be solitary, aren’t easily managed, and don’t produce honey, they’ve mostly flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw some of these native bees neatly pinned in glass cases in Gratton’s lab. They range from big, fluffy bumblebees to tiny creatures barely larger than the head of the pin skewering them. Some are iridescent -- almost otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59185 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h-414x360.jpg\" alt=\"Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program. \" width=\"331\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/\">USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much more than just eye-catching novelties, native bees could be the key to avoiding an impending agricultural crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We rely on honeybees to pollinate about three-quarters of the world’s food. Crops like almonds, apples, onions, and blueberries all need animals like insects and bats to ferry pollen from anther to stigma. Most commercial farmers rent honeybee hives each year to provide pollination services. But over the last decade the honeybee population has been devastated by an onslaught of agricultural chemicals, diseases, parasites, and climate-change-induced shifts in plant behavior. In combination, these forces cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/honeybee-decline.html\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, which has claimed a third of the nation’s honeybees every year for the last seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could wild, native bees step into the breach and offer the same agricultural support long provided by honeybees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using native pollinators as a substitute for honeybees is something we’re looking at,” Gratton says. After all, before European settlers arrived with their straw beehives in the 17th century, wild bees and other native pollinators turned America’s flowers into food. Based on Gratton’s studies of cranberry farms in Wisconsin (the country’s largest cranberry producer), they may be doing it again. Some cranberry farmers can get a good yield without bringing in any honeybees at all. A study in New Jersey found similar results for watermelons. In fact, some recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348685/description/Native_pollinators_boost_crop_yields_worldwide\">data\u003c/a> suggest that wild bees may be even more efficient pollinators than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can farmers encourage wild bees to pollinate crops? \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecology-Letters.pdf\">Studies\u003c/a> suggest that strategies like planting small patches of other flowering plants among crops, avoiding pesticides and herbicides, and planning crop rotations to ensure blossoms throughout the season can all encourage native-pollinator activity. But perhaps most critical, says Gratton, is keeping agricultural landscapes diverse. Because wild bees depend on natural landscapes for habitat and food, interspersing fields with uncultivated areas like grasslands and forests can actually increase crop yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Gratton points out, “We often think of these areas as wastelands, as unproductive environments, when in fact they’re very productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if farmers are able to attract native bees, one of the key questions is whether or not these bees will be able to sidestep the challenges facing honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is “maybe.” In honeybee colonies, tens of thousands of bees pick up an array of pesticides and herbicides as the hives are trucked around the country chasing blooming crops. These chemicals get commingled and concentrated in the food fed to the queen bee and her young. This can create a toxic cocktail that wipes out generations of larvae. But most native bees tend to be loners. A single bee feeding only her own offspring might be able to avoid the disastrous effects of concentrating and combining agricultural chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these are new questions, and the answers won’t reveal themselves without much more data, which can be difficult for researchers to collect. Wild bees’ solitary habits make them especially challenging to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things I would love to do,” says Gratton, “is to have eyes everywhere in the landscape.” But even if you can find them, bee species are tricky to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yorku.ca/bugsrus/BFoW/Images/Introduction/Introduction.html\">tell apart\u003c/a> -- even for experts -- so Gratton is working with colleagues in the engineering department to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://idbee.ece.wisc.edu\">computer program\u003c/a> that can identify a bee’s species just by looking at the veins on its wings. He’s hoping that one day this technology will become a mobile app, so anyone anywhere could snap a cell phone picture and help entomologists like Gratton make sure that native pollinators keep on pollinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Gratton and his students troop into the landscape with low-tech equipment, trapping bees with insect nets, bowls of soapy water, and simulated nests made out of bamboo. They painstakingly catalog the insects they catch. And they hope that the data they collect will shed light on the promise that native pollinators can help build sustainable agricultural systems -- with or without honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ",
"title": "Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n",
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"description": "In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Penguin Sentinels",
"title": "Penguin Sentinels",
"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science- Web series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Penguin Sentinels\" was produced by QUEST Northwest's Jo Ardinger.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say “penguin” and the images that come to mind are of frost-covered penguin couples struggling to raise their chicks in sub-zero temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, these aquatic flightless birds thrive in temperate -- even equatorial -- climates as well. For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In this short video, we travel with conservation biologist Dee Boersma to the Galapagos Islands where she works to support a population of temperate penguins that are being impacted by climate change.",
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"description": "In this short video, we travel with conservation biologist Dee Boersma to the Galapagos Islands where she works to support a population of temperate penguins that are being impacted by climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Penguin Sentinels\" was produced by QUEST Northwest's Jo Ardinger.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say “penguin” and the images that come to mind are of frost-covered penguin couples struggling to raise their chicks in sub-zero temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, these aquatic flightless birds thrive in temperate -- even equatorial -- climates as well. For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Wetlands Nature's Best Defense Against Sea Level Rise?",
"title": "Are Wetlands Nature's Best Defense Against Sea Level Rise?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57690 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide. Photo by Michael Filippoff\" width=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg 1672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1672px) 100vw, 1672px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide in December 2012. Photo by Michael Filippoff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Northern California coordinating producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lindseyhoshaw/\">Lindsey Hoshaw\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://woods.stanford.edu/news-events/news/best-defense-against-catastrophic-storms-mother-nature\">new report\u003c/a> from Stanford University indicates that conserving wetlands is critical to defending coastal communities from a rising sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nearly 50 percent of the nation’s population projected to live in coastal counties by 2020, sea level rise could affect millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level is rising because the ocean is warming, which increases the ocean volume, and also because ice sheets and glaciers are melting. Storm surges and ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/resources/\">king tides\u003c/a>,’ the highest tides of the year, can contribute to short-term coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global sea level is predicted to rise 3 feet by 2100, but that number can vary widely in \u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Videos/Sea-level-Rise\">different geographic locations\u003c/a> where the land is either rising or sinking and may be tectonically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, sea level is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13389&page=89\">predicted to rise\u003c/a> by at least 1 foot, and could rise by \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/sea-level-rise.html\">up to 5 feet\u003c/a>, since it is situated on several fault lines. Over the last century, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/30/bay-area-wetlands-slowly-drowning-as-seas-rise/\">sea level in the Bay Area\u003c/a> has already increased by 7 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need to look in the future, Highway 101 is flooded every year,” Heidi Nutters from the San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On-ramps to Highway 101 in Sausalito are flooded every year by king tides. “Sea level rise and storms that cause flooding will only get worse in the future because of climate change,” Nutters said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-57717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\" alt=\"horizontal levee\" width=\"480\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nTo prepare for the deluge, land managers, planners, scientists and engineers are already working to explore and develop possible solutions. One option involves using wetlands as natural buffers against sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">Wetlands\u003c/a> have been shown to be really effective at buffering sea level rise and flooding,” said Hilary Papendick, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> Coastal Management Fellow. “Not only do they have benefits for water quality but they also provide habitat for different species,” Papendick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, more than 80 percent of intertidal habitat around the bay, that might have been useful as a buffer to rising tides, has been lost to development. It has been diked and drained for salt production and farming, or filled, paved and turned into highways, railroads, and sewage treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Lowe, a wetlands scientist with consulting firm \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science Associates website\" href=\"http://esassoc.com/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Science Associates,\u003c/a> is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">Bay Institute\u003c/a> to evaluate the concept of \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levees, San Francisco Estuary Institute\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/estuary-news/the-laid-back-levee/\" target=\"_blank\">“horizontal levees”\u003c/a> in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\" alt='The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit by the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com' width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg 1586w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit from the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A “horizontal levee” is an expanded marshland in front of a manmade levee. By maintaining a wide tidal marsh in front of a manmade levee, urban areas are buffered from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the marshland on the seaside of the levee can decrease the size and power of the incoming waves. It can also serve to buffer the incoming water and decrease the wear and tear on the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowlands, wetlands and mud flats have formed a resilient shoreline for a long time,” Lowe said. “We’re trying to incorporate these features into our planning of an urban estuary in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe’s firm, along with state agencies, utilities, universities and other consulting groups are collaborating on a \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levee, Oro Loma Sanitary District\" href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/engineering/projects/Treatment%20Wetland%20and%20Ecotone%20Project%20-%20Feasibility%20Study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">demonstration project\u003c/a> for a horizontal levee led by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/\">Oro Loma Sanitary District\u003c/a>. Though it’s still in the developmental phase, Lowe hopes that such demonstrations will allow this and similar concepts to be tested, refined and implemented on a larger scale in the next couple of decades. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered species, such as California Clapper Rail and Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, could also benefit from the additional habitat, helping to improve their chances of rebuilding sustainable populations.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-07-11T11:45\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the horizontal levee moves from concept to demonstration, it becomes one more tool in the toolbox to consider in preparing for sea level rise. But Lowe notes that it will take more than wetland restoration to fully combat sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a silver bullet, but it buys us some time,” Lowe said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Restoring marshlands along the shore of San Francisco Bay may be the key to protecting communities from rising sea level and it may lend a helping hand to some endangered species, too. \r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57690 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide. Photo by Michael Filippoff\" width=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg 1672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1672px) 100vw, 1672px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide in December 2012. Photo by Michael Filippoff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Northern California coordinating producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lindseyhoshaw/\">Lindsey Hoshaw\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://woods.stanford.edu/news-events/news/best-defense-against-catastrophic-storms-mother-nature\">new report\u003c/a> from Stanford University indicates that conserving wetlands is critical to defending coastal communities from a rising sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nearly 50 percent of the nation’s population projected to live in coastal counties by 2020, sea level rise could affect millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level is rising because the ocean is warming, which increases the ocean volume, and also because ice sheets and glaciers are melting. Storm surges and ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/resources/\">king tides\u003c/a>,’ the highest tides of the year, can contribute to short-term coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global sea level is predicted to rise 3 feet by 2100, but that number can vary widely in \u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Videos/Sea-level-Rise\">different geographic locations\u003c/a> where the land is either rising or sinking and may be tectonically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, sea level is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13389&page=89\">predicted to rise\u003c/a> by at least 1 foot, and could rise by \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/sea-level-rise.html\">up to 5 feet\u003c/a>, since it is situated on several fault lines. Over the last century, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/30/bay-area-wetlands-slowly-drowning-as-seas-rise/\">sea level in the Bay Area\u003c/a> has already increased by 7 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need to look in the future, Highway 101 is flooded every year,” Heidi Nutters from the San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On-ramps to Highway 101 in Sausalito are flooded every year by king tides. “Sea level rise and storms that cause flooding will only get worse in the future because of climate change,” Nutters said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-57717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\" alt=\"horizontal levee\" width=\"480\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nTo prepare for the deluge, land managers, planners, scientists and engineers are already working to explore and develop possible solutions. One option involves using wetlands as natural buffers against sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">Wetlands\u003c/a> have been shown to be really effective at buffering sea level rise and flooding,” said Hilary Papendick, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> Coastal Management Fellow. “Not only do they have benefits for water quality but they also provide habitat for different species,” Papendick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, more than 80 percent of intertidal habitat around the bay, that might have been useful as a buffer to rising tides, has been lost to development. It has been diked and drained for salt production and farming, or filled, paved and turned into highways, railroads, and sewage treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Lowe, a wetlands scientist with consulting firm \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science Associates website\" href=\"http://esassoc.com/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Science Associates,\u003c/a> is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">Bay Institute\u003c/a> to evaluate the concept of \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levees, San Francisco Estuary Institute\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/estuary-news/the-laid-back-levee/\" target=\"_blank\">“horizontal levees”\u003c/a> in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\" alt='The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit by the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com' width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg 1586w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit from the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A “horizontal levee” is an expanded marshland in front of a manmade levee. By maintaining a wide tidal marsh in front of a manmade levee, urban areas are buffered from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the marshland on the seaside of the levee can decrease the size and power of the incoming waves. It can also serve to buffer the incoming water and decrease the wear and tear on the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowlands, wetlands and mud flats have formed a resilient shoreline for a long time,” Lowe said. “We’re trying to incorporate these features into our planning of an urban estuary in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe’s firm, along with state agencies, utilities, universities and other consulting groups are collaborating on a \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levee, Oro Loma Sanitary District\" href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/engineering/projects/Treatment%20Wetland%20and%20Ecotone%20Project%20-%20Feasibility%20Study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">demonstration project\u003c/a> for a horizontal levee led by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/\">Oro Loma Sanitary District\u003c/a>. Though it’s still in the developmental phase, Lowe hopes that such demonstrations will allow this and similar concepts to be tested, refined and implemented on a larger scale in the next couple of decades. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered species, such as California Clapper Rail and Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, could also benefit from the additional habitat, helping to improve their chances of rebuilding sustainable populations.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-07-11T11:45\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the horizontal levee moves from concept to demonstration, it becomes one more tool in the toolbox to consider in preparing for sea level rise. But Lowe notes that it will take more than wetland restoration to fully combat sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a silver bullet, but it buys us some time,” Lowe said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57421\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57421\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lee, Russell, 1903-1986, photographer.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World War II salvage site in Butte, Montana. Photo by Russell Lee, 1942.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 164px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans-164x253.jpg\" alt=\"By McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942\" width=\"164\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WWII poster by McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Matt Shipman - Raleigh, NC\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States was very good at recycling during World War II. It was our patriotic duty. Families brought everything from scrap metal to old tires in to collection centers where they were used to make supplies for the war effort. But when the war ended, so did recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the late 1940s to the early 1970s, Americans were making (and buying) things but not recycling them. We made refrigerators the size of cars and cars the size of boats. And when a product was broken, or even if it wasn’t, it was thrown away. Used cars, refrigerators, mountains of cans, and countless other household products found their way into junkyards and landfills. Now, we may want them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: resources, such as metals, are becoming more and more expensive. A pound of copper set you back less than a dollar in 2000. Since then, copper prices have more than tripled, reaching a high of $3.92 per pound in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is likely that, in the distant future, landfills will become very valuable sources of many raw materials,” says Jamie Caswell, a spokesperson for the National Mining Association. “We are not there yet, though -- at least not in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other countries \u003cstrong>are \u003c/strong>there. The Belgian waste management company Group Machiels has \u003ca href=\"http://www.machiels.com/company-detail.aspx?ID=885c55e0-f3b6-4fe6-aa25-1fa7bfc312dd\">announced plans\u003c/a> to mine a landfill east of Brussels. Group Machiels estimates that 45 percent of the material in the landfill can be recycled, with the remainder to be converted into gas that can be used as a fuel source -- calling to mind images of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HYoq6vIVXc\">Doc Brown fueling his time machine\u003c/a> in the film \u003cstrong>Back to the Future\u003c/strong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The process, called \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/plasma-converter.htm\">plasmification\u003c/a>, uses extremely high temperatures to break organic material down into a sort of synthetic version of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57448\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Trashmore encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: King Kong 911 (link to flickr page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Trashmore Park encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\">King Kong 911\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What obstacles exist to landfill mining in the United States? For one thing, many older landfill sites have been developed, making them essentially inaccessible for mining operations. For example, in the 1970s, a landfill in Virginia Beach, Virginia was turned into a popular 165-acre recreation area called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks-trails/city-parks/Pages/mount-trashmore-park.aspx\">Mount Trashmore Park. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is the lack of precedent: with no federal landfill-mining laws on the books, there is uncertainty about how the process might be regulated. And companies hate uncertainty -- it’s hard to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, as any fan of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_Wars\">\u003cstrong>Storage Wars\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>will tell you, there is always a risk when bidding on something sight unseen. Companies want assurance that they will turn a profit, and that depends on what exactly is buried in a landfill. If it contains a lot of metal, it might be a good investment. If it’s full of old sofas and polystyrene fast-food containers, it is more likely to lose money. And if the mining uncovers asbestos or other hazardous materials, a company could find itself saddled with the costly task of disposing of hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that we don’t have a lot of information about what exactly is in our landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is only in recent years that accurate knowledge, and then only in broad terms, is available to assess what wastes a landfill site may contain,” according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iswa.org%2Findex.php%3FeID%3Dtx_iswaknowledgebase_download%26documentUid%3D3154&ei=RFK7UbmTOY3w8ATiiYCIAQ&usg=AFQjCNERHnQyaTPdML4wUfOagculUy4swg&sig2=y_S9E-f\">an issue paper\u003c/a> on landfill mining released by the International Solid Waste Association. And since those evaluation techniques are essential to estimate both profit and risk, they may need to improve before companies opt to pursue landfill mining in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if the cost of metals continues to rise, some companies may decide the risk is worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We made use of old materials in the 1940s because it was the patriotic thing to do. We may do the same in the 21st century because it is the practical thing to do. It might even be profitable, and there’s nothing more American than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 535px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57451 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image-535x360.jpg\" alt=\"UN Photo/Evan Schneider\" width=\"535\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Americans generate 250 million tons of trash each year, according to the EPA. United Nations photo by Evan Schneider\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57421\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57421\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lee, Russell, 1903-1986, photographer.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World War II salvage site in Butte, Montana. Photo by Russell Lee, 1942.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 164px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans-164x253.jpg\" alt=\"By McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942\" width=\"164\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WWII poster by McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Matt Shipman - Raleigh, NC\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States was very good at recycling during World War II. It was our patriotic duty. Families brought everything from scrap metal to old tires in to collection centers where they were used to make supplies for the war effort. But when the war ended, so did recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the late 1940s to the early 1970s, Americans were making (and buying) things but not recycling them. We made refrigerators the size of cars and cars the size of boats. And when a product was broken, or even if it wasn’t, it was thrown away. Used cars, refrigerators, mountains of cans, and countless other household products found their way into junkyards and landfills. Now, we may want them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: resources, such as metals, are becoming more and more expensive. A pound of copper set you back less than a dollar in 2000. Since then, copper prices have more than tripled, reaching a high of $3.92 per pound in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is likely that, in the distant future, landfills will become very valuable sources of many raw materials,” says Jamie Caswell, a spokesperson for the National Mining Association. “We are not there yet, though -- at least not in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other countries \u003cstrong>are \u003c/strong>there. The Belgian waste management company Group Machiels has \u003ca href=\"http://www.machiels.com/company-detail.aspx?ID=885c55e0-f3b6-4fe6-aa25-1fa7bfc312dd\">announced plans\u003c/a> to mine a landfill east of Brussels. Group Machiels estimates that 45 percent of the material in the landfill can be recycled, with the remainder to be converted into gas that can be used as a fuel source -- calling to mind images of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HYoq6vIVXc\">Doc Brown fueling his time machine\u003c/a> in the film \u003cstrong>Back to the Future\u003c/strong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The process, called \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/plasma-converter.htm\">plasmification\u003c/a>, uses extremely high temperatures to break organic material down into a sort of synthetic version of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57448\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Trashmore encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: King Kong 911 (link to flickr page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Trashmore Park encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\">King Kong 911\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What obstacles exist to landfill mining in the United States? For one thing, many older landfill sites have been developed, making them essentially inaccessible for mining operations. For example, in the 1970s, a landfill in Virginia Beach, Virginia was turned into a popular 165-acre recreation area called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks-trails/city-parks/Pages/mount-trashmore-park.aspx\">Mount Trashmore Park. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is the lack of precedent: with no federal landfill-mining laws on the books, there is uncertainty about how the process might be regulated. And companies hate uncertainty -- it’s hard to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, as any fan of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_Wars\">\u003cstrong>Storage Wars\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>will tell you, there is always a risk when bidding on something sight unseen. Companies want assurance that they will turn a profit, and that depends on what exactly is buried in a landfill. If it contains a lot of metal, it might be a good investment. If it’s full of old sofas and polystyrene fast-food containers, it is more likely to lose money. And if the mining uncovers asbestos or other hazardous materials, a company could find itself saddled with the costly task of disposing of hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that we don’t have a lot of information about what exactly is in our landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is only in recent years that accurate knowledge, and then only in broad terms, is available to assess what wastes a landfill site may contain,” according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iswa.org%2Findex.php%3FeID%3Dtx_iswaknowledgebase_download%26documentUid%3D3154&ei=RFK7UbmTOY3w8ATiiYCIAQ&usg=AFQjCNERHnQyaTPdML4wUfOagculUy4swg&sig2=y_S9E-f\">an issue paper\u003c/a> on landfill mining released by the International Solid Waste Association. And since those evaluation techniques are essential to estimate both profit and risk, they may need to improve before companies opt to pursue landfill mining in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if the cost of metals continues to rise, some companies may decide the risk is worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We made use of old materials in the 1940s because it was the patriotic thing to do. We may do the same in the 21st century because it is the practical thing to do. It might even be profitable, and there’s nothing more American than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 535px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57451 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image-535x360.jpg\" alt=\"UN Photo/Evan Schneider\" width=\"535\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Americans generate 250 million tons of trash each year, according to the EPA. United Nations photo by Evan Schneider\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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