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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-55762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg\" alt=\"recycling_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think about recycling, you may picture newspapers stacked neatly on your curb for pickup, or those ubiquitous blue bins around your office filled with bottles and cans. But items like papers, plastics and glass represent only a fraction of what we could be recycling. Across America, landfills are still expanding rapidly. One of the major culprits is the debris from housing construction and demolition—much of which could actually be recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People understand it’s not right to just throw things away,” says Robert Chapman, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.warmtraining.org/wordpress/home/\">WARM Training Center\u003c/a>. “If you’re going to recycle a water bottle, how about recycling houses? It’s the same idea.” WARM Training Center is a Detroit-based nonprofit that trains building professionals and others in an effort to establish a local green-building workforce. In 2011, they founded \u003ca href=\"http://reclaimingdetroit.org/\">Reclaim Detroit\u003c/a>, a subsidiary nonprofit with a mission to divert construction and demolition material from landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55765\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg\" alt=\"A worker from Reclaim Detroit salvages wood from a vacant home. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker from Reclaim Detroit removes wood from a vacant home. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Detroit, a city that epitomizes the slow and steady decline of the U.S. manufacturing industry, the residential vacancy rate hovers near 30% and neighborhoods have been hollowed out. “Detroit, in 1960, was a city of almost 2 million people. Right now, it’s estimated around 750,000,” says Chapman. Left jobless by shuttered manufacturers, people fled, leaving tens of thousands of vacant homes in their wake. In this context, demolition is often seen as a welcome alternative to blight. But, according to Chapman, demolition is not the only solution. “There are a lot of homes that were built in the 1910s, 20s and 30s—when Detroit was really booming—that were really solidly built. Instead of pushing a house down and throwing it into a big hole, if we can take it apart carefully and find ways to reuse that, we can give them new life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55708 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg\" alt=\"What parts of a house can be recycled?\" width=\"576\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As opposed to demolition, which implies reducing a structure to rubble, the process that Chapman’s company employs is more like reverse assembly. It’s a careful and time-consuming approach, which is being dubbed as “deconstruction” by practitioners. “Deconstruction is more of a hands-on approach to razing a structure,” says Igor Rae. Rae owns\u003ca href=\"http://www.greendeconstructionservices.net/\"> Green Deconstruction\u003c/a> further south in Cleveland, a city which has also felt the effects of population loss. “It’s all being done by hand and you’re really kind of reverse-engineering a house. You’re taking things apart in a backwards way from how it was built.” Rae, who has worked in residential restoration and remodeling for 25 years, started Green Deconstruction for projects that range from “soft stripping” —salvaging a few prime architectural elements—to a full home deconstruction, which can recycle as much as 250-300 tons or 85-90% of a house. “This is a good way of handling old items without clogging up landfills. I’ve always hated, in the decades that I’ve been in the construction business, throwing out certain things,” says Rae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg\" alt=\"flooring\" width=\"414\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salvaged wood in the Reclaim Detroit warehouse. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One material that’s especially hard to part with is the old-growth lumber found in many older Rustbelt homes. “I heard someone say once that our old-growth forests are still standing, but they’re standing inside of houses,” says Robert Chapman. Rare timbers like Douglas fir, poplar, cherry and oak line windows, make up doors and often form the frames of older homes. According to Igor Rae, old-growth timbers are extremely stable dimensionally, are more rot-resistant and have a lifespan that far exceeds the fast-growth wood that is prevalent today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-55708 \">For the right person, these homes are a goldmine, but finding the right person—or, more accurately, the right \u003cem>people\u003c/em>—is still a challenge. Says Rae, “We’re doing our little part, but there’s a whole world out there. Frankly, we need more people that want things made out of old stuff or who want to recycle things. That’s what is, ultimately, going to drive the business.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-55762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg\" alt=\"recycling_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think about recycling, you may picture newspapers stacked neatly on your curb for pickup, or those ubiquitous blue bins around your office filled with bottles and cans. But items like papers, plastics and glass represent only a fraction of what we could be recycling. Across America, landfills are still expanding rapidly. One of the major culprits is the debris from housing construction and demolition—much of which could actually be recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People understand it’s not right to just throw things away,” says Robert Chapman, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.warmtraining.org/wordpress/home/\">WARM Training Center\u003c/a>. “If you’re going to recycle a water bottle, how about recycling houses? It’s the same idea.” WARM Training Center is a Detroit-based nonprofit that trains building professionals and others in an effort to establish a local green-building workforce. In 2011, they founded \u003ca href=\"http://reclaimingdetroit.org/\">Reclaim Detroit\u003c/a>, a subsidiary nonprofit with a mission to divert construction and demolition material from landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55765\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg\" alt=\"A worker from Reclaim Detroit salvages wood from a vacant home. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker from Reclaim Detroit removes wood from a vacant home. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Detroit, a city that epitomizes the slow and steady decline of the U.S. manufacturing industry, the residential vacancy rate hovers near 30% and neighborhoods have been hollowed out. “Detroit, in 1960, was a city of almost 2 million people. Right now, it’s estimated around 750,000,” says Chapman. Left jobless by shuttered manufacturers, people fled, leaving tens of thousands of vacant homes in their wake. In this context, demolition is often seen as a welcome alternative to blight. But, according to Chapman, demolition is not the only solution. “There are a lot of homes that were built in the 1910s, 20s and 30s—when Detroit was really booming—that were really solidly built. Instead of pushing a house down and throwing it into a big hole, if we can take it apart carefully and find ways to reuse that, we can give them new life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55708 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg\" alt=\"What parts of a house can be recycled?\" width=\"576\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As opposed to demolition, which implies reducing a structure to rubble, the process that Chapman’s company employs is more like reverse assembly. It’s a careful and time-consuming approach, which is being dubbed as “deconstruction” by practitioners. “Deconstruction is more of a hands-on approach to razing a structure,” says Igor Rae. Rae owns\u003ca href=\"http://www.greendeconstructionservices.net/\"> Green Deconstruction\u003c/a> further south in Cleveland, a city which has also felt the effects of population loss. “It’s all being done by hand and you’re really kind of reverse-engineering a house. You’re taking things apart in a backwards way from how it was built.” Rae, who has worked in residential restoration and remodeling for 25 years, started Green Deconstruction for projects that range from “soft stripping” —salvaging a few prime architectural elements—to a full home deconstruction, which can recycle as much as 250-300 tons or 85-90% of a house. “This is a good way of handling old items without clogging up landfills. I’ve always hated, in the decades that I’ve been in the construction business, throwing out certain things,” says Rae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg\" alt=\"flooring\" width=\"414\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salvaged wood in the Reclaim Detroit warehouse. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One material that’s especially hard to part with is the old-growth lumber found in many older Rustbelt homes. “I heard someone say once that our old-growth forests are still standing, but they’re standing inside of houses,” says Robert Chapman. Rare timbers like Douglas fir, poplar, cherry and oak line windows, make up doors and often form the frames of older homes. According to Igor Rae, old-growth timbers are extremely stable dimensionally, are more rot-resistant and have a lifespan that far exceeds the fast-growth wood that is prevalent today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-55708 \">For the right person, these homes are a goldmine, but finding the right person—or, more accurately, the right \u003cem>people\u003c/em>—is still a challenge. Says Rae, “We’re doing our little part, but there’s a whole world out there. Frankly, we need more people that want things made out of old stuff or who want to recycle things. That’s what is, ultimately, going to drive the business.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Debate Over on Climate Change, Says Chief UN Climate Negotiator ",
"title": "Debate Over on Climate Change, Says Chief UN Climate Negotiator ",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55193\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Tom Hawk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Watching the golden toad disappear from Costa Rican rainforests had a lasting impression on Figueres. Photo by Tom Hawk\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Christiana Figueres\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Hailing from a family with two former presidents of Costa Rica, Christiana Figueres was primed to tackle daunting political challenges, head on. Figueres first found her footing as the founder of the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas. Now, as the executive secretary of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/2860.php\">\u003cem>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, she travels internationally helping countries agree upon strategies to limit greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> On \u003cstrong>\u003cem>a recent visit to San Francisco, she attended a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvent.com/events/navigating-the-american-carbon-world/event-summary-370741f03c8c4363b1865ec6bb8e96c3.aspx?i=b980a317-eb6f-4eb5-b6bd-57c1a0437b45\">carbon market conference\u003c/a> to talk about California's cap and trade program, which went into effect last year.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55207 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\" alt=\"Figueres profile resized\" width=\"184\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg 1417w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-400x534.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-1180x1574.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 184px) 100vw, 184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figueres has been the executive secretary of the UNFCCC since 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is your role with the U.N. and what are in you in town for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[My role is] to support governments in their ongoing efforts to reach agreements with each other about how they’re going to address climate change. I’m in California to recognize California’s leadership with their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade program\u003c/a> because it is quite unique for the U.S. that a state has moved forward with a market-based solution to their climate policy. Covering 85 percent of the state's greenhouse gas emissions, and second in size only to the European Union system, the robustness of California's program cannot be denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the value of California’s leadership if there are so few followers? Isn’t there a danger that it’s all going to be too little too late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there is that danger but that’s not the only possibility. We have so many more extreme weather events that are really making this issue no longer a debate. Every single country is being affected and every single country is realizing that—in their own interest—they need to address this. There is no more compelling evidence of this than the joint working group between the United States and China. If you had asked anybody four years ago, three years ago, two years ago: will the United States and China ever come to the table on climate change to try to find joint collaborative solutions, it would have been a hard sell to say yes. Here we have a joint working group of the United States and China, not because they necessarily are looking at the global benefit, but because they are motivated by avoiding the national impacts that they are already seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So you think cap and trade can work as a policy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 362px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55248 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\" alt=\"Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thouught to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\" width=\"362\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg 603w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thought to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, it has been proven to work in the \u003ca href=\"http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm\">European Union\u003c/a>, that is the oldest cap and trade system, and it is a model that is being experimented with in many other countries as well. So yes, I think it is a policy of choice that will be used by many countries, and many subnational governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Many would suggest that with the pace of climate change, that there’s just no way we’re going to reign in warming at the two-degree level, what’s your take on that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been, over the past 12 months, at least four studies that have looked at this issue and looked at the fact that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and that should this continue as a business as usual scenario, that it would be impossible to reach that two-degree target. However, every single one of those studies also says that there is no reason why we have to continue along that business as usual route. Every single one of those studies says we have number one, the technology, number two, the capital and number three, the human ingenuity to change business as usual and make a serious dent in addressing climate change. So I still am heartened that we will be able to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was environmental sustainability something that you remember discussing around the family dinner table at an early age?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the dinner table--no, because I don’t think the concept of sustainability was something that was around in the 1960s and ’70s. That came later. What was always a discussion at the dinner table was how do you structure societies and economic systems in order to benefit those that are most vulnerable. That is not very different from what we’re doing in the climate arena. It’s very clear that there are a group of countries that are least responsible for climate change and they are the most vulnerable. The \u003ca href=\"http://aosis.org/\">low-lying island states\u003c/a> are those that have the least responsibility and they are the most vulnerable because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer/\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. And so our progress and our success in meeting climate change needs to be measured against how well are we protecting the future of those that are most vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate change is unlike other environmental issues because it’s intangible. What’s—\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[INTERRUPTS]\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Intangible? It is anything but intangible. Tangible is \u003ca href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=sandy\">[Hurricane] Sandy\u003c/a>, tangible is sea level rise that is completely swamping populations. Tangible is the fact that the farming belt in the United States went bankrupt last year and that had a huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/08/30/severe-droughts-drive-food-prices-higher-threatening-poor\">spike in food prices\u003c/a> across the world. So it’s very tangible, it’s just very distributed across the world. In that sense it’s difficult to pinpoint with one single finger because the effects are not just seen in one single country, they are seen everywhere.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When was first time you feel like you really saw the impact of climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was about 12 or 13 and my parents took me to a rainforest in Costa Rica where there was an endemic \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=D00A\">golden frog\u003c/a> that was a beautiful species. By the time I was married and had children, the species of frog had disappeared because of the increasing temperatures [caused by climate change]. The fact that I have seen the disappearance of a species in my lifetime has left me marked. I now realize that the planet I am leaving to my children is visibly diminished from the planet I inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To that point, what would you say to students—the generations that will inherit the problems we’re facing now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re going to have to finish fixing this problem. The only things we oldies can do right now is identify the possibilities of what the solutions will be, but there is no doubt we’re handing over a very serious problem to the next generation and they’re going to have to step up and be the ones that finish the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited. Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A United Nations expert recalls the exact moment she first witnessed the impact of climate change–and sees a concerted global effort as the only way to turn down the heat.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55193\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Tom Hawk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Watching the golden toad disappear from Costa Rican rainforests had a lasting impression on Figueres. Photo by Tom Hawk\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Christiana Figueres\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Hailing from a family with two former presidents of Costa Rica, Christiana Figueres was primed to tackle daunting political challenges, head on. Figueres first found her footing as the founder of the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas. Now, as the executive secretary of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/2860.php\">\u003cem>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, she travels internationally helping countries agree upon strategies to limit greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> On \u003cstrong>\u003cem>a recent visit to San Francisco, she attended a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvent.com/events/navigating-the-american-carbon-world/event-summary-370741f03c8c4363b1865ec6bb8e96c3.aspx?i=b980a317-eb6f-4eb5-b6bd-57c1a0437b45\">carbon market conference\u003c/a> to talk about California's cap and trade program, which went into effect last year.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55207 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\" alt=\"Figueres profile resized\" width=\"184\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg 1417w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-400x534.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-1180x1574.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 184px) 100vw, 184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figueres has been the executive secretary of the UNFCCC since 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is your role with the U.N. and what are in you in town for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[My role is] to support governments in their ongoing efforts to reach agreements with each other about how they’re going to address climate change. I’m in California to recognize California’s leadership with their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade program\u003c/a> because it is quite unique for the U.S. that a state has moved forward with a market-based solution to their climate policy. Covering 85 percent of the state's greenhouse gas emissions, and second in size only to the European Union system, the robustness of California's program cannot be denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the value of California’s leadership if there are so few followers? Isn’t there a danger that it’s all going to be too little too late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there is that danger but that’s not the only possibility. We have so many more extreme weather events that are really making this issue no longer a debate. Every single country is being affected and every single country is realizing that—in their own interest—they need to address this. There is no more compelling evidence of this than the joint working group between the United States and China. If you had asked anybody four years ago, three years ago, two years ago: will the United States and China ever come to the table on climate change to try to find joint collaborative solutions, it would have been a hard sell to say yes. Here we have a joint working group of the United States and China, not because they necessarily are looking at the global benefit, but because they are motivated by avoiding the national impacts that they are already seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So you think cap and trade can work as a policy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 362px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55248 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\" alt=\"Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thouught to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\" width=\"362\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg 603w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thought to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, it has been proven to work in the \u003ca href=\"http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm\">European Union\u003c/a>, that is the oldest cap and trade system, and it is a model that is being experimented with in many other countries as well. So yes, I think it is a policy of choice that will be used by many countries, and many subnational governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Many would suggest that with the pace of climate change, that there’s just no way we’re going to reign in warming at the two-degree level, what’s your take on that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been, over the past 12 months, at least four studies that have looked at this issue and looked at the fact that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and that should this continue as a business as usual scenario, that it would be impossible to reach that two-degree target. However, every single one of those studies also says that there is no reason why we have to continue along that business as usual route. Every single one of those studies says we have number one, the technology, number two, the capital and number three, the human ingenuity to change business as usual and make a serious dent in addressing climate change. So I still am heartened that we will be able to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was environmental sustainability something that you remember discussing around the family dinner table at an early age?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the dinner table--no, because I don’t think the concept of sustainability was something that was around in the 1960s and ’70s. That came later. What was always a discussion at the dinner table was how do you structure societies and economic systems in order to benefit those that are most vulnerable. That is not very different from what we’re doing in the climate arena. It’s very clear that there are a group of countries that are least responsible for climate change and they are the most vulnerable. The \u003ca href=\"http://aosis.org/\">low-lying island states\u003c/a> are those that have the least responsibility and they are the most vulnerable because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer/\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. And so our progress and our success in meeting climate change needs to be measured against how well are we protecting the future of those that are most vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate change is unlike other environmental issues because it’s intangible. What’s—\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[INTERRUPTS]\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Intangible? It is anything but intangible. Tangible is \u003ca href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=sandy\">[Hurricane] Sandy\u003c/a>, tangible is sea level rise that is completely swamping populations. Tangible is the fact that the farming belt in the United States went bankrupt last year and that had a huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/08/30/severe-droughts-drive-food-prices-higher-threatening-poor\">spike in food prices\u003c/a> across the world. So it’s very tangible, it’s just very distributed across the world. In that sense it’s difficult to pinpoint with one single finger because the effects are not just seen in one single country, they are seen everywhere.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When was first time you feel like you really saw the impact of climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was about 12 or 13 and my parents took me to a rainforest in Costa Rica where there was an endemic \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=D00A\">golden frog\u003c/a> that was a beautiful species. By the time I was married and had children, the species of frog had disappeared because of the increasing temperatures [caused by climate change]. The fact that I have seen the disappearance of a species in my lifetime has left me marked. I now realize that the planet I am leaving to my children is visibly diminished from the planet I inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To that point, what would you say to students—the generations that will inherit the problems we’re facing now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re going to have to finish fixing this problem. The only things we oldies can do right now is identify the possibilities of what the solutions will be, but there is no doubt we’re handing over a very serious problem to the next generation and they’re going to have to step up and be the ones that finish the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited. Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54854\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg\" alt=\"Freshwater expert Sandra Postel \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Virginia Smith\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion:\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> Sandra Postel\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Sandra Postel has been a leading authority on global freshwater issues for 25 years. Through her organization, \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.globalwaterpolicy.org/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>The Global Water Policy Project\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>, Postel conducts research, writes, and travels the world providing insights into water challenges and solutions. A former Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment, she is currently the National Geographic Society’s \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/sandra-postel/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Freshwater Fellow\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> —and she NEVER drinks bottled water if she can help it.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said in the future the human story will become a water story, what do you mean by that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Water is going to be a central driver of the human experience over the next several decades and beyond. It’s about the scarcity of water; the fact that we’re running into limits in so many places around the world when it comes to water to grow food, water to keep cities expanding, and water to keep our populations supplied with what they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s been said “What oil was to the twentieth century, water will be to the twenty-first,” meaning conflict will erupt over water access. Are wars over water inevitable?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-water-glass-196x253.png\" alt=\"Water glass\" width=\"196\" height=\"253\">\u003c/em>I think water’s a more serious issue than the oil issue, given that there’s no substitute for water. We can’t transition away from water, the way we can from oil to other sources of energy. The idea that there will be wars over water the way there have been wars over oil; I think that’s a distraction. There’s going to be enormous social unrest and many humanitarian crises around water and related food shortages within countries. We need to think about and plan more for these circumstances than worrying about armies mobilizing over water. When you look at the river basins around the world, there’s more of a tendency to cooperate than to enter into conflict, so that’s a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I remember once watching David Letterman do a monologue when New York was in drought where he said, “I keep hearing about this water shortage so last night I turned on my shower and this morning it was still going strong.” How can you communicate about water scarcity when, in the first world, it’s pretty much available on demand? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think most people do only think about water from the point of turning on their tap. But it’s hiding in so many other places in our lives; embedded in everything we wear, everything we eat, everything we do. It takes about 2000 gallons a day to sustain the average American’s lifestyle. More than half is our diet. So helping people think about how their dietary choices increase or decrease their personal water footprint makes a difference. Also, it takes 700 gallons to make a cotton shirt. That awareness is really missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54872 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-cotton-field-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cotton field\" width=\"542\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to the NRDC, it takes anywhere from 700 to 2,000 gallons of water to produce about a pound of conventional cotton; just enough to make a single t-shirt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have been some success stories in water conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of urban conservation, I think Boston is one of the best, in part because it’s in a part of the country that you don’t think of as needing to conserve so much. In the late 1980s, Boston was looking at a potential diversion of the Connecticut River to add supply to their reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Connecticut-River-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the citizens said they wanted to protect the river and its salmon populations, so they asked the water authority to take a serious look at conservation measures. They did, and what they put in place was one of the most progressive and comprehensive conservation programs that I’ve seen. It involved retrofitting homes, strategic pricing, education, audits of industries, fixing leaks. A lot of older cities have tremendous leakage in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston’s water use today is back to where it was fifty years ago. It’s gone down 43% from the peak. And this is greater Boston: two and a half, three million people. The conservation program cost half as much as the alternative would have cost, and it is better for the environment. The river wasn’t diverted, and now there’s actually extra water, in a sense, surplus water in the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you drink eight cups of water daily? What kind of water bottle do you use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54851\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-2-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\" width=\"241\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I drink tap water and I drink it out of a glass –or I have any number of stainless steel bottles that I put water in if I’m going to take a hike, or play tennis, or do something outdoors. I don’t drink bottled water unless I absolutely have to because I’m somewhere where there’s no other water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You grew up on Long Island, but now live in New Mexico. Does living in an arid environment change your relationship with water\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. All I have to do is look out my window to see the importance of water in our lives. Understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly on the southwestern U.S., and what it’s going to take to sustain agriculture and populations in the West – it’s all right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you want to get an idea of your own water use, try out the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/change-the-course/water-footprint-calculator/\">\u003cem>Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> Sandra Postel helped develop with the National Geographic Society. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54854\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg\" alt=\"Freshwater expert Sandra Postel \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Virginia Smith\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion:\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> Sandra Postel\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Sandra Postel has been a leading authority on global freshwater issues for 25 years. Through her organization, \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.globalwaterpolicy.org/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>The Global Water Policy Project\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>, Postel conducts research, writes, and travels the world providing insights into water challenges and solutions. A former Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment, she is currently the National Geographic Society’s \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/sandra-postel/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Freshwater Fellow\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> —and she NEVER drinks bottled water if she can help it.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said in the future the human story will become a water story, what do you mean by that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Water is going to be a central driver of the human experience over the next several decades and beyond. It’s about the scarcity of water; the fact that we’re running into limits in so many places around the world when it comes to water to grow food, water to keep cities expanding, and water to keep our populations supplied with what they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s been said “What oil was to the twentieth century, water will be to the twenty-first,” meaning conflict will erupt over water access. Are wars over water inevitable?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-water-glass-196x253.png\" alt=\"Water glass\" width=\"196\" height=\"253\">\u003c/em>I think water’s a more serious issue than the oil issue, given that there’s no substitute for water. We can’t transition away from water, the way we can from oil to other sources of energy. The idea that there will be wars over water the way there have been wars over oil; I think that’s a distraction. There’s going to be enormous social unrest and many humanitarian crises around water and related food shortages within countries. We need to think about and plan more for these circumstances than worrying about armies mobilizing over water. When you look at the river basins around the world, there’s more of a tendency to cooperate than to enter into conflict, so that’s a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I remember once watching David Letterman do a monologue when New York was in drought where he said, “I keep hearing about this water shortage so last night I turned on my shower and this morning it was still going strong.” How can you communicate about water scarcity when, in the first world, it’s pretty much available on demand? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think most people do only think about water from the point of turning on their tap. But it’s hiding in so many other places in our lives; embedded in everything we wear, everything we eat, everything we do. It takes about 2000 gallons a day to sustain the average American’s lifestyle. More than half is our diet. So helping people think about how their dietary choices increase or decrease their personal water footprint makes a difference. Also, it takes 700 gallons to make a cotton shirt. That awareness is really missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54872 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-cotton-field-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cotton field\" width=\"542\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to the NRDC, it takes anywhere from 700 to 2,000 gallons of water to produce about a pound of conventional cotton; just enough to make a single t-shirt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have been some success stories in water conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of urban conservation, I think Boston is one of the best, in part because it’s in a part of the country that you don’t think of as needing to conserve so much. In the late 1980s, Boston was looking at a potential diversion of the Connecticut River to add supply to their reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Connecticut-River-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the citizens said they wanted to protect the river and its salmon populations, so they asked the water authority to take a serious look at conservation measures. They did, and what they put in place was one of the most progressive and comprehensive conservation programs that I’ve seen. It involved retrofitting homes, strategic pricing, education, audits of industries, fixing leaks. A lot of older cities have tremendous leakage in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston’s water use today is back to where it was fifty years ago. It’s gone down 43% from the peak. And this is greater Boston: two and a half, three million people. The conservation program cost half as much as the alternative would have cost, and it is better for the environment. The river wasn’t diverted, and now there’s actually extra water, in a sense, surplus water in the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you drink eight cups of water daily? What kind of water bottle do you use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54851\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-2-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\" width=\"241\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I drink tap water and I drink it out of a glass –or I have any number of stainless steel bottles that I put water in if I’m going to take a hike, or play tennis, or do something outdoors. I don’t drink bottled water unless I absolutely have to because I’m somewhere where there’s no other water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You grew up on Long Island, but now live in New Mexico. Does living in an arid environment change your relationship with water\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. All I have to do is look out my window to see the importance of water in our lives. Understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly on the southwestern U.S., and what it’s going to take to sustain agriculture and populations in the West – it’s all right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you want to get an idea of your own water use, try out the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/change-the-course/water-footprint-calculator/\">\u003cem>Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> Sandra Postel helped develop with the National Geographic Society. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54346 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GirlWithLeaf-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"IslandWood Thinking Like a Pirate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>How Do Scientists Think?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes: \u003c/span> Clancy Wolf, IslandWood \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do you think of when you think of “science?” Do you get all nervous and think about chemistry class and trying to get the right answers on the labs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forget the word “science” for a minute, and go back in your memory. Can you remember a time when, say as a young child, you played in a field, beach or barn? Maybe you spent a whole day figuring out how to skip a rock across a lake. Or what exactly you had to do to stay balanced on your two-wheeled bicycle. Those memories are what “science” is all about – asking questions, and working out ways to answer them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As far as “\u003cem>The\u003c/em> Scientific Method” goes, I’ll borrow a line from \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6kgS_AwuH0\">Pirates of the Caribbean\u003c/a>: “They’re more like guidelines.” It turns out that when researchers take a look at what professionals in science really do, they do several things – \u003cem>but not in any specific sequence\u003c/em>. Scientists\u003c/p>\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 100px;margin-bottom: 20px\">\n\u003cli>Ask questions,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop and use models,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Plan and carry out investigations,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Analyze and interpret data,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use mathematics and computational thinking,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Construct explanations,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Engage in argument from evidence, and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But\u003c/em> - and this is where the inner pirate comes out - they jump around among these practices, and even ignore some at times.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Scientific Thinking and the New Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As a result of this new understanding of how scientists work, a better understanding of how students learn, \u003cem>and\u003c/em> major advancements in our collective scientific knowledge — we are being forced to rethink how we do science education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Islandwood_111-e1368140157320-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Islandwood_11\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over a two year period, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/partners\">twenty six states worked together with a 41-member writing team and other partners\u003c/a> to develop a set of “\u003cem>standards\u003c/em>” - the science practices and content that all K-12 students should master in order to be fully prepared for college, careers and citizenship. These \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a> \u003c/em>were published just this April. (Note: The last major effort to define science education standards was in 1996 when the National Research Council developed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962\">National Science Education Standards (NSES)\u003c/a> which have influenced science education in many states.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I find a notable part of these new standards to be the inclusion of elements of engineering. I find this exciting because it helps us think about the need to take action and work to solve problems. It’s the practical side of why we want to know stuff. It’s how we “practice” our scientific understanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Washington State’s Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction adopted \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.k12.wa.us/EnvironmentSustainability/Standards/default.aspx\">Environmental and Sustainability Learning Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/em> describing what all students in our public schools should know and be able to do to be environmentally and sustainability literate. These standards complement the Next Generation Science Standards in that they require understanding not only key ideas and concepts, but also the behaviors – “practices” – we all need to live responsibly within our society.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Education for Sustainability\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So how do we help our children (and ourselves) learn to think scientifically and practice sustainability? One part is to make sure school districts, schools, and teachers have the necessary resources to support integrated environmental and sustainability education learning opportunities for each student. That includes opportunities for teachers to learn about the issues as well as explore how others have created learning experiences for children around these issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54419\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DinnerLoop7-e1368131510920-278x169.jpg\" alt=\"IslandWood Water Quality Monitoring\" width=\"278\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>, an outdoor residential learning center on Bainbridge Island where I work, we run the \u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">Sustainability Education Summer Institute (SESI)\u003c/a> every July. Our goal for the SESI Conference is that educators will gain the skills and knowledge they need to effectively provide students with experiences both in and out of school that lead to science and sustainability literacy. This year, teachers will be learning about and exploring issues around our State’s Learning Standards, gaining more insight on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) education, and how we can work on STEM goals and Sustainability goals at the same time. (Know a teacher who might be interested attending the institute July 29-31, 2013? Send them to \u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">http://sesi.islandwood.org\u003c/a> )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is hard, complex stuff, though. Those we charge with helping shape future citizens – our teachers – need to have strategies to help our learners develop ways of understanding the concepts and taking action on them. The admirable goal of living sustainably (and teaching others to live sustainably) requires plenty of thinking on an ongoing basis; whether it’s thinking like a pirate\u003cstrong>–\u003c/strong> or a scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962\">National Science Education Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>One example of \u003ca href=\"http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/howscienceworks_02\">how scientists really work\u003c/a>, i.e., why there is no “Scientific Method.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood’s SESI website\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54346 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GirlWithLeaf-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"IslandWood Thinking Like a Pirate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>How Do Scientists Think?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes: \u003c/span> Clancy Wolf, IslandWood \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do you think of when you think of “science?” Do you get all nervous and think about chemistry class and trying to get the right answers on the labs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forget the word “science” for a minute, and go back in your memory. Can you remember a time when, say as a young child, you played in a field, beach or barn? Maybe you spent a whole day figuring out how to skip a rock across a lake. Or what exactly you had to do to stay balanced on your two-wheeled bicycle. Those memories are what “science” is all about – asking questions, and working out ways to answer them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As far as “\u003cem>The\u003c/em> Scientific Method” goes, I’ll borrow a line from \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6kgS_AwuH0\">Pirates of the Caribbean\u003c/a>: “They’re more like guidelines.” It turns out that when researchers take a look at what professionals in science really do, they do several things – \u003cem>but not in any specific sequence\u003c/em>. Scientists\u003c/p>\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 100px;margin-bottom: 20px\">\n\u003cli>Ask questions,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop and use models,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Plan and carry out investigations,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Analyze and interpret data,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use mathematics and computational thinking,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Construct explanations,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Engage in argument from evidence, and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But\u003c/em> - and this is where the inner pirate comes out - they jump around among these practices, and even ignore some at times.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Scientific Thinking and the New Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As a result of this new understanding of how scientists work, a better understanding of how students learn, \u003cem>and\u003c/em> major advancements in our collective scientific knowledge — we are being forced to rethink how we do science education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Islandwood_111-e1368140157320-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Islandwood_11\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over a two year period, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/partners\">twenty six states worked together with a 41-member writing team and other partners\u003c/a> to develop a set of “\u003cem>standards\u003c/em>” - the science practices and content that all K-12 students should master in order to be fully prepared for college, careers and citizenship. These \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a> \u003c/em>were published just this April. (Note: The last major effort to define science education standards was in 1996 when the National Research Council developed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962\">National Science Education Standards (NSES)\u003c/a> which have influenced science education in many states.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I find a notable part of these new standards to be the inclusion of elements of engineering. I find this exciting because it helps us think about the need to take action and work to solve problems. It’s the practical side of why we want to know stuff. It’s how we “practice” our scientific understanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Washington State’s Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction adopted \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.k12.wa.us/EnvironmentSustainability/Standards/default.aspx\">Environmental and Sustainability Learning Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/em> describing what all students in our public schools should know and be able to do to be environmentally and sustainability literate. These standards complement the Next Generation Science Standards in that they require understanding not only key ideas and concepts, but also the behaviors – “practices” – we all need to live responsibly within our society.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Education for Sustainability\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So how do we help our children (and ourselves) learn to think scientifically and practice sustainability? One part is to make sure school districts, schools, and teachers have the necessary resources to support integrated environmental and sustainability education learning opportunities for each student. That includes opportunities for teachers to learn about the issues as well as explore how others have created learning experiences for children around these issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54419\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DinnerLoop7-e1368131510920-278x169.jpg\" alt=\"IslandWood Water Quality Monitoring\" width=\"278\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>, an outdoor residential learning center on Bainbridge Island where I work, we run the \u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">Sustainability Education Summer Institute (SESI)\u003c/a> every July. Our goal for the SESI Conference is that educators will gain the skills and knowledge they need to effectively provide students with experiences both in and out of school that lead to science and sustainability literacy. This year, teachers will be learning about and exploring issues around our State’s Learning Standards, gaining more insight on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) education, and how we can work on STEM goals and Sustainability goals at the same time. (Know a teacher who might be interested attending the institute July 29-31, 2013? Send them to \u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">http://sesi.islandwood.org\u003c/a> )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is hard, complex stuff, though. Those we charge with helping shape future citizens – our teachers – need to have strategies to help our learners develop ways of understanding the concepts and taking action on them. The admirable goal of living sustainably (and teaching others to live sustainably) requires plenty of thinking on an ongoing basis; whether it’s thinking like a pirate\u003cstrong>–\u003c/strong> or a scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962\">National Science Education Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>One example of \u003ca href=\"http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/howscienceworks_02\">how scientists really work\u003c/a>, i.e., why there is no “Scientific Method.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood’s SESI website\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Doughnuts Destroying Forests?",
"title": "Are Doughnuts Destroying Forests?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\" alt=\"RS_DSCN1134\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">An Expert Opinion:\u003c/span> Frances Seymour\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>The former Director General at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cifor.org/\">Center for International Forestry Research\u003c/a>, Frances Seymour has been a world leader in the effort to understand and address the impacts of tropical deforestation for 20 years. Or as she puts it, since Ben and Jerry’s released their Rainforest Crunch ice cream.\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/young_frances-173x253.jpg\" alt=\"young_frances\" width=\"161\" height=\"234\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in forests in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Chapel Hill, [North Carolina] I was always interested in nature and I tried to think of careers that could enable me to indulge that hobby. So when I was at UNC, I majored in zoology and thought about being a wildlife veterinarian as a way to be outside. I was in graduate school at the time when tropical forests were just exploding onto the international consciousness. This was back in the era of Rainforest Crunch and the lead-up to the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.htm\">Rio Earth Summit\u003c/a> in 1992, when everybody was concerned about tropical biodiversity and indigenous peoples. So I ended up being caught up in all that and making a career out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the human and ecological costs of deforestation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When forests are lost, that means the loss of a lot of things that local communities depend on. At the local level this includes access to timber and non-timber forest products. At the landscape level forests provide various ecosystem services, like keeping clean waters in streams year-round and regulating rainfall patterns. Last but not least are the global-level human impacts. It’s estimated that greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation and other land-use changes are a \u003ca href=\"http://scitechdaily.com/deforestation-adds-more-atmospheric-co2-than-the-sum-total-of-cars-trucks-on-the-worlds-roads/\">greater source of [C02] release\u003c/a> than all of the planes, trains, automobiles emissions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What poses the biggest risk to our forests: chopsticks, toothpicks, or toilet paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “none of the above,” because some of the fastest and most damaging deforestation taking place right now is caused by the palm oil industry. So maybe the answer would be “your doughnuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-54321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_6852\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Palm oil is one of those commodities that is mostly used as an edible oil. In Asia, it’s the most commonly used oil for frying things. But in our supermarkets, it’s in, like, half the products, ranging from shampoo to peanut butter to doughnuts. And so that’s probably the greatest threat to tropical forests right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is palm oil a relatively new commodity, at least on this scale?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palm oil has been produced on an industrial scale in Indonesia and Malaysia for a long time, but the price of it has rapidly escalated. The prospect of new markets for palm oil-based biodiesel have also come on the horizon and so the incentives to invest in palm plantations have increased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5701875645_79296910b5_b-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5038663408_7f760da960_b-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palm oil production is responsible for significant deforestation in both of those places and, most recently, it’s begun to expand to other regions. It feels like almost every day I read a news release about another deal being done for tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares in Central Africa to be converted to an oil palm plantation. And the particular concern in a place like Indonesia is that a lot of this palm oil is being planted on peatland swamp forests. These peat swamps can be standing on layers of organic matter that has accumulated over thousands of years. They can be more than 30 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirty feet deep. That’s incredible.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about that for a minute. When you drain and burn a peatland forest in order to plant palm oil or pulp and paper—not only do you have the pulse of emissions from the initial burning of the surface vegetation going into the atmosphere, but that organic matter that was locked up underground is suddenly liberated, releasing greenhouse gases into the air as it oxidizes and decomposes. And so the amount of carbon per hectare released into the atmosphere is many, many, many times greater than an equivalent hectare of forest not on peat swamp soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the best way to balance sustaining the health of a forest and giving forest-dependent communities control of their resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-53769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DSCN0831-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSCN0831\" width=\"153\" height=\"197\">I guess I would challenge the premise of the question in the following way: one of the great misconceptions about tropical deforestation is that it’s the local people who are responsible for deforestation. Communities don’t need to be convinced of the value of forest because they’re the ones who hunt in the forest and fish in the forest and gather rattan from the forest. They’re the ones who suffer when the logging trucks come in. So it’s kind of galling to blame deforestation on local communities when, in fact, the people who are profiting from deforestation tend to be elites from capital cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love that you challenged me on that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell I’m not shy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture, specifically livestock grazing, contributes to deforestation. Are you a vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LAUGHS] No, I’m not. Yes, it is true overall that agricultural expansion is one of the key drivers of deforestation around the world. In terms of the cattle production in the Amazon, there’s been a big effort recently to try to \u003ca href=\"http://grsbeef.org/\">shift beef production to deforestation-free methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People that are reading this might want to know what they can do to prevent deforestation. Should they buy forest-certified lumber? Eat local meat? Eat fewer doughnuts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With specific reference to tropical deforestation, I think there are two things: One is to be a constituency for active U.S. engagement. And then, as individual consumers, yes, it does make a difference. Buy sustainably produced \u003ca href=\"https://us.fsc.org/\">FSC-certified\u003c/a> wood products. And hopefully, over time, we’ll have credible certification systems for some of these other commodities that can be certified deforestation-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you read The Giving Tree as a kid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Malinau-DG-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Malinau-DG\" width=\"160\" height=\"240\">If trees could talk, what would they say to the humans right now on this planet?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTrees have a self-interest in controlling climate change. So in addition to, “Don’t cut me down,” trees would also say, “Please protect the climate,” because forests are also vulnerable to climate change. With a changing climate, forests are experiencing drought and new invasions of pests that we have haven’t seen before. And so they would be saying, “If you want to keep forests around, you need to protect the climate.” So it’s sort of the opposite of what we’ve been talking about, “If you want to protect the climate, protect forests,” but it works the other way too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\" alt=\"RS_DSCN1134\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">An Expert Opinion:\u003c/span> Frances Seymour\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>The former Director General at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cifor.org/\">Center for International Forestry Research\u003c/a>, Frances Seymour has been a world leader in the effort to understand and address the impacts of tropical deforestation for 20 years. Or as she puts it, since Ben and Jerry’s released their Rainforest Crunch ice cream.\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/young_frances-173x253.jpg\" alt=\"young_frances\" width=\"161\" height=\"234\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in forests in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Chapel Hill, [North Carolina] I was always interested in nature and I tried to think of careers that could enable me to indulge that hobby. So when I was at UNC, I majored in zoology and thought about being a wildlife veterinarian as a way to be outside. I was in graduate school at the time when tropical forests were just exploding onto the international consciousness. This was back in the era of Rainforest Crunch and the lead-up to the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.htm\">Rio Earth Summit\u003c/a> in 1992, when everybody was concerned about tropical biodiversity and indigenous peoples. So I ended up being caught up in all that and making a career out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the human and ecological costs of deforestation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When forests are lost, that means the loss of a lot of things that local communities depend on. At the local level this includes access to timber and non-timber forest products. At the landscape level forests provide various ecosystem services, like keeping clean waters in streams year-round and regulating rainfall patterns. Last but not least are the global-level human impacts. It’s estimated that greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation and other land-use changes are a \u003ca href=\"http://scitechdaily.com/deforestation-adds-more-atmospheric-co2-than-the-sum-total-of-cars-trucks-on-the-worlds-roads/\">greater source of [C02] release\u003c/a> than all of the planes, trains, automobiles emissions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What poses the biggest risk to our forests: chopsticks, toothpicks, or toilet paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “none of the above,” because some of the fastest and most damaging deforestation taking place right now is caused by the palm oil industry. So maybe the answer would be “your doughnuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-54321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_6852\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Palm oil is one of those commodities that is mostly used as an edible oil. In Asia, it’s the most commonly used oil for frying things. But in our supermarkets, it’s in, like, half the products, ranging from shampoo to peanut butter to doughnuts. And so that’s probably the greatest threat to tropical forests right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is palm oil a relatively new commodity, at least on this scale?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palm oil has been produced on an industrial scale in Indonesia and Malaysia for a long time, but the price of it has rapidly escalated. The prospect of new markets for palm oil-based biodiesel have also come on the horizon and so the incentives to invest in palm plantations have increased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5701875645_79296910b5_b-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5038663408_7f760da960_b-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palm oil production is responsible for significant deforestation in both of those places and, most recently, it’s begun to expand to other regions. It feels like almost every day I read a news release about another deal being done for tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares in Central Africa to be converted to an oil palm plantation. And the particular concern in a place like Indonesia is that a lot of this palm oil is being planted on peatland swamp forests. These peat swamps can be standing on layers of organic matter that has accumulated over thousands of years. They can be more than 30 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirty feet deep. That’s incredible.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about that for a minute. When you drain and burn a peatland forest in order to plant palm oil or pulp and paper—not only do you have the pulse of emissions from the initial burning of the surface vegetation going into the atmosphere, but that organic matter that was locked up underground is suddenly liberated, releasing greenhouse gases into the air as it oxidizes and decomposes. And so the amount of carbon per hectare released into the atmosphere is many, many, many times greater than an equivalent hectare of forest not on peat swamp soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the best way to balance sustaining the health of a forest and giving forest-dependent communities control of their resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-53769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DSCN0831-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSCN0831\" width=\"153\" height=\"197\">I guess I would challenge the premise of the question in the following way: one of the great misconceptions about tropical deforestation is that it’s the local people who are responsible for deforestation. Communities don’t need to be convinced of the value of forest because they’re the ones who hunt in the forest and fish in the forest and gather rattan from the forest. They’re the ones who suffer when the logging trucks come in. So it’s kind of galling to blame deforestation on local communities when, in fact, the people who are profiting from deforestation tend to be elites from capital cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love that you challenged me on that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell I’m not shy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture, specifically livestock grazing, contributes to deforestation. Are you a vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LAUGHS] No, I’m not. Yes, it is true overall that agricultural expansion is one of the key drivers of deforestation around the world. In terms of the cattle production in the Amazon, there’s been a big effort recently to try to \u003ca href=\"http://grsbeef.org/\">shift beef production to deforestation-free methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People that are reading this might want to know what they can do to prevent deforestation. Should they buy forest-certified lumber? Eat local meat? Eat fewer doughnuts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With specific reference to tropical deforestation, I think there are two things: One is to be a constituency for active U.S. engagement. And then, as individual consumers, yes, it does make a difference. Buy sustainably produced \u003ca href=\"https://us.fsc.org/\">FSC-certified\u003c/a> wood products. And hopefully, over time, we’ll have credible certification systems for some of these other commodities that can be certified deforestation-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you read The Giving Tree as a kid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Malinau-DG-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Malinau-DG\" width=\"160\" height=\"240\">If trees could talk, what would they say to the humans right now on this planet?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTrees have a self-interest in controlling climate change. So in addition to, “Don’t cut me down,” trees would also say, “Please protect the climate,” because forests are also vulnerable to climate change. With a changing climate, forests are experiencing drought and new invasions of pests that we have haven’t seen before. And so they would be saying, “If you want to keep forests around, you need to protect the climate.” So it’s sort of the opposite of what we’ve been talking about, “If you want to protect the climate, protect forests,” but it works the other way too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Grappling with Rising Tides",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-at-bay-farm-bridge-ebrpd-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53188\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg\" alt=\"Last December the King Tide brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last December, the King Tides brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall along the shore in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strolling along the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda a few weekends ago with a group of naturalists and college students at a professional workshop, we looked for areas that were inundated by the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides\u003c/a> last winter. We stood on trails and turf that had been underwater during those extreme high tides and discussed scientists’ predictions that high tide events, like King Tides, are likely to become the normal high tides in coming years. As seawater warms, it will expand as well as increase due to polar ice cap melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In California, we are very likely to experience a sea level rise of 16 inches by 2050 and 55 inches (1.4 meters) by 2100, and much more after that.\" \u003ca title=\"SPUR website\" href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/sealevelrise_110109\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Bay Area, SPUR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edges of our shoreline “bathtub” won’t be able to contain the overflow as the moon and sun interact and tides edge up and over into shoreline parks, roadways, homes and businesses. You can explore the \u003ca title=\"NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer\" href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/slr/viewer/#\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration interactive model\u003c/a> of how the rising tides may impact our coastlines. Much of my hometown, with an elevation of 30 feet above sea level, may be underwater at the predicted high water level of 55 inches above current high-high tide. My house would be above water, but I wouldn't be able to get to work due to flooded roadways. Sea level rise predictions are evolving as more information is gathered and assessed. The models continue to be refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-gos-pt-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53187\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-53187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-GOS-Pt.-EBRPD-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news about sea level rise is that these are long-term predictions, allowing us time to prepare. As CAKE (Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website) states, \u003ca title=\"Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website\" href=\"http://www.cakex.org/community/don%27t-panic\" target=\"_blank\">“Don’t Panic.”\u003c/a> It’s a great site to learn more about climate change basics and sea level rise science, as well as access tools available to municipalities to plan for climate change mitigation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many municipalities are working together on a regional approach. In the East Bay this regional working group is referred to as “Adapting to Rising Tides (ART).” It’s led by the Bay Conservation and Development Committee (BCDC) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center with participation by two regional park agencies, East Bay Regional Park District and Hayward Area Recreation District, along with local, regional, state and federal agencies and organizations, as well as non-profit and private associations. ART is looking at potential climate change impacts and subsequent effects to be addressed in this \u003ca title=\"ART Climate Impacts Statment\" href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ClimateImpacts1pg20120112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Impacts Statement\u003c/a>. For more photos of King Tides around the Bay Area and California, check out the \u003ca title=\"California King Tides.org website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/view-king-tide-images/low-tidehigh-tide-photos/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides Initiative website\u003c/a>. What steps is your area taking to prepare for future sea level rise?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-at-bay-farm-bridge-ebrpd-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53188\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg\" alt=\"Last December the King Tide brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last December, the King Tides brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall along the shore in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strolling along the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda a few weekends ago with a group of naturalists and college students at a professional workshop, we looked for areas that were inundated by the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides\u003c/a> last winter. We stood on trails and turf that had been underwater during those extreme high tides and discussed scientists’ predictions that high tide events, like King Tides, are likely to become the normal high tides in coming years. As seawater warms, it will expand as well as increase due to polar ice cap melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In California, we are very likely to experience a sea level rise of 16 inches by 2050 and 55 inches (1.4 meters) by 2100, and much more after that.\" \u003ca title=\"SPUR website\" href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/sealevelrise_110109\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Bay Area, SPUR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edges of our shoreline “bathtub” won’t be able to contain the overflow as the moon and sun interact and tides edge up and over into shoreline parks, roadways, homes and businesses. You can explore the \u003ca title=\"NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer\" href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/slr/viewer/#\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration interactive model\u003c/a> of how the rising tides may impact our coastlines. Much of my hometown, with an elevation of 30 feet above sea level, may be underwater at the predicted high water level of 55 inches above current high-high tide. My house would be above water, but I wouldn't be able to get to work due to flooded roadways. Sea level rise predictions are evolving as more information is gathered and assessed. The models continue to be refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-gos-pt-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53187\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-53187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-GOS-Pt.-EBRPD-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news about sea level rise is that these are long-term predictions, allowing us time to prepare. As CAKE (Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website) states, \u003ca title=\"Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website\" href=\"http://www.cakex.org/community/don%27t-panic\" target=\"_blank\">“Don’t Panic.”\u003c/a> It’s a great site to learn more about climate change basics and sea level rise science, as well as access tools available to municipalities to plan for climate change mitigation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many municipalities are working together on a regional approach. In the East Bay this regional working group is referred to as “Adapting to Rising Tides (ART).” It’s led by the Bay Conservation and Development Committee (BCDC) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center with participation by two regional park agencies, East Bay Regional Park District and Hayward Area Recreation District, along with local, regional, state and federal agencies and organizations, as well as non-profit and private associations. ART is looking at potential climate change impacts and subsequent effects to be addressed in this \u003ca title=\"ART Climate Impacts Statment\" href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ClimateImpacts1pg20120112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Impacts Statement\u003c/a>. For more photos of King Tides around the Bay Area and California, check out the \u003ca title=\"California King Tides.org website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/view-king-tide-images/low-tidehigh-tide-photos/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides Initiative website\u003c/a>. What steps is your area taking to prepare for future sea level rise?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A New \"Rosetta Stone\" Tropical Ice Core",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to studying glacier ice for records of past climates, the poles are easy: Antarctica and Greenland have huge ice caps that we can drill cores in to our hearts' content. The real problem is in the rest of the world, where we all live. Scientists cannot model the global climate of the past with data from the poles alone. So a newly published ice-core record from the tropics is real news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical glaciers are few, scattered and endangered. South America and the Himalaya have most of them, and nearly all have been shrinking rapidly for several decades. Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/faculty_bios.php?id=52\">Lonnie Thompson\u003c/a> of Ohio State University has specialized in drilling ice cores from them for more than 30 years, and the very first one he cored, in 1983, is a remote ice cap south of the equator in Peru named Quelccaya whose top sits above 18,000 feet. There he pioneered the use of a lightweight, solar-powered drill rig and succeeded in collecting two complete cores through the ice, about 160 meters long. Unable to keep them frozen, he had to cut them into sections and let them melt, then brought the water home in bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayagoogle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51986\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg\" alt=\"The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years later Thompson returned and brought two new cores, intact this time, to Ohio State's ice locker. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/04/03/science.1234210\">a paper published today in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Thompson's team shows that the 1983 and 2003 cores faithfully preserve a year-by-year record of tropical climate 18 centuries long, extending back to the year 683 with annual resolution and a little less perfectly back to almost 200. Thompson calls it \"the longest and highest-resolution tropical ice core record to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of retrieving such precise records was what excited Thompson from the beginning. The ice consists of spectacular annual layers that represent dry winters and wet summers. The winter layers collect the lion's share of the year's dust and dissolved chemicals while the summer layers represent rainwater from the Atlantic Ocean, filtered through the tropical Amazon basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayalayers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51987\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg\" alt=\"Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data from the Quelccaya cores shed light on many scientific problems related to climate. Most notably, the extent of summer snow from the east depends strongly on Pacific Ocean influences from the west, such as El Niño cycles—so strongly that the Atlantic snow record shows us the temperature of the Pacific as if in a mirror. And Pacific sea-surface temperature is one of the most important numbers in the planetary climate because it's the best gauge of how much water vapor enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccaya-sstcurve/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51988\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51988 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png\" alt=\"Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve-400x170.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years reconstructed from the oxygen-isotope record of Quelccaya ice. Image from \"Science\".\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The climate record in the Quelccaya cores gives us the nearest thing to real truth in the centuries before modern science. It helps sharpen the picture provided by other ice cores, especially those in the tropics. And that in turn makes global climate records, and the models built upon them, more robust as we peer into the past and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have little time to waste. Thompson's latest expedition to Quelccaya documented hundreds of meters of shrinkage since his first visit. Newly exposed plant remains at the glacier's retreating edges were found to be 6000 years old. And the top layers of ice, deposited since Thompson's first visit, show signs of summer melting for the first time in the entire record.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to studying glacier ice for records of past climates, the poles are easy: Antarctica and Greenland have huge ice caps that we can drill cores in to our hearts' content. The real problem is in the rest of the world, where we all live. Scientists cannot model the global climate of the past with data from the poles alone. So a newly published ice-core record from the tropics is real news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical glaciers are few, scattered and endangered. South America and the Himalaya have most of them, and nearly all have been shrinking rapidly for several decades. Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/faculty_bios.php?id=52\">Lonnie Thompson\u003c/a> of Ohio State University has specialized in drilling ice cores from them for more than 30 years, and the very first one he cored, in 1983, is a remote ice cap south of the equator in Peru named Quelccaya whose top sits above 18,000 feet. There he pioneered the use of a lightweight, solar-powered drill rig and succeeded in collecting two complete cores through the ice, about 160 meters long. Unable to keep them frozen, he had to cut them into sections and let them melt, then brought the water home in bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayagoogle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51986\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg\" alt=\"The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years later Thompson returned and brought two new cores, intact this time, to Ohio State's ice locker. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/04/03/science.1234210\">a paper published today in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Thompson's team shows that the 1983 and 2003 cores faithfully preserve a year-by-year record of tropical climate 18 centuries long, extending back to the year 683 with annual resolution and a little less perfectly back to almost 200. Thompson calls it \"the longest and highest-resolution tropical ice core record to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of retrieving such precise records was what excited Thompson from the beginning. The ice consists of spectacular annual layers that represent dry winters and wet summers. The winter layers collect the lion's share of the year's dust and dissolved chemicals while the summer layers represent rainwater from the Atlantic Ocean, filtered through the tropical Amazon basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayalayers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51987\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg\" alt=\"Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data from the Quelccaya cores shed light on many scientific problems related to climate. Most notably, the extent of summer snow from the east depends strongly on Pacific Ocean influences from the west, such as El Niño cycles—so strongly that the Atlantic snow record shows us the temperature of the Pacific as if in a mirror. And Pacific sea-surface temperature is one of the most important numbers in the planetary climate because it's the best gauge of how much water vapor enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccaya-sstcurve/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51988\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51988 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png\" alt=\"Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve-400x170.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years reconstructed from the oxygen-isotope record of Quelccaya ice. Image from \"Science\".\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The climate record in the Quelccaya cores gives us the nearest thing to real truth in the centuries before modern science. It helps sharpen the picture provided by other ice cores, especially those in the tropics. And that in turn makes global climate records, and the models built upon them, more robust as we peer into the past and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have little time to waste. Thompson's latest expedition to Quelccaya documented hundreds of meters of shrinkage since his first visit. Newly exposed plant remains at the glacier's retreating edges were found to be 6000 years old. And the top layers of ice, deposited since Thompson's first visit, show signs of summer melting for the first time in the entire record.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Flooding Fields Could Alleviate Water Supply Stress",
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"content": "\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because if water flooding into the fields can’t penetrate through the dense Corcoran clay, it can’t recharge the deepest aquifers where farmers are pumping the most. And the weight of the water pushing down on that clay layer could make the land sink even faster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because if water flooding into the fields can’t penetrate through the dense Corcoran clay, it can’t recharge the deepest aquifers where farmers are pumping the most. And the weight of the water pushing down on that clay layer could make the land sink even faster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "San Jose's Green Vision Helps Spur Silicon Valley Economic Growth",
"title": "San Jose's Green Vision Helps Spur Silicon Valley Economic Growth",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130318science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50438\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg\" alt=\"Chuck Reed, named ‘Green Mayor” by former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, shows off solar cells designed by local companies.\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chuck Reed, named ‘Green Mayor” by former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, shows off solar cells designed by local companies. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley is well known for being the cradle of tech innovation, but its largest city, San Jose, wants to claim the title as the world center of \u003cem>cleantech\u003c/em> innovation too. In 2007, the city launched its \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2737\">green vision\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong> a 15 year road map to make San Jose one of the nation’s greenest. City leaders have just released a report card on their ten ambitious goals at the one third marker. Let’s take a look at their green progress; and its impact on the local economy and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Green mayor, green building\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayor Chuck Reed sits in a sunny corner office on the 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> floor of San Jose’s City Hall, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/825\">\u003cstrong>first city hall in the nation\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> to achieve a platinum certification, the highest green building award. He’s looking through a new report on how the city is doing. Five years after announcing his ambitious green vision plan, the city is on track to reach \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2743\">\u003cstrong>its goal of creating 25,000 new cleantech jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50410\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 169px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/San-Jose-City-Hall-Tower-169x253.jpg\" alt=\"San Jose's City Hall received its LEED Platinum Certification from the US Green Building Council in 2009. It incorporates abundant natural light to reduce the need for electric lights. (Photo credit: City of San Jose) \" width=\"169\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Jose's City Hall received its LEED Platinum Certification from the US Green Building Council in 2009. It incorporates abundant natural light to reduce the need for electric lights. (Photo credit: City of San Jose)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We started down this road trying to tie the environment and the economy together. So having 10,000 cleantech jobs is a big plus,” Reed says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s 10\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> largest city has nine other goals, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2950\">\u003cstrong>one to divert 100% of its trash\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> from landfills. San Jose is currently diverting 73% of its trash. This compares to \u003ca href=\"http://sfmayor.org/index.aspx?recordid=113&page=846\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco’s reported figure\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of 80%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already a plastic bag ban in San Jose has reduced bag litter by 89% in the storm drain system and the city council is \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/02/25/116850/san_jose_city_council_may_ban_polystyrene?category=science\">moving toward banning Styrofoam\u003c/a> containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ambitious Goals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of San Jose’s most ambitious goals is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2948\">\u003cstrong>to get \u003cem>all\u003c/em> of its electricity from renewable energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. With 10 years to go before the deadline, it’s reached just over 20% and needs to accelerate progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to mean radical changes, but this is a valley that does things in radical ways,” says Carl Guardino,\u003cem> \u003c/em>president of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group (SVLG), which represents hundreds of local businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Silicon Valley and San Jose Mayor Reed sets audacious goals,” adds Guardino. “If we fall a little short, just think of how far we would have come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose has helped change national standards for\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"http://ca-sanjose.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=1898\">LED street lights\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and is now saving thousands of dollars using efficient, dimmable street lights. Yet it’s only replaced 4% of its 62,000 lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using other people’s money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite making progress, it’s been a tough road through the recession. Like most U.S. cities, San Jose has faced severe budget constraints and was forced to be innovative in funding its green vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has managed to leverage more than $100 Million in federal tax credits and private and public funds to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said \u003ca href=\"http://www.freshdialogues.com/2008/11/11/chuck-reed-californias-green-mayor-welcomes-obamas-green-tech-focus/\">from the beginning\u003c/a> that the key to being able to succeed with our green vision was to work with other people’s money,” says Mayor Reed, who is known for his pragmatism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it helps to be located in the center of one of the country’s most innovative regions, according to Kim Walesh, director of economic development for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_4145-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Walesh, Director of economic development at the City of San Jose explains how the city's location within the Silicon Valley ecosystem offers strategic advantages for economic growth and innovation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Walesh, Director of economic development at the City of San Jose explains how the city's location within the Silicon Valley ecosystem offers strategic advantages for economic growth and innovation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Being the large anchor city in Silicon Valley, we are remarkably open to new ideas, to thinking differently and we’re scrappy, so we know how to pull resources together toward a common goal and leverage, leverage, leverage,” says Walesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has certainly leveraged its sunny climate. \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiasolarstatistics.ca.gov/reports/locale_stats/\">\u003cstrong>According to state regulators\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, San Jose has installed more solar panels on its private and public buildings than any other California city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California sun doesn’t hold a candle to our aggressive goals for solar installations in sunny San Jose,” says a jubilant Walesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The challenge of higher hanging fruit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like Megan Medeiros with the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club, paint a less rosy picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Jose has already picked off the low hanging fruit of their green vision,” says Medeiros, who feels the city has prioritized productivity before efficiency\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’d like to see a lot more energy\u003cem> efficiency\u003c/em> measures like green building taking place. So far, the city has only built, or retrofitted, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2949\">\u003cstrong>13% of its goal of 50 Million square feet\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of green (private and public) buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose is doing better with its efforts to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2947\">\u003cstrong>cut per capita energy use in half\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>; it’s 25% of the way to its goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medeiros suggests San Jose adopt Palo Alto’s \u003cem>carbon neutral\u003c/em> goal or try to take the lead in alternative transportation like San Francisco has with its popular car share communities and mass transit system. But San Jose has had some success with its own public fleet of vehicles: \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2953\">\u003cstrong>40% now run on alternative fuels\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medeiros would like to see San Jose building more pedestrian and bicycle paths and planting more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_4157-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Megan Medeiros, Development Manager at the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club says San Jose needs to make it easy for people to get around on foot, bicycle and by public transportation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Megan Medeiros, Development Manager at the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club says San Jose needs to make it easy for people to get around on foot, bicycle and by public transportation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If it did that, it could be attracting a lot of younger people who, Medeiros says, are “flocking to San Francisco” because it provides them with a better quality of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The economic impact of green\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SVLG’s Carl Guardino praises cities such as San Jose that have taken big steps toward more sustainable economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both San Jose and San Francisco, they have taken tremendous strides, along with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57569425/bloomberg-pushes-green-agenda-in-final-nyc-state-of-the-city/\">Mayor Bloomberg in New York\u003c/a>, in being on the cutting edge of innovation, of the green economy, working as a public sector to bolster private sector success,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose’s Kim Walesh points out that cleantech jobs are an important new driver of the local economy. She cites last year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/publications.taf?function=detail&ID=38801388\">\u003cstrong>Milken Institute report\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, which described the San Jose metro area as the nation’s number one performing city in terms of jobs and wage growth - thanks to its innovative tech culture. The San Francisco metro region ranked 36.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not a splashy city that makes a lot of announcements,” says Walesh. “We’re a city of idea generators who also implement. We can talk about the green vision, but we’re really walking the green vision and we’re making some progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to the future, San Jose city officials are abuzz about this summer’s opening of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7402\">\u003cstrong>Cleantech Innovation Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. It’s a partnership with Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and will offer a demonstration center for cleantech startups to test, showcase and speed commercialization of their green products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see all of San Jose’s green goals and how it’s measuring up, check out San Jose’s \u003ca href=\"http://sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/13270\">\u003cstrong>Green Vision Progress Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> for 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50438\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg\" alt=\"Chuck Reed, named ‘Green Mayor” by former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, shows off solar cells designed by local companies.\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Mayor-Reed-solar-panel-cells-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chuck Reed, named ‘Green Mayor” by former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, shows off solar cells designed by local companies. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley is well known for being the cradle of tech innovation, but its largest city, San Jose, wants to claim the title as the world center of \u003cem>cleantech\u003c/em> innovation too. In 2007, the city launched its \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2737\">green vision\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong> a 15 year road map to make San Jose one of the nation’s greenest. City leaders have just released a report card on their ten ambitious goals at the one third marker. Let’s take a look at their green progress; and its impact on the local economy and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Green mayor, green building\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayor Chuck Reed sits in a sunny corner office on the 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> floor of San Jose’s City Hall, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/825\">\u003cstrong>first city hall in the nation\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> to achieve a platinum certification, the highest green building award. He’s looking through a new report on how the city is doing. Five years after announcing his ambitious green vision plan, the city is on track to reach \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2743\">\u003cstrong>its goal of creating 25,000 new cleantech jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50410\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 169px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50410\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/San-Jose-City-Hall-Tower-169x253.jpg\" alt=\"San Jose's City Hall received its LEED Platinum Certification from the US Green Building Council in 2009. It incorporates abundant natural light to reduce the need for electric lights. (Photo credit: City of San Jose) \" width=\"169\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Jose's City Hall received its LEED Platinum Certification from the US Green Building Council in 2009. It incorporates abundant natural light to reduce the need for electric lights. (Photo credit: City of San Jose)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We started down this road trying to tie the environment and the economy together. So having 10,000 cleantech jobs is a big plus,” Reed says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s 10\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> largest city has nine other goals, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2950\">\u003cstrong>one to divert 100% of its trash\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> from landfills. San Jose is currently diverting 73% of its trash. This compares to \u003ca href=\"http://sfmayor.org/index.aspx?recordid=113&page=846\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco’s reported figure\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of 80%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already a plastic bag ban in San Jose has reduced bag litter by 89% in the storm drain system and the city council is \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/02/25/116850/san_jose_city_council_may_ban_polystyrene?category=science\">moving toward banning Styrofoam\u003c/a> containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ambitious Goals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of San Jose’s most ambitious goals is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2948\">\u003cstrong>to get \u003cem>all\u003c/em> of its electricity from renewable energy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. With 10 years to go before the deadline, it’s reached just over 20% and needs to accelerate progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to mean radical changes, but this is a valley that does things in radical ways,” says Carl Guardino,\u003cem> \u003c/em>president of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group (SVLG), which represents hundreds of local businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Silicon Valley and San Jose Mayor Reed sets audacious goals,” adds Guardino. “If we fall a little short, just think of how far we would have come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose has helped change national standards for\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"http://ca-sanjose.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=1898\">LED street lights\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and is now saving thousands of dollars using efficient, dimmable street lights. Yet it’s only replaced 4% of its 62,000 lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using other people’s money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite making progress, it’s been a tough road through the recession. Like most U.S. cities, San Jose has faced severe budget constraints and was forced to be innovative in funding its green vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has managed to leverage more than $100 Million in federal tax credits and private and public funds to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said \u003ca href=\"http://www.freshdialogues.com/2008/11/11/chuck-reed-californias-green-mayor-welcomes-obamas-green-tech-focus/\">from the beginning\u003c/a> that the key to being able to succeed with our green vision was to work with other people’s money,” says Mayor Reed, who is known for his pragmatism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it helps to be located in the center of one of the country’s most innovative regions, according to Kim Walesh, director of economic development for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_4145-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Walesh, Director of economic development at the City of San Jose explains how the city's location within the Silicon Valley ecosystem offers strategic advantages for economic growth and innovation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Walesh, Director of economic development at the City of San Jose explains how the city's location within the Silicon Valley ecosystem offers strategic advantages for economic growth and innovation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Being the large anchor city in Silicon Valley, we are remarkably open to new ideas, to thinking differently and we’re scrappy, so we know how to pull resources together toward a common goal and leverage, leverage, leverage,” says Walesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has certainly leveraged its sunny climate. \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiasolarstatistics.ca.gov/reports/locale_stats/\">\u003cstrong>According to state regulators\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, San Jose has installed more solar panels on its private and public buildings than any other California city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California sun doesn’t hold a candle to our aggressive goals for solar installations in sunny San Jose,” says a jubilant Walesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The challenge of higher hanging fruit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like Megan Medeiros with the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club, paint a less rosy picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Jose has already picked off the low hanging fruit of their green vision,” says Medeiros, who feels the city has prioritized productivity before efficiency\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’d like to see a lot more energy\u003cem> efficiency\u003c/em> measures like green building taking place. So far, the city has only built, or retrofitted, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2949\">\u003cstrong>13% of its goal of 50 Million square feet\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of green (private and public) buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose is doing better with its efforts to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2947\">\u003cstrong>cut per capita energy use in half\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>; it’s 25% of the way to its goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medeiros suggests San Jose adopt Palo Alto’s \u003cem>carbon neutral\u003c/em> goal or try to take the lead in alternative transportation like San Francisco has with its popular car share communities and mass transit system. But San Jose has had some success with its own public fleet of vehicles: \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=2953\">\u003cstrong>40% now run on alternative fuels\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medeiros would like to see San Jose building more pedestrian and bicycle paths and planting more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50388\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_4157-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Megan Medeiros, Development Manager at the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club says San Jose needs to make it easy for people to get around on foot, bicycle and by public transportation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Megan Medeiros, Development Manager at the Loma Prieta Chapter of the Sierra Club says San Jose needs to make it easy for people to get around on foot, bicycle and by public transportation. (Photo: Alison van Diggelen/Fresh Dialogues)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If it did that, it could be attracting a lot of younger people who, Medeiros says, are “flocking to San Francisco” because it provides them with a better quality of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The economic impact of green\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SVLG’s Carl Guardino praises cities such as San Jose that have taken big steps toward more sustainable economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both San Jose and San Francisco, they have taken tremendous strides, along with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57569425/bloomberg-pushes-green-agenda-in-final-nyc-state-of-the-city/\">Mayor Bloomberg in New York\u003c/a>, in being on the cutting edge of innovation, of the green economy, working as a public sector to bolster private sector success,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose’s Kim Walesh points out that cleantech jobs are an important new driver of the local economy. She cites last year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/publications.taf?function=detail&ID=38801388\">\u003cstrong>Milken Institute report\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, which described the San Jose metro area as the nation’s number one performing city in terms of jobs and wage growth - thanks to its innovative tech culture. The San Francisco metro region ranked 36.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not a splashy city that makes a lot of announcements,” says Walesh. “We’re a city of idea generators who also implement. We can talk about the green vision, but we’re really walking the green vision and we’re making some progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to the future, San Jose city officials are abuzz about this summer’s opening of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7402\">\u003cstrong>Cleantech Innovation Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. It’s a partnership with Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and will offer a demonstration center for cleantech startups to test, showcase and speed commercialization of their green products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see all of San Jose’s green goals and how it’s measuring up, check out San Jose’s \u003ca href=\"http://sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/13270\">\u003cstrong>Green Vision Progress Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> for 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Aboard the Tugnacious With Dr. Doom",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130304science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean Greene contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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