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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_mammoth.jpg\">\u003cem>Woolly Mammoth\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Two years ago, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mammoth/\" target=\"_blank\">skeleton of a mammoth\u003c/a> was discovered and excavated right near the San Jose airport. That may not change your world, but consider that when that mammoth was alive, there was no San Francisco Bay-- global sea level was lower because of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum\" target=\"_blank\">massive glaciers that covered the Northern Hemisphere\u003c/a>. This time period, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/ple.html\">Pleistocene\u003c/a>, was the heyday of the iconic animals of the Ice Ages: saber-toothed cats, woolly mammoths, dire wolves, and giant ground sloths. These so-called charismatic megafauna are powerful reminders that California, even several thousand years ago, was far different than it was today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists and archaeologists have long debated what happened to these large Ice Age mammals: were they the victims of rapid climate change or did they fall to the spears of a superpredator, invading from the Bering land bridge? Across other continents and islands, the pattern of megafaunal extinction varies in timing (when humans arrive) and in magnitude (how many went extinct), and, at least in North America, it seems both \u003ca href=\"http://sciencereview.berkeley.edu/articles.php?issue=9&article=large-mammal\" target=\"_blank\">climate change and human hunting played major roles\u003c/a>. Even the condor, a vestige of the Ice Age, would have gone extinct without intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a group of researchers have proposed that reintroducing the living relatives extinct North America megafauna might help fill empty or \"ghost\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0830/p08s02-comv.html\" target=\"_blank\">niches that have been vacant since the Pleistocene\u003c/a>. This means bringing back camels and elephants to large untamed parts of North America, assuming that key ecosystem functions (and services) may be restored. Supporters of the proposal point out that many African mammals already live quite well in North America (big cat ranches in Texas), and point out that many native plant species likely coevolved with Ice Age megafauna. Aside from the problems of re-wilding North America with large mammals (if you think California has a cougar problem, imagine what lions would do), critics also point out that it's impossible to reset climate variables to the Pleistocene. As cool as it would be to have Marty Stouffer narrate a Re-Wild America, I can't help but ask: why try to turn back the clock to the Pleistocene? Why not 1555? Or 1905? With evolution and ecology, what's \"natural\" is all a matter of the context and questions that you're asking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eradication process was low-tech and Bay-friendly, with no chemicals involved (apart from the coffee fueling the volunteers). Community members-- including families, students, Cub Scouts, and others-- simply donned boots or old sneakers, went out, and methodically plucked the snails from the mudflats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/mudsnails2.jpg\">\u003c/span>I found eradicating invasive mud snails a surprisingly meditative way to spend a Saturday. The snails' conical shells are only about an inch and well camouflaged in their muddy and pebbly surroundings. At first you can't imagine how you are going to find them. And yet, after a little time spent staring intently at the mud, that distinctive shell shape comes somehow into focus. Foreground distinguishes itself from background, and all at once you see the little guys everywhere. Then begins the process of removing them, snail by snail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Controlling invasive species may seem like holding back the tide. Still, in the course of just five eradication days spread over three months, volunteers removed 69,000 snails, estimated to be half the population in the project area. Further, by following protocols established by the researchers, volunteers were contributing to our scientific understanding of effective eradications, even as they were helping the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that, and the calmness of mind that comes of a morning spent meditating over mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Ann Dickinson\u003c/strong> is Communications Manager for The Bay Institute (\u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org\">www.bay.org\u003c/a>), a nonprofit research, education, and advocacy organization dedicated to protecting and restoring San Francisco Bay and its watershed, “from the Sierra to the sea.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_breastcancer300.jpg\">\u003cem>breast cancer\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Last week the FDA approved a new weapon in a doctor’s arsenal against breast cancer. This genetic test doesn’t help doctors find the cancer early. Or figure out who is more likely to get it. What this test does is help doctors decide whether to prescribe chemotherapy AFTER surgery. Right now doctors often recommend chemo even if all of the tumor has been removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first this seems weird. Why get chemo if the surgery was successful? Because even if the tumor is gone, the cancer may not be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As everyone knows, what usually makes cancer deadly is that it spreads. And at early stages, these deadly cancer colonies can be hard to find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So whether or not a doctor has evidence that a cancer has spread, s/he will often prescribe chemo. This is the \"better safe than sorry\" approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you know anyone who has gone through chemo, you know what a grueling experience it is. And it can sometimes have side effects like permanent damage to organs or even a secondary cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where the newly approved genetic test can help. The FDA approved a genetic test called MammaPrint that is marketed by a Dutch company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.agendia.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=162&Itemid=239\" target=\"_blank\">Agendia\u003c/a> and manufactured by a bay area company, Agilent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_array300.jpg\">\u003cem>checking a microarray\u003c/em>\u003c/span>There is also another competing test made here in the bay area by Genomic Health Inc. called \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomichealth.com/oncotype/pathome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Oncotype DX\u003c/a>. Although not FDA approved, the company sold over 14,000 of these tests last year.Both tests use a technology called \u003ca href=\"http://www.maxanim.com/genetics/Microarray/Microarray.htm\" target=\"_blank\">microarrays\u003c/a>. Microarrays are basically a way to do many genetic tests all at once on a glass slide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, the tests aren’t looking at a person's genes. Instead they look at how the tumor uses its genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the different kinds of cells in our body use their genes a bit differently. This is what makes a lung cell different from a liver cell, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a tumor uses its genes differently than do the kinds of cells it came from. In other words, a breast cancer cell uses its genes differently than does a normal breast cell. Why is this? Because the cancer cell’s DNA is damaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer starts out as a cell, just sitting there, minding its own business. Suddenly, something happens to the cell's DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe the sun has caused a mutation in a gene in a skin cell. Or, the cell has just divided and it made a mistake when it copied its DNA. Or something in cigarette smoke has mutated the DNA of a lung cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever caused the DNA change, this mutation in the gene has unleashed the cell’s ability to grow and divide. Usually a cell is under tight control and is only allowed to grow and divide a certain amount in certain places at certain times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, because of the DNA mutation, it is free to grow, make copies of itself and possibly spread. This is the definition of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there isn't just one mutation that causes cancer. Lots and lots of DNA changes can lead to a cell growing uncontrollably (or refusing to die). And once certain DNA mutations happen, more can happen so that by the time you notice you have cancer, there are lots of DNA changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So different tumors use their DNA differently. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where the newly approved genetic test can help. The FDA approved a genetic test called MammaPrint that is marketed by a Dutch company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.agendia.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=162&Itemid=239\" target=\"_blank\">Agendia\u003c/a> and manufactured by a bay area company, Agilent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_array300.jpg\">\u003cem>checking a microarray\u003c/em>\u003c/span>There is also another competing test made here in the bay area by Genomic Health Inc. called \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomichealth.com/oncotype/pathome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Oncotype DX\u003c/a>. Although not FDA approved, the company sold over 14,000 of these tests last year.Both tests use a technology called \u003ca href=\"http://www.maxanim.com/genetics/Microarray/Microarray.htm\" target=\"_blank\">microarrays\u003c/a>. Microarrays are basically a way to do many genetic tests all at once on a glass slide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, the tests aren’t looking at a person's genes. Instead they look at how the tumor uses its genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the different kinds of cells in our body use their genes a bit differently. This is what makes a lung cell different from a liver cell, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a tumor uses its genes differently than do the kinds of cells it came from. In other words, a breast cancer cell uses its genes differently than does a normal breast cell. Why is this? Because the cancer cell’s DNA is damaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer starts out as a cell, just sitting there, minding its own business. Suddenly, something happens to the cell's DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe the sun has caused a mutation in a gene in a skin cell. Or, the cell has just divided and it made a mistake when it copied its DNA. Or something in cigarette smoke has mutated the DNA of a lung cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever caused the DNA change, this mutation in the gene has unleashed the cell’s ability to grow and divide. Usually a cell is under tight control and is only allowed to grow and divide a certain amount in certain places at certain times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, because of the DNA mutation, it is free to grow, make copies of itself and possibly spread. This is the definition of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there isn't just one mutation that causes cancer. Lots and lots of DNA changes can lead to a cell growing uncontrollably (or refusing to die). And once certain DNA mutations happen, more can happen so that by the time you notice you have cancer, there are lots of DNA changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So different tumors use their DNA differently. These microarray tests look at how tumors use 70 or 80 genes that can distinguish a cancer that is likely to spread from one that won't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now these tests aren't perfect. For MammaPrint, for example, only about one third to one quarter of women whose results indicated they had aggressive cancer actually had their cancer spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as one of many tools that help doctors decide on a treatment, these tests are very powerful. And another step on the road to personalized medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day doctors may look at a patient's DNA (or the DNA of his or her tumors) and be able to give that patient personalized care. One patient will do well with one form of chemo while another may do better with a different form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of thing already happens with the drug Herceptin and certain aggressive forms of breast cancer. And with Gleevec and certain forms of leukemia. And now breast cancer has these microarray tests. Maybe personalized medicine is closer than we think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional Links:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer development\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=136\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=136\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Side effects of chemotherapy\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/chemotherapy-and-you/page4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer Atlas Project\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/CancerGenomeLaunchPressRelease\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about genetics at The Tech's online exhibition, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
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