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"bio": "Amy Gotliffe is Conservation Manager at the Oakland Zoo. She is a Detroit transplant, enjoying the good Bay Area life for 17 years. She has a degree in communications, holds several teaching credentials and has a Masters Degree in Environmental Education. She has worked at various Bay Area educational and environmental institutions, teaching second grade, working on campaigns, planting pollinator gardens, producing earth day events and generally spreading the word about wildlife and green living. She currently works at The Oakland Zoo where she serves as the Conservation Manager. There, she coordinates support for international, national and local conservation efforts, produces a Conservation Speaker Series, produces the zoo's Earth Day event, leads eco-trips, teaches the various educational programs and heads up an on-site Green Team. On her list of other passions are travel, photography, music and the lindy hop. :-)",
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"content": "\u003cp>For thousands of years, massive herds of Tule Elk ranged across California like bison roaming the great plains. Weighing more than 500 pounds and able to run as fast as a racehorse, they were among the most majestic animals in the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were once a half a million native tule elk found in the state. By the mid 19th century, it was believed that the tule elk were completely wiped out. But in 1874 a small handful were found hiding in a marsh-thicket near Bakersfield. Cattle Baron Henry miller felt compelled to save these last survivors and set aside land for them to graze on. 100 years later, tule elk officially received protected status and descendants of that last herd were reintroduced to other locations around the state. For the past 30 years native California tule elk have been reclaiming their place in the open spaces around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We visit Point Reyes National Seashore where scientists are studying elk behavior in what can be considered a \"semi-controlled habitat.\" Think of it as a huge tule elk laboratory. In the 2600 acre elk reserve, researchers can monitor the wild elk population and better understand how these animals affect the environment. Elk Management learned here may benefit a group on the other end of the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may surprise people to learn that there are wild elk herds just 30 minutes away from the Silicon Valley. We meet former Santa Clara County Game Warden Henry Coletto who, in the late 1970s, worked with the State of California to bring tule elk back the Mt. Hamilton Range. Unlike the main herd at Pt. Reyes, the elk on Mt. Hamilton are free to roam anywhere. And that presents some land management issues.-\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to help manage the herd and provide land owners with an incentive to maintain elk habitat, the California Department of Fish & Game has instituted a limited hunting program. Since only a few hunting tags are issued each year, hunters will pay top dollar to bag a trophy tule elk. This can be a windfall for ranchers willing to maintain elk on their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, there are more elk now than at any time since Abraham Lincoln was President. Yet now with increasing development throughout the bay area, their biggest threat is loss of habitat. Working with private land owners and setting aside open space will insure that this majestic animal will always have a place to call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Eco-Architecture and Elk Return to the Bay Area\u003c/strong> (episode #105) airs tonight on QUEST at 7:30pm on KQED 9, and KQED HD, Comcast 709. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/programs/tv/program-landing.jsp?progID=15151\" title=\"QUEST Full Schedule\">full schedule\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You may also \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/165\" title=\"Elk Return to the Bay Area\">view the entire Elk Return to the Bay Area story online\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157594558781914/\" target=\"_blank\">Additional Photos for this story\u003c/a> are also available on our KQED QUEST Flickr set. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_cbauer.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Chris Bauer\u003c/strong> is a Segment Producer for television on QUEST, and is the producer for this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For thousands of years, massive herds of Tule Elk ranged across California like bison roaming the great plains. Weighing more than 500 pounds and able to run as fast as a racehorse, they were among the most majestic animals in the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were once a half a million native tule elk found in the state. By the mid 19th century, it was believed that the tule elk were completely wiped out. But in 1874 a small handful were found hiding in a marsh-thicket near Bakersfield. Cattle Baron Henry miller felt compelled to save these last survivors and set aside land for them to graze on. 100 years later, tule elk officially received protected status and descendants of that last herd were reintroduced to other locations around the state. For the past 30 years native California tule elk have been reclaiming their place in the open spaces around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We visit Point Reyes National Seashore where scientists are studying elk behavior in what can be considered a \"semi-controlled habitat.\" Think of it as a huge tule elk laboratory. In the 2600 acre elk reserve, researchers can monitor the wild elk population and better understand how these animals affect the environment. Elk Management learned here may benefit a group on the other end of the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may surprise people to learn that there are wild elk herds just 30 minutes away from the Silicon Valley. We meet former Santa Clara County Game Warden Henry Coletto who, in the late 1970s, worked with the State of California to bring tule elk back the Mt. Hamilton Range. Unlike the main herd at Pt. Reyes, the elk on Mt. Hamilton are free to roam anywhere. And that presents some land management issues.-\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to help manage the herd and provide land owners with an incentive to maintain elk habitat, the California Department of Fish & Game has instituted a limited hunting program. Since only a few hunting tags are issued each year, hunters will pay top dollar to bag a trophy tule elk. This can be a windfall for ranchers willing to maintain elk on their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, there are more elk now than at any time since Abraham Lincoln was President. Yet now with increasing development throughout the bay area, their biggest threat is loss of habitat. Working with private land owners and setting aside open space will insure that this majestic animal will always have a place to call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Eco-Architecture and Elk Return to the Bay Area\u003c/strong> (episode #105) airs tonight on QUEST at 7:30pm on KQED 9, and KQED HD, Comcast 709. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/programs/tv/program-landing.jsp?progID=15151\" title=\"QUEST Full Schedule\">full schedule\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You may also \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/165\" title=\"Elk Return to the Bay Area\">view the entire Elk Return to the Bay Area story online\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157594558781914/\" target=\"_blank\">Additional Photos for this story\u003c/a> are also available on our KQED QUEST Flickr set. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_cbauer.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Chris Bauer\u003c/strong> is a Segment Producer for television on QUEST, and is the producer for this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge",
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"content": "\u003ch2>Alviso Slough Trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alviso Marina Park\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1195 Hope St. [\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Alviso+Marina+Park&sll=37.470266,-122.275885&sspn=0.024932,0.040169&ie=UTF8&latlng=37429241,-121979095,135255352268568321&ei=xpnBRcPiNZzCiQO8zui3Bg&sig2=5dt6ntKAzT0AGQPJpAvw6A\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nAlviso, CA 95002\u003cbr>\n(408) 262-6980\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation's first urban National Wildlife Refuge is a jewel on the San Francisco Bay. Its 30,000 acres of open bay, salt pond, salt marsh, mudflat, upland, and vernal pool habitats are constantly changing. It's a great place to hike or watch birds. It's also a great place to see up close how a salt pond is turned back into wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look around you. What do you see? hear? smell? Perhaps you'd be surprised to learn that there are hidden realms in this landscape, evidence of past human activity, even a mystery or two. A salt pond looks quite different from above. There are myriad species of organisms living in the rust-red, purple, or emerald green water. Here you'll discover clues to some of the stories this area has to tell about its ecology and its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See if you can spot any of the birds, insects, or other animals that live in the dense stands of bulrushes. Later, during your hike, you can compare this restored marsh habitat to some salt pond habitats. There's a lot that scientists don't know, too. Maybe you can help find some of the answers!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the marsh during the spring or fall migratory seasons and you might see brandt, pintails, mallards, or canvasbacks. Other water birds that feed and live here include herons, seagulls, avocets, and stilts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special Thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">The Exploratorium\u003c/a> for connecting QUEST with Dr. Wayne Lanier and Cris Benton, of the Hidden Ecologies blog. Hidden Ecologies is part of the Exploratorium's \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/id/\">Invisible Dynamics\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who Needs Wetlands?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/89/329325425_d0f4960e0b_m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/span> Everyone needs wetlands. Even though humans considered them wasteland in the past, today we know wetlands are among the most complex, unique, and necessary communities in nature. Much of the life on Earth depends on their existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal wetlands serve many important functions. They provide food and shelter to enormous numbers of fish, migratory birds, and other wildlife, including many endangered species. They put nutrients into the oceans. They offer protection to juvenile fish and other species. They buffer storm surges and prevent flooding and shoreline erosion. They also filter pollutants and particles out of the water and help to keep it clean.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making Salt from Bay Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Salt makes up about 2.5 percent of the bay's water. By collecting the water in ponds and allowing the water to evaporate, you end up with salt and some other mineral byproducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During high tide, bay water floods over the levees and into the first of a series of salt concentrator ponds. The sun slowly evaporates the water, making it saltier and saltier. Salt crystals begin to form when the salt concentration reaches 25.8 percent. The water is moved from one pond to the next as its salinity increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salt concentration is carefully controlled in each pond. When all the water is gone, each pond holds a bed of salt five to eight inches deep. The salt is then harvested, purified, and packaged for farm, industry, and home use. It takes about five years to go from bay water to harvested salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why Are the Ponds Green, Pink, and Orange?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103921\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/337893086/in/album-72157594443594563/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103921\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-103921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge Exploration\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From above, these ghostly vestigial channels have been frozen in place since the wetlands were diked. Their shapes are memories of the tidal ebb and flow, evident in the water they retain or the salt left behind when they dry out for the season. \u003ccite>(Cris Benton)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salt is usually white, right? Out here, the salt ponds can be red, pink, orange, or deep green! The giant blocks of bright colors aren't salt but the colorful life forms that live in very salty water. Different organisms thrive in different salt concentrations. The color of each pond changes as the water evaporates and the pond becomes more saline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/179/364994271_700b8aa716_m.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span> Dunaliella algae can live in water with low salinity. They turn the salt green.Archaebacteria turn the salt pink or red. These can even live in completely dry salt crystals. At moderate to high salt levels, tiny brine shrimp turn the salt orange. Their orange color comes from substances, called carotenoids, that give tomatoes, carrots, and pink flamingos their bright colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Turning Salt Ponds Back into Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/335700510/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/67/335700510_eabb5a1f55_m.jpg\" alt=\"Alviso - remnant of waterway from before levee was breached\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> To create wetlands where there now are salt ponds, the levees enclosing the ponds must be opened, or breached, to allow the tidal water to once again flow in and out. Tidal circulation transports and mixes decomposing plant matter, other nutrients, and oxygen, and helps to turn the marshland into one big smorgasbord for wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project is the third-largest wetlands restoration project in the country and the largest on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2004, ten salt ponds were opened, with nine more in March 2005. In October 2006, a levee was broken open near the ghost town of Drawbridge. The area you see (where) is slowly turning back into wetlands. Already the numbers of waterfowl and shorebirds, such as sandpipers and wigeons, and have increased dramatically. Experts estimate that it will take decades for mature wetland habitats to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Concerns and Challenges\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It takes a lot of work to restore and protect salt marshes. These vitally important habitats face dangers from encroaching development to aggressive non-native species to pollution. Many of the species that are native to salt marshes are threatened or endangered because their territory and food supplies are disappearing. People are working hard to reverse the damage caused here by past human activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Studying Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329323968/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/148/329323968_d387abf87a_m.jpg\" alt=\"Alviso - 3 samples, 3 ecosystems, 3 colors\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The wetlands restoration projects in the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge is a large one by any measure. But one of its most important features is its urban context. Surrounded by communities and industry, this project gives millions of people an up close and personal look at maturing, developing wetland habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not a lot is known about how a salt pond turns back into a mature wetland, but many people are interested in documenting the process. Much was learned with the restoration of the 200-acre LaRiviere marsh to the east, near the Visitor Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Wetland's Smallest Inhabitants\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some of the most important inhabitants of wetlands-- and the planet-- are so tiny you can't see them individually, but, collectively, they make up a huge portion of the biomass on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bacteria Are Your Friends\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Out of the 100 million or so species of bacteria on Earth only about 100 are known to be harmful to humans. While bacteria are often just associated with disease and dirt, quite the reverse is true. You couldn't live without them! Right now there are hundreds of millions of bacterial cells living in your digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because they're found in such large numbers, and in habitats ranging from ice caps to hot springs, it's not too surprising that bacteria are plentiful in wetlands. Some of the bacteria found along the Alviso Slough trail include cyanobacteria, aquatic organisms that manufacture their own food through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cyanobacteria\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329319205/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/149/329319205_ed8e54f00d_m.jpg\" alt=\"sampling cyanobacteria II\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Biologist Wayne Lanier says, \"Every time you take a breath, you should say, 'Thank you, cyanobacteria!'\" Cyanobacteria are one of the largest and most important types of bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 3.5 billion years ago, there wasn't much oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. When cyanobacteria developed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Eras, they were the big guys on the block--the \"dinosaurs\" of their day. The dramatic increase in oxygen in the atmosphere generated by these organisms shaped the course of evolution, allowing much larger creatures, such as trilobites--and mammals--to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A patch of cyanobacteria is sometimes referred to as \"blue-green algae,\" but they aren't related to algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Consequences of Habitat Change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Changing any habitat affects wildlife. In fact, one of the main arguments against restoring all of the ponds back to tidal marsh is the need to preserve some of the familiar salty habitat--the shorebirds are used to it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salt ponds will remain, not just to produce salt but also to provide essential habitat and shelter for dozens of species of birds, particularly during stormy weather. California's coast has been dredged and developed for years, decreasing the acreage of protected flats like the salt ponds. These ponds are critical resting places for migrating species like the Western sandpiper.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>South Bay Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/338029816/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/338029816_a85b598923_m.jpg\" alt=\"8a. Salt Pond #A15 (across from weep)\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Centuries ago, the salt marshes and other wetlands surrounding the bay were much larger. Many were filled in to make more room for development. Levees closed off other wetlands to make salt evaporation ponds. The first salt ponds were created in the bay in 1854. By the late twentieth century only 10 percent of the bay's original wetlands remained, and many of those were in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the state of California, the federal government, and private donors purchased from Cargill Salt 16,500 acres of salt ponds, an area about half the size of San Francisco. Over the next several decades, the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project will return most of the ponds to native wetland habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329318105/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/329318105_bfa9e707cb_m.jpg\" alt=\"The group heading out to the sampling sites, hello Amtrak\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> There are lots of volunteer opportunities at the Refuge Headquarters and Visitor Center in Fremont, the Environmental Education Center in Alviso, the Native Plant Nursery, and many of the satellite refuges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Don_Edwards_San_Francisco_Bay/volunteer.html\">the volunteer page\u003c/a> or call the Volunteer Program Coordinator at (510) 792-0222.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/99988021@N00\">Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>Alviso Slough Trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alviso Marina Park\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1195 Hope St. [\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Alviso+Marina+Park&sll=37.470266,-122.275885&sspn=0.024932,0.040169&ie=UTF8&latlng=37429241,-121979095,135255352268568321&ei=xpnBRcPiNZzCiQO8zui3Bg&sig2=5dt6ntKAzT0AGQPJpAvw6A\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nAlviso, CA 95002\u003cbr>\n(408) 262-6980\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation's first urban National Wildlife Refuge is a jewel on the San Francisco Bay. Its 30,000 acres of open bay, salt pond, salt marsh, mudflat, upland, and vernal pool habitats are constantly changing. It's a great place to hike or watch birds. It's also a great place to see up close how a salt pond is turned back into wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look around you. What do you see? hear? smell? Perhaps you'd be surprised to learn that there are hidden realms in this landscape, evidence of past human activity, even a mystery or two. A salt pond looks quite different from above. There are myriad species of organisms living in the rust-red, purple, or emerald green water. Here you'll discover clues to some of the stories this area has to tell about its ecology and its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See if you can spot any of the birds, insects, or other animals that live in the dense stands of bulrushes. Later, during your hike, you can compare this restored marsh habitat to some salt pond habitats. There's a lot that scientists don't know, too. Maybe you can help find some of the answers!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the marsh during the spring or fall migratory seasons and you might see brandt, pintails, mallards, or canvasbacks. Other water birds that feed and live here include herons, seagulls, avocets, and stilts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special Thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">The Exploratorium\u003c/a> for connecting QUEST with Dr. Wayne Lanier and Cris Benton, of the Hidden Ecologies blog. Hidden Ecologies is part of the Exploratorium's \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/id/\">Invisible Dynamics\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who Needs Wetlands?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/89/329325425_d0f4960e0b_m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/span> Everyone needs wetlands. Even though humans considered them wasteland in the past, today we know wetlands are among the most complex, unique, and necessary communities in nature. Much of the life on Earth depends on their existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal wetlands serve many important functions. They provide food and shelter to enormous numbers of fish, migratory birds, and other wildlife, including many endangered species. They put nutrients into the oceans. They offer protection to juvenile fish and other species. They buffer storm surges and prevent flooding and shoreline erosion. They also filter pollutants and particles out of the water and help to keep it clean.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making Salt from Bay Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Salt makes up about 2.5 percent of the bay's water. By collecting the water in ponds and allowing the water to evaporate, you end up with salt and some other mineral byproducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During high tide, bay water floods over the levees and into the first of a series of salt concentrator ponds. The sun slowly evaporates the water, making it saltier and saltier. Salt crystals begin to form when the salt concentration reaches 25.8 percent. The water is moved from one pond to the next as its salinity increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salt concentration is carefully controlled in each pond. When all the water is gone, each pond holds a bed of salt five to eight inches deep. The salt is then harvested, purified, and packaged for farm, industry, and home use. It takes about five years to go from bay water to harvested salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why Are the Ponds Green, Pink, and Orange?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103921\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/337893086/in/album-72157594443594563/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103921\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-103921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge Exploration\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From above, these ghostly vestigial channels have been frozen in place since the wetlands were diked. Their shapes are memories of the tidal ebb and flow, evident in the water they retain or the salt left behind when they dry out for the season. \u003ccite>(Cris Benton)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salt is usually white, right? Out here, the salt ponds can be red, pink, orange, or deep green! The giant blocks of bright colors aren't salt but the colorful life forms that live in very salty water. Different organisms thrive in different salt concentrations. The color of each pond changes as the water evaporates and the pond becomes more saline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/179/364994271_700b8aa716_m.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span> Dunaliella algae can live in water with low salinity. They turn the salt green.Archaebacteria turn the salt pink or red. These can even live in completely dry salt crystals. At moderate to high salt levels, tiny brine shrimp turn the salt orange. Their orange color comes from substances, called carotenoids, that give tomatoes, carrots, and pink flamingos their bright colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Turning Salt Ponds Back into Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/335700510/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/67/335700510_eabb5a1f55_m.jpg\" alt=\"Alviso - remnant of waterway from before levee was breached\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> To create wetlands where there now are salt ponds, the levees enclosing the ponds must be opened, or breached, to allow the tidal water to once again flow in and out. Tidal circulation transports and mixes decomposing plant matter, other nutrients, and oxygen, and helps to turn the marshland into one big smorgasbord for wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project is the third-largest wetlands restoration project in the country and the largest on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2004, ten salt ponds were opened, with nine more in March 2005. In October 2006, a levee was broken open near the ghost town of Drawbridge. The area you see (where) is slowly turning back into wetlands. Already the numbers of waterfowl and shorebirds, such as sandpipers and wigeons, and have increased dramatically. Experts estimate that it will take decades for mature wetland habitats to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Concerns and Challenges\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It takes a lot of work to restore and protect salt marshes. These vitally important habitats face dangers from encroaching development to aggressive non-native species to pollution. Many of the species that are native to salt marshes are threatened or endangered because their territory and food supplies are disappearing. People are working hard to reverse the damage caused here by past human activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Studying Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329323968/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/148/329323968_d387abf87a_m.jpg\" alt=\"Alviso - 3 samples, 3 ecosystems, 3 colors\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The wetlands restoration projects in the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge is a large one by any measure. But one of its most important features is its urban context. Surrounded by communities and industry, this project gives millions of people an up close and personal look at maturing, developing wetland habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not a lot is known about how a salt pond turns back into a mature wetland, but many people are interested in documenting the process. Much was learned with the restoration of the 200-acre LaRiviere marsh to the east, near the Visitor Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Wetland's Smallest Inhabitants\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some of the most important inhabitants of wetlands-- and the planet-- are so tiny you can't see them individually, but, collectively, they make up a huge portion of the biomass on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bacteria Are Your Friends\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Out of the 100 million or so species of bacteria on Earth only about 100 are known to be harmful to humans. While bacteria are often just associated with disease and dirt, quite the reverse is true. You couldn't live without them! Right now there are hundreds of millions of bacterial cells living in your digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because they're found in such large numbers, and in habitats ranging from ice caps to hot springs, it's not too surprising that bacteria are plentiful in wetlands. Some of the bacteria found along the Alviso Slough trail include cyanobacteria, aquatic organisms that manufacture their own food through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cyanobacteria\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329319205/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/149/329319205_ed8e54f00d_m.jpg\" alt=\"sampling cyanobacteria II\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Biologist Wayne Lanier says, \"Every time you take a breath, you should say, 'Thank you, cyanobacteria!'\" Cyanobacteria are one of the largest and most important types of bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 3.5 billion years ago, there wasn't much oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. When cyanobacteria developed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Eras, they were the big guys on the block--the \"dinosaurs\" of their day. The dramatic increase in oxygen in the atmosphere generated by these organisms shaped the course of evolution, allowing much larger creatures, such as trilobites--and mammals--to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A patch of cyanobacteria is sometimes referred to as \"blue-green algae,\" but they aren't related to algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Consequences of Habitat Change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Changing any habitat affects wildlife. In fact, one of the main arguments against restoring all of the ponds back to tidal marsh is the need to preserve some of the familiar salty habitat--the shorebirds are used to it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salt ponds will remain, not just to produce salt but also to provide essential habitat and shelter for dozens of species of birds, particularly during stormy weather. California's coast has been dredged and developed for years, decreasing the acreage of protected flats like the salt ponds. These ponds are critical resting places for migrating species like the Western sandpiper.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>South Bay Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/338029816/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/338029816_a85b598923_m.jpg\" alt=\"8a. Salt Pond #A15 (across from weep)\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Centuries ago, the salt marshes and other wetlands surrounding the bay were much larger. Many were filled in to make more room for development. Levees closed off other wetlands to make salt evaporation ponds. The first salt ponds were created in the bay in 1854. By the late twentieth century only 10 percent of the bay's original wetlands remained, and many of those were in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the state of California, the federal government, and private donors purchased from Cargill Salt 16,500 acres of salt ponds, an area about half the size of San Francisco. Over the next several decades, the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project will return most of the ponds to native wetland habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329318105/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/329318105_bfa9e707cb_m.jpg\" alt=\"The group heading out to the sampling sites, hello Amtrak\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> There are lots of volunteer opportunities at the Refuge Headquarters and Visitor Center in Fremont, the Environmental Education Center in Alviso, the Native Plant Nursery, and many of the satellite refuges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Don_Edwards_San_Francisco_Bay/volunteer.html\">the volunteer page\u003c/a> or call the Volunteer Program Coordinator at (510) 792-0222.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/99988021@N00\">Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\"They're lying.\" \"Who are they working for?\" \"What a bunch of gibberish.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the sort of stuff I sometimes overhear when a scientist comes on TV. And I'm not the only one who is hearing this sort of thing. Many studies over the years have chronicled an increasing distrust of the scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where does this lack of trust come from? Scientists themselves are at least partly to blame. (Next time I'll deal with the public's part in all of this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'll just go over a couple of the reasons why I think scientists are culpable. I am sure readers can come up with plenty of them on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, many scientists are no longer lone crusaders searching for the truth. Some of them have an agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the scientists at oil companies who pooh-pooh global warming. Or the big tobacco scientists who claim nicotine is not addictive. 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Something the public often doesn’t understand because scientists have not done a good job of explaining it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science is always building on previous results. What this means is that the previous results have to hold up. If they don't, new experiments won’t work and the previous bad data will be found. And thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of human cloning. A Korean scientist named Hwang Woo Suk said he had cloned a human cell. This was huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened up doors to personalized stem cells. And to all sorts of ethical dilemmas. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sciam.com/index.php?title=stem_cell_meltdown&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1\">But it was a lie\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA testing showed that the work was bogus. Scientists looked bad here (or at least this one did). But science corrected itself and marches on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lack of understanding by the public about how science works is also at least partly the fault of the scientists (and science educators). Why? Because scientists tend to be awful at talking about science to the public. So much so that people don't listen or hear what they want to hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://cmrosa.backpackit.com/assets/849/399/blog_distrust2.jpg\">\u003cem>Rosalind Franklin\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Now none of this is surprising as talking to the public isn't part of a scientist’s training. They are trained to do excellent science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If taught well they run all the right controls, come to reasonable conclusions and can plan the next set of experiments. But very few are taught to explain their work to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so if they have an exciting finding that is either important or sexy enough for the media, they are thrust into the spotlight. Where they often stumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they speak in a technical fog that makes their results hard to decipher. Or they don't take the time to explain the basics. Or they ignore the effect their work will have on people and their beliefs. Or a host of other possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the public misunderstands and questions their work. I remember listening to a story on PBS' own NewsHour program (a show I love by the way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a scientist on the show discussing new research on lung cancer. The correspondent asked about why people who don't smoke can still get lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientist never really answered the question. If she had known about the level of knowledge of the public, she could have responded like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Smoking increases your risk of cancer because it damages your DNA. And cancer is caused by DNA damage. Not all DNA damage leads to cancer, though. So only some smokers get lung cancer. And there are lots of other ways to damage DNA besides smoking. So some nonsmokers get lung cancer too.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the scientist didn't get into the basics of cancer, it was more difficult for some of the audience to interpret her results. And so easier to mistrust them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What to do? Programs are being created to make scientists more aware of what the public knows about science (I run one called Stanford at The Tech). And how to write and talk about science with the public in a way that is entertaining, accurate, and appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more of these programs are created and more scientists are trained, hopefully the public's distrust for scientists will decrease. And like I said, I only touched on a couple of points here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't bring up the effects of exaggerated claims about a scientist's work. Or exaggerated claims about when a scientist's work will lead to a cure for a disease. Or when stem cells will cure diabetes. Or when…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why else do you think scientists are so mistrusted? Can you think of any ways scientists can regain the trust of the public?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The prevalent distrust of science\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/maddox1.html\" target=\"_blank\"> http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/maddox1.html\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mistrust of Science\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://memetherapy.net/19/mistrust-of-science-part-one/\" target=\"_blank\"> http://memetherapy.net/19/mistrust-of-science-part-one/\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the scientists at oil companies who pooh-pooh global warming. Or the big tobacco scientists who claim nicotine is not addictive. Or scientists from pharmaceutical companies who talk up new medicines while data about the drugs' side effects are hidden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public rightly questions some of these scientists' motives. But to extend this questioning to all scientists is a mistake. Most scientists are still working for the common good. Even those in corporate America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are struggling to cure unprofitable diseases like malaria. To create foods that can solve problems like Vitamin A deficient blindness. To understand how the Universe works. To cure heart disease AND make money for their company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond wanting to be recognized within the scientific community, most of these scientists don't have an agenda. And frankly, even if they do, science will sort it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is self-correcting. Something the public often doesn’t understand because scientists have not done a good job of explaining it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science is always building on previous results. What this means is that the previous results have to hold up. If they don't, new experiments won’t work and the previous bad data will be found. And thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of human cloning. A Korean scientist named Hwang Woo Suk said he had cloned a human cell. This was huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened up doors to personalized stem cells. And to all sorts of ethical dilemmas. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sciam.com/index.php?title=stem_cell_meltdown&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1\">But it was a lie\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA testing showed that the work was bogus. Scientists looked bad here (or at least this one did). But science corrected itself and marches on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lack of understanding by the public about how science works is also at least partly the fault of the scientists (and science educators). Why? Because scientists tend to be awful at talking about science to the public. So much so that people don't listen or hear what they want to hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://cmrosa.backpackit.com/assets/849/399/blog_distrust2.jpg\">\u003cem>Rosalind Franklin\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Now none of this is surprising as talking to the public isn't part of a scientist’s training. They are trained to do excellent science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If taught well they run all the right controls, come to reasonable conclusions and can plan the next set of experiments. But very few are taught to explain their work to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so if they have an exciting finding that is either important or sexy enough for the media, they are thrust into the spotlight. Where they often stumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they speak in a technical fog that makes their results hard to decipher. Or they don't take the time to explain the basics. Or they ignore the effect their work will have on people and their beliefs. Or a host of other possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the public misunderstands and questions their work. I remember listening to a story on PBS' own NewsHour program (a show I love by the way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a scientist on the show discussing new research on lung cancer. The correspondent asked about why people who don't smoke can still get lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientist never really answered the question. If she had known about the level of knowledge of the public, she could have responded like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Smoking increases your risk of cancer because it damages your DNA. And cancer is caused by DNA damage. Not all DNA damage leads to cancer, though. So only some smokers get lung cancer. And there are lots of other ways to damage DNA besides smoking. So some nonsmokers get lung cancer too.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the scientist didn't get into the basics of cancer, it was more difficult for some of the audience to interpret her results. And so easier to mistrust them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What to do? Programs are being created to make scientists more aware of what the public knows about science (I run one called Stanford at The Tech). And how to write and talk about science with the public in a way that is entertaining, accurate, and appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more of these programs are created and more scientists are trained, hopefully the public's distrust for scientists will decrease. And like I said, I only touched on a couple of points here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't bring up the effects of exaggerated claims about a scientist's work. Or exaggerated claims about when a scientist's work will lead to a cure for a disease. Or when stem cells will cure diabetes. Or when…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why else do you think scientists are so mistrusted? Can you think of any ways scientists can regain the trust of the public?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The prevalent distrust of science\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/maddox1.html\" target=\"_blank\"> http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/maddox1.html\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mistrust of Science\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://memetherapy.net/19/mistrust-of-science-part-one/\" target=\"_blank\"> http://memetherapy.net/19/mistrust-of-science-part-one/\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_taricha.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>California newt (Taricha torosa)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It is about the time of year when, on a hike pretty much anywhere in the Bay Area, you can turn over a rock or a log and find a salamander. Like frogs, the breeding habits of salamanders coincide with the seasonally wet weather of the spring time; and as amphibians, water is essential to their livelihood and reproduction. One species of Bay Area salamander in particular, the California newt (\u003cem>Taricha torosa\u003c/em>) is especially easy to see this time of year, and you can see them by the hundreds in ponds, mating and laying eggs. Newts belong to a special group of salamanders that can \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingunderworld.org/amphibianArticles/article0014.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">alter their appearance based on conditions and seasons\u003c/a>: during this time of year, you’ll likely spot them in their aquatic morph (part of reproduction and early growth); during drier times, the newt acquires what’s called a terrestrial morph (foraging about on land). Aside from newts, we also have a diversity of fully terrestrial lung-less salamanders that aren’t as easy to find, but do tell an interesting story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_ensatina.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Monterey salamander (Ensatina eschscholtzii)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The biodiversity of California is unique in many ways, and, luckily, \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">scientists have been working for over 100 years\u003c/a> to document and better understand the biotic content of this state. In studying the distribution of one lung-less salamander, the Monterey salamander (\u003cem>Ensatina eschscholtzii\u003c/em>), scientists began to recognize a pattern: different subspecies of \u003cem>Ensatina eschscholtzii\u003c/em>-- which\u003ca href=\"http://www.santarosa.edu/lifesciences2/endist.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> look very different on the outside\u003c/a>-- were tightly distributed along the coastal and Sierran mountain ranges with slightly overlapping distributions of different subspecies going north to south. The great, dry Central Valley is devoid of \u003cem>Ensatina\u003c/em>, but the two north-south ranges of \u003cem>Ensatina\u003c/em> eventually touch in the Peninuslar ranges just south of Bakersfield. It seems that, all throughout this \u003ca href=\"http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VA1BioSpeciesConcept.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">species ring\u003c/a>, different subspecies have no problems interbreeding, but what happens when the two arms of the ring touch? What explains this ring pattern? I’ll save those answers for next post…\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_taricha.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>California newt (Taricha torosa)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It is about the time of year when, on a hike pretty much anywhere in the Bay Area, you can turn over a rock or a log and find a salamander. Like frogs, the breeding habits of salamanders coincide with the seasonally wet weather of the spring time; and as amphibians, water is essential to their livelihood and reproduction. One species of Bay Area salamander in particular, the California newt (\u003cem>Taricha torosa\u003c/em>) is especially easy to see this time of year, and you can see them by the hundreds in ponds, mating and laying eggs. Newts belong to a special group of salamanders that can \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingunderworld.org/amphibianArticles/article0014.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">alter their appearance based on conditions and seasons\u003c/a>: during this time of year, you’ll likely spot them in their aquatic morph (part of reproduction and early growth); during drier times, the newt acquires what’s called a terrestrial morph (foraging about on land). Aside from newts, we also have a diversity of fully terrestrial lung-less salamanders that aren’t as easy to find, but do tell an interesting story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_ensatina.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Monterey salamander (Ensatina eschscholtzii)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The biodiversity of California is unique in many ways, and, luckily, \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">scientists have been working for over 100 years\u003c/a> to document and better understand the biotic content of this state. In studying the distribution of one lung-less salamander, the Monterey salamander (\u003cem>Ensatina eschscholtzii\u003c/em>), scientists began to recognize a pattern: different subspecies of \u003cem>Ensatina eschscholtzii\u003c/em>-- which\u003ca href=\"http://www.santarosa.edu/lifesciences2/endist.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> look very different on the outside\u003c/a>-- were tightly distributed along the coastal and Sierran mountain ranges with slightly overlapping distributions of different subspecies going north to south. The great, dry Central Valley is devoid of \u003cem>Ensatina\u003c/em>, but the two north-south ranges of \u003cem>Ensatina\u003c/em> eventually touch in the Peninuslar ranges just south of Bakersfield. It seems that, all throughout this \u003ca href=\"http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VA1BioSpeciesConcept.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">species ring\u003c/a>, different subspecies have no problems interbreeding, but what happens when the two arms of the ring touch? What explains this ring pattern? I’ll save those answers for next post…\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_kids_plants.jpg\">\u003c/span>When you’re feeling gloomy about the state of the planet and all the environmental challenges we face, there’s no better medicine than to spend a day outside with kids, planting native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what I did two weeks ago, when I tagged along with our Students and Teachers Restoring a Watershed (STRAW) Project staff and a class of second graders as they \u003ca href=\"http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/02/BAG3LOC73J60.DTL\" target=\"_blank\">worked to restore a stretch of Matanzas Creek in Santa Rosa\u003c/a>. The kids were removing invasive vinca and English ivy and planting California rose, honeysuckle, snowberry, Dutchman’s pipevine, and other native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great pick-me-up. For one thing, it is always fun to be reminded of that long-distant, magical time in your life when holding a live worm in your hand was the genuine highlight of your day. But it is also inspiring to witness the “can-do” attitude of the students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wonderful thing about kids is they are still young enough and wise enough to know that their actions make a difference. In fact, the STRAW Project itself was started 15 years ago by a class of fourth graders at Brookside School in San Anselmo. The students had seen a film on endangered species and decided they wanted to do something to help. They learned of a local endangered species, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es/animal_spp_acct/california_freshwater_shrimp.htm\" target=\"_blank\">California freshwater shrimp\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Syncaris pacifica\u003c/em>), found only in a handful of Bay Area creeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_shrimp.jpg\">\u003cem>California freshwater shrimp (Syncaris pacifica)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The students “adopted” the shrimp, researching and publicizing its plight. Next they befriended a rancher, Paul Martin, who invited them onto his property to restore a creek site that had been home to the shrimp. Word spread and now, 15 years and more than 10,000 students later, close to 60,000 linear feet of creek bank has been restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This restored creekside—or \u003cem>riparian\u003c/em>—habitat provides food and shelter for the shrimp as well as for native fish, birds, insects, and mammals. And it helps to limit erosion and filter pollutants from run-off, thereby improving water quality in the creeks as well as the rivers and bays—including San Francisco Bay—into which the restored creeks eventually flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of what these students have achieved becomes evident on a drive around North Bay back roads with Laurette Rogers, who fifteen years ago was the teacher in that fourth grade classroom and now heads The Bay Institute’s Watershed Education Program. Once, driving back from a restoration in western Sonoma, I listened as Laurette read the landscape like a journal, recalling past restorations and pointing out the many sites—some younger, some older—where students have worked over the years. In places you see whole stretches of creek where forests of willow have grown up. And then it dawns on you that these kids, piece by piece and creek by creek, are having an impact at the landscape level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It reminds you of that old riddle that asks, “How do you eat an elephant?” Maybe our new, think-globally-act-locally equivalent should be, “How do you restore the planet?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One creek at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Every city and county in the Bay Area has an existing stream channel, wetland, or shoreline that is threatened. Fortunately, most also have local projects and “creek clubs” working to restore these habitats. Find out about opportunities to help in your local watershed by visiting the Watershed Project’s list of community contacts at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thewatershedproject.org/creekcontacts.html\" target=\"_blank\">www.thewatershedproject.org/creekcontacts.html\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Ann Dickinson\u003c/strong> is Communications Manager for The Bay Institute (\u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org\">www.bay.org\u003c/a>), a nonprofit research, education, and advocacy organization dedicated to protecting and restoring San Francisco Bay and its watershed, “from the Sierra to the sea.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_kids_plants.jpg\">\u003c/span>When you’re feeling gloomy about the state of the planet and all the environmental challenges we face, there’s no better medicine than to spend a day outside with kids, planting native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what I did two weeks ago, when I tagged along with our Students and Teachers Restoring a Watershed (STRAW) Project staff and a class of second graders as they \u003ca href=\"http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/02/BAG3LOC73J60.DTL\" target=\"_blank\">worked to restore a stretch of Matanzas Creek in Santa Rosa\u003c/a>. The kids were removing invasive vinca and English ivy and planting California rose, honeysuckle, snowberry, Dutchman’s pipevine, and other native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great pick-me-up. For one thing, it is always fun to be reminded of that long-distant, magical time in your life when holding a live worm in your hand was the genuine highlight of your day. But it is also inspiring to witness the “can-do” attitude of the students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wonderful thing about kids is they are still young enough and wise enough to know that their actions make a difference. In fact, the STRAW Project itself was started 15 years ago by a class of fourth graders at Brookside School in San Anselmo. The students had seen a film on endangered species and decided they wanted to do something to help. They learned of a local endangered species, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es/animal_spp_acct/california_freshwater_shrimp.htm\" target=\"_blank\">California freshwater shrimp\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Syncaris pacifica\u003c/em>), found only in a handful of Bay Area creeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_shrimp.jpg\">\u003cem>California freshwater shrimp (Syncaris pacifica)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The students “adopted” the shrimp, researching and publicizing its plight. Next they befriended a rancher, Paul Martin, who invited them onto his property to restore a creek site that had been home to the shrimp. Word spread and now, 15 years and more than 10,000 students later, close to 60,000 linear feet of creek bank has been restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This restored creekside—or \u003cem>riparian\u003c/em>—habitat provides food and shelter for the shrimp as well as for native fish, birds, insects, and mammals. And it helps to limit erosion and filter pollutants from run-off, thereby improving water quality in the creeks as well as the rivers and bays—including San Francisco Bay—into which the restored creeks eventually flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale of what these students have achieved becomes evident on a drive around North Bay back roads with Laurette Rogers, who fifteen years ago was the teacher in that fourth grade classroom and now heads The Bay Institute’s Watershed Education Program. Once, driving back from a restoration in western Sonoma, I listened as Laurette read the landscape like a journal, recalling past restorations and pointing out the many sites—some younger, some older—where students have worked over the years. In places you see whole stretches of creek where forests of willow have grown up. And then it dawns on you that these kids, piece by piece and creek by creek, are having an impact at the landscape level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It reminds you of that old riddle that asks, “How do you eat an elephant?” Maybe our new, think-globally-act-locally equivalent should be, “How do you restore the planet?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One creek at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Every city and county in the Bay Area has an existing stream channel, wetland, or shoreline that is threatened. Fortunately, most also have local projects and “creek clubs” working to restore these habitats. Find out about opportunities to help in your local watershed by visiting the Watershed Project’s list of community contacts at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thewatershedproject.org/creekcontacts.html\" target=\"_blank\">www.thewatershedproject.org/creekcontacts.html\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Ann Dickinson\u003c/strong> is Communications Manager for The Bay Institute (\u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org\">www.bay.org\u003c/a>), a nonprofit research, education, and advocacy organization dedicated to protecting and restoring San Francisco Bay and its watershed, “from the Sierra to the sea.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_komododragon.jpg\">\u003c/span>Wouldn’t it be great if same-sex couples didn’t need a sperm donor? Or an egg donor? Or if men or women didn't have to wait for that special someone to have a child?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, if we were anything like Komodo dragons, women at least could have babies without men. Not two women together, but one woman by herself could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what happened late last year at the London Zoo. Five baby Komodo dragons hatched with no male in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they weren’t clones of the mother (that would be creepy). If this ever worked in people, the baby would be a unique person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is this? Well, remember, each egg has only half of mom’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a new individual, the DNA in the egg doubles to give the right amount. But when the DNA in the egg is doubled, only half of mom’s DNA is duplicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the baby Komodo has twice as much of half of his mom’s DNA. Simple, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s give a concrete example to clear things up. And to make it interesting, let’s use Jane, a woman who hasn’t found her soul mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that Jane is a carrier for \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=162\">red hair\u003c/a>. This means that one of her MC1R genes causes red hair and the other doesn’t. Jane doesn’t have red hair but carries the gene version that can cause it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of her eggs has a 50-50 shot of getting the red hair version of the gene. Let’s say an egg that has the red hair version is turned into a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the egg’s DNA is duplicated, there are now two copies of this gene. Which means the baby will be a redhead. In other words, even though Jane does not have red hair, her fatherless child will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All well and good but too bad it’ll probably never work in people. Unfortunately, what Komodo dragons can do, mammals (including us) can’t. Mammalian eggs need to be fertilized by sperm to grow into a new mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe if we can figure out why it doesn’t work in mammals, we can figure out some way around the issue. What’s different between a Komodo and a human egg? Well both have only half the usual number of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Komodo eggs can double their chromosomes to end up with the right number. A human egg can’t do this naturally but it can be done with chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_mousewithtwomoms.jpg\">\u003c/span>But whenever scientists do this with a mammalian egg, it never develops all the way. For example, mice embryos die pretty soon after being implanted in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists have investigated why this is, they found that it has to do with something called \u003ca href=\"http://www.genetics.com.au/factsheet/14.htm\">genetic imprinting\u003c/a>. Males and females mark a few of the genes in their gametes (sperm and eggs) differently. To develop properly, an embryo needs both kinds of marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an egg doubles its chromosomes, only the female marks are there. So no new baby results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t yet have the technology to add the male marks to egg DNA. But scientists have been able to make a female pup using two mouse eggs and no sperm. It wasn’t easy though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, they had to change one mouse so that it made eggs that were more male-like. They did this by permanently mucking with the mouse’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other egg was taken at a very immature stage. At this stage, there aren’t too many female markings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of 457 tries, they got two live mouse pups. Of course all of this would be impossible in people. No one should tolerate so many unsuccessful tries. Nor can we make the DNA changes in people that the scientists were able to do in one of the mice. And a woman would have to harvest eggs when she was a little girl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this won’t work either which is too bad. What a boon either of these techniques would be for people who haven’t yet found someone they want to have kids with. Or for same-sex couples who want their children to be both of theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With current technology, no human egg will develop into a child without fertilization. Which means that for now, babies will have to happen the old fashioned way--with a sperm or egg donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A pup with two moms and no dad\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\"> http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A dragon’s virgin birth\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=40\"> http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=40\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Asexual reproduction\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AsexualReproduction.html\"> http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AsexualReproduction.html\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a new individual, the DNA in the egg doubles to give the right amount. But when the DNA in the egg is doubled, only half of mom’s DNA is duplicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the baby Komodo has twice as much of half of his mom’s DNA. Simple, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s give a concrete example to clear things up. And to make it interesting, let’s use Jane, a woman who hasn’t found her soul mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that Jane is a carrier for \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=162\">red hair\u003c/a>. This means that one of her MC1R genes causes red hair and the other doesn’t. Jane doesn’t have red hair but carries the gene version that can cause it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of her eggs has a 50-50 shot of getting the red hair version of the gene. Let’s say an egg that has the red hair version is turned into a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the egg’s DNA is duplicated, there are now two copies of this gene. Which means the baby will be a redhead. In other words, even though Jane does not have red hair, her fatherless child will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All well and good but too bad it’ll probably never work in people. Unfortunately, what Komodo dragons can do, mammals (including us) can’t. Mammalian eggs need to be fertilized by sperm to grow into a new mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe if we can figure out why it doesn’t work in mammals, we can figure out some way around the issue. What’s different between a Komodo and a human egg? Well both have only half the usual number of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Komodo eggs can double their chromosomes to end up with the right number. A human egg can’t do this naturally but it can be done with chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_mousewithtwomoms.jpg\">\u003c/span>But whenever scientists do this with a mammalian egg, it never develops all the way. For example, mice embryos die pretty soon after being implanted in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists have investigated why this is, they found that it has to do with something called \u003ca href=\"http://www.genetics.com.au/factsheet/14.htm\">genetic imprinting\u003c/a>. Males and females mark a few of the genes in their gametes (sperm and eggs) differently. To develop properly, an embryo needs both kinds of marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an egg doubles its chromosomes, only the female marks are there. So no new baby results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t yet have the technology to add the male marks to egg DNA. But scientists have been able to make a female pup using two mouse eggs and no sperm. It wasn’t easy though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, they had to change one mouse so that it made eggs that were more male-like. They did this by permanently mucking with the mouse’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other egg was taken at a very immature stage. At this stage, there aren’t too many female markings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of 457 tries, they got two live mouse pups. Of course all of this would be impossible in people. No one should tolerate so many unsuccessful tries. Nor can we make the DNA changes in people that the scientists were able to do in one of the mice. And a woman would have to harvest eggs when she was a little girl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this won’t work either which is too bad. What a boon either of these techniques would be for people who haven’t yet found someone they want to have kids with. Or for same-sex couples who want their children to be both of theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With current technology, no human egg will develop into a child without fertilization. Which means that for now, babies will have to happen the old fashioned way--with a sperm or egg donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A pup with two moms and no dad\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\"> http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A dragon’s virgin birth\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=40\"> http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=40\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Asexual reproduction\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AsexualReproduction.html\"> http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AsexualReproduction.html\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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