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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Val_Veirs_House640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"val veirs\" title=\"Val_Veirs_House640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20671\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired professor Val Veirs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>LIME KILN STATE PARK, SAN JUAN ISLAND – It is hard to describe what it’s like when you see a killer whale up close. “Awe” and “inspiring” are the two words that come to most people’s minds. If you ever want to have that awe-inspiring experience, then \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.wa.gov/parks/?selectedpark=Lime%20Kiln%20Point\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on San Juan Island, Washington is the place to go.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“This is the foremost whale watching park in the world,” says retired professor Val Veirs. “There’s no place else in the world you can go with a higher probability of seeing a whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs, who taught physics at Colorado College for more than 30 years, visited the San Juan Islands on vacation with his wife Leslie and never left. Unable to spend his retirement idly, Veirs turned his attention from particle waves to sound waves, and took up the hobby of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/lk/\">recording underwater marine life\u003c/a>. That’s when he heard his first killer whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody who was making recordings sent me a tape, it was back in the days of cassette tapes, and he played this tape and I said ‘Wow, that’s not what I’ve been hearing on my hydrophone, I’ve been hearing ferry boats and crabs, but I haven’t heard these marvelous sounds that these animals make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Veirs puts almost all of his efforts into tracking orcas. “Listening to the underwater sounds of the sea is an effort to try to understand the acoustic environment of the killer whales that very commonly visit this island,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs recordings confirm what many scientists have theorized about orcas. Different groups of killer whales – known as pods – have different sounds. “There are about 85 animals in three pods, labeled J, K, and L,” says Veirs, “and each of those pods seems to have a signature or contact call. 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Veirs says, if you want to know what it’s like to be an orca, imagine living under the flight path of an airport and next to a train station at the same time. Veirs says his research shows that the whales are compensating for all that noise. “We’ve had three or four experiments which have documented the fact that the whales speak more loudly when the background noises are higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater noise isn’t just a nuisance for orcas. It’s critical for their survival, since killer whales rely on echolocation to find their food. Orcas emit a high-pitched click, which, like sonar, bounces off their prey and tells them exactly where a tasty salmon might be swimming nearby. “If it’s harder for them to hear their echoes then they won’t be able to detect,” say Veirs. “The fish that used to be 100 meters away now maybe it can only be 20 meters away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that scientists would love to know is whether the orcas’ chirps and whistles are just general communication, or whether they are a more formal language. In other words, are the orcas actually speaking to each other? Val Veirs thinks he has the answer. In a recording made a few years ago, Veirs documented a mother orca “talking” to her calf, which was approaching Veirs’ research boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the recording afterwards, Veirs was able to triangulate the calls and recreate the communication. “The reconstruction on the computer looks like, [the calf saying] ‘I’m going over there… I’m going over there.’ [Then the mother says] ‘Don’t go over there, don’t go over there,’ a little louder. And in that intense back and forth, the young whale turns away from the boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Veirs has documented the first evidence of an orca “conversation” or not, he is committed to continuing to study these iconic animals. “Our goals for this are multiple. One is kind of public education. 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"disqusTitle": "Why Killer Whales Don’t Eat People: Where Science and Legend Meet",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//ww2.kqed.org/quest/files/2011/07/MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDontEatPeopleBlog.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-20692\" title=\"MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDon'tEatPeopleBlog\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDontEatPeopleBlog-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"orca\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>SAN JUAN ISLAND, WASHINGTON – It’s an image you often see on paintings and wood carvings – a giant totemic killer whale, with the images of sea creatures and faces artistically contained within the whale’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image tells the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_people\">Tlingit\u003c/a> legend of the creation of the killer whale, which goes as follows: \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsilane\">Natsilane\u003c/a> was a charismatic and skilled wood carver who married the Chief’s daughter. Jealous of Natsilane’s popularity and talent, his brothers-in-law devised a plan to abandon Natsilane at sea during a traditional sea lion hunt. Left to die on a small rock in the middle of nowhere, Natsilane was summoned under the waves by a sea lion. The sea lion asked him to heal his son who was injured by a spear during the hunt. After pulling the spear point out, the Sea Lion Chief granted Natsilane great powers and helped him back to shore. Still angry about being abandoned, he began carving a great whale out of different types of wood. The first two carvings, when set in the water, simply floated away. But the third, made of yellow cedar, came to life. Natsilane sent it to exact revenge on his brothers-in-law. When the killer whale found them, he smashed their canoe and killed the brothers. But Natsilane felt badly about what he had done, and when the whale returned to him, he instructed it to never harm humans again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932026/watch-extremely-rare-2-headed-snake-shocks-scientists\">WATCH: 'Extremely Rare' 2-Headed Snake Shocks Scientists\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legend tries to explain something curious about orcas. They don’t attack people. The question is -- why not? On a simple, biological scale they are bigger and stronger than we are, have sharper teeth, and they’re carnivores. Any similar creature might see humans as a tasty little snack, but not orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observation has shown that one answer may not be far from the ancient legend. Killer whales seem to follow rules that go beyond basic instinct and border on culture. Individual pods forage, communicate and navigate differently, much the way different cultures of people do. Researchers have witnessed “greeting ceremonies” between pods. They’ve even seen the equivalent of a funeral. It may very well be that within “orca culture” there is a social norm not to go after people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more scientific explanation might be that we’re simply not tasty enough to be included on the killer whales’ menu. Orcas, it turns out, have picky palates. The Southern Resident Killer Whales of Puget Sound dine on only the fattest Chinook salmon, even if it means allowing an entire school of skinnier salmon to swim by. Transient orcas, which have a broader diet, have shown similar selective behavior, in one case killing a gray whale but eating only its tongue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third possible reason is that we don’t resemble any food source killer whales typically depend on. There have reportedly been incidents where an orca attempted to hunt a human, but broke off the hunt immediately upon realizing it wasn’t a sea lion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so we’ve established that killer whales are pretty darned smart -- they have a culture with specific behaviors, a picky diet, and they know that we don’t taste very good. Still, humans pump toxins into their water, we bombard them with noise, and sometimes we kidnap their babies and put them in aquariums. Orcas have a pretty good reason to hate us, perhaps even enough to want to extract revenge, yet they don’t. The answer here might be friendship. There are many cases where nomadic killer whales have gravitated to humans, bonding with them and playing games. Trainers at places like Sea World say very little goes into orca training. The whales seem to understand people, and are eager to cooperate and create bonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the only apparent instances of orcas attacking people have happened at aquatic parks, where the whales have killed trainers. Many experts think these attacks are not malicious, rather a case of play getting out of hand. Howard Garrett of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcanetwork.org/\">Orca Network\u003c/a> disagrees. He argues the attacks are deliberate, though not in cold blood. Cut off from their pods, confined in small concrete tanks, and hand fed instead of being allowed to hunt, Garrett thinks the pressures build causing the orcas to occasionally lash out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether that’s the case or not, it’s clear that in the wild, orcas seem to have a pretty universal rule: don’t attack humans. The reason would appear to be both biological and cultural. Killer whales have been around about 11 million years. Compared to them, we are a relatively new species on the planet. Physically we’re no match for this apex predator, but they’ve apparently deemed us worthy of coexistence. We owe them the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very least, we can admire and respect these creatures, and be grateful to Natsilane for commanding the killer whale to follow the universal rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See the related Video, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-sound-waves-listening-to-orcas\">Science on the SPOT: Sound Waves – Listening to Orcas\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//ww2.kqed.org/quest/files/2011/07/MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDontEatPeopleBlog.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-20692\" title=\"MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDon'tEatPeopleBlog\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDontEatPeopleBlog-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"orca\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>SAN JUAN ISLAND, WASHINGTON – It’s an image you often see on paintings and wood carvings – a giant totemic killer whale, with the images of sea creatures and faces artistically contained within the whale’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image tells the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_people\">Tlingit\u003c/a> legend of the creation of the killer whale, which goes as follows: \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsilane\">Natsilane\u003c/a> was a charismatic and skilled wood carver who married the Chief’s daughter. Jealous of Natsilane’s popularity and talent, his brothers-in-law devised a plan to abandon Natsilane at sea during a traditional sea lion hunt. Left to die on a small rock in the middle of nowhere, Natsilane was summoned under the waves by a sea lion. The sea lion asked him to heal his son who was injured by a spear during the hunt. After pulling the spear point out, the Sea Lion Chief granted Natsilane great powers and helped him back to shore. Still angry about being abandoned, he began carving a great whale out of different types of wood. The first two carvings, when set in the water, simply floated away. But the third, made of yellow cedar, came to life. Natsilane sent it to exact revenge on his brothers-in-law. When the killer whale found them, he smashed their canoe and killed the brothers. But Natsilane felt badly about what he had done, and when the whale returned to him, he instructed it to never harm humans again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932026/watch-extremely-rare-2-headed-snake-shocks-scientists\">WATCH: 'Extremely Rare' 2-Headed Snake Shocks Scientists\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legend tries to explain something curious about orcas. They don’t attack people. The question is -- why not? On a simple, biological scale they are bigger and stronger than we are, have sharper teeth, and they’re carnivores. Any similar creature might see humans as a tasty little snack, but not orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observation has shown that one answer may not be far from the ancient legend. Killer whales seem to follow rules that go beyond basic instinct and border on culture. Individual pods forage, communicate and navigate differently, much the way different cultures of people do. Researchers have witnessed “greeting ceremonies” between pods. They’ve even seen the equivalent of a funeral. It may very well be that within “orca culture” there is a social norm not to go after people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more scientific explanation might be that we’re simply not tasty enough to be included on the killer whales’ menu. Orcas, it turns out, have picky palates. The Southern Resident Killer Whales of Puget Sound dine on only the fattest Chinook salmon, even if it means allowing an entire school of skinnier salmon to swim by. Transient orcas, which have a broader diet, have shown similar selective behavior, in one case killing a gray whale but eating only its tongue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third possible reason is that we don’t resemble any food source killer whales typically depend on. There have reportedly been incidents where an orca attempted to hunt a human, but broke off the hunt immediately upon realizing it wasn’t a sea lion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so we’ve established that killer whales are pretty darned smart -- they have a culture with specific behaviors, a picky diet, and they know that we don’t taste very good. Still, humans pump toxins into their water, we bombard them with noise, and sometimes we kidnap their babies and put them in aquariums. Orcas have a pretty good reason to hate us, perhaps even enough to want to extract revenge, yet they don’t. The answer here might be friendship. There are many cases where nomadic killer whales have gravitated to humans, bonding with them and playing games. Trainers at places like Sea World say very little goes into orca training. The whales seem to understand people, and are eager to cooperate and create bonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the only apparent instances of orcas attacking people have happened at aquatic parks, where the whales have killed trainers. Many experts think these attacks are not malicious, rather a case of play getting out of hand. Howard Garrett of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcanetwork.org/\">Orca Network\u003c/a> disagrees. He argues the attacks are deliberate, though not in cold blood. Cut off from their pods, confined in small concrete tanks, and hand fed instead of being allowed to hunt, Garrett thinks the pressures build causing the orcas to occasionally lash out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether that’s the case or not, it’s clear that in the wild, orcas seem to have a pretty universal rule: don’t attack humans. The reason would appear to be both biological and cultural. Killer whales have been around about 11 million years. Compared to them, we are a relatively new species on the planet. Physically we’re no match for this apex predator, but they’ve apparently deemed us worthy of coexistence. We owe them the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very least, we can admire and respect these creatures, and be grateful to Natsilane for commanding the killer whale to follow the universal rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See the related Video, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-sound-waves-listening-to-orcas\">Science on the SPOT: Sound Waves – Listening to Orcas\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Herbicides: Help or Harm?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20815\" title=\"herbicides\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Applying herbicides to crops helps increase yield—but at a cost. Photo: tpmartins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent \u003ca href=\"http://ksjtracker.mit.edu/2011/07/15/lots-of-small-ink-then-nytimes-dupont-is-in-hot-water-with-landscapers-new-lawn-herbicide-mows-down-trees/\">headlines\u003c/a> have brought to light some of herbicides’ unintended effects. The herbicide Imprelis, primarily used on golf courses and the like, has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/15/science/earth/15herbicide.html?_r=1\">linked to the death of conifers\u003c/a> throughout the east and the midwest. The safety of the widely used herbicide Roundup has also been called into question. Herbicides can provide farmers and gardeners with advantages over unwanted weeds—but they also come with drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When DuPont first introduced the herbicide Imprelis in 2010, it was seen as a pretty environmentally friendly option. It is really effective at preventing the growth of weeds like dandelions and ivy. It affects plants’ hormone receptors, and it works at low concentrations. Unlike other herbicides, hot temperatures or rainfall just after application do not make Imprelis ineffective—a benefit for lawn care professionals, who otherwise have to time the application of herbicides according to the weather report. But Imprelis doesn’t bind to the soil and can leach into groundwater, two reasons why the state of New York has not approved it. (California has not approved it either.) Because of these characteristics, the herbicide being taken up by nearby trees through their root systems. As a result, conifers’ needles turn brown, and some trees die. The chemicals in Imprelis stick around in the grass clippings, creating \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/grow-it/imprelis-killer-compost-zb0z11zrog.aspx\">killer compost\u003c/a> that should go to the landfill rather than the compost bin or mulch pile. We haven’t heard the end of the story of Imprelis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will likely also hear more about Roundup, a big player manufactured by Monsanto. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/roundup-scientists-birth-defects_n_883578.html\">story\u003c/a> in the Huffington Post describes several studies that indicate that the herbicide causes birth defects. Roundup and other similar herbicides contain glyphosate, which causes reproductive problems in adult animals and birth defects in animals’ offspring. Organisms like rabbits can be exposed when herbicides are applied and when they eat the plants that have been treated. Lab studies have shown that exposure to glyphosate results in malformations in frog and chicken embryos. And, lab studies show that Roundup also poses problems for human embryonic and placental cells. Herbicides that contain glyphosate are hugely popular, because they’re so effective. In the last year for which data are available, 2006-2007, the US agricultural industry applied 180 to 185 million pounds of glyphosate. From 2005 to 2007, non-agricultural use added another 8 to 11 million pounds to the ecosystem. This chemical is increasingly ingrained in the US agricultural system: farmers purchase genetically modified seeds that are resistant to Roundup (such as Roundup Ready Soybeans), and then spray Roundup on the crops. These methods allow for much higher crop yields than organic agriculture, and are cost-effective for big farms. Without the advantages that herbicides provide, farms cannot compete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eradicating weeds is a challenge, and herbicides are a big part of fighting that battle. We have a complex relationship with weeds—check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/201107156\">great conversation about weeds\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/\">Science Friday\u003c/a> last week. Herbicides give us some key advantages over unwanted weeds. These advantages come with drawbacks. The two herbicides under question are primarily used by industry—lawn care professionals and big ag farmers—rather than individuals. But the average citizen uses herbicides on his or her home lawn, too. Do you use herbicides? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20815\" title=\"herbicides\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Applying herbicides to crops helps increase yield—but at a cost. Photo: tpmartins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent \u003ca href=\"http://ksjtracker.mit.edu/2011/07/15/lots-of-small-ink-then-nytimes-dupont-is-in-hot-water-with-landscapers-new-lawn-herbicide-mows-down-trees/\">headlines\u003c/a> have brought to light some of herbicides’ unintended effects. The herbicide Imprelis, primarily used on golf courses and the like, has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/15/science/earth/15herbicide.html?_r=1\">linked to the death of conifers\u003c/a> throughout the east and the midwest. The safety of the widely used herbicide Roundup has also been called into question. Herbicides can provide farmers and gardeners with advantages over unwanted weeds—but they also come with drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When DuPont first introduced the herbicide Imprelis in 2010, it was seen as a pretty environmentally friendly option. It is really effective at preventing the growth of weeds like dandelions and ivy. It affects plants’ hormone receptors, and it works at low concentrations. Unlike other herbicides, hot temperatures or rainfall just after application do not make Imprelis ineffective—a benefit for lawn care professionals, who otherwise have to time the application of herbicides according to the weather report. But Imprelis doesn’t bind to the soil and can leach into groundwater, two reasons why the state of New York has not approved it. (California has not approved it either.) Because of these characteristics, the herbicide being taken up by nearby trees through their root systems. As a result, conifers’ needles turn brown, and some trees die. The chemicals in Imprelis stick around in the grass clippings, creating \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/grow-it/imprelis-killer-compost-zb0z11zrog.aspx\">killer compost\u003c/a> that should go to the landfill rather than the compost bin or mulch pile. We haven’t heard the end of the story of Imprelis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will likely also hear more about Roundup, a big player manufactured by Monsanto. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/roundup-scientists-birth-defects_n_883578.html\">story\u003c/a> in the Huffington Post describes several studies that indicate that the herbicide causes birth defects. Roundup and other similar herbicides contain glyphosate, which causes reproductive problems in adult animals and birth defects in animals’ offspring. Organisms like rabbits can be exposed when herbicides are applied and when they eat the plants that have been treated. Lab studies have shown that exposure to glyphosate results in malformations in frog and chicken embryos. And, lab studies show that Roundup also poses problems for human embryonic and placental cells. Herbicides that contain glyphosate are hugely popular, because they’re so effective. In the last year for which data are available, 2006-2007, the US agricultural industry applied 180 to 185 million pounds of glyphosate. From 2005 to 2007, non-agricultural use added another 8 to 11 million pounds to the ecosystem. This chemical is increasingly ingrained in the US agricultural system: farmers purchase genetically modified seeds that are resistant to Roundup (such as Roundup Ready Soybeans), and then spray Roundup on the crops. These methods allow for much higher crop yields than organic agriculture, and are cost-effective for big farms. Without the advantages that herbicides provide, farms cannot compete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eradicating weeds is a challenge, and herbicides are a big part of fighting that battle. We have a complex relationship with weeds—check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/201107156\">great conversation about weeds\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/\">Science Friday\u003c/a> last week. Herbicides give us some key advantages over unwanted weeds. These advantages come with drawbacks. The two herbicides under question are primarily used by industry—lawn care professionals and big ag farmers—rather than individuals. But the average citizen uses herbicides on his or her home lawn, too. Do you use herbicides? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22319\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT-IMAGE_whale.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22319\" title=\"LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT IMAGE_whale\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT-IMAGE_whale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Department of Commerce. Photograph by Captain Budd Christman, NOAA Corps\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SEATTLE, Wash.—A few years ago, I worked as a naturalist on boats in the San Juan Islands, in northwest Washington State. I was lucky enough to watch the resident orca pods, named J, K and L in the wild with all of their unique natural behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcas are a particularly fascinating animal to study because of their social complexities. They live with their mother and her family their whole lives and each family has their own “dialect” of calls. Scientists have made the case in peer-reviewed journals for the existence of culture in some cetaceans including orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups of orcas can share the same habitat but not interact with each other at all; the salmon-eating resident pods don’t intermingle with the so-called “transient” orcas that prey on marine mammals, yet they are regularly found traversing the same waters within days or even hours of each other. As far as scientists can tell, they are the same species, yet they avoid each other completely and stick with their own cultural diet preferences religiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether on a boat or from the shore at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thesanjuans.com/san-juan-island-places/sanjuan-parks-forest/lime-kiln-state-park.shtml\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on the west side of San Juan Island, I was able to observe the orca’s behaviors. Breaching is one of the orca’s more dramatic behaviors, where it propels its full body up and out of the water, then lands with a great splash. Another unique behavior is called spy-hopping, where the orca sticks its head up and looks around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also many subtle behaviors to observe. Sometimes I’d see a whale just floating motionless at the surface, or “logging.” It’s not often that you can hear an orca’s calls above the water, but on that day, I was lucky enough to hear a nearby logging whale vocalizing from the surface. Was she aware that humans could hear her? Was she perhaps trying to engage with us in some way? I couldn’t help but speculate about what might be going on in her mind even though I realize that her vocalizations probably had nothing to do with humans despite my “wishful thinking” that she was trying to communicate with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One summer, a few Southern Resident orcas started a fad of carrying a salmon around on their heads. One whale started it and soon, all of the “cool kids” were doing it. It didn’t seem to be hunting practice or serve any practical purpose. Was it a game to see how long you could carry the salmon without dropping it? We don’t have definitive answers at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another example of unique orca behavior involves a “rubbing beach” used by Northern Resident orcas. The beach is located at Robson Bight in the Johnstone Strait region of northern Vancouver Island, Canada. Pods of orcas visit the area and spend time rubbing their bodies across the smooth pebbles just below the surface of the water. Why do they do this? We can’t say for sure, but it could feel good to the orcas, much like a day at the spa. There are health benefits to massage for humans, so perhaps the orcas have introduced a similar concept here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have long speculated that there may be a rubbing beach used by Southern Residents somewhere, but if there is, no one has proof of it yet. In fact, I don’t know of any other orcas that have a rubbing beach like the Northern Residents. Perhaps it is a unique component of their culture, kind of like here in Seattle where we wear our polar fleece jackets to everything from a hike in the mountains to a fancy dinner downtown.\u003cbr>\nThough humans and orcas are very different species, what affects us also affects the orcas and their natural environment, and unfortunately their environment has become significantly altered over time. The environmental problems affecting Puget Sound and the waters throughout the world can seem overwhelming, but luckily I am a part of a culture at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/\">the Seattle Aquarium\u003c/a> that values conservation and marine life. Culture is an important part of what it means to be human, and I think it’s pretty cool that we share that with orcas.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22319\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT-IMAGE_whale.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22319\" title=\"LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT IMAGE_whale\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/LarsonDarcie-CulturalDifferences-REPLACEMENT-IMAGE_whale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Department of Commerce. Photograph by Captain Budd Christman, NOAA Corps\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SEATTLE, Wash.—A few years ago, I worked as a naturalist on boats in the San Juan Islands, in northwest Washington State. I was lucky enough to watch the resident orca pods, named J, K and L in the wild with all of their unique natural behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcas are a particularly fascinating animal to study because of their social complexities. They live with their mother and her family their whole lives and each family has their own “dialect” of calls. Scientists have made the case in peer-reviewed journals for the existence of culture in some cetaceans including orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups of orcas can share the same habitat but not interact with each other at all; the salmon-eating resident pods don’t intermingle with the so-called “transient” orcas that prey on marine mammals, yet they are regularly found traversing the same waters within days or even hours of each other. As far as scientists can tell, they are the same species, yet they avoid each other completely and stick with their own cultural diet preferences religiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether on a boat or from the shore at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thesanjuans.com/san-juan-island-places/sanjuan-parks-forest/lime-kiln-state-park.shtml\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on the west side of San Juan Island, I was able to observe the orca’s behaviors. Breaching is one of the orca’s more dramatic behaviors, where it propels its full body up and out of the water, then lands with a great splash. Another unique behavior is called spy-hopping, where the orca sticks its head up and looks around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also many subtle behaviors to observe. Sometimes I’d see a whale just floating motionless at the surface, or “logging.” It’s not often that you can hear an orca’s calls above the water, but on that day, I was lucky enough to hear a nearby logging whale vocalizing from the surface. Was she aware that humans could hear her? Was she perhaps trying to engage with us in some way? I couldn’t help but speculate about what might be going on in her mind even though I realize that her vocalizations probably had nothing to do with humans despite my “wishful thinking” that she was trying to communicate with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One summer, a few Southern Resident orcas started a fad of carrying a salmon around on their heads. One whale started it and soon, all of the “cool kids” were doing it. It didn’t seem to be hunting practice or serve any practical purpose. Was it a game to see how long you could carry the salmon without dropping it? We don’t have definitive answers at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another example of unique orca behavior involves a “rubbing beach” used by Northern Resident orcas. The beach is located at Robson Bight in the Johnstone Strait region of northern Vancouver Island, Canada. Pods of orcas visit the area and spend time rubbing their bodies across the smooth pebbles just below the surface of the water. Why do they do this? We can’t say for sure, but it could feel good to the orcas, much like a day at the spa. There are health benefits to massage for humans, so perhaps the orcas have introduced a similar concept here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have long speculated that there may be a rubbing beach used by Southern Residents somewhere, but if there is, no one has proof of it yet. In fact, I don’t know of any other orcas that have a rubbing beach like the Northern Residents. Perhaps it is a unique component of their culture, kind of like here in Seattle where we wear our polar fleece jackets to everything from a hike in the mountains to a fancy dinner downtown.\u003cbr>\nThough humans and orcas are very different species, what affects us also affects the orcas and their natural environment, and unfortunately their environment has become significantly altered over time. The environmental problems affecting Puget Sound and the waters throughout the world can seem overwhelming, but luckily I am a part of a culture at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/\">the Seattle Aquarium\u003c/a> that values conservation and marine life. Culture is an important part of what it means to be human, and I think it’s pretty cool that we share that with orcas.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Puget Sound Orca Poop is a 'Treasure Trove' for Researchers",
"headTitle": "Puget Sound Orca Poop is a ‘Treasure Trove’ for Researchers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20835\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"orcas\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pod of transient orcas swim past North Pender Island in Puget Sound. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SAN JUAN ISLANDS, Wash. — Puzzled by orcas’ failure to thrive in Puget Sound, researchers have turned to a secret weapon with a killer nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have several hypotheses for why Puget Sound killer whales are not recovering after being added in 2005 to the federal list of endangered species. They suspect lack of food, vessel traffic and pollution are to blame, but no one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Sam Wasser and his team are finding answers in the whales’ wake. Or, more specifically, in the fecal matter they leave behind as they swim through the waters of Puget Sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a combination of algae and snot, if you want to know the truth,” explains Wasser, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.net/research-programs/killer-whales-2/\">Center for Conservation Biology\u003c/a> at the University of Washington. “It varies in color but it’s very mucusy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wasser says poop’s not gross. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/repo/media/audio/2011/07/08/071111AA_whalepoop_web.mp3\">scientific gold\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can measure the diet of the animal, we can get toxins from the feces, DNA so we can tell the individual’s identity, it’s species, sex and all of this is in feces. So it’s literally a treasure trove of information,” says Wasser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20836\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20836\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tucker\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and trainer, Liz Sealy take to the bow on the hunt for whale poop. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His team has developed techniques to analyze animal poop from all over the world. His center has helped prosecute ivory poachers in Africa, track wolverines in the Rockies and better understand predator-prey interactions between wolves and caribou in the tundra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But finding wild animal poop, especially whale poop, isn’t easy, so Wasser has taken a creative approach to staffing his organization. Wasser looks down lovingly at his furry black sidekick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is Tucker our scat detection dog. Say hi Tucker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker is an 8-year-old black Lab mix. He’s what those in the dog world call “ball obsessed.” Tucker will do anything for a game of fetch – even if that means sniffing out floating whale poop from a mile away – because he knows that when he finds the poop he gets to play with his ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[youtube=http://player.vimeo.com/video/26171791?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/26171791\">Tucker the scat-sniffing Lab\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/earthfix\">EarthFix\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales have been found to have the highest concentrations of toxic substances like DDT, flame-retardants and PCBs of any creature on the planet. Jessica Lundin, a graduate student at the Center for Conservation biology, says that if scientists can understand more about the contamination in these animals, they may be able to explain why they’re not recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These toxicants have been shown in the lab to have reproductive impairment, thyroid disruption and to be immunotoxic. Those are very concerning attributes, especially when we know this endangered population has incredibly high levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I join Wasser and his team as they head out of their base, San Juan Island’s Snug Harbor, in search of poop samples. As we’re rounding a rocky outcropping another research pipes in over the radio with the identification numbers of a pod of killer whales spotted passing nearby North Pender Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deborah Giles, a PhD candidate at the University of California Davis and an expert on killer whale behavior, notes down the location and steers the boat. White caps slap at the bow as we pick up speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re rewarded when black dorsal fins emerge several hundred yards ahead of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There they are!” Giles exclaims. “They’re at 11.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Sealy, Tucker’s trainer, is in the bow of the boat with the dog trying to pick up a scent as we criss-cross the waters where the whales last surfaced – on the lookout for poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When he gets excited he’ll start standing up on the bow, wagging his tail, getting really animated. So for now he’s just checking the scene,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker wanders back and forth across the bow but doesn’t seem too excited. The researchers spend about 20 minutes bobbing along after the whales, but alas, Tucker comes up empty-snouted. The winds are too strong and the water’s too rough for him to lock onto a strong scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this unlucky mission, the team will continue to collect samples from killer whales in these waters throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With samples collected in the past, Wasser’s team has been able to show that during periods of high vessel traffic – say Fourth of July weekend for example – the whales have higher levels of stress hormones in their poop. Combine that with smaller runs of Chinook salmon, which the whales prefer, and you’ve got problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20838\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Killer Whale food. Toxic chemicals accumulate in the blubber of marine mammals – the primary food source of transient orcas. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The data suggests that at times of low prey abundance there’s a cumulative impact of boat traffic. The whales are more stressed,” says Katherine Ayres, a graduate student with the Center for Conservation Biology. The researchers can also tell when the whales are undernourished and correlate that with lower fertility rates and higher mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 86 resident killer whales in the region and that number hasn’t increased since 2000 when the population crashed. Wasser suspects that the toxic chemicals in these whales may be playing a role here because they disrupt major hormonal pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They disrupt major hormonal pathways so that your body’s ability to regulate reproduction, metabolism all those things can be negatively impacted,” he says. “It’s accumulating effects that are occurring and we’re just trying to show the mechanisms that lead to that outcome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Deborah Giles, that outcome is pretty clear. “There are females that haven’t had calves yet and really they should have been having calves by now. Also we’re losing males that are just coming into reproductive age. That’s a huge hit to this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tricky to pick apart the various factors that make life tough for orca whales. Lack of food, vessel traffic and toxic pollution all pose a threat to these animals but by studying poop, scientists can look at all these things collectively — providing some direction for policymakers who are trying to solve human global health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasser says a sample of whale poop is kind of like a snapshot of pollution levels in our coastal waters and that’s a photograph we might all want to have a look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/\">EarthFix\u003c/a> is a public media project of Oregon Public Broadcasting and Boise State Public Radio, Idaho Public Television, KCTS 9 Seattle, KUOW Puget Sound Public Radio, Northwest Public Radio and Television, Southern Oregon Public Television and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists are looking for clues in killer whales' aquatic droppings as they try to determine why their numbers remain so low in Puget Sound. To sniff out these floating data dumps, researchers have turned to a furry colleague named Tucker.",
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"title": "Puget Sound Orca Poop is a 'Treasure Trove' for Researchers | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20835\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"orcas\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pod of transient orcas swim past North Pender Island in Puget Sound. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SAN JUAN ISLANDS, Wash. — Puzzled by orcas’ failure to thrive in Puget Sound, researchers have turned to a secret weapon with a killer nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have several hypotheses for why Puget Sound killer whales are not recovering after being added in 2005 to the federal list of endangered species. They suspect lack of food, vessel traffic and pollution are to blame, but no one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Sam Wasser and his team are finding answers in the whales’ wake. Or, more specifically, in the fecal matter they leave behind as they swim through the waters of Puget Sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a combination of algae and snot, if you want to know the truth,” explains Wasser, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.net/research-programs/killer-whales-2/\">Center for Conservation Biology\u003c/a> at the University of Washington. “It varies in color but it’s very mucusy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wasser says poop’s not gross. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/repo/media/audio/2011/07/08/071111AA_whalepoop_web.mp3\">scientific gold\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can measure the diet of the animal, we can get toxins from the feces, DNA so we can tell the individual’s identity, it’s species, sex and all of this is in feces. So it’s literally a treasure trove of information,” says Wasser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20836\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20836\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tucker\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and trainer, Liz Sealy take to the bow on the hunt for whale poop. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His team has developed techniques to analyze animal poop from all over the world. His center has helped prosecute ivory poachers in Africa, track wolverines in the Rockies and better understand predator-prey interactions between wolves and caribou in the tundra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But finding wild animal poop, especially whale poop, isn’t easy, so Wasser has taken a creative approach to staffing his organization. Wasser looks down lovingly at his furry black sidekick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is Tucker our scat detection dog. Say hi Tucker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker is an 8-year-old black Lab mix. He’s what those in the dog world call “ball obsessed.” Tucker will do anything for a game of fetch – even if that means sniffing out floating whale poop from a mile away – because he knows that when he finds the poop he gets to play with his ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/26171791\">Tucker the scat-sniffing Lab\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/earthfix\">EarthFix\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales have been found to have the highest concentrations of toxic substances like DDT, flame-retardants and PCBs of any creature on the planet. Jessica Lundin, a graduate student at the Center for Conservation biology, says that if scientists can understand more about the contamination in these animals, they may be able to explain why they’re not recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These toxicants have been shown in the lab to have reproductive impairment, thyroid disruption and to be immunotoxic. Those are very concerning attributes, especially when we know this endangered population has incredibly high levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I join Wasser and his team as they head out of their base, San Juan Island’s Snug Harbor, in search of poop samples. As we’re rounding a rocky outcropping another research pipes in over the radio with the identification numbers of a pod of killer whales spotted passing nearby North Pender Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deborah Giles, a PhD candidate at the University of California Davis and an expert on killer whale behavior, notes down the location and steers the boat. White caps slap at the bow as we pick up speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re rewarded when black dorsal fins emerge several hundred yards ahead of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There they are!” Giles exclaims. “They’re at 11.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Sealy, Tucker’s trainer, is in the bow of the boat with the dog trying to pick up a scent as we criss-cross the waters where the whales last surfaced – on the lookout for poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When he gets excited he’ll start standing up on the bow, wagging his tail, getting really animated. So for now he’s just checking the scene,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker wanders back and forth across the bow but doesn’t seem too excited. The researchers spend about 20 minutes bobbing along after the whales, but alas, Tucker comes up empty-snouted. The winds are too strong and the water’s too rough for him to lock onto a strong scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this unlucky mission, the team will continue to collect samples from killer whales in these waters throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With samples collected in the past, Wasser’s team has been able to show that during periods of high vessel traffic – say Fourth of July weekend for example – the whales have higher levels of stress hormones in their poop. Combine that with smaller runs of Chinook salmon, which the whales prefer, and you’ve got problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20838\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Killer Whale food. Toxic chemicals accumulate in the blubber of marine mammals – the primary food source of transient orcas. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The data suggests that at times of low prey abundance there’s a cumulative impact of boat traffic. The whales are more stressed,” says Katherine Ayres, a graduate student with the Center for Conservation Biology. The researchers can also tell when the whales are undernourished and correlate that with lower fertility rates and higher mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 86 resident killer whales in the region and that number hasn’t increased since 2000 when the population crashed. Wasser suspects that the toxic chemicals in these whales may be playing a role here because they disrupt major hormonal pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They disrupt major hormonal pathways so that your body’s ability to regulate reproduction, metabolism all those things can be negatively impacted,” he says. “It’s accumulating effects that are occurring and we’re just trying to show the mechanisms that lead to that outcome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Deborah Giles, that outcome is pretty clear. “There are females that haven’t had calves yet and really they should have been having calves by now. Also we’re losing males that are just coming into reproductive age. That’s a huge hit to this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tricky to pick apart the various factors that make life tough for orca whales. Lack of food, vessel traffic and toxic pollution all pose a threat to these animals but by studying poop, scientists can look at all these things collectively — providing some direction for policymakers who are trying to solve human global health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasser says a sample of whale poop is kind of like a snapshot of pollution levels in our coastal waters and that’s a photograph we might all want to have a look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Killer Affecting Killer Whale Populations",
"headTitle": "The Killer Affecting Killer Whale Populations | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/BrittCathy-KCTS-Killer_Whales_Toxins.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-20796\" title=\"BrittCathy-KCTS-Killer_Whales_Toxins\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/BrittCathy-KCTS-Killer_Whales_Toxins-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"killer whales\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SEATTLE, Wash.—Nothing excites whale researchers and whale fanatics more than seeing a new calf born into the pod. However, researchers have learned that calf survival rates are incredibly low, especially for the orca’s first born. The mother’s young calf often dies because of something the mother passes on to her offspring—PCBs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are PCBs?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl\">Polychlorinated Biphenyls\u003c/a>, commonly known as PCBs, are manufactured organic chemicals that were primarily used as insulating liquids, such as coolants and lubricants in electrical equipment, but were also used in other common materials such as paints, cement, adhesives, and even the flame retardants used in some children’s clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCBs enter the water through spills, leaks, damage to equipment and improperly disposed trash. Though production of PCBs was banned in the 1970s because of its harmful effects to the environment, the chemical still presents a significant environmental threat today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PCBs thrive in fish and marine mammals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat makes PCBs unique from other toxins is that its molecules are extremely fat-soluble, meaning they accumulate easily in fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They thrive in fish and marine mammals and can reach levels thousands of times higher than the levels of PCBs in the surrounding water, essentially making fish and marine mammals a PCB Petri dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the PCB concentration in Puget Sound orcas is the result of PCB build up in their primary food source—Chinook salmon. These tiny toxins lower orcas’ immunity to diseases, decrease sperm count and disrupt many hormonal, developmental and reproductive processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do the PCBs ever leave the orcas?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnfortunately, once they’re in the orca, the toxins don’t go away. PCBs are considered a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) because once ingested, they persistently build up in the fatty blubber of the orcas. As PCB concentration increases, it severely decreases the orca’s lifespan, further threatening the existing members of an already endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does that mean for the orcas?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOnly sexually mature females have a chance of getting rid of any PCBs. One of the hormonal processes the PCBs disrupt is calf development. The toxin actually imitates the hormone that is the main form of estrogen involved in reproduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, a small amount of the PCBs are transferred as the offspring develops. Even more toxins are excreted through the mother’s breast milk which is extremely rich in fat. In fact, studies show female blubber samples have one-third the levels of PCB toxins found in male orcas. Essentially, the offspring increase the mother’s chances of survival by taking some of her PCB concentration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade off is that PCB levels in the developing calf, especially the firstborn, often lead to its premature death. It sometimes takes multiple attempts for female orcas to have a calf with low enough PCB levels to survive. Meanwhile, each time the mother gives birth, she has a better chance of surviving with fewer PCBs in her system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tragic cycle, paired with toxic effects of lower sperm counts, higher susceptibility to disease, depletion of the salmon supply and other factors, have resulted in the southern resident orca reproduction rate to drop significantly in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcas do not reproduce in litters or even on a consistent basis. Females begin breeding when they are around 15 years of age and give birth about every three to four years. Around age 40, most females stop breeding and their PCB levels rise at a greater rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without these environmental setbacks, females could produce four-to-six surviving offspring during their reproductive years. Instead, orca survival rates are greatly outnumbered by mortality rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can be done?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnfortunately, there isn’t a quick fix. Although it’s been more than 40 years since PCBs were banned, their persistent properties cause them to stick around. In fact, researchers predict that PCB concentrations may not decrease to a safer level for at least another 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task for humans now is a simple one we’ve all heard before: be kind to the environment. As individuals, dispose of trash properly, purchase environmentally-friendly household supplies and help spread the word about the challenges orcas face and ways to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Nothing excites whale researchers and whale fanatics more than seeing a new calf born into the pod. However, researchers have learned that calf survival rates are incredibly low, especially for the orca’s first born. The mother’s young calf often dies because of something the mother passes on to her offspring—PCBs.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/BrittCathy-KCTS-Killer_Whales_Toxins.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-20796\" title=\"BrittCathy-KCTS-Killer_Whales_Toxins\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/BrittCathy-KCTS-Killer_Whales_Toxins-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"killer whales\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SEATTLE, Wash.—Nothing excites whale researchers and whale fanatics more than seeing a new calf born into the pod. However, researchers have learned that calf survival rates are incredibly low, especially for the orca’s first born. The mother’s young calf often dies because of something the mother passes on to her offspring—PCBs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are PCBs?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl\">Polychlorinated Biphenyls\u003c/a>, commonly known as PCBs, are manufactured organic chemicals that were primarily used as insulating liquids, such as coolants and lubricants in electrical equipment, but were also used in other common materials such as paints, cement, adhesives, and even the flame retardants used in some children’s clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCBs enter the water through spills, leaks, damage to equipment and improperly disposed trash. Though production of PCBs was banned in the 1970s because of its harmful effects to the environment, the chemical still presents a significant environmental threat today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PCBs thrive in fish and marine mammals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat makes PCBs unique from other toxins is that its molecules are extremely fat-soluble, meaning they accumulate easily in fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15649\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/IdenticalTwins2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/IdenticalTwins2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IdenticalTwins2\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15649\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists studied twins like these to figure out that genetics accounts for about 37% of autism. Image courtesy of Jeff Balke.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scientists have known that autism is a combination of genes and the environment for a long time. But the focus has been on genes because early twin studies suggested that autism was mostly genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists looked at sets of identical and fraternal twins to see how often both twins in a pair had autism. Remember, identical twins have the exact same DNA whereas fraternal twins only share as much DNA as any other siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If autism were purely genetic, then both identical twins in a pair should either have it or not. It should be very rare for one twin in a pair to have autism and the other to not have autism. Fraternal twins should have it at about the same rate as any other siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if autism were purely environmental, then both twins in an identical or fraternal twin pair should get it at about the same rate. Depending on what part of the environment is causing the problem, this rate might be higher than that of siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study back in the 1970’s found that both twins in an identical pair had autism 72% of the time and that both fraternal twins never had it at the same time. This is where the 90% heritability for autism number came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that fraternal twins never both had autism was weird from the start. Scientists knew that if one sibling had autism, the risk for the other siblings was anywhere from 3-14% which is higher than the general risk. Fraternal twins are siblings and so there should probably be some increased risk too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a new \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76\">study\u003c/a>, scientists did a more extensive study on 192 twin pairs and arrived at very different results. In this study, male identical twins both had autism 58% of the time and male fraternal twins both had autism 21% of the time. (Female numbers were similar.) These numbers suggest that genetics accounts for about 37% of autism. Still significant but nowhere near 90%!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this study holds up, it means is that scientists can start looking at environmental effects. They’ve ruled out vaccines as a cause but there are lots of other possibilities. And many of these may happen before the child is even born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it may be that like Down syndrome or schizophrenia, parents’ age is a factor. Or it may be that diseases mom might have had or chemicals she might have been exposed to while pregnant could increase chances for autism. Or a host of other possibilities might be responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is important to keep in mind is that if scientists can identify an environmental cause, they can try to keep expectant mothers away. Or try to ameliorate the effects. In many cases, this will be much easier to deal with than genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more, read \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=49\">Sometimes autism that looks environmental can be genetic\u003c/a> from Undestanding Genetics.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15649\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/IdenticalTwins2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/IdenticalTwins2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IdenticalTwins2\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15649\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists studied twins like these to figure out that genetics accounts for about 37% of autism. Image courtesy of Jeff Balke.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scientists have known that autism is a combination of genes and the environment for a long time. But the focus has been on genes because early twin studies suggested that autism was mostly genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists looked at sets of identical and fraternal twins to see how often both twins in a pair had autism. Remember, identical twins have the exact same DNA whereas fraternal twins only share as much DNA as any other siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If autism were purely genetic, then both identical twins in a pair should either have it or not. It should be very rare for one twin in a pair to have autism and the other to not have autism. Fraternal twins should have it at about the same rate as any other siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if autism were purely environmental, then both twins in an identical or fraternal twin pair should get it at about the same rate. Depending on what part of the environment is causing the problem, this rate might be higher than that of siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study back in the 1970’s found that both twins in an identical pair had autism 72% of the time and that both fraternal twins never had it at the same time. This is where the 90% heritability for autism number came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that fraternal twins never both had autism was weird from the start. Scientists knew that if one sibling had autism, the risk for the other siblings was anywhere from 3-14% which is higher than the general risk. Fraternal twins are siblings and so there should probably be some increased risk too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a new \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76\">study\u003c/a>, scientists did a more extensive study on 192 twin pairs and arrived at very different results. In this study, male identical twins both had autism 58% of the time and male fraternal twins both had autism 21% of the time. (Female numbers were similar.) These numbers suggest that genetics accounts for about 37% of autism. Still significant but nowhere near 90%!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this study holds up, it means is that scientists can start looking at environmental effects. They’ve ruled out vaccines as a cause but there are lots of other possibilities. And many of these may happen before the child is even born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it may be that like Down syndrome or schizophrenia, parents’ age is a factor. Or it may be that diseases mom might have had or chemicals she might have been exposed to while pregnant could increase chances for autism. Or a host of other possibilities might be responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is important to keep in mind is that if scientists can identify an environmental cause, they can try to keep expectant mothers away. Or try to ameliorate the effects. In many cases, this will be much easier to deal with than genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more, read \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=49\">Sometimes autism that looks environmental can be genetic\u003c/a> from Undestanding Genetics.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-07-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20423\" title=\"Gull-photo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Gull-photo-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California gull tagged by USGS scientists. Credit: Josh Ackerman/USGS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most ambitious wetland restoration projects in the country is underway in San Francisco Bay. For more than a century, the South Bay shoreline has been home to industrial salt ponds. Now, thousands of acres of those ponds are being restored for shorebirds and wildlife. But that is creating an opportunity for a very problematic bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area's gulls are well-known to San Francisco Giants fans. At one recent game, as the Giants staged a late comeback during the ninth inning hundreds of gulls appeared out of the night sky. Like clockwork, they show up just before the game ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Don't ask me how. They just know,\" says Mike Krukow, a broadcaster with the Giants. \"They come in and it's always with two outs to go in the ninth inning and there they are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attraction, of course, is the food. \"It's pizza. They've got garlic fries. They really love the garlic fries by the way,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How gulls time their arrival so well is a little bit of a mystery. But their numbers have grown so high that the ballpark is considering bringing in a falcon to scare them away. But that's not possible everywhere...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay Shorebirds on the Menu\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the bay near Alviso, a crew from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> is working on a small island in the middle of a former salt pond. It's home to a colony of \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Forsters_Tern/lifehistory\">Forster's terns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hey, what was the band number on that chick?\" asks Garth Herring, one of the scientists on the project. The team measures and bands the small, speckled tern chicks. A few of them get radio transmitters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When that transmitter is attached to a live chick, the transmitter beeps at a very specific rate,\" says Herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the chick dies, the beep slows down. But you might wonder – why do they need to know if a chick is dead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just to the north of us roughly about a mile, there's one of the largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/california_gull/id\">California gull\u003c/a> colonies. They'll come in, grab the chick. And they get back to the gull colony and they regurgitate to their chicks,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At which point the tern chick – and transmitter – is inside the gull – until it passes through, that is. That's when Herring and his team go looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty common that we find just a small pile of bones, the radio transmitter and the band that was associated with that Forster's tern chick,\" says Herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herring says they've found that gulls only prey on the terns at certain times of day. \"It's timed pretty well with when the local landfill sites are closing down. They're flying back to the colonies and are picking up chicks probably around 6 o'clock on average.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, 40 percent of the tern chicks they tagged were eaten by gulls. \"It certainly does suggest that California gulls do have the potential to have a big impact on these breeding water birds here,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gulls Gone Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're the big bully,\" says Cheryl Strong , a biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. \"They're very opportunistic and they do really well with humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California gulls didn't always call San Francisco Bay home. In the 1980s, a small group began nesting on one of the salt ponds. Now, that population has exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California gulls are one of the earliest nesting species and they're also probably the most aggressive. So they show up first that they can easily take over an area,\" says Strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a> has spent millions restoring pond habitat for Forster's terns, American avocets and the threatened western snowy plover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's a conservation Catch-22. As more habitat is restored for shorebirds, it also creates more habitat for gulls. And as former salt ponds are flooded during the restoration, the gulls are looking for new places to nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With 40,000 gulls, there's not a lot of room for other birds,\" says Strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strong says the Fish and Wildlife Service is writing a plan to manage the gulls. One option is killing the birds. But gulls can live up to 25 years and with an endless food source at landfills nearby, she says there's only so much they could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're talking about removing birds lethally, it's just not feasible. They are a part of our landscape, like it or not,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, they're trying something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gull Hazing Underway\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So up ahead there are some gulls doing some courtship behaviors on the levee which is definitely a bad sign,\" says Caitlin Robinson-Nilsen of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbbo.org/\">San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory\u003c/a>. She's looking at a large flock of gulls on a salt pond near Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is one of the areas where we definitely don't want them to nest. One of the salt ponds we're standing right next to is a historic nesting site of the western snowy plover.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Robinson-Nilsen's job is to haze the gulls. She uses a whistle and walks down the levee. The gulls aren't happy about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll dive bomb you and hit you in your head. They're very good at pooping you. They have pretty good aim that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson-Nislen says they're hazing gulls twice a day to keep them from nesting next to sensitive shorebirds. So far, it looks like it's working. But with millions of tax dollars being spent on restoring more habitat, biologists expect they'll be doing a lot more gull management in the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/outreach.aspx?RecordID=54\">Help Track the California Gull\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-07-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20423\" title=\"Gull-photo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Gull-photo-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California gull tagged by USGS scientists. Credit: Josh Ackerman/USGS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most ambitious wetland restoration projects in the country is underway in San Francisco Bay. For more than a century, the South Bay shoreline has been home to industrial salt ponds. Now, thousands of acres of those ponds are being restored for shorebirds and wildlife. But that is creating an opportunity for a very problematic bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area's gulls are well-known to San Francisco Giants fans. At one recent game, as the Giants staged a late comeback during the ninth inning hundreds of gulls appeared out of the night sky. Like clockwork, they show up just before the game ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Don't ask me how. They just know,\" says Mike Krukow, a broadcaster with the Giants. \"They come in and it's always with two outs to go in the ninth inning and there they are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attraction, of course, is the food. \"It's pizza. They've got garlic fries. They really love the garlic fries by the way,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How gulls time their arrival so well is a little bit of a mystery. But their numbers have grown so high that the ballpark is considering bringing in a falcon to scare them away. But that's not possible everywhere...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay Shorebirds on the Menu\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the bay near Alviso, a crew from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> is working on a small island in the middle of a former salt pond. It's home to a colony of \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Forsters_Tern/lifehistory\">Forster's terns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hey, what was the band number on that chick?\" asks Garth Herring, one of the scientists on the project. The team measures and bands the small, speckled tern chicks. A few of them get radio transmitters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When that transmitter is attached to a live chick, the transmitter beeps at a very specific rate,\" says Herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the chick dies, the beep slows down. But you might wonder – why do they need to know if a chick is dead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just to the north of us roughly about a mile, there's one of the largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/california_gull/id\">California gull\u003c/a> colonies. They'll come in, grab the chick. And they get back to the gull colony and they regurgitate to their chicks,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At which point the tern chick – and transmitter – is inside the gull – until it passes through, that is. That's when Herring and his team go looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty common that we find just a small pile of bones, the radio transmitter and the band that was associated with that Forster's tern chick,\" says Herring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herring says they've found that gulls only prey on the terns at certain times of day. \"It's timed pretty well with when the local landfill sites are closing down. They're flying back to the colonies and are picking up chicks probably around 6 o'clock on average.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, 40 percent of the tern chicks they tagged were eaten by gulls. \"It certainly does suggest that California gulls do have the potential to have a big impact on these breeding water birds here,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gulls Gone Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're the big bully,\" says Cheryl Strong , a biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. \"They're very opportunistic and they do really well with humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California gulls didn't always call San Francisco Bay home. In the 1980s, a small group began nesting on one of the salt ponds. Now, that population has exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California gulls are one of the earliest nesting species and they're also probably the most aggressive. So they show up first that they can easily take over an area,\" says Strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a> has spent millions restoring pond habitat for Forster's terns, American avocets and the threatened western snowy plover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's a conservation Catch-22. As more habitat is restored for shorebirds, it also creates more habitat for gulls. And as former salt ponds are flooded during the restoration, the gulls are looking for new places to nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With 40,000 gulls, there's not a lot of room for other birds,\" says Strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strong says the Fish and Wildlife Service is writing a plan to manage the gulls. One option is killing the birds. But gulls can live up to 25 years and with an endless food source at landfills nearby, she says there's only so much they could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're talking about removing birds lethally, it's just not feasible. They are a part of our landscape, like it or not,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, they're trying something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gull Hazing Underway\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So up ahead there are some gulls doing some courtship behaviors on the levee which is definitely a bad sign,\" says Caitlin Robinson-Nilsen of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbbo.org/\">San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory\u003c/a>. She's looking at a large flock of gulls on a salt pond near Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is one of the areas where we definitely don't want them to nest. One of the salt ponds we're standing right next to is a historic nesting site of the western snowy plover.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Robinson-Nilsen's job is to haze the gulls. She uses a whistle and walks down the levee. The gulls aren't happy about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll dive bomb you and hit you in your head. They're very good at pooping you. They have pretty good aim that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson-Nislen says they're hazing gulls twice a day to keep them from nesting next to sensitive shorebirds. So far, it looks like it's working. But with millions of tax dollars being spent on restoring more habitat, biologists expect they'll be doing a lot more gull management in the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/outreach.aspx?RecordID=54\">Help Track the California Gull\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Humpback_tail_Fallarones.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20112\" title=\"Humpback_tail_Fallarones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Humpback_tail_Fallarones-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>In June, a report was released by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stateoftheocean.org/\">International Programmes on the State of the Ocean\u003c/a>, announcing the results of a high level summit. Conclusions? It’s worse than we thought. We are rapidly accelerating toward the next wide-scale extinction event in the oceans, and the rate of change is faster than anticipated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team of international scientists published a grave assessment of current threats and a stark conclusion about future risks to marine and human life. If the current trajectory of damage continues, the world's ocean is at high risk of entering an unprecedented phase of extinction of marine species.\u003cbr>\nThe greatest threat the group concluded was climate change leading to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification\">ocean acidification\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is a direct result of the absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean. This threatens all marine animals and plants that secrete calcium carbonate as part of their structure. Ocean acidification can prevent marine animals, from snails to plankton to corals, from building their protective shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically and before the presence of humans, three factors have been present in every mass extinction event: low oxygen levels (hypoxia) and the absence of oxygen (anoxia) causing ocean dead zones; ocean warming; and acean acidification. Thanks to modern technology, we have accelerated and exacerbated the conditions leading to the historical marine extinctions. Already one quarter of the world’s coral reefs have vanished and another one third are endangered. Ninety percent of many some of the ocean’s great fish have vanished. Species like sharks contribute to the health of the ocean yet are being systematically and unsustainably fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate and marine experts found strong evidence that the effects of the three factors, coupled with other human induced impacts such as overfishing and nutrient runoff from farming have already caused a dramatic decline in ocean health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last great extinction event occurred 55 million years ago, where over half of all deep sea species became extinct. It has been determined that the rate of carbon absorption in the ocean is already greater than the conditions leading to that event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was concluded that these impacts are synergistic and the rate of degeneration is far faster than previously predicted. The report urges strong and rapid action by governments to reduce carbon emissions such as those urged by the last \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/\">IPCC\u003c/a> report, better manage our fisheries - especially those of the high seas, and increase marine reserves to serve as pockets of resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conclusions are serious indeed yet it also offers solutions, many of which we can deal with in our daily lives. As citizens, we can work for ocean health by driving less, eating only sustainable seafoods, minimizing run off from detergents and fertilizers and supporting marine protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean and ocean life are too important to lose through negligence or ignorance.\u003cbr>\nAs one of the co-authors of the event Dr. Dan Laffoley stated, “The time to protect the blue heart of our planet is now, today and urgent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean is our planet’s heartbeat, and the future heartbeat for billions of humans. Lets keep it beating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Humpback_tail_Fallarones.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20112\" title=\"Humpback_tail_Fallarones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Humpback_tail_Fallarones-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>In June, a report was released by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stateoftheocean.org/\">International Programmes on the State of the Ocean\u003c/a>, announcing the results of a high level summit. Conclusions? It’s worse than we thought. We are rapidly accelerating toward the next wide-scale extinction event in the oceans, and the rate of change is faster than anticipated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team of international scientists published a grave assessment of current threats and a stark conclusion about future risks to marine and human life. If the current trajectory of damage continues, the world's ocean is at high risk of entering an unprecedented phase of extinction of marine species.\u003cbr>\nThe greatest threat the group concluded was climate change leading to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification\">ocean acidification\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is a direct result of the absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean. This threatens all marine animals and plants that secrete calcium carbonate as part of their structure. Ocean acidification can prevent marine animals, from snails to plankton to corals, from building their protective shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically and before the presence of humans, three factors have been present in every mass extinction event: low oxygen levels (hypoxia) and the absence of oxygen (anoxia) causing ocean dead zones; ocean warming; and acean acidification. Thanks to modern technology, we have accelerated and exacerbated the conditions leading to the historical marine extinctions. Already one quarter of the world’s coral reefs have vanished and another one third are endangered. Ninety percent of many some of the ocean’s great fish have vanished. Species like sharks contribute to the health of the ocean yet are being systematically and unsustainably fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate and marine experts found strong evidence that the effects of the three factors, coupled with other human induced impacts such as overfishing and nutrient runoff from farming have already caused a dramatic decline in ocean health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last great extinction event occurred 55 million years ago, where over half of all deep sea species became extinct. It has been determined that the rate of carbon absorption in the ocean is already greater than the conditions leading to that event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was concluded that these impacts are synergistic and the rate of degeneration is far faster than previously predicted. The report urges strong and rapid action by governments to reduce carbon emissions such as those urged by the last \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/\">IPCC\u003c/a> report, better manage our fisheries - especially those of the high seas, and increase marine reserves to serve as pockets of resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conclusions are serious indeed yet it also offers solutions, many of which we can deal with in our daily lives. As citizens, we can work for ocean health by driving less, eating only sustainable seafoods, minimizing run off from detergents and fertilizers and supporting marine protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean and ocean life are too important to lose through negligence or ignorance.\u003cbr>\nAs one of the co-authors of the event Dr. Dan Laffoley stated, “The time to protect the blue heart of our planet is now, today and urgent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean is our planet’s heartbeat, and the future heartbeat for billions of humans. Lets keep it beating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-7-15-quest-nebraska-bioplastic.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003cstrong>Companies like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Heinz ketchup have determined that plastic made from plants -- not oil -- makes sense both for the environment and for business. The growing demand has meant a boom in the bioplastic industry. Could this mean the end of the plastic bottle as we know it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Corn_Field640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Corn_Field640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Corn_Field640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20086\">\u003c/a>In a cornfield west of Lincoln, Nebraska dark green stalks rise chest-high from the soil and wind around the hill in perfect rows. Sunlight flashes on the leaves as they brush against each other in a gust of wind. The field will produce thousands of bushels of corn to be used in products ranging from cattle feed and corn syrup to ethanol and even plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 miles away, at a facility near Blair, Nebraska a constant rushing sound comes from long tubes that lead to gleaming steel silos. It sounds like kernels of corn, but it is actually millions of small plastic pellets. The pellets are plastic resin – the raw material for everything from food containers to carpet. For the last 10 years, a company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.natureworksllc.com/\">Nature Works\u003c/a> has used corn, instead of oil or natural gas, to make “bioplastic” near Blair. Nature Works is partially owned by the giant ag corporation, Cargill, and makes more bioplastic than any company in the world. Steve Bray is Director of Manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The capacity of the plant is 300 million pounds of polymer per year,” Bray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bioplastic plant has not yet reached that capacity, but it is getting close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the first three years of operation we saw triple-digit growth,” he said. “Almost every year it’s been double-digit growth. When the worldwide economy fell in 2008-2009 that slowed us down, but even then we had growth. Now that the economy is coming back we’re seeing very strong growth again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Works production grew in the range of 20-30% in the last year. That kind of growth is happening across the bioplastic industry. Kent Furst is an analyst with the market research firm, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.freedoniagroup.com/\">Freedonia Group\u003c/a>, based in Cleveland. He says even traditional plastic makers are investing bioplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether you look at it in pounds or dollars, it’s really growing very fast,” Furst said. “We expect the industry to double in size in the next 3 or 4 years.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-20084\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThat kind of growth is impressive, but bioplastics are actually less than 1 percent of the overall plastics market. Still, Furst says bioplastics are beating even the most optimistic forecasts. So why are companies using more bioplastic now? Furst says consumer interest is part of it. More people are shopping for sustainability. But it is the price of oil that is making it affordable for manufacturers to make the switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the price of oil and natural gas in the early part of the last decade being so low, you didn’t see as much actual market interest in bioplastics,” Furst said. “But as the price of oil and natural gas rose in the later part of the decade I think that’s when you saw how fast bioplastics could be competitive with conventional plastics on price.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching the shelves of a supermarket in Lincoln, Nebraska it is still difficult to find bioplastic, but a couple examples show how some major corporations are beginning to buy in. A bag of Sun Chips is made by Frito-Lay, which is owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21416&q=coca+cola+heinz\">Pepsi Co\u003c/a>. The bag is made from Nature Works bioplastic, so both the container and the food inside are made of corn. Pepsi also announced that it is developing a 100% plant-based soda bottle. An Odwalla juice bottle made by Pepsi’s rival, \u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21787&q=COCA+COLA\">Coca-Cola\u003c/a>, is made with bioplastic from the Brazilian company, Braskem. They make plastic from sugar cane. Coke also announced it is coming out with a soda bottle that is 30% bioplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all biplastics are made equal and that could start to cause some problems as they become more common. Paul Fowler, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwsp.edu/WIST/index.aspx\">Wisconsin Institute for Sustainable Technology\u003c/a>, describes a growing bioplastics divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bioplastic could mean that the material is biodegradable, or it could mean that it’s bio-based, or it could mean that it’s both,” Fowler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The differences in chemistry among bioplastics mean that some plant-based containers are biodegradable but hard to recycle. Others are easy to recycle but do not biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, the Sun Chips bag made from Nature Works bioplastic, called PLA for polylactic acid. What sets PLA apart is that it is completely biodegradable, in the right conditions. But not many recyclers handle PLA because it can contaminate the traditional recycling stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Bioplastic_packaging640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20053\" title=\"Bioplastic_packaging640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Bioplastic_packaging640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Odwalla bottle on the other hand is made from Braskem bioplastic. It is made from sugar, but after it has been used it is no different from a bottle made from oil. It can be recycled almost anywhere in the country, but it does not biodegrade. So to compost or recycle? Fowler says there is room for both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you consider the landscape for all the various products that are made from plastics, then there is a space for everyone within that landscape,” Fowler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Fowler says it does leave consumers with a lot to learn. As more bioplastic shows up on grocery store shelves, sustainable minded consumers will need to be prepared to choose from new shades of green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21732&q=ingeo\">Nature Works picks Asia for second bioplastic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.europeanplasticsnews.com/subscriber/newscat2.html?cat=1&channel=620&id=1298281829\">Nestle looks at bioplastic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.biopolymersummit.com/biopolymers-symposium-agenda.aspx\">2011 Biopolymers Symposium\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Companies like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Heinz ketchup have determined that plastic made from plants -- not oil -- makes sense both for the environment and for business. The growing demand has meant a boom in the bioplastic industry. Could this mean the end of the plastic bottle as we know it?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-7-15-quest-nebraska-bioplastic.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003cstrong>Companies like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Heinz ketchup have determined that plastic made from plants -- not oil -- makes sense both for the environment and for business. The growing demand has meant a boom in the bioplastic industry. Could this mean the end of the plastic bottle as we know it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Corn_Field640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Corn_Field640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Corn_Field640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20086\">\u003c/a>In a cornfield west of Lincoln, Nebraska dark green stalks rise chest-high from the soil and wind around the hill in perfect rows. Sunlight flashes on the leaves as they brush against each other in a gust of wind. The field will produce thousands of bushels of corn to be used in products ranging from cattle feed and corn syrup to ethanol and even plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 miles away, at a facility near Blair, Nebraska a constant rushing sound comes from long tubes that lead to gleaming steel silos. It sounds like kernels of corn, but it is actually millions of small plastic pellets. The pellets are plastic resin – the raw material for everything from food containers to carpet. For the last 10 years, a company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.natureworksllc.com/\">Nature Works\u003c/a> has used corn, instead of oil or natural gas, to make “bioplastic” near Blair. Nature Works is partially owned by the giant ag corporation, Cargill, and makes more bioplastic than any company in the world. Steve Bray is Director of Manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The capacity of the plant is 300 million pounds of polymer per year,” Bray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bioplastic plant has not yet reached that capacity, but it is getting close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the first three years of operation we saw triple-digit growth,” he said. “Almost every year it’s been double-digit growth. When the worldwide economy fell in 2008-2009 that slowed us down, but even then we had growth. Now that the economy is coming back we’re seeing very strong growth again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Works production grew in the range of 20-30% in the last year. That kind of growth is happening across the bioplastic industry. Kent Furst is an analyst with the market research firm, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.freedoniagroup.com/\">Freedonia Group\u003c/a>, based in Cleveland. He says even traditional plastic makers are investing bioplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether you look at it in pounds or dollars, it’s really growing very fast,” Furst said. “We expect the industry to double in size in the next 3 or 4 years.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NatureWorks_Ingeo_Pellets640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-20084\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThat kind of growth is impressive, but bioplastics are actually less than 1 percent of the overall plastics market. Still, Furst says bioplastics are beating even the most optimistic forecasts. So why are companies using more bioplastic now? Furst says consumer interest is part of it. More people are shopping for sustainability. But it is the price of oil that is making it affordable for manufacturers to make the switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the price of oil and natural gas in the early part of the last decade being so low, you didn’t see as much actual market interest in bioplastics,” Furst said. “But as the price of oil and natural gas rose in the later part of the decade I think that’s when you saw how fast bioplastics could be competitive with conventional plastics on price.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching the shelves of a supermarket in Lincoln, Nebraska it is still difficult to find bioplastic, but a couple examples show how some major corporations are beginning to buy in. A bag of Sun Chips is made by Frito-Lay, which is owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21416&q=coca+cola+heinz\">Pepsi Co\u003c/a>. The bag is made from Nature Works bioplastic, so both the container and the food inside are made of corn. Pepsi also announced that it is developing a 100% plant-based soda bottle. An Odwalla juice bottle made by Pepsi’s rival, \u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21787&q=COCA+COLA\">Coca-Cola\u003c/a>, is made with bioplastic from the Brazilian company, Braskem. They make plastic from sugar cane. Coke also announced it is coming out with a soda bottle that is 30% bioplastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all biplastics are made equal and that could start to cause some problems as they become more common. Paul Fowler, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwsp.edu/WIST/index.aspx\">Wisconsin Institute for Sustainable Technology\u003c/a>, describes a growing bioplastics divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bioplastic could mean that the material is biodegradable, or it could mean that it’s bio-based, or it could mean that it’s both,” Fowler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The differences in chemistry among bioplastics mean that some plant-based containers are biodegradable but hard to recycle. Others are easy to recycle but do not biodegrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, the Sun Chips bag made from Nature Works bioplastic, called PLA for polylactic acid. What sets PLA apart is that it is completely biodegradable, in the right conditions. But not many recyclers handle PLA because it can contaminate the traditional recycling stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Bioplastic_packaging640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20053\" title=\"Bioplastic_packaging640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Bioplastic_packaging640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Odwalla bottle on the other hand is made from Braskem bioplastic. It is made from sugar, but after it has been used it is no different from a bottle made from oil. It can be recycled almost anywhere in the country, but it does not biodegrade. So to compost or recycle? Fowler says there is room for both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you consider the landscape for all the various products that are made from plastics, then there is a space for everyone within that landscape,” Fowler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Fowler says it does leave consumers with a lot to learn. As more bioplastic shows up on grocery store shelves, sustainable minded consumers will need to be prepared to choose from new shades of green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plasticsnews.com/headlines2.html?id=21732&q=ingeo\">Nature Works picks Asia for second bioplastic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.europeanplasticsnews.com/subscriber/newscat2.html?cat=1&channel=620&id=1298281829\">Nestle looks at bioplastic\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.biopolymersummit.com/biopolymers-symposium-agenda.aspx\">2011 Biopolymers Symposium\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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