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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22991\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22991\" title=\"BlogPost\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/BlogPost-e1313703705765-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes are skilled swimmers, so take caution when reaching for that \"stick\" in the water. Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have always inspired our imaginations, from Native American cultures who have depicted them in their art and religions, to portrayals in Westerns as villainous, bad-tempered animals. But despite some popularly held beliefs about rattlesnakes’ supposed bad behavior, this is not usually the case. People aren't on the rattlesnakes' prey list. If they strike anyone, it’s usually a defensive maneuver – such as when they’re accidentally stepped on. And the majority of rattlesnake bites that occur in the United States are received by young men who tease a rattlesnake (and yes, alcohol is often involved in these instances). So for the majority of us who would never consider playing with a rattlesnake, there's relatively very little danger. It is important, however, to watch where you walk or put your hands when spending time in rattlesnake country. They’re not always vocal with their telltale rattle sound and blend in easily with their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katie Colbert, a naturalist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol-Ohlone Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, has often heard people warn that a baby rattlesnake is a greater threat due to the fact that they're unable to control the amount of poison they inject into their victim when they bite. According to Colbert, this is just not true: all rattlesnakes, babies and adults, can control their venom. In addition, Colbert says, \"Baby rattlesnakes can only produce and stash a very small fraction of [venom] an adult can.\" This does not change the fact, however, that a bite from any rattlesnake, regardless of age, is a dangerous bite and requires medical attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another myth is that a rattlesnake's tail can be used to determine the age of the animal. The origin of this misconception that each segment of the rattle corresponds to a year of the snake’s life can be traced back to English writer Thomas Morton, author of the book, \u003cem>New English Canaan\u003c/em>,\u003cem> \u003c/em>that was published in 1637. According to the website, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyreptilenews.com/?p=3644\" target=\"_blank\">Daily Reptile News\u003c/a>, we now understand that every time rattlesnakes shed their skin, they add a segment to their rattle. They can shed anywhere from one to three times a year, and the rattles often break off in the normal daily lives of the snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what should you do if you've been bitten by a rattlesnake? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpoison.com/public/snakebite.html\" target=\"_blank\">California Poison Control Systems website\u003c/a> offers some helpful guidance:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A tourniquet should never be applied to the limb with the bite wound. This can cause gangrene to form and amputation may become necessary.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Bite wounds should never be cut open with a knife or razor. The extra blood flow is not only bad for the injured victim, but it can also spread the venom throughout the body more quickly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Sucking out the poison is also a bad idea, as it will not extract all of the venom. Bacteria from the person's mouth could also transmit bacteria to the wound that could exacerbate the risk of infection.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>While keeping the victim calm and still, wash the wound with soap and water, keep the wound below the heart, and get them emergency medical attention as soon as possible.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Although they are potentially dangerous animals, rattlesnakes tend to keep to themselves and only really become aggressive when provoked or cornered. As they are an important part of the ecosystem, it's best to just allow them plenty of room and safe passage when encountered in the wild so they can continue to do their part for the animal kingdom: control the population of rodents and provide food to the predators that feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rattlesnake Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A few weeks ago, scuba divers in \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.html\">Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes me shudder, years after I first heard it. Apparently, years ago, Cousteau went scuba diving in Lake Tahoe. He emerged from the water shaken, but not with cold. He said, “The world is not ready for what I have seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did Cousteau see? Maybe the bodies of unlucky gamblers who crossed the Mafia in 1950s Reno. Or maybe it was Tahoe Tessie, the Loch Ness likeness of the lake. But, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-missing-diver-20110809,0,7841332.story\">coverage\u003c/a> of the recent discovery, the LA Times said that Cousteau never actually visited Lake Tahoe. The Cousteau story may be a myth, but it is no less chilling, because the physical conditions of the lake are such that bodies could still be drifting beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 1645 feet (depending on the level of water in the basin), Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the US. (Crater Lake in Oregon is the deepest in the country. The world record goes to Russia’s Lake Baikal, which is some 5,369 feet deep.) Lake Tahoe is located between two fault zones, and it formed through a tectonic combo of uplift and subsidence. The Sierra Nevada mountains rose up on the west and the Carson Range rose up on the east. The rock underneath the lake sank down to form a flat-bottomed basin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben\">graben\u003c/a>. The word is German for “grave” and refers to the lake’s low-lying nature—and perhaps also to whatever Cousteau purportedly saw underwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is cold. The temperature at the surface of the lake varies, from a low of about 40 degrees in February or March to a high of about 75 degrees towards the end of the summer. Below the surface, the temperature is a chilly 39 degrees. In the winter, when the surface and the deep waters are relatively close in temperature, the wind blowing across the surface of the lake mixes the water. This brings oxygen from the surface layer down to the depths, and nutrients from the depths up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, the mixing occurred from the surface down to about 550 feet, because the surface of the lake remained relatively warm throughout the winter. In previous years, mixing has occurred down to about 1500 feet. Since the 1970s, the surface layer of the lake has gotten warmer in the summer, and it retains that heat throughout the winter. Just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/08/the-deep-cold-secret-behind-summer-fog/\">in the ocean\u003c/a>, stratification—a warm surface layer that is distinct from the cold bottom layer—means it is hard to get the surface and deep waters to mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is famous for its clear waters. But, as UC Davis’s recently released \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/stateofthelake/\">Tahoe: State of the Lake Report\u003c/a> explains, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/08/12/state/n133751D33.DTL\">not as clear as it used to be\u003c/a>. In the 1960s, you could see down to a depth of about 100 feet, but now you can see down to only about 70 feet. The lake has become cloudier because nutrients enter the lake via 63 rivers and streams, and those nutrients fuel the growth of algae. And, global warming plays a role: the warm surface of the lake gives a particular species of microalgae a competitive advantage, and the tiny bodies of the microalgae cloud the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarity of the lake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/about-tahoe/threats-to-tahoe/\">its invasive species\u003c/a>, will be on the agenda today at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/events/the-2011-lake-tahoe-environmental-summit/\">Lake Tahoe Environmental Summit\u003c/a>. Nevada Senator Harry Reid and California Senator Dianne Feinstein will both be at the Homewood Resort, discussing Lake Tahoe’s economic and ecological challenges.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few weeks ago, scuba divers in \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.html\">Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes me shudder, years after I first heard it. Apparently, years ago, Cousteau went scuba diving in Lake Tahoe. He emerged from the water shaken, but not with cold. He said, “The world is not ready for what I have seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did Cousteau see? Maybe the bodies of unlucky gamblers who crossed the Mafia in 1950s Reno. Or maybe it was Tahoe Tessie, the Loch Ness likeness of the lake. But, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-missing-diver-20110809,0,7841332.story\">coverage\u003c/a> of the recent discovery, the LA Times said that Cousteau never actually visited Lake Tahoe. The Cousteau story may be a myth, but it is no less chilling, because the physical conditions of the lake are such that bodies could still be drifting beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 1645 feet (depending on the level of water in the basin), Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the US. (Crater Lake in Oregon is the deepest in the country. The world record goes to Russia’s Lake Baikal, which is some 5,369 feet deep.) Lake Tahoe is located between two fault zones, and it formed through a tectonic combo of uplift and subsidence. The Sierra Nevada mountains rose up on the west and the Carson Range rose up on the east. The rock underneath the lake sank down to form a flat-bottomed basin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben\">graben\u003c/a>. The word is German for “grave” and refers to the lake’s low-lying nature—and perhaps also to whatever Cousteau purportedly saw underwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is cold. The temperature at the surface of the lake varies, from a low of about 40 degrees in February or March to a high of about 75 degrees towards the end of the summer. Below the surface, the temperature is a chilly 39 degrees. In the winter, when the surface and the deep waters are relatively close in temperature, the wind blowing across the surface of the lake mixes the water. This brings oxygen from the surface layer down to the depths, and nutrients from the depths up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, the mixing occurred from the surface down to about 550 feet, because the surface of the lake remained relatively warm throughout the winter. In previous years, mixing has occurred down to about 1500 feet. Since the 1970s, the surface layer of the lake has gotten warmer in the summer, and it retains that heat throughout the winter. Just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/08/the-deep-cold-secret-behind-summer-fog/\">in the ocean\u003c/a>, stratification—a warm surface layer that is distinct from the cold bottom layer—means it is hard to get the surface and deep waters to mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is famous for its clear waters. But, as UC Davis’s recently released \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/stateofthelake/\">Tahoe: State of the Lake Report\u003c/a> explains, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/08/12/state/n133751D33.DTL\">not as clear as it used to be\u003c/a>. In the 1960s, you could see down to a depth of about 100 feet, but now you can see down to only about 70 feet. The lake has become cloudier because nutrients enter the lake via 63 rivers and streams, and those nutrients fuel the growth of algae. And, global warming plays a role: the warm surface of the lake gives a particular species of microalgae a competitive advantage, and the tiny bodies of the microalgae cloud the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarity of the lake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/about-tahoe/threats-to-tahoe/\">its invasive species\u003c/a>, will be on the agenda today at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/events/the-2011-lake-tahoe-environmental-summit/\">Lake Tahoe Environmental Summit\u003c/a>. Nevada Senator Harry Reid and California Senator Dianne Feinstein will both be at the Homewood Resort, discussing Lake Tahoe’s economic and ecological challenges.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Redesigning Life",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22143\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/coloredbacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22143\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ColoredBacteria\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22143\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are redesigning bacteria like these to “speak” a new language. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All living things pretty much use the same language to read their genes. That is about to change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=144\">Scientists in Boston\u003c/a> are close to teaching a strain of bacteria a new dialect of the genetic code. In combination with some work done by a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=129\">group in 2010\u003c/a>, we are now getting to the point where we can actually think about (re)designing life. Which is a big step from what we have been able to do up until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic engineering we have done in the past has been pretty crude. We have mostly added pre-existing genes to cells to give the cells new properties or to have the cells make something for us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we add a human gene to bacteria so they will make insulin for us. Or we add a gene from bacteria to a plant to make the plant resistant to an herbicide like Round Up. Or we even add two genes to cause rice to make vitamin A like in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=334\">golden rice\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we aren’t always this unsophisticated. We have managed to do some \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=63\">pretty elegant things with genes in mice\u003c/a>. There we have tinkered with mouse genes to slightly change how they work or to control how they are expressed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these new experiments are different. This is changing the language of life so we can make a living thing do things nothing living has yet been able to do. Maybe this is even the start of intelligent design…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big reason this is all possible is because nature has given us a very simple template to work with. Not only does the genetic code have just four letters and 64, three letter words, but many of its words also have the same meaning. It is this last point that has allowed researchers to futz with the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers plan to teach bacteria a new language by co-opting one of the words in the genetic code and giving it a new meaning. There are two things scientists need to do to make this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is to replace all instances of one word in the bacteria’s genes with an equivalent word. Now the bacteria’s genes all still code for all the same things but a word has been freed up so it can be given a new meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second step is to redefine the replaced word. This will probably be done by mutating the cell’s reading machinery using some pretty well established genetic techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church’s group has nearly finished the first step. They managed to create four strains of bacteria each with ¼ of all 314 instances of TAG changed to TAA. They are now in the process of combining these four strains in such a way to generate a single strain with no functional TAG’s. After this first step is done (which should be soon), this group of researchers will be ready to teach these bacteria a new language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An easy first thing they can do is to change the definition of the TAG so it means the same thing as one of the other words. So the TAG will no longer mean STOP but instead will mean Met or Lys or some other amino acid. (The genetic words or \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=118\">codons\u003c/a> really just tell a cell which amino acid to put where in a protein.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done correctly, this would probably make the bacteria immune to viral infection.* Which would be a boon for the biotech industry as it loses millions of dollars every year because of infected bacterial strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is pretty pedestrian stuff though. The cool thing will be when they redefine TAG as a word that isn’t already in the genetic code. Then we’ll be able to easily create different proteins with properties useful as medicines, industrial enzymes or who knows what else. At least that is the hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is just one word. There are another 30-40 codons that may be able to be freed up and given new meanings as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are stepping into a whole new area of research. We are retraining life to do what we want. Let’s hope we know what we’re doing…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This is because viruses use a cell’s machinery to read its own genes. If the machinery changes, the virus will misread its own genes and die.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22143\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/coloredbacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22143\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ColoredBacteria\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22143\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are redesigning bacteria like these to “speak” a new language. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All living things pretty much use the same language to read their genes. That is about to change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=144\">Scientists in Boston\u003c/a> are close to teaching a strain of bacteria a new dialect of the genetic code. In combination with some work done by a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=129\">group in 2010\u003c/a>, we are now getting to the point where we can actually think about (re)designing life. Which is a big step from what we have been able to do up until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic engineering we have done in the past has been pretty crude. We have mostly added pre-existing genes to cells to give the cells new properties or to have the cells make something for us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we add a human gene to bacteria so they will make insulin for us. Or we add a gene from bacteria to a plant to make the plant resistant to an herbicide like Round Up. Or we even add two genes to cause rice to make vitamin A like in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=334\">golden rice\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we aren’t always this unsophisticated. We have managed to do some \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=63\">pretty elegant things with genes in mice\u003c/a>. There we have tinkered with mouse genes to slightly change how they work or to control how they are expressed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these new experiments are different. This is changing the language of life so we can make a living thing do things nothing living has yet been able to do. Maybe this is even the start of intelligent design…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big reason this is all possible is because nature has given us a very simple template to work with. Not only does the genetic code have just four letters and 64, three letter words, but many of its words also have the same meaning. It is this last point that has allowed researchers to futz with the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers plan to teach bacteria a new language by co-opting one of the words in the genetic code and giving it a new meaning. There are two things scientists need to do to make this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is to replace all instances of one word in the bacteria’s genes with an equivalent word. Now the bacteria’s genes all still code for all the same things but a word has been freed up so it can be given a new meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second step is to redefine the replaced word. This will probably be done by mutating the cell’s reading machinery using some pretty well established genetic techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church’s group has nearly finished the first step. They managed to create four strains of bacteria each with ¼ of all 314 instances of TAG changed to TAA. They are now in the process of combining these four strains in such a way to generate a single strain with no functional TAG’s. After this first step is done (which should be soon), this group of researchers will be ready to teach these bacteria a new language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An easy first thing they can do is to change the definition of the TAG so it means the same thing as one of the other words. So the TAG will no longer mean STOP but instead will mean Met or Lys or some other amino acid. (The genetic words or \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=118\">codons\u003c/a> really just tell a cell which amino acid to put where in a protein.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done correctly, this would probably make the bacteria immune to viral infection.* Which would be a boon for the biotech industry as it loses millions of dollars every year because of infected bacterial strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is pretty pedestrian stuff though. The cool thing will be when they redefine TAG as a word that isn’t already in the genetic code. Then we’ll be able to easily create different proteins with properties useful as medicines, industrial enzymes or who knows what else. At least that is the hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is just one word. There are another 30-40 codons that may be able to be freed up and given new meanings as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are stepping into a whole new area of research. We are retraining life to do what we want. Let’s hope we know what we’re doing…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This is because viruses use a cell’s machinery to read its own genes. If the machinery changes, the virus will misread its own genes and die.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rendezvous With Horseshoe Crabs",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22625\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crab1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22625\" title=\"crab1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crab1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crabs are related to spiders and scorpions.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders and scorpions than to crabs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DELAWARE BAY, DELAWARE – Each spring the shores of the Delaware Bay in Delaware and New Jersey host a spectacular mating event: the annual horseshoe crab spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their name, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/index.html\">horseshoe crabs \u003c/a>are not actually a crab, but more closely related to spiders and scorpions. Their bodies are covered in a stone-like shell, the size of a soccer ball cut in half. They have evolved little in the hundreds of millions of years that they have lived in the ocean, and their mating ritual could be just as ancient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guided by sea temperatures and lunar cycles, these prehistoric-looking animals scrape their way from the sea floor to the beach to meet their mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the high tide hits on those really good nights and you get a full moon, you’ll see just thousands and thousands of crabs,” said Jim Hewes, a science teacher at Smyrna Middle School, in Delaware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hewes.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22618\" title=\"hewes\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hewes-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Hewes, science teacher and horseshoe crab enthusiast.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Hewes, science teacher and horseshoe crab enthusiast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It would be an understatement to call Hewes a horseshoe crab enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year he sacrifices sleep to head to the beach for midnight horseshoe crab counts as a volunteer with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. This year, Hewes led a small crew of volunteers on \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/swc/coastal/DNERR/Pages/StJonesReserve.aspx\">Kitts Hummock Beach\u003c/a>, near the town of Dover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They walk in regular paces for about a mile stretch of beach, stopping periodically to count the number of crabs within a square meter chunk of shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re counting the horseshoe crabs because for a long time we’ve been seeing a decline in the population,” Hewes explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22617\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crablandscape-1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22617\" title=\"crablandscape-1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crablandscape-1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crabs crowd onto the beach at night.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs crowd onto the beach at night.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conch and eel love the taste of a horseshoe crab. For years, fishermen could grab as many horseshoes as they could handle, chop them in half, and drop them into a cage to trap conch and eel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the harvest had unintended consequences. Shore birds – who travel with bewildering accuracy from their wintering grounds in South America to show up exactly during the horseshoe crab spawn – rely on the eggs the crabs lay during their mating frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds “come here completely emaciated and really need to work hard to put on a lot of weight,” said Kevin Kalasz, a wildlife biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/fw/Pages/FWPortal.aspx\">Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, “and horseshoe crab eggs are the best food source for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds need to bulk up so they can make the final leg of their migration up to the Arctic, where they lay their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 20 years ago, shore bird numbers, particularly of one species called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/science/watchlist/red_knot.html\">red knot\u003c/a>, dropped dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Red knots have declined approximately 80 to 90 percent in the last 20 years,” said Kalasz. “They’re currently considered a candidate species under the Endangered Species Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalasz said that the presumption was that horseshoe crab harvests limited the number of eggs available for red knots to eat. State governments responded by putting limits on the number of horseshoe crabs harvesters could take, but it’s still too early to tell whether the harvest policies have impacted the bird populations, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hewes is optimistic that horseshoe crabs are beginning to rebound. As he stands knee-deep in a pile of horseshoes, he counts the animals and his colleague records the sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far I’m seeing a lot of good numbers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Hewes, the surveys are not just part of helping to protect the horseshoe crabs and the birds that depend on them. It’s also an effort to preserve something that makes Delaware special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the littlest states around, and we’ve got the biggest numbers of horseshoe crabs,” he said. “It doesn’t happen anywhere else like this in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22625\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crab1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22625\" title=\"crab1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crab1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crabs are related to spiders and scorpions.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders and scorpions than to crabs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DELAWARE BAY, DELAWARE – Each spring the shores of the Delaware Bay in Delaware and New Jersey host a spectacular mating event: the annual horseshoe crab spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their name, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/index.html\">horseshoe crabs \u003c/a>are not actually a crab, but more closely related to spiders and scorpions. Their bodies are covered in a stone-like shell, the size of a soccer ball cut in half. They have evolved little in the hundreds of millions of years that they have lived in the ocean, and their mating ritual could be just as ancient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guided by sea temperatures and lunar cycles, these prehistoric-looking animals scrape their way from the sea floor to the beach to meet their mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the high tide hits on those really good nights and you get a full moon, you’ll see just thousands and thousands of crabs,” said Jim Hewes, a science teacher at Smyrna Middle School, in Delaware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hewes.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22618\" title=\"hewes\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hewes-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Hewes, science teacher and horseshoe crab enthusiast.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Hewes, science teacher and horseshoe crab enthusiast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It would be an understatement to call Hewes a horseshoe crab enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year he sacrifices sleep to head to the beach for midnight horseshoe crab counts as a volunteer with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. This year, Hewes led a small crew of volunteers on \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/swc/coastal/DNERR/Pages/StJonesReserve.aspx\">Kitts Hummock Beach\u003c/a>, near the town of Dover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They walk in regular paces for about a mile stretch of beach, stopping periodically to count the number of crabs within a square meter chunk of shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re counting the horseshoe crabs because for a long time we’ve been seeing a decline in the population,” Hewes explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22617\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crablandscape-1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22617\" title=\"crablandscape-1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/crablandscape-1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crabs crowd onto the beach at night.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs crowd onto the beach at night.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conch and eel love the taste of a horseshoe crab. For years, fishermen could grab as many horseshoes as they could handle, chop them in half, and drop them into a cage to trap conch and eel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the harvest had unintended consequences. Shore birds – who travel with bewildering accuracy from their wintering grounds in South America to show up exactly during the horseshoe crab spawn – rely on the eggs the crabs lay during their mating frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds “come here completely emaciated and really need to work hard to put on a lot of weight,” said Kevin Kalasz, a wildlife biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/fw/Pages/FWPortal.aspx\">Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, “and horseshoe crab eggs are the best food source for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds need to bulk up so they can make the final leg of their migration up to the Arctic, where they lay their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 20 years ago, shore bird numbers, particularly of one species called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/science/watchlist/red_knot.html\">red knot\u003c/a>, dropped dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Red knots have declined approximately 80 to 90 percent in the last 20 years,” said Kalasz. “They’re currently considered a candidate species under the Endangered Species Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalasz said that the presumption was that horseshoe crab harvests limited the number of eggs available for red knots to eat. State governments responded by putting limits on the number of horseshoe crabs harvesters could take, but it’s still too early to tell whether the harvest policies have impacted the bird populations, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hewes is optimistic that horseshoe crabs are beginning to rebound. As he stands knee-deep in a pile of horseshoes, he counts the animals and his colleague records the sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far I’m seeing a lot of good numbers,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Hewes, the surveys are not just part of helping to protect the horseshoe crabs and the birds that depend on them. It’s also an effort to preserve something that makes Delaware special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the littlest states around, and we’ve got the biggest numbers of horseshoe crabs,” he said. “It doesn’t happen anywhere else like this in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crab\" title=\"crab1_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22678\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders and scorpions than to crabs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DELAWARE BAY, DELAWARE - The empty shells of an unfortunate horseshoe crab or two are a common sight on the popular Jersey shore (that’s what locals call the beach in these parts) during the early summer beach season. Occasionally a child may tentatively investigate one, but most steer clear of what’s left of the dangerous-looking arthropod. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What many people never see, and probably aren’t even aware of, is the frenzy going on in the nearby (and less frequented) Delaware Bay. Hundreds of thousands of the crabs come ashore there every year in May and June to mate and lay eggs, and then mostly disappear as the summer gets into full swing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The horseshoe crab is a bit intimidating at first, looking like a cross between an amphibious assault vehicle and a creature out of the movie Alien. In reality, you’d need to go out of your way to get harmed by one – though Jim Hewes, the science teacher and volunteer crab surveyor whom we interviewed for this video, confided in us that he did once get stabbed through the boot by a crab’s spike-shaped tail, or telson, when he stepped on it by accident. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crabs use their tails to try to turn themselves over if they get flipped upside down, though they aren’t always successful, as documented by the beautiful clock-face pattern in the sand that surrounds the crab that Jim rescues in the story. The telson is attached to the crab by tendons, which tend to get injured if the crab is picked up by it. So if you ever attempt to rescue a flipped horseshoe crab, the best way is to hold it by its shell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/index.html\">Horseshoe crabs\u003c/a>, as it turns out, aren’t really crabs at all but a separate subphylum, which makes them more closely related to things like scorpions and spiders. The males and females can be told apart by their size (females grow much larger) and their appendages. The male possesses specialized ones designed to latch onto the back of the female while \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/Ventral.html\">mating\u003c/a>. The Atlantic horseshoe crab (\u003cem>Limulus polyphemus\u003c/em>) has its main migration in the Delaware Bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conch and eel fishermen now face restrictions on the amount of horseshoe crabs they can harvest to use as bait, but the animals have also become attractive to the biomedical industry. Researchers have found that the crab’s blue blood contains a clotting agent with anti-bacterial properties. One quart of horseshoe crab blood \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/video-blue-blood-at-15000-a-quart/614/\">can sell for about $15,000\u003c/a>. While the bleeding process itself doesn’t usually kill the crabs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/the-benefits-of-blue-blood/595/\">there is some debate \u003c/a>over how harmful the process is to their health. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could take a decade or more to begin to see the results of the regulations that went into place in the early 2000s to protect the crab population. So scientists and volunteers like Jim Hewes will continue to monitor the health of the crab population - and of shorebirds like the red knot, which depend on their eggs - for signs of recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to their efforts, curious children at the Jersey shore should continue to have strange, alien-looking life forms to investigate for many years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/whyy_crab_ed_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/crab1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Horseshoe crab\" title=\"crab1_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22678\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders and scorpions than to crabs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DELAWARE BAY, DELAWARE - The empty shells of an unfortunate horseshoe crab or two are a common sight on the popular Jersey shore (that’s what locals call the beach in these parts) during the early summer beach season. Occasionally a child may tentatively investigate one, but most steer clear of what’s left of the dangerous-looking arthropod. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What many people never see, and probably aren’t even aware of, is the frenzy going on in the nearby (and less frequented) Delaware Bay. Hundreds of thousands of the crabs come ashore there every year in May and June to mate and lay eggs, and then mostly disappear as the summer gets into full swing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The horseshoe crab is a bit intimidating at first, looking like a cross between an amphibious assault vehicle and a creature out of the movie Alien. In reality, you’d need to go out of your way to get harmed by one – though Jim Hewes, the science teacher and volunteer crab surveyor whom we interviewed for this video, confided in us that he did once get stabbed through the boot by a crab’s spike-shaped tail, or telson, when he stepped on it by accident. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crabs use their tails to try to turn themselves over if they get flipped upside down, though they aren’t always successful, as documented by the beautiful clock-face pattern in the sand that surrounds the crab that Jim rescues in the story. The telson is attached to the crab by tendons, which tend to get injured if the crab is picked up by it. So if you ever attempt to rescue a flipped horseshoe crab, the best way is to hold it by its shell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/index.html\">Horseshoe crabs\u003c/a>, as it turns out, aren’t really crabs at all but a separate subphylum, which makes them more closely related to things like scorpions and spiders. The males and females can be told apart by their size (females grow much larger) and their appendages. The male possesses specialized ones designed to latch onto the back of the female while \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/History/Ventral.html\">mating\u003c/a>. The Atlantic horseshoe crab (\u003cem>Limulus polyphemus\u003c/em>) has its main migration in the Delaware Bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conch and eel fishermen now face restrictions on the amount of horseshoe crabs they can harvest to use as bait, but the animals have also become attractive to the biomedical industry. Researchers have found that the crab’s blue blood contains a clotting agent with anti-bacterial properties. One quart of horseshoe crab blood \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/video-blue-blood-at-15000-a-quart/614/\">can sell for about $15,000\u003c/a>. While the bleeding process itself doesn’t usually kill the crabs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crash-a-tale-of-two-species/the-benefits-of-blue-blood/595/\">there is some debate \u003c/a>over how harmful the process is to their health. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could take a decade or more to begin to see the results of the regulations that went into place in the early 2000s to protect the crab population. So scientists and volunteers like Jim Hewes will continue to monitor the health of the crab population - and of shorebirds like the red knot, which depend on their eggs - for signs of recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to their efforts, curious children at the Jersey shore should continue to have strange, alien-looking life forms to investigate for many years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/whyy_crab_ed_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every summer, 250,000 female bats take up residence under a freeway bridge in California’s Central Valley, to wait for the birth of their pups. And each night, the hungry mammals exit the bridge in a stunning ribbon-like formation to hunt for insects. (I strongly recommend you watch the HD version of this video - you'll really appreciate the beauty of the bat flyouts much better, especially the final one!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican free-tailed bats living beneath the Yolo Causeway, a three-mile bridge near Davis, make up the largest colony of bats in the Central Valley and most likely one of the biggest in California, said Corky Quirk, education associate with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/\">Yolo Basin Foundation\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Corky Quirk and QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros\" title=\"Bats of Yolo Causeway (31)_resizedtighter\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22045\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corky Quirk helps QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros prepare to film the bat flyout at the Yolo Causeway.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Amanda Stupi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Yolo Causeway carries highway 80 traffic over the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/05/19/californias-ingenious-flood-relief-valve/\">Yolo Bypass\u003c/a>, a flood-control structure that protects Sacramento, West Sacramento and nearby communities from the Sacramento River’s rising waters during the winter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats fly out from under the bridge each evening from two locations. Between June and August, Quirk takes groups of visitors to watch a large group of the bats fly out in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, which is managed by the state’s Department of Fish and Game. This year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/events.cfm\">bat tours\u003c/a> sold out after the Sacramento Bee published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/07/08/3755355/yolo-bat-advocate-shines-light.html#storylink=misearch\">story\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican free-tailed bats fly out at sunset\" title=\"DSC_5171_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22096\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats fly out over the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, in Davis.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Corky Quirk\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But you can watch a slightly smaller group of bats fly out shortly before sunset from the causeway’s bike trail, on the bridge’s west end. Quirk recommends parking on the northwest side of the causeway and walking up onto the levee to reach the bike trail. The bats fly from under the causeway near the levee on the north side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know where these bats spend the rest of the year, although they suspect that some of them remain at the causeway and that others live under nearby Central Valley bridges and in the Bay Area. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bats-in-our-midst/\">another QUEST video \u003c/a>I produced, bat scientists counted 16,000 Mexican free-tailed bats spending the winter under a small bridge in the town of Galt, 20 miles south of Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats start to arrive at the causeway in May and make themselves at home in the bridge’s exposition joints, crevices that are one inch wide and 12 inches deep and allow the cement structure to contract and expand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In our area we don’t have caves, which would be the normal habitat for this particular species,” said Quirk. “But they’ve adapted to live in the structures that the humans have ended up providing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Under the Yolo Causeway\" title=\"DSC_0001_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22034\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mexican free-tailed bats have adapted to living under bridges instead of in caves. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mexican free-tailed bats are one of around 16 species of bats in the Bay Area, said Dave Johnston, a wildlife ecologist and an officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbwg.org/index.html\">Western Bat Working Group\u003c/a>. While this species is doing well, other Bay Area bats such as the long-eared myotis, the Townsend’s big-eared bat and the pallid bat, aren’t as numerous as they once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re learning is that more and more of these species are more sensitive to urbanization than we previously thought,” said Johnston. “Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss are probably the big suspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a disease called white-nose syndrome has killed more than one million bats in the eastern United States since it was introduced to New York state in 2006, likely from Europe. The fungal disease attacks bats hibernating in caves and causes them to develop what looks like frost on their snouts and chins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is expected to reach California, but Johnston said it’s not clear how it might impact the state’s bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our bats typically do not go into the deep torpor or deep hibernation when this fungus does its worst effect,” said Johnston. “So that’s a wild card out there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Mexican free-tailed bats weigh about half an ounce and are three inches long. Their 10-inch wingspan makes them look bigger when they’re flying, which they do at speeds of about 50 miles per hour. Under the causeway, they chatter away in high-pitched, bird-like chirps. But when they exit the bridge at sunset, Quirk holds up a phone-sized machine called a bat detector to hear the high-frequency sounds that help the bats locate their prey. Without the bat detector, these sounds aren’t audible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, Mexican free-tailed bats feed on the moths and moth larvae that attack corn and tomatoes. In Texas, where they’re also known as Brazilian free-tailed bats, they protect the cotton crops and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/cleveland-et-al06.pdf\">reduce the cost of pesticides for cotton farmers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re pregnant or nursing, they’re going to eat about the equivalent of their weight in insects each night,” said Quirk. “They’re very, very important for our pest control.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Four-day-old Mexican-free tailed bat pup\" title=\"DSC_0027_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-day-old bat pup. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each female gives birth to a single pup once a year. The pups, which are born translucent and furless, are large, compared to their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think of it as a human mother giving birth to a kindergartner,” said Quirk. Around July 1, Quirk starts to look for tiny bat placentas and umbilical cords that have fallen to the ground under the bridge - a sign that the bats have given birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because nursing bats need to eat so many insects, once they give birth they fly in thicker groups than during their pregnancy. They fly out from under the bridge in a long, twirling line that Quirk describes as a “ribbon.” Each night, three or four ribbons are visible from the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like that they’re so different than their reputation,” said Quirk as she watched a flyout in July. “I like that they’re actually very calm animals for the most part, that they’re hunting insects and not interested in us.” \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every summer, 250,000 female bats take up residence under a freeway bridge in California’s Central Valley, to wait for the birth of their pups. And each night, the hungry mammals exit the bridge in a stunning ribbon-like formation to hunt for insects. (I strongly recommend you watch the HD version of this video - you'll really appreciate the beauty of the bat flyouts much better, especially the final one!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican free-tailed bats living beneath the Yolo Causeway, a three-mile bridge near Davis, make up the largest colony of bats in the Central Valley and most likely one of the biggest in California, said Corky Quirk, education associate with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/\">Yolo Basin Foundation\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Corky Quirk and QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros\" title=\"Bats of Yolo Causeway (31)_resizedtighter\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22045\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corky Quirk helps QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros prepare to film the bat flyout at the Yolo Causeway.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Amanda Stupi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Yolo Causeway carries highway 80 traffic over the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/05/19/californias-ingenious-flood-relief-valve/\">Yolo Bypass\u003c/a>, a flood-control structure that protects Sacramento, West Sacramento and nearby communities from the Sacramento River’s rising waters during the winter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats fly out from under the bridge each evening from two locations. Between June and August, Quirk takes groups of visitors to watch a large group of the bats fly out in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, which is managed by the state’s Department of Fish and Game. This year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/events.cfm\">bat tours\u003c/a> sold out after the Sacramento Bee published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/07/08/3755355/yolo-bat-advocate-shines-light.html#storylink=misearch\">story\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican free-tailed bats fly out at sunset\" title=\"DSC_5171_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22096\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats fly out over the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, in Davis.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Corky Quirk\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But you can watch a slightly smaller group of bats fly out shortly before sunset from the causeway’s bike trail, on the bridge’s west end. Quirk recommends parking on the northwest side of the causeway and walking up onto the levee to reach the bike trail. The bats fly from under the causeway near the levee on the north side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know where these bats spend the rest of the year, although they suspect that some of them remain at the causeway and that others live under nearby Central Valley bridges and in the Bay Area. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bats-in-our-midst/\">another QUEST video \u003c/a>I produced, bat scientists counted 16,000 Mexican free-tailed bats spending the winter under a small bridge in the town of Galt, 20 miles south of Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats start to arrive at the causeway in May and make themselves at home in the bridge’s exposition joints, crevices that are one inch wide and 12 inches deep and allow the cement structure to contract and expand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In our area we don’t have caves, which would be the normal habitat for this particular species,” said Quirk. “But they’ve adapted to live in the structures that the humans have ended up providing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Under the Yolo Causeway\" title=\"DSC_0001_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22034\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mexican free-tailed bats have adapted to living under bridges instead of in caves. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mexican free-tailed bats are one of around 16 species of bats in the Bay Area, said Dave Johnston, a wildlife ecologist and an officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbwg.org/index.html\">Western Bat Working Group\u003c/a>. While this species is doing well, other Bay Area bats such as the long-eared myotis, the Townsend’s big-eared bat and the pallid bat, aren’t as numerous as they once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re learning is that more and more of these species are more sensitive to urbanization than we previously thought,” said Johnston. “Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss are probably the big suspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a disease called white-nose syndrome has killed more than one million bats in the eastern United States since it was introduced to New York state in 2006, likely from Europe. The fungal disease attacks bats hibernating in caves and causes them to develop what looks like frost on their snouts and chins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is expected to reach California, but Johnston said it’s not clear how it might impact the state’s bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our bats typically do not go into the deep torpor or deep hibernation when this fungus does its worst effect,” said Johnston. “So that’s a wild card out there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Mexican free-tailed bats weigh about half an ounce and are three inches long. Their 10-inch wingspan makes them look bigger when they’re flying, which they do at speeds of about 50 miles per hour. Under the causeway, they chatter away in high-pitched, bird-like chirps. But when they exit the bridge at sunset, Quirk holds up a phone-sized machine called a bat detector to hear the high-frequency sounds that help the bats locate their prey. Without the bat detector, these sounds aren’t audible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, Mexican free-tailed bats feed on the moths and moth larvae that attack corn and tomatoes. In Texas, where they’re also known as Brazilian free-tailed bats, they protect the cotton crops and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/cleveland-et-al06.pdf\">reduce the cost of pesticides for cotton farmers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re pregnant or nursing, they’re going to eat about the equivalent of their weight in insects each night,” said Quirk. “They’re very, very important for our pest control.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Four-day-old Mexican-free tailed bat pup\" title=\"DSC_0027_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-day-old bat pup. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each female gives birth to a single pup once a year. The pups, which are born translucent and furless, are large, compared to their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think of it as a human mother giving birth to a kindergartner,” said Quirk. Around July 1, Quirk starts to look for tiny bat placentas and umbilical cords that have fallen to the ground under the bridge - a sign that the bats have given birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because nursing bats need to eat so many insects, once they give birth they fly in thicker groups than during their pregnancy. They fly out from under the bridge in a long, twirling line that Quirk describes as a “ribbon.” Each night, three or four ribbons are visible from the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like that they’re so different than their reputation,” said Quirk as she watched a flyout in July. “I like that they’re actually very calm animals for the most part, that they’re hunting insects and not interested in us.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Shark Week and the State of Sharks",
"title": "Shark Week and the State of Sharks",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/shark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-21906\" title=\"shark\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/shark-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"shark\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week millions of viewer’s eyes will be turned to \u003ca href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/shark-week/\">Shark Week\u003c/a>, the Discovery Channel's most popular program. With shows like \"Top Five Eaten Alive\", \"Killer Sharks and Rogue Sharks\", the program continues to dish up blood, teeth and fear, while perpetuating the irrational perception that sharks are killing machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average ten humans die from sharks each year. On the contrary over 100 million sharks are killed as bycatch and in fisheries in the same period of time. The fact is that while shark attacks on humans are relatively rare, sharks die at the hands of humans by the tens of thousands each day in the open ocean, near shore and in marine reserves. Most of these sharks are killed for their fins to supply the shark fin soup trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the tusks of African elephants, the high demand for the luxury trade in shark fins is driving sharks to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice of shark finning is to target sharks solely for the valuable fin while discarding the body at sea. The demand for fins for the luxury dish shark fin soup is creating a huge incentive to kill sharks just for the fin, while discarding the less valuable body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To stem this tide of destruction Pacific Island nations like Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and the State of Hawaii have established shark sanctuaries and banned not only the practice of fining, but the sale of shark fin themselves. It is hoped that reducing the consumption will reduce the demand and help protect shark populations. In California, \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/what-you-can-do-to-support-the-california-shark-fin-bill-ab-376/\">similar legislation\u003c/a> is being proposed to help protect sharks in US and international waters. Currently in Senate Committee, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/members/a06/news-room/press-releases/item/3105-shark-protection-bill-lands-in-senate\">California Shark Protection Act\u003c/a>, AB 376 would ban the trade, sale and possession of shark fin in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my travels as a filmmaker, I have seen ships rails lines with shark fins off the Galapagos, drifting longlines loaded with sharks near Cocos Island, and shops in San Francisco stacked with bins and jars of shark fins. Shark fin soup is on the menu of hundreds of Bay Area restaurants. Customs records indicate that most shark fins entering California are being imported from Costa Rica, Ecuador and Hong Kong. Many of these fins are from endangered species and plausibly from marine reserves. Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> have sequenced the DNA of shark fins purchased in San Francisco and found threatened and vulnerable species. Nearly one third of all shark species are listed as threatened with extinction by the\u003ca href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\"> International Union for the Conservation of Nature\u003c/a>. Scientists estimate that some large open ocean sharks like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark\">oceanic whitetip\u003c/a> have been fished to mere remnants of their original population. Sharks are the regulators of marine ecosystems. They are the surgeons and the sanitarians and keep the ocean healthy and clean. Without sharks, the ecosystems decay into an unhealthy state that disrupts reefs, the fish we eat and ultimately the air we breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the practice of finning is deplorable even by opponents of AB 376, some senators have claimed the law is an attack on Asian culture. They propose to allow shark fins for sale from sustainable shark fisheries, although it would be difficult to identify such a thing. By their nature as the top predator, there are fewer sharks than other fish. Their biology makes sharks extremely vulnerable to overfishing because they cannot rebound. A targeted shark fishery will ultimately reduce the population to an unsustainable level. We experienced this in San Francisco with the sevengill and soupfin shark fisheries in the mid-20th century. If this amendment is allowed, the market for shark fins will be opened and black market fins will enter the trade. Tracing a shark fin to a boat or a fishery is extremely difficult, and Fish and Game officials do not have the ability to distinguish illegal fins from legal fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This loophole will allow sharks to be finned: business as usual. This August, Californians can step up and protect sharks, or allow special interests to water down or kill the shark protection bill. A healthy ocean is essential for the welfare of all cultures, and cultures can adapt their tastes to do the right thing. The ban on Caspian caviar is a perfect example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \"Shark Week\" while we are watching the thrilling images of sharks gnashing at cages or reenacting shark attacks, we should be thinking of future films titled, \"Dead Water and Empty Ocean\". We need to stop fearing sharks and fear for their future, and the future of a healthy ocean. To learn more, go to \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/\">seastewards.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This week millions of viewer’s eyes will be turned to \"Shark Week\", the Discovery Channel's most popular program. With shows like \"Top Five Eaten Alive\", \"Killer Sharks and Rogue Sharks\", the program continues to dish up blood, teeth and fear, while perpetuating the irrational perception that sharks are killing machines.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/shark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-21906\" title=\"shark\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/shark-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"shark\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week millions of viewer’s eyes will be turned to \u003ca href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/shark-week/\">Shark Week\u003c/a>, the Discovery Channel's most popular program. With shows like \"Top Five Eaten Alive\", \"Killer Sharks and Rogue Sharks\", the program continues to dish up blood, teeth and fear, while perpetuating the irrational perception that sharks are killing machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average ten humans die from sharks each year. On the contrary over 100 million sharks are killed as bycatch and in fisheries in the same period of time. The fact is that while shark attacks on humans are relatively rare, sharks die at the hands of humans by the tens of thousands each day in the open ocean, near shore and in marine reserves. Most of these sharks are killed for their fins to supply the shark fin soup trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the tusks of African elephants, the high demand for the luxury trade in shark fins is driving sharks to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice of shark finning is to target sharks solely for the valuable fin while discarding the body at sea. The demand for fins for the luxury dish shark fin soup is creating a huge incentive to kill sharks just for the fin, while discarding the less valuable body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To stem this tide of destruction Pacific Island nations like Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and the State of Hawaii have established shark sanctuaries and banned not only the practice of fining, but the sale of shark fin themselves. It is hoped that reducing the consumption will reduce the demand and help protect shark populations. In California, \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/what-you-can-do-to-support-the-california-shark-fin-bill-ab-376/\">similar legislation\u003c/a> is being proposed to help protect sharks in US and international waters. Currently in Senate Committee, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/members/a06/news-room/press-releases/item/3105-shark-protection-bill-lands-in-senate\">California Shark Protection Act\u003c/a>, AB 376 would ban the trade, sale and possession of shark fin in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my travels as a filmmaker, I have seen ships rails lines with shark fins off the Galapagos, drifting longlines loaded with sharks near Cocos Island, and shops in San Francisco stacked with bins and jars of shark fins. Shark fin soup is on the menu of hundreds of Bay Area restaurants. Customs records indicate that most shark fins entering California are being imported from Costa Rica, Ecuador and Hong Kong. Many of these fins are from endangered species and plausibly from marine reserves. Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> have sequenced the DNA of shark fins purchased in San Francisco and found threatened and vulnerable species. Nearly one third of all shark species are listed as threatened with extinction by the\u003ca href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\"> International Union for the Conservation of Nature\u003c/a>. Scientists estimate that some large open ocean sharks like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark\">oceanic whitetip\u003c/a> have been fished to mere remnants of their original population. Sharks are the regulators of marine ecosystems. They are the surgeons and the sanitarians and keep the ocean healthy and clean. Without sharks, the ecosystems decay into an unhealthy state that disrupts reefs, the fish we eat and ultimately the air we breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the practice of finning is deplorable even by opponents of AB 376, some senators have claimed the law is an attack on Asian culture. They propose to allow shark fins for sale from sustainable shark fisheries, although it would be difficult to identify such a thing. By their nature as the top predator, there are fewer sharks than other fish. Their biology makes sharks extremely vulnerable to overfishing because they cannot rebound. A targeted shark fishery will ultimately reduce the population to an unsustainable level. We experienced this in San Francisco with the sevengill and soupfin shark fisheries in the mid-20th century. If this amendment is allowed, the market for shark fins will be opened and black market fins will enter the trade. Tracing a shark fin to a boat or a fishery is extremely difficult, and Fish and Game officials do not have the ability to distinguish illegal fins from legal fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This loophole will allow sharks to be finned: business as usual. This August, Californians can step up and protect sharks, or allow special interests to water down or kill the shark protection bill. A healthy ocean is essential for the welfare of all cultures, and cultures can adapt their tastes to do the right thing. The ban on Caspian caviar is a perfect example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \"Shark Week\" while we are watching the thrilling images of sharks gnashing at cages or reenacting shark attacks, we should be thinking of future films titled, \"Dead Water and Empty Ocean\". We need to stop fearing sharks and fear for their future, and the future of a healthy ocean. To learn more, go to \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/\">seastewards.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The High Cost of Sex",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CoupleOnBeach\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21594\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sex may have evolved to cut down on genetic variation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean in the red light district of Amsterdam or at Mustang Ranch. What I am talking about is the high biological cost of sex. In fact, it is so expensive it can be hard to imagine how it ever evolved in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason sex is so costly is it takes two parents to have a kid. Asexual creatures can do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like much of an advantage, but it is. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/cost%20of%20males.html\">computer simulations\u003c/a> show that a single asexual individual can overtake a population of one million sexual creatures in about 50 generations. That is about 1000 years for people and only 8 years for mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sex needs to have some pretty big advantages to have ever evolved in the first place. Otherwise the first sexual creature would have been quickly swamped out by all of its asexual brethren as soon as it appeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have pointed to variation as one of sex’s big advantage. This probably isn’t the whole story though. Or even most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sex does create additional variety through the mixing of genes but it probably isn’t enough to explain the rise of sex. You’d have to live in some pretty chaotic times for this variation to offer enough an advantage to an individual to overcome its cost. Eight or a thousand years just isn’t that long in an evolutionary time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01173.x/abstract\">review\u003c/a> out is bringing up an old idea that Muller came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28193203/193204%2966:703%3C118:SGAOS%3E2.0.CO;2-B&\">back in 1932\u003c/a>. The main advantage of sex is to provide a safe time to recombine our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recombination is simply the swapping of DNA between two identical (or nearly identical) pieces of DNA. For us that means swapping between the chromosomes we got from mom and dad. So DNA is swapped between our two chromosome 1’s our two chromosome 2’s and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where part of that variation we were talking about earlier comes from. But more importantly, recombination actually helps repair DNA damage. You can see the effects of no recombination by looking at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">sad little Y chromosome\u003c/a> which is slowly disappearing because it has no one to recombine with except itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recombination is a double edged sword. Cells need it to repair their DNA but it can cause lots of DNA damage if it isn’t controlled. For example, even with all of our controls in place, 1 in 1000 humans still ends up with one chromosome stuck to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what happens with uncontrolled recombination by looking at cancer cells. These cells end up with extra chromosomes, chromosomes stuck together, and lots of other chromosomal problems because they recombine willy-nilly. They do well for themselves but are definitely bad for the individual. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it makes sense to contain recombination to some easily controlled time. Sex may have arisen and took over the world because it provides a safer way to keep harmful DNA damage in check. The variation that everyone goes on about may simply have been a beneficial side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21653\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/sexasexcomparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21653\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/SexAsexComparison-427x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SexAsexComparison\" width=\"427\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After just nine generations, the sexual beasts on the left are already being swamped out by the asexual ones on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the following for more information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.evolutionary-research.net/science/mullers-ratchet/principle\">Muller’s Ratchet\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/\">Extra chromosomes and new species\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CoupleOnBeach\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21594\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sex may have evolved to cut down on genetic variation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean in the red light district of Amsterdam or at Mustang Ranch. What I am talking about is the high biological cost of sex. In fact, it is so expensive it can be hard to imagine how it ever evolved in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason sex is so costly is it takes two parents to have a kid. Asexual creatures can do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like much of an advantage, but it is. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/cost%20of%20males.html\">computer simulations\u003c/a> show that a single asexual individual can overtake a population of one million sexual creatures in about 50 generations. That is about 1000 years for people and only 8 years for mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sex needs to have some pretty big advantages to have ever evolved in the first place. Otherwise the first sexual creature would have been quickly swamped out by all of its asexual brethren as soon as it appeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have pointed to variation as one of sex’s big advantage. This probably isn’t the whole story though. Or even most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sex does create additional variety through the mixing of genes but it probably isn’t enough to explain the rise of sex. You’d have to live in some pretty chaotic times for this variation to offer enough an advantage to an individual to overcome its cost. Eight or a thousand years just isn’t that long in an evolutionary time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01173.x/abstract\">review\u003c/a> out is bringing up an old idea that Muller came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28193203/193204%2966:703%3C118:SGAOS%3E2.0.CO;2-B&\">back in 1932\u003c/a>. The main advantage of sex is to provide a safe time to recombine our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recombination is simply the swapping of DNA between two identical (or nearly identical) pieces of DNA. For us that means swapping between the chromosomes we got from mom and dad. So DNA is swapped between our two chromosome 1’s our two chromosome 2’s and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where part of that variation we were talking about earlier comes from. But more importantly, recombination actually helps repair DNA damage. You can see the effects of no recombination by looking at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">sad little Y chromosome\u003c/a> which is slowly disappearing because it has no one to recombine with except itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recombination is a double edged sword. Cells need it to repair their DNA but it can cause lots of DNA damage if it isn’t controlled. For example, even with all of our controls in place, 1 in 1000 humans still ends up with one chromosome stuck to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what happens with uncontrolled recombination by looking at cancer cells. These cells end up with extra chromosomes, chromosomes stuck together, and lots of other chromosomal problems because they recombine willy-nilly. They do well for themselves but are definitely bad for the individual. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it makes sense to contain recombination to some easily controlled time. Sex may have arisen and took over the world because it provides a safer way to keep harmful DNA damage in check. The variation that everyone goes on about may simply have been a beneficial side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21653\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/sexasexcomparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21653\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/SexAsexComparison-427x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SexAsexComparison\" width=\"427\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After just nine generations, the sexual beasts on the left are already being swamped out by the asexual ones on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the following for more information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.evolutionary-research.net/science/mullers-ratchet/principle\">Muller’s Ratchet\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/\">Extra chromosomes and new species\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Green Eggs By The Gram - Sustainable Caviar",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: Green Eggs By The Gram - Sustainable Caviar",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21331\" title=\"caviar (81)_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/caviar-81_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"White sturgeon farmed by Sterling Caviar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-year-old white sturgeons farmed by Sterling Caviar in Sacramento County. Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sturgeons, the fish whose eggs are known as caviar, have been around for about 250 million years. These giants are the largest of the freshwater fish and have been known to grow to over 4,000 pounds and live more than 100 years. But it took us only a couple hundred years to deplete their stocks around the world, to the point where most caviar is now harvested from farmed sturgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caviar is generally associated with the \u003ca href=\"http://geography.howstuffworks.com/oceans-and-seas/the-caspian-sea.htm\">Caspian Sea\u003c/a>, the large land-locked body of water surrounded by Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Sturgeon are such big animals and the females produce so many eggs (in the wild, eggs can make up as much as 25 percent of their bodyweight) that historically they were a great source of protein. The caviar was for royalty, with the lightest-colored, blond caviar being reserved for the tsar, in Russia, and the shah, in Iran. But this year, virtually \u003ca href=\"http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/sturgeon_intro.shtml\">no wild-harvested caviar\u003c/a> came out of that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less known is the fact that in the late 1800s, the United States was a purveyor of wild-harvested caviar to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in California, they were harvesting millions of pounds in the late 1800s. And actually there was a town in New Jersey called Caviar, which was the world-leading exporter of caviar,” said Peter Struffeneger, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/\">Sterling Caviar\u003c/a>, one of the two companies in California that farm sturgeon for caviar. “But within a span of 30 years they wiped it out. They closed down all fishing from about 1905 to the 1950s, 1960s, depending on which river, for the stocks to recover. And most of them have only gotten back to a point where there’s a limited sport fish for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two species of sturgeon are native to California: the \u003ca href=\"http://calfish.ucdavis.edu/species/?uid=113&ds=241\">white sturgeon \u003c/a>and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Sturgeon/index.asp\">green sturgeon\u003c/a>. The green sturgeon is a threatened species and can’t even be fished by sport fishermen. Anglers in California can only catch \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/sportfishing_regs2011.asp#tips\">three white sturgeon per year \u003c/a>and need a special card from the state’s Department of Fish and Game to do so. White sturgeons have been plentiful in the Bay Area in 2011, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_18192560\">this report\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/news/news04/04040.html\">sturgeon poaching \u003c/a>remains a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We filmed the caviar harvest at Sterling Caviar’s processing plant in Sacramento County. Sterling Caviar is one of only two companies in California, and a handful around the country, that are raising sturgeon for caviar and meat. (Sterling Caviar ships most of the meat overseas, though some ends up in Brooklyn, where it’s prized by the Russian community).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wondered why caviar is so expensive (an ounce of Sterling’s highest-grade caviar goes for close to $90 \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/details.asp?ItemID=57&loc=3\">on its Web site\u003c/a>), one reason is that even in the best of circumstances, you can only harvest a small amount of it, said Struffeneger. It takes eight to 10 years for Sterling’s female sturgeons to produce eggs. The other reason for the high price, said Struffeneger, is caviar’s unique flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe a hint of the ocean to it, but not an overbearing saltiness,” he said. “It should hit your taste buds and it actually explodes and you get this ‘wow’ sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with \u003ca href=\"http://caba.ucdavis.edu/faculty/dir/sidorosh\">Serge Doroshov\u003c/a>, a University of California, Davis, scientist who pioneered sturgeon farming in California, Sterling Caviar has figured out ways to \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AquacultureCriteraMethodology.pdf\">farm sustainably\u003c/a>. When the company started out, in the early 1980s, it got permits from the Department of Fish and Game to take white sturgeon from the Sacramento River. But in 1994 the company figured out how to spawn its own females, and since then it hasn’t taken any fish from the wild. And Sterling’s sturgeons are fed fish meal made from sustainably fished sardines and menhaden from Peru and Chile, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Struffeneger, who has degrees in marine and fisheries biology, the United States isn't doing enough to encourage aquaculture. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21331\" title=\"caviar (81)_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/caviar-81_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"White sturgeon farmed by Sterling Caviar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-year-old white sturgeons farmed by Sterling Caviar in Sacramento County. Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sturgeons, the fish whose eggs are known as caviar, have been around for about 250 million years. These giants are the largest of the freshwater fish and have been known to grow to over 4,000 pounds and live more than 100 years. But it took us only a couple hundred years to deplete their stocks around the world, to the point where most caviar is now harvested from farmed sturgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caviar is generally associated with the \u003ca href=\"http://geography.howstuffworks.com/oceans-and-seas/the-caspian-sea.htm\">Caspian Sea\u003c/a>, the large land-locked body of water surrounded by Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Sturgeon are such big animals and the females produce so many eggs (in the wild, eggs can make up as much as 25 percent of their bodyweight) that historically they were a great source of protein. The caviar was for royalty, with the lightest-colored, blond caviar being reserved for the tsar, in Russia, and the shah, in Iran. But this year, virtually \u003ca href=\"http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/sturgeon_intro.shtml\">no wild-harvested caviar\u003c/a> came out of that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less known is the fact that in the late 1800s, the United States was a purveyor of wild-harvested caviar to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in California, they were harvesting millions of pounds in the late 1800s. And actually there was a town in New Jersey called Caviar, which was the world-leading exporter of caviar,” said Peter Struffeneger, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/\">Sterling Caviar\u003c/a>, one of the two companies in California that farm sturgeon for caviar. “But within a span of 30 years they wiped it out. They closed down all fishing from about 1905 to the 1950s, 1960s, depending on which river, for the stocks to recover. And most of them have only gotten back to a point where there’s a limited sport fish for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two species of sturgeon are native to California: the \u003ca href=\"http://calfish.ucdavis.edu/species/?uid=113&ds=241\">white sturgeon \u003c/a>and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Sturgeon/index.asp\">green sturgeon\u003c/a>. The green sturgeon is a threatened species and can’t even be fished by sport fishermen. Anglers in California can only catch \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/sportfishing_regs2011.asp#tips\">three white sturgeon per year \u003c/a>and need a special card from the state’s Department of Fish and Game to do so. White sturgeons have been plentiful in the Bay Area in 2011, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_18192560\">this report\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/news/news04/04040.html\">sturgeon poaching \u003c/a>remains a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We filmed the caviar harvest at Sterling Caviar’s processing plant in Sacramento County. Sterling Caviar is one of only two companies in California, and a handful around the country, that are raising sturgeon for caviar and meat. (Sterling Caviar ships most of the meat overseas, though some ends up in Brooklyn, where it’s prized by the Russian community).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wondered why caviar is so expensive (an ounce of Sterling’s highest-grade caviar goes for close to $90 \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/details.asp?ItemID=57&loc=3\">on its Web site\u003c/a>), one reason is that even in the best of circumstances, you can only harvest a small amount of it, said Struffeneger. It takes eight to 10 years for Sterling’s female sturgeons to produce eggs. The other reason for the high price, said Struffeneger, is caviar’s unique flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe a hint of the ocean to it, but not an overbearing saltiness,” he said. “It should hit your taste buds and it actually explodes and you get this ‘wow’ sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with \u003ca href=\"http://caba.ucdavis.edu/faculty/dir/sidorosh\">Serge Doroshov\u003c/a>, a University of California, Davis, scientist who pioneered sturgeon farming in California, Sterling Caviar has figured out ways to \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AquacultureCriteraMethodology.pdf\">farm sustainably\u003c/a>. When the company started out, in the early 1980s, it got permits from the Department of Fish and Game to take white sturgeon from the Sacramento River. But in 1994 the company figured out how to spawn its own females, and since then it hasn’t taken any fish from the wild. And Sterling’s sturgeons are fed fish meal made from sustainably fished sardines and menhaden from Peru and Chile, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Struffeneger, who has degrees in marine and fisheries biology, the United States isn't doing enough to encourage aquaculture. As a result, he said, the country imports 82 percent of the fish we eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish farming is the only way forward, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t increase the supply out of the oceans without doing what happened to sturgeon, destroying the resource,” he said. “One hundred years from now we’ll look back at this as a very transitional period in which we’ve really changed from a hunting-and-gathering society for our seafood to a farming-and-ranching society for our seafood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Caviar_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Dan__Blk_Browed_2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Dan__Blk_Browed_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Dan_&_Blk_Browed_2\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20378\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the great things about my job is to be able to talk to some of the world's greatest and most charismatic scientists, like Professor Dan Costa of UC Santa Cruz. I remember trying to get a hold of Professor Costa in December, when my colleagues and I were researching TV story ideas for the fifth season of \u003cem>QUEST\u003c/em>. We were eager to do a story on elephant seals, focusing on their rookery at Año Nuevo, but we knew that to tell this story, we needed to secure the participation of Dan Costa, a foremost expert on these amazing animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Costa has been studying elephant seals since the mid-1970s, and has been at the forefront of using satellite tags, time and depth recorders and other sophisticated electronic tags to gather information about the amazing depths to which elephant seals dive, their migration routes and how they use oceanographic features to hunt for prey as far as the international dateline and the Alaskan Aleutian Islands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall finally catching Professor Costa by phone on a Friday evening at a rare moment when he was in his office and had time to talk. During a conversation that lasted no more than 20 minutes, he emailed me some background articles on elephant seals he had authored, answered a few questions about his current research, confirmed his availability for an interview in January, suggested another graduate student to also interview for our story and gave me the name of another student in his lab with whom to coordinate filming of the recovery of a satellite tag from a female elephant seal sometime in January or February. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/ElephantSeals-009_21.jpg\" alt=\"UC Santa Cruz Professor Dan Costa standing next to the bluff outside the Long Marine Laboratory in Santa Cruz.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18324\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Santa Cruz Professor Dan Costa standing next to the bluff outside the Long Marine Laboratory in Santa Cruz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My thrill in securing the participation of Professor Costa was tempered by the logistical reality of getting time with this immensely busy researcher who traveled for months on end to exotic locales, including Antarctica, Australia and the Galapagos Islands. Fortunately, Professor Costa cleared his calendar to accommodate our crew for four hours albeit the day before leaving for a research trip to study seals and penguins in Antarctica. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My boss, \u003cem>QUEST \u003c/em>Series Producer Amy Miller, suggested that I ask Professor Costa some additional questions, time permitting at the end of our main interview on elephant seals, which could be used for a two-minute profile of him as part of our recurring segment, \"Why I Do Science\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the first minute of my interview with Professor Costa, I knew that he would make a phenomenal \"Why I Do Science\" profile. His nearly forty years of fieldwork around the world, to study a diverse array of marine animals, including albatrosses, seals and penguins, would provide a rich trove of experiences to mine and subsequently craft into a compelling portrait of a scientist passionate about science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I didn't know at the time is that in addition to being a highly skilled marine biologist, Professor Costa is also a talented photographer. This would prove to be a huge boon, as I would need photos of the animals he had studied over the years, as well as photos of him through the years working with marine animals around the world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18325\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/Seals__Erebus_21.jpg\" alt=\"Weddell seals sleeping on the ice at the McMurdo station in Antarctica, where Dan Costa and his graduate students conducted research in early 2011. \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18325\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Weddell seals sleeping on the ice at the McMurdo station in Antarctica, where Dan Costa and his graduate students conducted research in early 2011. \u003ccite>(Image courtesy Dan Costa.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the next couple of months, he sent me a couple dozen photos, including photos he was taking in the field (or rather, on the ice) at McMurdo Station, a research center located in Antarctica. I marveled at the quality of the photos - beautifully framed, expertly exposed and richly illustrative of the hardy animals and the wind-battered tundra they called home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After making my photo selects, I wrote the script and asked Professor Costa for any video he or one of his students may have filmed during their months of fieldwork in Antarctica, weighing and tagging Weddell seals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just in the nick of time, a day or two before the start of my edit, a DVD arrived containing video clips Professor Costa had personally filmed while in Antarctica. The highlight of the DVD was the material filmed just inches from Weddell seal pups; there they were, on the ice, vocalizing, looking straight into the camera - a furry bundle of wide-eyed, barking curiosity, wondering perhaps who was this tourist, swaddled in a red parka, ice clinging to his beard, braving the elements to see me up close? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I smiled and pressed play again and again, watching the seal pups wriggle and bark, seemingly oblivious to the unimaginably cold, harsh environment, thankful of my good fortune in securing the participation of this intrepid scientist with a camera for this latest edition of \"Why I Do Science\". \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Dan__Blk_Browed_2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Dan__Blk_Browed_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Dan_&_Blk_Browed_2\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20378\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the great things about my job is to be able to talk to some of the world's greatest and most charismatic scientists, like Professor Dan Costa of UC Santa Cruz. I remember trying to get a hold of Professor Costa in December, when my colleagues and I were researching TV story ideas for the fifth season of \u003cem>QUEST\u003c/em>. We were eager to do a story on elephant seals, focusing on their rookery at Año Nuevo, but we knew that to tell this story, we needed to secure the participation of Dan Costa, a foremost expert on these amazing animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Costa has been studying elephant seals since the mid-1970s, and has been at the forefront of using satellite tags, time and depth recorders and other sophisticated electronic tags to gather information about the amazing depths to which elephant seals dive, their migration routes and how they use oceanographic features to hunt for prey as far as the international dateline and the Alaskan Aleutian Islands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall finally catching Professor Costa by phone on a Friday evening at a rare moment when he was in his office and had time to talk. During a conversation that lasted no more than 20 minutes, he emailed me some background articles on elephant seals he had authored, answered a few questions about his current research, confirmed his availability for an interview in January, suggested another graduate student to also interview for our story and gave me the name of another student in his lab with whom to coordinate filming of the recovery of a satellite tag from a female elephant seal sometime in January or February. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/ElephantSeals-009_21.jpg\" alt=\"UC Santa Cruz Professor Dan Costa standing next to the bluff outside the Long Marine Laboratory in Santa Cruz.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18324\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Santa Cruz Professor Dan Costa standing next to the bluff outside the Long Marine Laboratory in Santa Cruz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My thrill in securing the participation of Professor Costa was tempered by the logistical reality of getting time with this immensely busy researcher who traveled for months on end to exotic locales, including Antarctica, Australia and the Galapagos Islands. Fortunately, Professor Costa cleared his calendar to accommodate our crew for four hours albeit the day before leaving for a research trip to study seals and penguins in Antarctica. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My boss, \u003cem>QUEST \u003c/em>Series Producer Amy Miller, suggested that I ask Professor Costa some additional questions, time permitting at the end of our main interview on elephant seals, which could be used for a two-minute profile of him as part of our recurring segment, \"Why I Do Science\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the first minute of my interview with Professor Costa, I knew that he would make a phenomenal \"Why I Do Science\" profile. His nearly forty years of fieldwork around the world, to study a diverse array of marine animals, including albatrosses, seals and penguins, would provide a rich trove of experiences to mine and subsequently craft into a compelling portrait of a scientist passionate about science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I didn't know at the time is that in addition to being a highly skilled marine biologist, Professor Costa is also a talented photographer. This would prove to be a huge boon, as I would need photos of the animals he had studied over the years, as well as photos of him through the years working with marine animals around the world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18325\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/Seals__Erebus_21.jpg\" alt=\"Weddell seals sleeping on the ice at the McMurdo station in Antarctica, where Dan Costa and his graduate students conducted research in early 2011. \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18325\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Weddell seals sleeping on the ice at the McMurdo station in Antarctica, where Dan Costa and his graduate students conducted research in early 2011. \u003ccite>(Image courtesy Dan Costa.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the next couple of months, he sent me a couple dozen photos, including photos he was taking in the field (or rather, on the ice) at McMurdo Station, a research center located in Antarctica. I marveled at the quality of the photos - beautifully framed, expertly exposed and richly illustrative of the hardy animals and the wind-battered tundra they called home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After making my photo selects, I wrote the script and asked Professor Costa for any video he or one of his students may have filmed during their months of fieldwork in Antarctica, weighing and tagging Weddell seals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just in the nick of time, a day or two before the start of my edit, a DVD arrived containing video clips Professor Costa had personally filmed while in Antarctica. The highlight of the DVD was the material filmed just inches from Weddell seal pups; there they were, on the ice, vocalizing, looking straight into the camera - a furry bundle of wide-eyed, barking curiosity, wondering perhaps who was this tourist, swaddled in a red parka, ice clinging to his beard, braving the elements to see me up close? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I smiled and pressed play again and again, watching the seal pups wriggle and bark, seemingly oblivious to the unimaginably cold, harsh environment, thankful of my good fortune in securing the participation of this intrepid scientist with a camera for this latest edition of \"Why I Do Science\". \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-07-25-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20997\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Federal-Building_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"San Francisco Federal Building\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20997\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Its mesh-screens make San Francisco's Federal Building one of the most bird-friendly building in the city. (image by JDX, courtest of Flickr Creative Commons) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whenever Mike Lynes drives over the Bay Bridge into San Francisco and sees the sparkling blue citadel that is Rincon Tower, he doesn’t think about the modern architecture or the sleek design. He thinks about one thing: dead birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The façade of this building, basically on all sides, is almost entirely glass,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynes is the Conservation Director and General Counsel for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a>. He says if you are a bird – say, a western flycatcher, migrating north from Mexico – what you see in all that blue glass is a great wide expanse of sky. “So, the bird thinks it’s flying into open air. And in that situation, the bird never has a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Scroll down the page to see examples of bird-friendly architecture in the US.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death by Window, Turbine, or Cat\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death toll from bird collisions is even higher than you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Migratory Bird Program\u003c/a>, as many as one billion birds die each year in collisions with man-made structures. Office buildings, particularly plate-glass covered office buildings, make up a bulk of that number. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For comparison, according to the American Bird Conservancy, 440,000 birds a year die when they fly into the blades of a wind turbine, while a \u003ci>billion\u003c/i> more are killed by cats. Habitat loss, pesticides, and other threats bring the toll up near five billion bird deaths a year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, lawmakers have started to do something about this problem. A federal bill, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h112-1643\">Bird-Safe Buildings Act of 2011\u003c/a>, is under consideration in the House of Representatives. Chicago has established bird-friendly development rules. Now San Francisco may follow suit with \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=2506\">its own ordinance\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21011\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/GlassyBldgs_take2-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Glassy skyscrapers\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21011\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Through bird eyes, buildings like these look like wide-open sky. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is already home to a model of bird-safe architecture, the new Federal Building, on Seventh and Mission streets. Whether he meant to or not, architect Thom Mayne did birds a big favor when he designed a large mesh screen over the building’s windows. Mike Lynes says it may be the most bird-protective building in the city. “It basically looks like a big solid object in the landscape that a bird needs to avoid,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed ordinance would not require that all new buildings look like the Federal Building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin with, the rules would apply only to buildings in critical bird areas, like near Golden Gate Park, or along the San Francisco Bay. Glass on the lower 60 feet of these buildings would have to be either covered, slanted, or otherwise altered to be less reflective. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A \"Notorious\" City to Build in\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will add cost, says Craig Hartman, a partner at the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, a firm that designs high-rises and has an office in San Francisco. But what worries him more is the possibility of yet another obstacle in a city he says is already notorious for development-hostile regulation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real issue,” says Hartman, “is adding yet another hurdle to the process of development in a city like San Francisco that already has enormous number of barriers and hurdles in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Missing BIrds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like Alicia King with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife’s Migratory Bird Program, say it’s important to consider what cities have lost: literally billions of birds that once shared our skies, and now don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She if we could flash back 150 years or so, the streets wouldn’t just look different. They’d sound different too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would sound beautiful, because we’d be able to hear birds in the morning, like cerulean warblers, and wood thrushes. I’d have more hummingbirds at my hummingbird feeder, and I’d be thrilled!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s planning department approved the bird-safe rules on July 14th. The city’s Board of Supervisors, is expected to take a final vote later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Bird_Architecture_SS/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, as many as one \u003ci>billion\u003c/i> birds die each year in collisions with man-made structures. Recently, lawmakers have started to do something about this problem. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-07-25-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20997\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Federal-Building_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"San Francisco Federal Building\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20997\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Its mesh-screens make San Francisco's Federal Building one of the most bird-friendly building in the city. (image by JDX, courtest of Flickr Creative Commons) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whenever Mike Lynes drives over the Bay Bridge into San Francisco and sees the sparkling blue citadel that is Rincon Tower, he doesn’t think about the modern architecture or the sleek design. He thinks about one thing: dead birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The façade of this building, basically on all sides, is almost entirely glass,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynes is the Conservation Director and General Counsel for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a>. He says if you are a bird – say, a western flycatcher, migrating north from Mexico – what you see in all that blue glass is a great wide expanse of sky. “So, the bird thinks it’s flying into open air. And in that situation, the bird never has a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Scroll down the page to see examples of bird-friendly architecture in the US.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death by Window, Turbine, or Cat\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death toll from bird collisions is even higher than you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Migratory Bird Program\u003c/a>, as many as one billion birds die each year in collisions with man-made structures. Office buildings, particularly plate-glass covered office buildings, make up a bulk of that number. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For comparison, according to the American Bird Conservancy, 440,000 birds a year die when they fly into the blades of a wind turbine, while a \u003ci>billion\u003c/i> more are killed by cats. Habitat loss, pesticides, and other threats bring the toll up near five billion bird deaths a year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, lawmakers have started to do something about this problem. A federal bill, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h112-1643\">Bird-Safe Buildings Act of 2011\u003c/a>, is under consideration in the House of Representatives. Chicago has established bird-friendly development rules. Now San Francisco may follow suit with \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=2506\">its own ordinance\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21011\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/GlassyBldgs_take2-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Glassy skyscrapers\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21011\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Through bird eyes, buildings like these look like wide-open sky. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is already home to a model of bird-safe architecture, the new Federal Building, on Seventh and Mission streets. Whether he meant to or not, architect Thom Mayne did birds a big favor when he designed a large mesh screen over the building’s windows. Mike Lynes says it may be the most bird-protective building in the city. “It basically looks like a big solid object in the landscape that a bird needs to avoid,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed ordinance would not require that all new buildings look like the Federal Building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin with, the rules would apply only to buildings in critical bird areas, like near Golden Gate Park, or along the San Francisco Bay. Glass on the lower 60 feet of these buildings would have to be either covered, slanted, or otherwise altered to be less reflective. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A \"Notorious\" City to Build in\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will add cost, says Craig Hartman, a partner at the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, a firm that designs high-rises and has an office in San Francisco. But what worries him more is the possibility of yet another obstacle in a city he says is already notorious for development-hostile regulation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real issue,” says Hartman, “is adding yet another hurdle to the process of development in a city like San Francisco that already has enormous number of barriers and hurdles in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Missing BIrds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like Alicia King with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife’s Migratory Bird Program, say it’s important to consider what cities have lost: literally billions of birds that once shared our skies, and now don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She if we could flash back 150 years or so, the streets wouldn’t just look different. They’d sound different too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would sound beautiful, because we’d be able to hear birds in the morning, like cerulean warblers, and wood thrushes. I’d have more hummingbirds at my hummingbird feeder, and I’d be thrilled!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s planning department approved the bird-safe rules on July 14th. The city’s Board of Supervisors, is expected to take a final vote later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Bird_Architecture_SS/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands",
"title": "Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/25/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands/tomspoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21062\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21062\" title=\"TomsPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/TomsPoint-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grasses blow in the wind near Toms Point in Marin County, on the east side of Tomales Bay. Most of the grasses in the photo are exotic. Photo: Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent. These are the conclusions drawn by Brody Sandel, a post-doc at Aarhus University in Denmark, and Emily Dangremond, a grad student at UC Berkeley, in their recent paper, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02480.x/full\">\"\u003cem>Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses\u003c/em>\"\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013\">Global Change Biology\u003c/a>. They studied the traits of native and exotic grasses. Many of the characteristics that make an exotic grass successful in a new habitat (tall stature, big leaves, big seeds) will also be beneficial traits in the world to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure here: Brody, Emily and I were all grad students together in the same \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/sousa/\">lab at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. So when Emily told me she had a new paper, I was curious to see what it was all about. It turns out their study is really cool. It looks at the interaction of two major world-changers: invasive species and climate change. Their paper talks about exotic species—species that are not native to a particular habitat but are not necessarily detrimental, and noxious weeds—species that are somehow disruptive, because they outcompete native species or alter the habitat. Noxious weeds are what we would also call invasive plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brody and Emily’s study draws on existing datasets on current plant distribution across the state, plant traits, and current and future climate. They mapped the distribution of all the different species in California grasslands, using data from the Jepson Manual (the bible of California plant life), and a few other sources, to fill out an 800-cell grid of the state. They looked at the traits of the species—including how tall the plants are, whether they are annual or perennial, how much of their leaf mass comes from nitrogen, and the size of their seeds—and examined how the traits relate to the climate where the plants live today. Especially important was the proportion of exotic species in each of the grid cells. Then they turned up the temperature. They predicted the proportion of exotic species in each grid under climate change scenarios: higher average temperatures and less available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as the temperature increases and water availability decreases, the proportion of exotic species increases. And, the proportion of noxious weeds increases. Higher temperatures favor traits that tend to be possessed by exotic species, such as tall plants with big leaves and annual lifestyles. These are the same traits that made the plants successful invaders in the first place. For example, a tall plant extends above a short plant, stealing its light. But burly exotic plants like Holcus lanatus outcompete native species for light. And generally, plants with big seeds grow to be hearty seedlings, which are better competitors than scrappy little seedlings grown from modest sized seeds. This study predicts that noxious weeds will become even more prevalent, because they have traits that will serve them well under the conditions of climate change. The changing climate acts as a filter, straining out the native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21065\" title=\"Holcus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The noxious weed Holcus lanatus, a.k.a. “The Hulk,” so named because it towers above native grasses and outcompetes them for light. Photo courtesy of Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years ago, I asked a grad student friend why she studied grasslands. I just couldn’t understand the appeal of a field of grass—it seemed boring. My friend Tasha explained that she just loved the way grasses look when they blow in the wind. A few weeks later, I went with her to her field site near Point Reyes, and I immediately understood the aesthetic appeal of grasslands. If you’re picturing a green manicured lawn with short little blades of grass, toss that idea right now. Instead, think of taller grasses, shin height or higher, in all shades of green, brown, gold and even purple. Think of the colors shifting as the wind blows. It is really a beautiful sight. California’s grasslands are expected to expand as the climate changes. But the inhabitants of these grasslands won’t be the grasses that were there 100 or 200 years ago. Instead, there will be a bunch of weeds blowing in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the interplay between California’s native plants and exotic species, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/\">California Invasive Plant Council\u003c/a>, or take a \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/\">workshop\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jeps/\">Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/25/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands/tomspoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21062\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21062\" title=\"TomsPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/TomsPoint-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grasses blow in the wind near Toms Point in Marin County, on the east side of Tomales Bay. Most of the grasses in the photo are exotic. Photo: Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent. These are the conclusions drawn by Brody Sandel, a post-doc at Aarhus University in Denmark, and Emily Dangremond, a grad student at UC Berkeley, in their recent paper, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02480.x/full\">\"\u003cem>Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses\u003c/em>\"\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013\">Global Change Biology\u003c/a>. They studied the traits of native and exotic grasses. Many of the characteristics that make an exotic grass successful in a new habitat (tall stature, big leaves, big seeds) will also be beneficial traits in the world to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure here: Brody, Emily and I were all grad students together in the same \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/sousa/\">lab at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. So when Emily told me she had a new paper, I was curious to see what it was all about. It turns out their study is really cool. It looks at the interaction of two major world-changers: invasive species and climate change. Their paper talks about exotic species—species that are not native to a particular habitat but are not necessarily detrimental, and noxious weeds—species that are somehow disruptive, because they outcompete native species or alter the habitat. Noxious weeds are what we would also call invasive plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brody and Emily’s study draws on existing datasets on current plant distribution across the state, plant traits, and current and future climate. They mapped the distribution of all the different species in California grasslands, using data from the Jepson Manual (the bible of California plant life), and a few other sources, to fill out an 800-cell grid of the state. They looked at the traits of the species—including how tall the plants are, whether they are annual or perennial, how much of their leaf mass comes from nitrogen, and the size of their seeds—and examined how the traits relate to the climate where the plants live today. Especially important was the proportion of exotic species in each of the grid cells. Then they turned up the temperature. They predicted the proportion of exotic species in each grid under climate change scenarios: higher average temperatures and less available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as the temperature increases and water availability decreases, the proportion of exotic species increases. And, the proportion of noxious weeds increases. Higher temperatures favor traits that tend to be possessed by exotic species, such as tall plants with big leaves and annual lifestyles. These are the same traits that made the plants successful invaders in the first place. For example, a tall plant extends above a short plant, stealing its light. But burly exotic plants like Holcus lanatus outcompete native species for light. And generally, plants with big seeds grow to be hearty seedlings, which are better competitors than scrappy little seedlings grown from modest sized seeds. This study predicts that noxious weeds will become even more prevalent, because they have traits that will serve them well under the conditions of climate change. The changing climate acts as a filter, straining out the native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21065\" title=\"Holcus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The noxious weed Holcus lanatus, a.k.a. “The Hulk,” so named because it towers above native grasses and outcompetes them for light. Photo courtesy of Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years ago, I asked a grad student friend why she studied grasslands. I just couldn’t understand the appeal of a field of grass—it seemed boring. My friend Tasha explained that she just loved the way grasses look when they blow in the wind. A few weeks later, I went with her to her field site near Point Reyes, and I immediately understood the aesthetic appeal of grasslands. If you’re picturing a green manicured lawn with short little blades of grass, toss that idea right now. Instead, think of taller grasses, shin height or higher, in all shades of green, brown, gold and even purple. Think of the colors shifting as the wind blows. It is really a beautiful sight. California’s grasslands are expected to expand as the climate changes. But the inhabitants of these grasslands won’t be the grasses that were there 100 or 200 years ago. Instead, there will be a bunch of weeds blowing in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the interplay between California’s native plants and exotic species, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/\">California Invasive Plant Council\u003c/a>, or take a \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/\">workshop\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jeps/\">Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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