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"content": "\u003cp>Later this year, an iconic instrument of science returns to the sea: Alvin, the submersible that captured the first images of the Titanic wreck and discovered countless new species in exotic places like hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean technology has come a long way since Alvin made its first dive in 1964. Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned submarines such as Alvin, to explore the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when humans no longer put themselves at risk in the ocean depths, do we lose the thrill of exploration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The thrill, and the danger, of ocean exploration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 1991, Bob Vrijenhoek and another ocean researcher, Richard Lutz, were leading an expedition off the coast of Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last dive of the trip, and the stakes were high. In order to justify the steep expense of an Alvin expedition – some $30,000 a day -- they needed more samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39947\" title=\"AlvinHistory3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover, herself an ocean scientist who today leads Duke University’s Marine Laboratory, was Alvin's pilot that day. “We were looking for what we call seeps on the sea floor, places where we have these really dense populations of invertebrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the search for clams, Alvin had been steadily skimming up mud from the ocean surface, 500 pounds of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists decided to head to a different spot. But when Van Dover pulled the thrusters to leave the floor, nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"We are not moving.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knew what was wrong. Alvin’s portholes face outward, not down, so there was no way of seeing all the mud on the bottom of the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39942\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recalls Vrijenhoek, todaya senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. “they had no idea whether the sub was stuck in an old fisherman’s drift net, whether it was hung up on a cable? Or maybe a giant squid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover radioed up to the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, here’s the situation,” she recalls saying, “I’m on the sea floor, I can’t get up off the bottom. I’ve tried the thrusters, I’ve dumped ballast water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all else failed, Van Dover and the others knew they had one last option. Alvin’s titanium sphere, which holds the passengers and life-support systems, is attached to the rest of the sub with a single screw. With the turn of a key, Van Dover could unbolt the screw, releasing the sphere – “like a ping pong ball,” as Vrijenhoek says – to float up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one had ever done this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In consultation with the technicians on the ship above, Van Dover began dumping steel weights. Over the course of about an hour, 600 pounds of weights fell to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin started to lift, dragging 500 pounds of useless mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39956\" title=\"AlvinUpgrades2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The romance of being there\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover says she always knew they’d be ok. But this is one of those old science yarns that gets repeated over and over. It seems to sum up the adventure and the risk that deep ocean science is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, you’re cold and shivering and you haven’t gone to the bathroom in eight hours,” says Vrijenhoek, “but the experience is incredible. You’re sitting there with two miles of water above your head. It’s dangerous, romantic, it’s an adventure, it’s exciting. And I think the lure of it is what drew many of us into this and kept us there for years. It’s just an exciting thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this experience is increasingly rare. It’s a lot like what’s happened in space exploration: fewer astronauts, more machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, Alvin was one of a small fleet of subs available to scientists. Several have been retired or sold. Two others, owned by the University of Hawaii, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.staradvertiser.com/s?action=login&f=y&id=149463615&id=149463615\">being threatened \u003c/a>by budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, robots, not people, are exploring ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39949\" title=\"New_Sphere_Interior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a warehouse in Alameda, California, Meghan Donohue, a technician for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego, shows off a brand new remote operated vehicle, or ROV. It’s a robot, a little bigger than a refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 12-hour dive with the new ROV costs about a tenth of Alvin’s price. That’s because scientists don’t go underwater. They stay up above the waves in a converted 30-foot shipping container that can be lifted with a forklift onto the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39946\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vent_new1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39946\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI's Ventana ROV has six zoom cameras and can reach depths of over a mile. (Image courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the container, two office chairs face a wall of computer monitors. Joysticks control the robots movements, as well as a mechanical arm that can be used to pick up samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a calm day, you might forget you’re on a boat. It feels like the windowless office of a used car lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the thrill gone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, to a lot of people, this might sound like a bit of a let down. Instead of looking through a porthole, you’re looking at it through computer monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Bruce Appelgate, a researcher at Scripps and head of its ship program, it’s obvious: ROVs are just better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can return much more data, better observations, give more people opportunities than you can with a submersible. It’s really a no brainer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFaster, Cheaper, Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV work is vastly less expensive than booking a trip on Alvin. Because ROVs are tethered to the ship, they're less reliant on battery power, and can stay down for 12-hour stretches, or longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At MBARI, in Moss Landing, California, two large-scale scientific ROVs have been exploring ocean depths and making discoveries for years. One of them, the ROV Ventana, has completed more dives than any ROV in the world: 3,600 dives since its purchase in 1989. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, both at MBARI and other research centers, cite the benefit of collaboration that ROV work allows. Freed from the space limitations of a tiny submersible, an ROV research team might include half a dozen scientists -- for example, a biologist, geologist and chemist, all looking at the same site through the ROVs monitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an ROV’s high-definition cameras allow for better observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39944\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside an ROV control room. (Photo courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On the Alvin, you're limited to just a few degrees out of a small porthole,” says Appelgate. “Compare that with an HD video broadcast that you can pan and zoom. It's night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the romance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get wistful thinking about the days when I used to sniff mimeographs in third grade,” he says, laughing. “Well we don't use that technology anymore, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science is more than technology. It has to be inspiring. Kids need to get excited about exploration, so that they’ll grow up and do more science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Just look at James Cameron.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover wonders if robots can really have that effect. Look, she says, at filmmaker James Cameron, who made a \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120325-james-cameron-mariana-trench-challenger-deepest-returns-science-sub/\">much-publicized dive\u003c/a> to the deepest part of the ocean back in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Osedax roseus on whale bone - 1018-m whalefall\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Vrijenhoek and his team used MBARI's ROV \"Tiburon\" to discover the osedax worm, which thrive on the bones of whale carcasses on the ocean floor. Each female worm contains 30-100 microscopic male worms.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After all, she says, robots had already made that dive. Outside of the scientific community, few people noticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why was everyone so excited about Cameron being the third person to get to the bottom of the Challenger Deep? It’s that he was there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is funding. Without popular excitement, it’s harder for scientists to get grants for their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are meant to adventure and explore,\" says Vrijenhoek, \"and if we just do this with machines, well, that's fine, science progresses well and happily. But once you put human beings in the picture, then the popular opinion and popular support for it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do still have Alvin. In fact, in December, the sub returns from a two-year upgrade. Built in 1964 to withstand depths of eight thousand feet, the new and improved Alvin will soon be able to sink 21 thousand feet – that’s four miles beneath the ocean surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, robots may be making most of the dives. But a lucky few scientists will go deeper than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last dive of the trip, and the stakes were high. In order to justify the steep expense of an Alvin expedition – some $30,000 a day -- they needed more samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39947\" title=\"AlvinHistory3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover, herself an ocean scientist who today leads Duke University’s Marine Laboratory, was Alvin's pilot that day. “We were looking for what we call seeps on the sea floor, places where we have these really dense populations of invertebrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the search for clams, Alvin had been steadily skimming up mud from the ocean surface, 500 pounds of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists decided to head to a different spot. But when Van Dover pulled the thrusters to leave the floor, nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"We are not moving.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knew what was wrong. Alvin’s portholes face outward, not down, so there was no way of seeing all the mud on the bottom of the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39942\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recalls Vrijenhoek, todaya senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. “they had no idea whether the sub was stuck in an old fisherman’s drift net, whether it was hung up on a cable? Or maybe a giant squid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover radioed up to the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, here’s the situation,” she recalls saying, “I’m on the sea floor, I can’t get up off the bottom. I’ve tried the thrusters, I’ve dumped ballast water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all else failed, Van Dover and the others knew they had one last option. Alvin’s titanium sphere, which holds the passengers and life-support systems, is attached to the rest of the sub with a single screw. With the turn of a key, Van Dover could unbolt the screw, releasing the sphere – “like a ping pong ball,” as Vrijenhoek says – to float up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one had ever done this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In consultation with the technicians on the ship above, Van Dover began dumping steel weights. Over the course of about an hour, 600 pounds of weights fell to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin started to lift, dragging 500 pounds of useless mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39956\" title=\"AlvinUpgrades2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The romance of being there\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover says she always knew they’d be ok. But this is one of those old science yarns that gets repeated over and over. It seems to sum up the adventure and the risk that deep ocean science is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, you’re cold and shivering and you haven’t gone to the bathroom in eight hours,” says Vrijenhoek, “but the experience is incredible. You’re sitting there with two miles of water above your head. It’s dangerous, romantic, it’s an adventure, it’s exciting. And I think the lure of it is what drew many of us into this and kept us there for years. It’s just an exciting thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this experience is increasingly rare. It’s a lot like what’s happened in space exploration: fewer astronauts, more machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, Alvin was one of a small fleet of subs available to scientists. Several have been retired or sold. Two others, owned by the University of Hawaii, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.staradvertiser.com/s?action=login&f=y&id=149463615&id=149463615\">being threatened \u003c/a>by budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, robots, not people, are exploring ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39949\" title=\"New_Sphere_Interior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a warehouse in Alameda, California, Meghan Donohue, a technician for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego, shows off a brand new remote operated vehicle, or ROV. It’s a robot, a little bigger than a refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 12-hour dive with the new ROV costs about a tenth of Alvin’s price. That’s because scientists don’t go underwater. They stay up above the waves in a converted 30-foot shipping container that can be lifted with a forklift onto the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39946\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vent_new1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39946\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI's Ventana ROV has six zoom cameras and can reach depths of over a mile. (Image courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the container, two office chairs face a wall of computer monitors. Joysticks control the robots movements, as well as a mechanical arm that can be used to pick up samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a calm day, you might forget you’re on a boat. It feels like the windowless office of a used car lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the thrill gone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, to a lot of people, this might sound like a bit of a let down. Instead of looking through a porthole, you’re looking at it through computer monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Bruce Appelgate, a researcher at Scripps and head of its ship program, it’s obvious: ROVs are just better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can return much more data, better observations, give more people opportunities than you can with a submersible. It’s really a no brainer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFaster, Cheaper, Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV work is vastly less expensive than booking a trip on Alvin. Because ROVs are tethered to the ship, they're less reliant on battery power, and can stay down for 12-hour stretches, or longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At MBARI, in Moss Landing, California, two large-scale scientific ROVs have been exploring ocean depths and making discoveries for years. One of them, the ROV Ventana, has completed more dives than any ROV in the world: 3,600 dives since its purchase in 1989. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, both at MBARI and other research centers, cite the benefit of collaboration that ROV work allows. Freed from the space limitations of a tiny submersible, an ROV research team might include half a dozen scientists -- for example, a biologist, geologist and chemist, all looking at the same site through the ROVs monitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an ROV’s high-definition cameras allow for better observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39944\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside an ROV control room. (Photo courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On the Alvin, you're limited to just a few degrees out of a small porthole,” says Appelgate. “Compare that with an HD video broadcast that you can pan and zoom. It's night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the romance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get wistful thinking about the days when I used to sniff mimeographs in third grade,” he says, laughing. “Well we don't use that technology anymore, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science is more than technology. It has to be inspiring. Kids need to get excited about exploration, so that they’ll grow up and do more science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Just look at James Cameron.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover wonders if robots can really have that effect. Look, she says, at filmmaker James Cameron, who made a \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120325-james-cameron-mariana-trench-challenger-deepest-returns-science-sub/\">much-publicized dive\u003c/a> to the deepest part of the ocean back in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Osedax roseus on whale bone - 1018-m whalefall\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Vrijenhoek and his team used MBARI's ROV \"Tiburon\" to discover the osedax worm, which thrive on the bones of whale carcasses on the ocean floor. Each female worm contains 30-100 microscopic male worms.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After all, she says, robots had already made that dive. Outside of the scientific community, few people noticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why was everyone so excited about Cameron being the third person to get to the bottom of the Challenger Deep? It’s that he was there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is funding. Without popular excitement, it’s harder for scientists to get grants for their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are meant to adventure and explore,\" says Vrijenhoek, \"and if we just do this with machines, well, that's fine, science progresses well and happily. But once you put human beings in the picture, then the popular opinion and popular support for it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do still have Alvin. In fact, in December, the sub returns from a two-year upgrade. Built in 1964 to withstand depths of eight thousand feet, the new and improved Alvin will soon be able to sink 21 thousand feet – that’s four miles beneath the ocean surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, robots may be making most of the dives. But a lucky few scientists will go deeper than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39770\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/observing-life-and-death-in-the-ca-least-tern-colony/dscf0971/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39770\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-39770\" title=\"Monitoring outside the least tern colony\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/DSCF0971-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monitoring the colony with scope and paperwork.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our scientific monitoring of the \u003ca title=\"US Fish & Wildlife CA Least Tern species website\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/ES_Kids/CA-Least-Tern/es_kids_ca-least-tern.htm\" target=\"_blank\">CA Least Tern\u003c/a> nesting colony turned out to be more gripping than the best TV drama as we witnessed soaring action, villains and heroes, family ties, and death by predator all within the span of three hours. My husband and I took the training course offered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service a few weeks ago to learn the protocols and procedures for becoming volunteers for the predator monitoring program called \"Tern Watch.\" Father’s Day evening was our first shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a little thrill of excitement as we entered through the locked gate and headed out to the observation area. Gusty winds and cool fog over the peninsula ridges across the bay greeted us. The colony of several hundred terns bustled with birds coming and going in the evening sun. Our job was to stay in our car \"bird blind\", note tern behavior every fifteen minutes and document any potential predator activity by other species: gulls, ravens, American kestrels and the dreaded burrowing owls and peregrine falcons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39773\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/observing-life-and-death-in-the-ca-least-tern-colony/dscf0972/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39773\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-39773\" title=\"Monitoring Form\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/DSCF0972-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Least Tern Behavior Monitoring Form: 15 minute increments makes three hours pass quickly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was hard to see terns on the ground as the adults blend in among the gravel and oyster shells on the flat nesting site. The chicks and fledglings are nearly impossible to see until they move. With our binoculars and spotting scope, we peered at and recorded life in the colony like visitors to a foreign world. Adults returned with small silver fish and fed them to other adults sitting on nests. Chicks sometimes chased down the adults in their anxiety for dinner. There was nearly constant calling of the birds like a murmur among neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed after 45 minutes when nearly 100 terns rose out of the colony at once with a commotion of alarm calls. Scanning the sky, we spotted the culprit; a small hovering bird. The terns were a flurry of motion, diving from above, swooping past it on their thin, back-swept wings. The small raptor paused, moved, faked left and right, then after a few moments dropped down into the nesting colony. We struggled to keep it in sight and located it, still being dived upon by the adults. Clearly, it had gotten something: an unattended chick. The \u003ca title=\"Cornell website species page for American kestrel\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/american_Kestrel/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">American kestrel\u003c/a> proceeded to kill and consume it within the colony for some five minutes. Our adrenaline was up, and while we documented the occurrence and notified the staff, we couldn’t help but feel sorry for the terns who had lost one of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next hour passed with a few gulls flying over and a few terns chasing after them to keep them moving. Then another raptor made its appearance high above the colony, this time a Coopers hawk. The colony rallied and successfully chased it off. Then just after the terns calmed down, a kestrel returned. It swooped in after briefly hovering, landed and then flew low out of the colony. Its low flight made me suspect it had captured a chick. Once out of the colony, though, and with sunset approaching, the birds gave up the chase. The last of the evening found a few adults still flying in with food, as adults, juveniles and chicks snuggled down for the night under a sky blazing with lavender and orange sherbert clouds. Our work was done, too. I can't wait for our next shift, knowing our volunteer time is well spent helping in the important work of giving management data that will help save an endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/observing-life-and-death-in-the-ca-least-tern-colony/dscf0973/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39774\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39774\" title=\"Watching the colony\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/DSCF0973-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watching the colony through binoculars\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State of the Birds 2011 \u003ca title=\"Point Reyes Bird Observatory CA Least Tern Report 2011\" href=\"http://data.prbo.org/sfstateofthebirds/index.php?page=california-least-tern\" target=\"_blank\">CA Least Tern Report\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Alameda Wildlife Refuge least tern colony website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/conservation/wetlands/alameda-wildlife-refuge/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon Society and Alameda Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> website\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Nature Article on \u003ca title=\"Bay Nature Article: CA Least Terns in Alameda, CA\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/jul-sep-2007/ear-to-the-ground/least-terns-at-alameda-naval-air-station\" target=\"_blank\">Alameda Point and CA least tern recovery plans\u003c/a> (still current, though originally published in 2007)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39770\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/observing-life-and-death-in-the-ca-least-tern-colony/dscf0971/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39770\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-39770\" title=\"Monitoring outside the least tern colony\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/DSCF0971-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monitoring the colony with scope and paperwork.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our scientific monitoring of the \u003ca title=\"US Fish & Wildlife CA Least Tern species website\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/ES_Kids/CA-Least-Tern/es_kids_ca-least-tern.htm\" target=\"_blank\">CA Least Tern\u003c/a> nesting colony turned out to be more gripping than the best TV drama as we witnessed soaring action, villains and heroes, family ties, and death by predator all within the span of three hours. My husband and I took the training course offered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service a few weeks ago to learn the protocols and procedures for becoming volunteers for the predator monitoring program called \"Tern Watch.\" Father’s Day evening was our first shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a little thrill of excitement as we entered through the locked gate and headed out to the observation area. Gusty winds and cool fog over the peninsula ridges across the bay greeted us. The colony of several hundred terns bustled with birds coming and going in the evening sun. Our job was to stay in our car \"bird blind\", note tern behavior every fifteen minutes and document any potential predator activity by other species: gulls, ravens, American kestrels and the dreaded burrowing owls and peregrine falcons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39773\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/observing-life-and-death-in-the-ca-least-tern-colony/dscf0972/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39773\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-39773\" title=\"Monitoring Form\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/DSCF0972-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Least Tern Behavior Monitoring Form: 15 minute increments makes three hours pass quickly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was hard to see terns on the ground as the adults blend in among the gravel and oyster shells on the flat nesting site. The chicks and fledglings are nearly impossible to see until they move. With our binoculars and spotting scope, we peered at and recorded life in the colony like visitors to a foreign world. Adults returned with small silver fish and fed them to other adults sitting on nests. Chicks sometimes chased down the adults in their anxiety for dinner. There was nearly constant calling of the birds like a murmur among neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed after 45 minutes when nearly 100 terns rose out of the colony at once with a commotion of alarm calls. Scanning the sky, we spotted the culprit; a small hovering bird. The terns were a flurry of motion, diving from above, swooping past it on their thin, back-swept wings. The small raptor paused, moved, faked left and right, then after a few moments dropped down into the nesting colony. We struggled to keep it in sight and located it, still being dived upon by the adults. Clearly, it had gotten something: an unattended chick. The \u003ca title=\"Cornell website species page for American kestrel\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/american_Kestrel/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">American kestrel\u003c/a> proceeded to kill and consume it within the colony for some five minutes. Our adrenaline was up, and while we documented the occurrence and notified the staff, we couldn’t help but feel sorry for the terns who had lost one of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next hour passed with a few gulls flying over and a few terns chasing after them to keep them moving. Then another raptor made its appearance high above the colony, this time a Coopers hawk. The colony rallied and successfully chased it off. Then just after the terns calmed down, a kestrel returned. It swooped in after briefly hovering, landed and then flew low out of the colony. Its low flight made me suspect it had captured a chick. Once out of the colony, though, and with sunset approaching, the birds gave up the chase. The last of the evening found a few adults still flying in with food, as adults, juveniles and chicks snuggled down for the night under a sky blazing with lavender and orange sherbert clouds. Our work was done, too. I can't wait for our next shift, knowing our volunteer time is well spent helping in the important work of giving management data that will help save an endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/observing-life-and-death-in-the-ca-least-tern-colony/dscf0973/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39774\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39774\" title=\"Watching the colony\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/DSCF0973-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watching the colony through binoculars\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State of the Birds 2011 \u003ca title=\"Point Reyes Bird Observatory CA Least Tern Report 2011\" href=\"http://data.prbo.org/sfstateofthebirds/index.php?page=california-least-tern\" target=\"_blank\">CA Least Tern Report\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Alameda Wildlife Refuge least tern colony website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/conservation/wetlands/alameda-wildlife-refuge/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon Society and Alameda Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a> website\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Nature Article on \u003ca title=\"Bay Nature Article: CA Least Terns in Alameda, CA\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/jul-sep-2007/ear-to-the-ground/least-terns-at-alameda-naval-air-station\" target=\"_blank\">Alameda Point and CA least tern recovery plans\u003c/a> (still current, though originally published in 2007)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39648\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robo-squirrel, the robotic squirrel in the hills of San Jose. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area may be the high-tech capital of the nation, but increasingly, biologists working at some of the area’s universities are turning to technology, too. The game-changing field of “bio-robotics” is opening a new window onto animal behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can be seen in the hills high above San Jose, where there’s a timeless battle going on between predator and prey - California ground squirrels and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/c.o.oreganus.html\">Northern Pacific rattlesnakes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rulon Clark, a biologist at San Diego State University, is studying this unique interaction at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve. As he shows me the field site, he warns me that the grassy hills are chock full of rattlesnakes. “Just try to watch where you’re stepping,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark and his team monitor these snakes with web cameras set up outside their underground burrows – sort of like rattlesnake reality TV. They also capture snakes and give them radio tags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the signal, Clark tracks a male snake named Vader (one of several Star Wars-named snakes) to a small patch of grass that looks rattlesnake-free -- until Clark points out a colored marker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “See that little splash of pink? That’s his rattle segment,” he says. “He’s really hard to make out. This is a stereotypical ambush posture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coiled rattlesnake is waiting for ground squirrels, which run all over these hills eating seeds and grass. “They’re like a loaded gun. They’re just ready to launch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Squirrels and Snakes Nose to Nose\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have a powerful sense of smell and heat-sensitive vision. They strike and inject deadly venom in half a second flat. Against a predator like that, most animals would run away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our tendency for snakes is to get out of there, right? But the squirrels, they’ll cautiously approach,” says Clark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels stand their ground, inching closer to a coiled snake. They do a strange dance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NQWDv3XSWE\">waving their tails\u003c/a> back and forth rapidly. “They’ll tail flag – that’s this anti-snake display that they give,” Clark says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels also pump blood to their tails, increasing the temperature a few degrees. Amazingly, they only do this with rattlesnakes, which can detect the heat. Clark says these squirrel tricks seem to work – the snakes tend to give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0hyursVxG0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This tail-flagging has co-evolved with the snakes into a signal of sorts,” Clark says. But exactly what the signals are in this complex predator-prey dialogue is hard to study. So, Clark is enlisting a special agent, named “robo-squirrel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Robo-squirrel is an actual ground squirrel that’s taxidermied so it’s hollow inside,” says Clark. Built by engineers at UC Davis, the robot has a mechanical tail that moves back and forth and heats up, just like a live squirrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robo-squirrel moves towards a snake on a track and Clark cues different versions of the squirrel dance so he can study the snake’s response. Does it bite or back off? Clark says this kind of technology has changed the way biologists study animal communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But squirrels aren’t the only animals going high-tech...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Six-Legged Disappearing Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think cockroaches are also disgusting, like most people do, but they have a lot of secrets,” says \u003ca href=\"http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/bin/view/PolyPEDAL/WebHome\">Robert Full\u003c/a>, a biology professor at UC Berkeley. He studies how cockroaches get around so well and lately, he’s been trying to understand how these crafty critters seem to vanish as soon as you get close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full shows me a high-speed video of a cockroach running off a platform. “So they run really fast to the end of the ledge and hook their hind legs on like grappling hooks,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"310\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39655\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DASH, the robotic cockroach at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cockroach grabs the edge, flips over, and holds on to the bottom of ledge upside-down. This happens faster than humans can react, so it looks like the cockroach disappears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says this isn’t just a good escape trick. “We use a lot of the principles we discover to inspire the design of the next generation of robots.“ He called up his engineering colleague Ron Fearing and asked, “can we demonstrate the agility of small robots by trying to do a behavior like this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They enlisted DASH, a robotic cockroach. It’s about four inches long and is made of a paper exoskeleton. It runs about the same speed as a cockroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another high-speed video, the robotic cockroach does the same trick, flipping around a ledge with the help of a Velcro pad. Full says this kind of agility could help them build robots for real world situations, like helping emergency responders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP-v1z2prg8]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you really want to make search and rescue robots that can go into rubble. Imagine something from an explosion or a tornado or an earthquake, then you’re going to need something far more maneuverable than we have now,” Full says. The robotic cockroaches also serve as physical models, teaching them about the mechanics of real roaches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says technology and robotics are reshaping the field of biology. “Now you have the capability easily of high speed cameras, of remote monitoring, of just seeing thing at the organism level in the lab and in the field. Now, you have new hypotheses that you couldn’t possibly have before.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the signal, Clark tracks a male snake named Vader (one of several Star Wars-named snakes) to a small patch of grass that looks rattlesnake-free -- until Clark points out a colored marker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “See that little splash of pink? That’s his rattle segment,” he says. “He’s really hard to make out. This is a stereotypical ambush posture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coiled rattlesnake is waiting for ground squirrels, which run all over these hills eating seeds and grass. “They’re like a loaded gun. They’re just ready to launch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Squirrels and Snakes Nose to Nose\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have a powerful sense of smell and heat-sensitive vision. They strike and inject deadly venom in half a second flat. Against a predator like that, most animals would run away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our tendency for snakes is to get out of there, right? But the squirrels, they’ll cautiously approach,” says Clark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels stand their ground, inching closer to a coiled snake. They do a strange dance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NQWDv3XSWE\">waving their tails\u003c/a> back and forth rapidly. “They’ll tail flag – that’s this anti-snake display that they give,” Clark says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels also pump blood to their tails, increasing the temperature a few degrees. Amazingly, they only do this with rattlesnakes, which can detect the heat. Clark says these squirrel tricks seem to work – the snakes tend to give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/H0hyursVxG0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/H0hyursVxG0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This tail-flagging has co-evolved with the snakes into a signal of sorts,” Clark says. But exactly what the signals are in this complex predator-prey dialogue is hard to study. So, Clark is enlisting a special agent, named “robo-squirrel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Robo-squirrel is an actual ground squirrel that’s taxidermied so it’s hollow inside,” says Clark. Built by engineers at UC Davis, the robot has a mechanical tail that moves back and forth and heats up, just like a live squirrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robo-squirrel moves towards a snake on a track and Clark cues different versions of the squirrel dance so he can study the snake’s response. Does it bite or back off? Clark says this kind of technology has changed the way biologists study animal communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But squirrels aren’t the only animals going high-tech...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Six-Legged Disappearing Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think cockroaches are also disgusting, like most people do, but they have a lot of secrets,” says \u003ca href=\"http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/bin/view/PolyPEDAL/WebHome\">Robert Full\u003c/a>, a biology professor at UC Berkeley. He studies how cockroaches get around so well and lately, he’s been trying to understand how these crafty critters seem to vanish as soon as you get close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full shows me a high-speed video of a cockroach running off a platform. “So they run really fast to the end of the ledge and hook their hind legs on like grappling hooks,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"310\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39655\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DASH, the robotic cockroach at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cockroach grabs the edge, flips over, and holds on to the bottom of ledge upside-down. 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Full says this kind of agility could help them build robots for real world situations, like helping emergency responders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/EP-v1z2prg8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/EP-v1z2prg8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you really want to make search and rescue robots that can go into rubble. Imagine something from an explosion or a tornado or an earthquake, then you’re going to need something far more maneuverable than we have now,” Full says. 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"disqusTitle": "Farmworkers Pay a Heavy Price for California's Bounty ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/13/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty/chandler_strawberries_carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39377\" title=\"Chandler strawberries \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Chandler_strawberries_carousel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"strawberries\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time you enjoy a bowl of fresh juicy strawberries, consider this: chances are, the farmworker who picked them for about $7.50 an hour comes home to toxic tap water tainted with chemicals used to grow them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I first came to California many years ago, it took me a long time to get used to the idea that I could buy fresh strawberries in the middle of winter. For this Pennsylvania girl, fresh strawberries meant late spring, time to hit the local farm stands with my mom, looking for the plumpest specimens for her light-as-air shortcake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well into adulthood, in fact, the taste of strawberries has--until recently--evoked that exhilarating moment when school let out, freedom beckoned, life seemed filled with possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, California has distinct growing seasons, too, but the mostly mild climate of the state’s agricultural regions allows farmers to harvest strawberries and corn in December; some crops, like oranges, broccoli, and avocados are grown year-round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's ability to raise fruits and vegetables all year helps feed the nation, and the state's nearly $40 billion agricultural industry has dominated America’s agricultural production for decades. To maintain this productivity, farmers use nitrogen fertilizers and waste manure from cows. Plants need nitrogen to grow, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V8_N4/feature2.pdf\">crops typically take up less than half\u003c/a> of all the nitrogen applied. The rest is released into the air, runs off into streams, or slowly percolates through the soil into the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once in groundwater, nitrogen turns into compounds called nitrates. Studies link nitrates to thyroid dysfunction, various cancers, and miscarriage, though the evidence is inconclusive. But there’s little disagreement that nitrates pose a serious risk to infants, who can develop a potentially deadly disorder called “blue baby syndrome,” which starves tissues of oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nitrates turn toxic when bacteria in the gut and saliva turn them into nitrites. And because babies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050177\">different community of microbes\u003c/a> in their guts than adults, including more nitrite-producing bacteria, they are far more vulnerable to nitrate exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials have long known that nitrates are one of the most widespread contaminants in the state’s groundwater. About 16 million people in California get their drinking water from groundwater sources. That’s why, in 2008, the Legislature required the state Water Resources Control Board to report on the causes of contamination and identify potential solutions. The water board contracted experts at UC Davis, who released their \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201203130850/a\">widely covered report\u003c/a> in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://groundwaternitrate.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis researchers\u003c/a> looked at nitrate contamination in two of the prime agricultural regions in California, the Tulare Lake Basin and the Salinas Valley, where about 2.6 million people rely on groundwater. They found that agriculture accounts for 96% of nitrate-contaminated groundwater. More than a quarter of a million people in these regions may have nitrates in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39392\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/13/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty/faucet/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39392\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-39392\" title=\"Faucet\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Faucet-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Faucet\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 250,000 people living in the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley can't drink their tap water because it's contaminated with nitrates. Most are low-income and Latino. (Photo: Benutzer:Alex Anlicker/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the poorest people in the state live in these agricultural areas. And many of those coping with tainted drinking water work in the fields that leach the nitrates, picking our produce, our strawberries, oranges and lemons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, I went to Tulare County for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/pollution-poverty-people-of-color-series-summary\">story for Environmental Health News\u003c/a> to speak with residents who've been struggling with nitrate contamination for years. Their taps dispense toxic water they can’t drink but they still have to pay for their monthly water bill. And then they have to buy bottled water from the grocery store or fill up five-gallon jugs from a water vending machine—something I’d wager most San Franciscans have never seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/pollution-poverty-and-people-of-color-nitrate-day-4\">One woman I spoke to\u003c/a>, a single mother of four named Bertha Dias, makes $7.50 an hour picking fruit. She pays nearly five times as much to have safe drinking water in her house than the average San Franciscan pays to drink water so pristine \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/03/26/MN279761.DTL\">Willie Brown famously bottled it\u003c/a> as Hetch Hetchy Mountain Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nitrate contamination problem has been covered before, including an \u003ca href=\"http://californiawatch.org/nitrate-contamination-spreading-california-communities\">in-depth investigation by California Watch\u003c/a> in 2010. Yet the problem hasn't gone away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-income people seeking safe drinking water throughout Tulare County are working with the Visalia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.communitywatercenter.org/\">Community Water Center\u003c/a> to find their own solutions. Potential solutions run from digging a new well to hooking up to a larger water system to installing filtration systems under the sink. But many measures are temporary fixes, until the state figures out how to deal with the problem over the long term--which the UC Davis study concluded would cost about $36 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, strawberries brought in more than three-quarters of a billion dollars for Salinas Valley farmers, resulting from a 10-year increase in consumer demand, Carolyn O'Donnell, communications director for the California Strawberry Commission, told a reporter for \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20100623/BUSINESS/6230307/Strawberries-top-lettuce-Monterey-County-s-No-1-crop\">TheCalifornian.com\u003c/a>. She attributed the increased demand to better-tasting varieties that hold up better under shipping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Bay Area consumers can see Salinas Valley strawberries at their local grocery stores nearly anytime except winter, when shipments from Southern California pick up the slack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now when I think of strawberries, the romance is gone. I can't help but think of Bertha Dias and the other farmworkers like her, who spend long, hot days picking our fruit and vegetables out in the fields, only to come home to water they can't drink. They deserve better.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California farmworkers work long days for about $7.50 an hour to pick fruit in orchards doused with nitrogen fertilizers. A UC Davis study released in March found that nitrates from fertilizers and dairy waste have contaminated groundwater supplies. Because farmworkers live near the fields they work in, they're at high risk for nitrate-contaminated drinking water.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/13/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty/chandler_strawberries_carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39377\" title=\"Chandler strawberries \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Chandler_strawberries_carousel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"strawberries\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time you enjoy a bowl of fresh juicy strawberries, consider this: chances are, the farmworker who picked them for about $7.50 an hour comes home to toxic tap water tainted with chemicals used to grow them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I first came to California many years ago, it took me a long time to get used to the idea that I could buy fresh strawberries in the middle of winter. For this Pennsylvania girl, fresh strawberries meant late spring, time to hit the local farm stands with my mom, looking for the plumpest specimens for her light-as-air shortcake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well into adulthood, in fact, the taste of strawberries has--until recently--evoked that exhilarating moment when school let out, freedom beckoned, life seemed filled with possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, California has distinct growing seasons, too, but the mostly mild climate of the state’s agricultural regions allows farmers to harvest strawberries and corn in December; some crops, like oranges, broccoli, and avocados are grown year-round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's ability to raise fruits and vegetables all year helps feed the nation, and the state's nearly $40 billion agricultural industry has dominated America’s agricultural production for decades. To maintain this productivity, farmers use nitrogen fertilizers and waste manure from cows. Plants need nitrogen to grow, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V8_N4/feature2.pdf\">crops typically take up less than half\u003c/a> of all the nitrogen applied. The rest is released into the air, runs off into streams, or slowly percolates through the soil into the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once in groundwater, nitrogen turns into compounds called nitrates. Studies link nitrates to thyroid dysfunction, various cancers, and miscarriage, though the evidence is inconclusive. But there’s little disagreement that nitrates pose a serious risk to infants, who can develop a potentially deadly disorder called “blue baby syndrome,” which starves tissues of oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nitrates turn toxic when bacteria in the gut and saliva turn them into nitrites. And because babies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050177\">different community of microbes\u003c/a> in their guts than adults, including more nitrite-producing bacteria, they are far more vulnerable to nitrate exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials have long known that nitrates are one of the most widespread contaminants in the state’s groundwater. About 16 million people in California get their drinking water from groundwater sources. That’s why, in 2008, the Legislature required the state Water Resources Control Board to report on the causes of contamination and identify potential solutions. The water board contracted experts at UC Davis, who released their \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201203130850/a\">widely covered report\u003c/a> in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://groundwaternitrate.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis researchers\u003c/a> looked at nitrate contamination in two of the prime agricultural regions in California, the Tulare Lake Basin and the Salinas Valley, where about 2.6 million people rely on groundwater. They found that agriculture accounts for 96% of nitrate-contaminated groundwater. More than a quarter of a million people in these regions may have nitrates in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39392\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/13/farmworkers-pay-a-heavy-price-for-californias-bounty/faucet/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39392\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-39392\" title=\"Faucet\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Faucet-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Faucet\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 250,000 people living in the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley can't drink their tap water because it's contaminated with nitrates. Most are low-income and Latino. (Photo: Benutzer:Alex Anlicker/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the poorest people in the state live in these agricultural areas. And many of those coping with tainted drinking water work in the fields that leach the nitrates, picking our produce, our strawberries, oranges and lemons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, I went to Tulare County for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/pollution-poverty-people-of-color-series-summary\">story for Environmental Health News\u003c/a> to speak with residents who've been struggling with nitrate contamination for years. Their taps dispense toxic water they can’t drink but they still have to pay for their monthly water bill. And then they have to buy bottled water from the grocery store or fill up five-gallon jugs from a water vending machine—something I’d wager most San Franciscans have never seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/pollution-poverty-and-people-of-color-nitrate-day-4\">One woman I spoke to\u003c/a>, a single mother of four named Bertha Dias, makes $7.50 an hour picking fruit. She pays nearly five times as much to have safe drinking water in her house than the average San Franciscan pays to drink water so pristine \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/03/26/MN279761.DTL\">Willie Brown famously bottled it\u003c/a> as Hetch Hetchy Mountain Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nitrate contamination problem has been covered before, including an \u003ca href=\"http://californiawatch.org/nitrate-contamination-spreading-california-communities\">in-depth investigation by California Watch\u003c/a> in 2010. Yet the problem hasn't gone away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-income people seeking safe drinking water throughout Tulare County are working with the Visalia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.communitywatercenter.org/\">Community Water Center\u003c/a> to find their own solutions. Potential solutions run from digging a new well to hooking up to a larger water system to installing filtration systems under the sink. But many measures are temporary fixes, until the state figures out how to deal with the problem over the long term--which the UC Davis study concluded would cost about $36 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, strawberries brought in more than three-quarters of a billion dollars for Salinas Valley farmers, resulting from a 10-year increase in consumer demand, Carolyn O'Donnell, communications director for the California Strawberry Commission, told a reporter for \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20100623/BUSINESS/6230307/Strawberries-top-lettuce-Monterey-County-s-No-1-crop\">TheCalifornian.com\u003c/a>. She attributed the increased demand to better-tasting varieties that hold up better under shipping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Bay Area consumers can see Salinas Valley strawberries at their local grocery stores nearly anytime except winter, when shipments from Southern California pick up the slack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now when I think of strawberries, the romance is gone. I can't help but think of Bertha Dias and the other farmworkers like her, who spend long, hot days picking our fruit and vegetables out in the fields, only to come home to water they can't drink. They deserve better.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39335\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/12/when-scientists-were-artists-the-royal-societys-picture-library-goes-digital/rs_9494_shark/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39335\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9494_shark.jpg\" alt=\"Study of a hammerhead shark from Historia Piscium\" title=\"RS_9494_shark\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9494_shark.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9494_shark-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Study of a hammerhead shark from Historia Piscium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A hammerhead shark's baleful stare. A longnose batfish's fierce armor and delicate fins. These masterpieces of expression and scientific detail fill the pages of the world's first ichthyology book, \u003cem>De Historia Piscium\u003c/em>, published in 1686 by the \u003ca href=\"http://royalsociety.org/\" title=\"Royal Society\">Royal Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39336\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/12/when-scientists-were-artists-the-royal-societys-picture-library-goes-digital/rs_8374_wheat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39336\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_8374_wheat-231x360.jpg\" alt=\"Botanical study of white wheat\" title=\"RS_8374_wheat\" width=\"231\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-39336\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Botanical study of white wheat by Richard Waller, perhaps meant to illustrate a plant catalogue by John Ray, one of the authors of Historia Piscium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then as now, it was a pricey proposition to produce an image-heavy book. \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> cleaned out the Royal Society's coffers so thoroughly that the academy couldn't afford to publish Isaac Newton's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica\" title=\"Newton's Principia - Wikipedia\">\u003cem>Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\u003c/em>\u003c/a>--nowadays usually referred to as the \u003cem>Principia\u003c/em> and considered the foundation of modern physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily for modern physics, the Society's clerk Edmond Halley (later of Comet fame) took a fancy to Newton's treatise and financed its publication himself the following year. No doubt appreciative of his service but unable even to pay his salary, the Royal Society offered to pay Halley in copies of Historia Piscium. (So says \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=RKHLD9qNs64C\" title=\"A Short History of Nearly Everything\">Bill Bryson\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be tempting to call the experience, as indeed the Royal Society \u003ca href=\"http://royalsociety.org/news/The-fishy-blunder-that-nearly-prevented-Newtons-masterpiece-from-being-published/\" title=\"Royal Society - Fishy Blunder\">recently did\u003c/a>, a \"fishy blunder.\" Certainly it was financially untenable. But although it doesn't share the modern fame of the \u003cem>Principia\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> was a groundbreaking work in its own way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39339\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/12/when-scientists-were-artists-the-royal-societys-picture-library-goes-digital/rs_9214_maori/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39339\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9214_maori-190x253.jpg\" alt=\"‘Head of Otegoowgoow, Son of a New Zealand Chief...’\" title=\"RS_9214_maori\" width=\"190\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-39339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Head of Otegoowgoow, Son of a New Zealand Chief...’ from A journal of a voyage to the South Seas, in His Majesty's ship, The Endeavour, by Sydney Parkinson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was fifty years before Linnaeus' \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae\" title=\"Systema Naturae - Wikipedia\">\u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and more than a hundred and fifty before Darwin's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species\" title=\"Origin of Species - Wikipedia\">\u003cem>Origin of Species\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Without the former's organized system of naming animals or the latter's understanding of relationships between them, author-illustrators Francis Willughby and John Ray still managed to produce careful scientific classification and beautifully detailed illustrations of hundreds of fish species. \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> remained the definitive work on \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology\" title=\"Ichthyology - Wikipedia\">fish biology\u003c/a> for over a hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these fish plates can be viewed at the Royal Society's new online \u003ca href=\"https://pictures.royalsociety.org/home\" title=\"Royal Society Picture Library\">picture library\u003c/a>, which also contains botanical studies, the first drawings from a microscope, and sketches from the voyages of Captain Cook. The Society intends to continue adding images, so the library may eventually feature all of Willughby's exquisitely rendered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for those who want to read the text as well as look at the pictures, \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/54/2/179.full.pdf+html\" title=\"Access Historia Piscium\">costs $7.50 to access for 30 days\u003c/a>. (Perhaps the publisher is still struggling to recoup its 1686 losses.) By contrast, the \u003cem>Principia\u003c/em> is freely and abundantly \u003ca href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28233\" title=\"Principia - Gutenberg\">available\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://archive.org/details/philonatrualprin03newtrich\" title=\"Principia - Internet Archive\">online\u003c/a>, no doubt due to its famous place in the history of science. Newton's masterpiece can hardly be overrated, but need we therefore relegate \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> to obscurity or absurdity? Let us also celebrate the work of Willughby and Ray--an ambitious project of biological classification, and a triumph of scientific aesthetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39342\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/12/when-scientists-were-artists-the-royal-societys-picture-library-goes-digital/rs_9386_batfish/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39342\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9386_batfish.jpg\" alt=\"Longnose batfish from Historia Piscium\" title=\"RS_9386_batfish\" width=\"641\" height=\"382\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9386_batfish.jpg 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9386_batfish-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longnose batfish from Historia Piscium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39335\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/12/when-scientists-were-artists-the-royal-societys-picture-library-goes-digital/rs_9494_shark/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39335\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9494_shark.jpg\" alt=\"Study of a hammerhead shark from Historia Piscium\" title=\"RS_9494_shark\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9494_shark.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9494_shark-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Study of a hammerhead shark from Historia Piscium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A hammerhead shark's baleful stare. A longnose batfish's fierce armor and delicate fins. These masterpieces of expression and scientific detail fill the pages of the world's first ichthyology book, \u003cem>De Historia Piscium\u003c/em>, published in 1686 by the \u003ca href=\"http://royalsociety.org/\" title=\"Royal Society\">Royal Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39336\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/12/when-scientists-were-artists-the-royal-societys-picture-library-goes-digital/rs_8374_wheat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39336\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_8374_wheat-231x360.jpg\" alt=\"Botanical study of white wheat\" title=\"RS_8374_wheat\" width=\"231\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-39336\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Botanical study of white wheat by Richard Waller, perhaps meant to illustrate a plant catalogue by John Ray, one of the authors of Historia Piscium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then as now, it was a pricey proposition to produce an image-heavy book. \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> cleaned out the Royal Society's coffers so thoroughly that the academy couldn't afford to publish Isaac Newton's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica\" title=\"Newton's Principia - Wikipedia\">\u003cem>Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\u003c/em>\u003c/a>--nowadays usually referred to as the \u003cem>Principia\u003c/em> and considered the foundation of modern physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily for modern physics, the Society's clerk Edmond Halley (later of Comet fame) took a fancy to Newton's treatise and financed its publication himself the following year. No doubt appreciative of his service but unable even to pay his salary, the Royal Society offered to pay Halley in copies of Historia Piscium. (So says \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=RKHLD9qNs64C\" title=\"A Short History of Nearly Everything\">Bill Bryson\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be tempting to call the experience, as indeed the Royal Society \u003ca href=\"http://royalsociety.org/news/The-fishy-blunder-that-nearly-prevented-Newtons-masterpiece-from-being-published/\" title=\"Royal Society - Fishy Blunder\">recently did\u003c/a>, a \"fishy blunder.\" Certainly it was financially untenable. But although it doesn't share the modern fame of the \u003cem>Principia\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> was a groundbreaking work in its own way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39339\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/12/when-scientists-were-artists-the-royal-societys-picture-library-goes-digital/rs_9214_maori/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39339\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9214_maori-190x253.jpg\" alt=\"‘Head of Otegoowgoow, Son of a New Zealand Chief...’\" title=\"RS_9214_maori\" width=\"190\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-39339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Head of Otegoowgoow, Son of a New Zealand Chief...’ from A journal of a voyage to the South Seas, in His Majesty's ship, The Endeavour, by Sydney Parkinson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was fifty years before Linnaeus' \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae\" title=\"Systema Naturae - Wikipedia\">\u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and more than a hundred and fifty before Darwin's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species\" title=\"Origin of Species - Wikipedia\">\u003cem>Origin of Species\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Without the former's organized system of naming animals or the latter's understanding of relationships between them, author-illustrators Francis Willughby and John Ray still managed to produce careful scientific classification and beautifully detailed illustrations of hundreds of fish species. \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> remained the definitive work on \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology\" title=\"Ichthyology - Wikipedia\">fish biology\u003c/a> for over a hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these fish plates can be viewed at the Royal Society's new online \u003ca href=\"https://pictures.royalsociety.org/home\" title=\"Royal Society Picture Library\">picture library\u003c/a>, which also contains botanical studies, the first drawings from a microscope, and sketches from the voyages of Captain Cook. The Society intends to continue adding images, so the library may eventually feature all of Willughby's exquisitely rendered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for those who want to read the text as well as look at the pictures, \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/54/2/179.full.pdf+html\" title=\"Access Historia Piscium\">costs $7.50 to access for 30 days\u003c/a>. (Perhaps the publisher is still struggling to recoup its 1686 losses.) By contrast, the \u003cem>Principia\u003c/em> is freely and abundantly \u003ca href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28233\" title=\"Principia - Gutenberg\">available\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://archive.org/details/philonatrualprin03newtrich\" title=\"Principia - Internet Archive\">online\u003c/a>, no doubt due to its famous place in the history of science. Newton's masterpiece can hardly be overrated, but need we therefore relegate \u003cem>Historia Piscium\u003c/em> to obscurity or absurdity? Let us also celebrate the work of Willughby and Ray--an ambitious project of biological classification, and a triumph of scientific aesthetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39342\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/12/when-scientists-were-artists-the-royal-societys-picture-library-goes-digital/rs_9386_batfish/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39342\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9386_batfish.jpg\" alt=\"Longnose batfish from Historia Piscium\" title=\"RS_9386_batfish\" width=\"641\" height=\"382\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9386_batfish.jpg 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/RS_9386_batfish-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longnose batfish from Historia Piscium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/ivacaftor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39185\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Ivacaftor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Ivacaftor\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39185\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Ivacaftor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Ivacaftor-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This little molecule is changing how some cystic fibrosis patients are treated. And how new drugs may be made in the future.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There was big news in the cystic fibrosis (CF) field recently: a new CF drug called ivacaftor (or VX-770 or Kalydeco) has been approved that does more than target the symptoms of CF. It actually works to get the broken gene working again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that this is the first treatment that has the potential to cure this genetic disease (as long as the patients keep taking their medicine). The bad news is that it is only approved for around 4-5% of people with CF. This last bit of news may get a lot better in the near future but ivacaftor will never help every CF sufferer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this has to do with the fact that there is more than one way to break the main gene involved in CF -- the CFTR gene -- and that there is more than one class of CFTR break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CFTR gene has the instructions for making the CFTR protein. This protein needs to get made and sent to the membrane so it can do its job of shuttling chloride ions back and forth. If you have a slight difference* in the gene that disrupts any step, then you can end up with CF. (Although not every slight difference leads to CF -- not by a long shot!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39190\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/cftr/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39190\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/CFTR.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CFTR\" width=\"250\" height=\"230\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39190\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are many ways to keep this protein from working. Each way may need a different medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So some CF-causing differences in the CFTR gene will keep the protein from being made while others will keep it from making it to the membrane. Still others will keep the channel from opening wide enough to let the chloride ions pass through. Ivacaftor helps people in this last category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These folks have a mutation in their gene called G551D. As you might recall, genes are written in a simple language that just has four letters—A, G, C, and T. These letters are all grouped together in a gene to form three letter words. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the exception of three words that act like a period at the end of a sentence, each of these words corresponds to one of twenty different amino acids. So a gene is really just the instructions for stringing together certain amino acids in a certain order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CFTR protein is made up of 1470 of these three letter words. The people helped by ivacaftor have a letter change that causes the cell to read the 551st word as a D instead of a G. This is enough to cause the protein to have trouble letting the chloride ions through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivacaftor enhances CFTR’s ability to open up. So it makes sense that it would help people with the G551D variation. But it also makes sense why it won’t help for other CF patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, around 10% of people with CF have what is called a nonsense mutation in their CFTR gene. What happens in these cases is that a word that normally corresponds to an amino acid is mutated so that it now codes for a period. The cell stops reading the gene too soon and so you end up with only a part of the protein. Usually these “truncated” proteins can’t do much of anything. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving one of these patients a drug that helps the full length protein open wider isn’t going to be of much help. No, you need a drug that will ignore the period and make at least some functional CFTR. And there is a drug in the pipeline called PTC-124 that just might be able to pull this off. Of course PTC-124 will be of little use for people with the G551D variant!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now having said this, ivacaftor may be more than a one trick pony. In fact, it may be able to help the majority of people with CF in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39195\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/atcgpeople/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39195\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/atcgPeople.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"atcgPeople\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our genetic uniqueness will make finding cures more difficult.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people with CF have a certain mutation called delta508. Basically the 508th word has gone missing in their CFTR gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens in these cases is that most of the CFTR protein gets lost on its way to the membrane. But a tiny bit does make it to the right place and ivacaftor might be able to boost that little bit enough to help these patients. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivacaftor is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials to see if it can help patients with the delta508 variant. The results are promising so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These treatments for CF are showing how we may have to deal with genetic diseases in the future. As I talked about in my last \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/\">blog\u003c/a>, we are all unique genetically. This means that even simple genetic diseases are going to be like CF and come in many different classes that will all have to be treated differently. It also means that new drugs may only help a relatively small number of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last point will require a paradigm shift in how drugs are developed too. Most big pharma companies won’t touch drugs that treat so few people. Ivacaftor is showing us the way here too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation provided big pharma with a sizeable chunk of change to get this drug through clinical trials and to the market. The new paradigm may be that interested patient groups collaborate with big pharma to get these “boutique” drugs to market. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be interesting to see if this is a viable business model. But at least for now a minority of CF patients can have real hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*These DNA differences go by lots of different names: variant, SNP, mutation, mistake, etc.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/ivacaftor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39185\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Ivacaftor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Ivacaftor\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39185\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Ivacaftor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Ivacaftor-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This little molecule is changing how some cystic fibrosis patients are treated. And how new drugs may be made in the future.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There was big news in the cystic fibrosis (CF) field recently: a new CF drug called ivacaftor (or VX-770 or Kalydeco) has been approved that does more than target the symptoms of CF. It actually works to get the broken gene working again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that this is the first treatment that has the potential to cure this genetic disease (as long as the patients keep taking their medicine). The bad news is that it is only approved for around 4-5% of people with CF. This last bit of news may get a lot better in the near future but ivacaftor will never help every CF sufferer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this has to do with the fact that there is more than one way to break the main gene involved in CF -- the CFTR gene -- and that there is more than one class of CFTR break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CFTR gene has the instructions for making the CFTR protein. This protein needs to get made and sent to the membrane so it can do its job of shuttling chloride ions back and forth. If you have a slight difference* in the gene that disrupts any step, then you can end up with CF. (Although not every slight difference leads to CF -- not by a long shot!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39190\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/cftr/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39190\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/CFTR.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CFTR\" width=\"250\" height=\"230\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39190\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are many ways to keep this protein from working. Each way may need a different medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So some CF-causing differences in the CFTR gene will keep the protein from being made while others will keep it from making it to the membrane. Still others will keep the channel from opening wide enough to let the chloride ions pass through. Ivacaftor helps people in this last category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These folks have a mutation in their gene called G551D. As you might recall, genes are written in a simple language that just has four letters—A, G, C, and T. These letters are all grouped together in a gene to form three letter words. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the exception of three words that act like a period at the end of a sentence, each of these words corresponds to one of twenty different amino acids. So a gene is really just the instructions for stringing together certain amino acids in a certain order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CFTR protein is made up of 1470 of these three letter words. The people helped by ivacaftor have a letter change that causes the cell to read the 551st word as a D instead of a G. This is enough to cause the protein to have trouble letting the chloride ions through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivacaftor enhances CFTR’s ability to open up. So it makes sense that it would help people with the G551D variation. But it also makes sense why it won’t help for other CF patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, around 10% of people with CF have what is called a nonsense mutation in their CFTR gene. What happens in these cases is that a word that normally corresponds to an amino acid is mutated so that it now codes for a period. The cell stops reading the gene too soon and so you end up with only a part of the protein. Usually these “truncated” proteins can’t do much of anything. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving one of these patients a drug that helps the full length protein open wider isn’t going to be of much help. No, you need a drug that will ignore the period and make at least some functional CFTR. And there is a drug in the pipeline called PTC-124 that just might be able to pull this off. Of course PTC-124 will be of little use for people with the G551D variant!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now having said this, ivacaftor may be more than a one trick pony. In fact, it may be able to help the majority of people with CF in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39195\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/atcgpeople/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39195\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/atcgPeople.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"atcgPeople\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our genetic uniqueness will make finding cures more difficult.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people with CF have a certain mutation called delta508. Basically the 508th word has gone missing in their CFTR gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens in these cases is that most of the CFTR protein gets lost on its way to the membrane. But a tiny bit does make it to the right place and ivacaftor might be able to boost that little bit enough to help these patients. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivacaftor is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials to see if it can help patients with the delta508 variant. The results are promising so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These treatments for CF are showing how we may have to deal with genetic diseases in the future. As I talked about in my last \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/\">blog\u003c/a>, we are all unique genetically. This means that even simple genetic diseases are going to be like CF and come in many different classes that will all have to be treated differently. It also means that new drugs may only help a relatively small number of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last point will require a paradigm shift in how drugs are developed too. Most big pharma companies won’t touch drugs that treat so few people. Ivacaftor is showing us the way here too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation provided big pharma with a sizeable chunk of change to get this drug through clinical trials and to the market. The new paradigm may be that interested patient groups collaborate with big pharma to get these “boutique” drugs to market. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be interesting to see if this is a viable business model. But at least for now a minority of CF patients can have real hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*These DNA differences go by lots of different names: variant, SNP, mutation, mistake, etc.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Fungus Among Us Could Help Clean Oily Soil",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/the-fungus-among-us-could-help-clean-oily-soil/mycelium-fungus-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38794\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/mycelium-fungus-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"oyster mushroom growing on coffee grounds\" title=\"mycelium fungus resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38794\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I hear fungi, I think of mushrooms – both delectable and deadly. But there’s another world of fungi buried in the soil. These fibrous microbes might be able to help clean up polluted soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve always thought of bacteria as nature’s decontamination crew. Bacteria already munching on oil from natural seeps in the Gulf of Mexico flourished after the 2010 Macondo well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=gulf-oil-eating-microbes-slide-show\">Several different groups of microbes \u003c/a>ate their way through \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203436904577150910025591788.html\">much of the hydrocarbons in the oil\u003c/a> within a few months of the well being capped. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil-eating bacteria live in the soil too, but they have a harder time reaching food than their aquatic relatives. Soil is packed with air pockets that bacteria and chemicals must detour around as they move through the soil. That means natural microbial degradation of oil takes a long time. To speed the process, people often plough oil-contaminated soil to mix pollutants and bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi sprout thin shoots called hyphae as they grow through the soil. These fibers intertwine in a network called a mycelium. The mycelium of the largest fungi covers more than 1000 football fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=13567\">Lukas Wick\u003c/a>, of the Helmholtz Center for the Environment in Germany, and his colleagues think \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2519\">fungi might be able to help clean up contaminated soil\u003c/a>. Fungi can eat metals, medicines, and ingredients in plastic. Bacteria struggle to digest the complicated structures of these molecules. And even when bacteria can degrade a pollutant, they require a contaminant buffet. Fungi, however, can process a steady stream of pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi have another green cleaning benefit hidden in their structure. Contaminants and bacteria can travel along their mycelial networks, effectively mingling as if the soil had been ploughed. These networks are made of thin fibers called hyphae, which filamentous microbes use to transport nutrients through their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A filamentous microbe related to fungi can pump oily hydrocarbons \u003ca href=\"http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/web/2012/05/Microbe-Transports-Contaminants-Through-Fibers.html\"> through its hyphae\u003c/a>. And bacteria can float through the watery film covering the hyphae, using the fungal network as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=10837\">a highway through soil\u003c/a> to find new patches of pollutant food. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a fungal environmental clean up crew may be exciting, but it’s not ready for real world action yet. Scientists are still learning how to encourage the growth of fungi and their hungry bacterial neighbors, especially in contaminated places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick hopes to eventually encourage both microbes to grow in contaminated soils so that oily contaminants might degrade faster than if bacteria alone were stuck with the job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time I see a fungus in the woods, I'll still stop to admire the colors of its mushroom. But I'll think about what's underneath the soil too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/the-fungus-among-us-could-help-clean-oily-soil/mycelium-fungus-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38794\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/mycelium-fungus-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"oyster mushroom growing on coffee grounds\" title=\"mycelium fungus resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38794\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I hear fungi, I think of mushrooms – both delectable and deadly. But there’s another world of fungi buried in the soil. These fibrous microbes might be able to help clean up polluted soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve always thought of bacteria as nature’s decontamination crew. Bacteria already munching on oil from natural seeps in the Gulf of Mexico flourished after the 2010 Macondo well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=gulf-oil-eating-microbes-slide-show\">Several different groups of microbes \u003c/a>ate their way through \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203436904577150910025591788.html\">much of the hydrocarbons in the oil\u003c/a> within a few months of the well being capped. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil-eating bacteria live in the soil too, but they have a harder time reaching food than their aquatic relatives. Soil is packed with air pockets that bacteria and chemicals must detour around as they move through the soil. That means natural microbial degradation of oil takes a long time. To speed the process, people often plough oil-contaminated soil to mix pollutants and bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi sprout thin shoots called hyphae as they grow through the soil. These fibers intertwine in a network called a mycelium. The mycelium of the largest fungi covers more than 1000 football fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=13567\">Lukas Wick\u003c/a>, of the Helmholtz Center for the Environment in Germany, and his colleagues think \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2519\">fungi might be able to help clean up contaminated soil\u003c/a>. Fungi can eat metals, medicines, and ingredients in plastic. Bacteria struggle to digest the complicated structures of these molecules. And even when bacteria can degrade a pollutant, they require a contaminant buffet. Fungi, however, can process a steady stream of pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi have another green cleaning benefit hidden in their structure. Contaminants and bacteria can travel along their mycelial networks, effectively mingling as if the soil had been ploughed. These networks are made of thin fibers called hyphae, which filamentous microbes use to transport nutrients through their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A filamentous microbe related to fungi can pump oily hydrocarbons \u003ca href=\"http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/web/2012/05/Microbe-Transports-Contaminants-Through-Fibers.html\"> through its hyphae\u003c/a>. And bacteria can float through the watery film covering the hyphae, using the fungal network as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=10837\">a highway through soil\u003c/a> to find new patches of pollutant food. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a fungal environmental clean up crew may be exciting, but it’s not ready for real world action yet. Scientists are still learning how to encourage the growth of fungi and their hungry bacterial neighbors, especially in contaminated places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick hopes to eventually encourage both microbes to grow in contaminated soils so that oily contaminants might degrade faster than if bacteria alone were stuck with the job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time I see a fungus in the woods, I'll still stop to admire the colors of its mushroom. But I'll think about what's underneath the soil too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Man Who Made California Safe for Mountain Lions",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38857\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/30/the-man-who-made-california-safe-for-mountain-lions/dunlap-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38857\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/dunlap-carousel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"senator john dunlap\" title=\"dunlap\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38857\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sen. John Dunlap (D-Napa) championed wildlife conservation with the first legislation in the U.S. to protect mountain lions from hunting. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forty-two years ago, California’s mountain lions got a break from an unlikely ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowell Dunn, the president of Vallejo’s Rod and Gun Club, wrote Assemblyman John Dunlap that he thought the time had come to stop shooting mountain lions. The hunter’s plea sparked the beginning of the end of state-sanctioned persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some 30 years of hunting deer, Dunn had seen a lion just twice. He wanted the chance to see another one, he told Dunlap, but worried the species might perish before he had the chance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He hoped that somehow there’d be a way to continue the existence of the lion,\" recalls Dunlap. The 89-year-old Napa resident left the political stage more than three decades ago, but admits to enjoying a good political fight in his day, especially for a good cause. The hunter couldn’t have chosen a better legislative target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap, who started an eight-year run in the Assembly in 1966 and then served four years in the Senate, had always believed in preserving wildlife, he says. He readily embraced the lion's cause. “I recognized that we were invading their habitat, that there was a conflict, and that we needed a more thoughtful approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “strong Democrat” and Sierra Club member, Dunlap won the big cat its first reprieve from hunters’ crosshairs with a moratorium on sport hunting, signed by then Gov. Ronald Reagan in 1971. The moratorium went into effect when the scheduled lion hunting season ended in February 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap met stiff opposition from livestock ranchers when he first introduced his bill, in 1970. But the next year he encountered less resistance, which he credits to a burgeoning ecological awareness and support from his district. He recalls that Starr Baldwin, famed editor of the St. Helena Star, told grape-growers at a local meeting they should welcome lions because they feed on deer and raccoons, no friends to grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, Dunlap sought the support of the state Fish and Game Commission but quickly realized he’d better look elsewhere: “They were pretty much hunter dominated.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38866\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/30/the-man-who-made-california-safe-for-mountain-lions/dunlap-with-lions/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38866\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/dunlap-with-lions-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"john dunlap with lions\" title=\"dunlap with lions\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-38866\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assemblyman John Dunlap made headlines after posing with his lion ambassadors, Huntley and Brinkley, at a Capitol press conference announcing his lion hunting moratorium bill in 1971. Lion handler John Harris keeps a watchful eye on his charges. (Photo courtesy of UPI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dunlap turned to wildlife preservation and conservation groups instead, but credits the lions themselves with ensuring the bill’s passage. His legislative assistant, Mike Gage, met two tame mountain lions at a meeting to build public support for the measure. “He got the idea that if we introduced the bill and had a press conference with the lions, that would be a great sendoff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought it was grandstanding, but recognized that it did have value,” he adds. “And I had enough ego that I liked to show off, so we did it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap took questions at his Capitol press conference flanked by two rather imposing lions. He admits the cats made him nervous, though they were leashed, with their handler a few feet away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap and his lions made the front page of nearly 20 daily California papers, plus the London Daily Mail, “for whatever that was worth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine months later, California enacted the first measure in the country to protect lions. It remains the only state to outlaw trophy hunting of lions, after residents voted twice to uphold the ban. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap has no illusions that trophy hunters will ever accept the notion that lions should be protected. Even so, he has little patience for Fish and Game Commission President Dan Richards, who recently won notoriety by traveling to another state \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_19991115\">to kill a mountain lion\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards bagged his trophy in Idaho, where such kills are legal and so, his defenders insist, no big deal. Had he killed a lion in California, he could have been fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to a year in jail. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap is not among his defenders. \"I certainly sympathize with trying to do something to point with shame,” he says. “I can’t say he doesn’t have a right to do it, but I don’t think it’s very good judgment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Richards’ days as \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/internal-affairs/ci_20720732/internal-affairs-fish-and-game-honcho-still-has\">commission president could be numbered.\u003c/a> Last Wednesday, commissioners voted 4 to 1 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fgc.ca.gov/regulations/2012/660ntc.pdf\">elect officers rather than allow succession\u003c/a> of the senior member. Richards cast the dissenting vote.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap says he never had the inclination to hunt, adding with a sly smile, “I was born without any wisdom teeth, which maybe shows I haven’t developed the hunter quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I suppose killing animals is the way we used to survive to protect ourselves and get food,” he muses. “Now it’s a sport, and I would hope as time goes on we would find other things to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap says he wanted to protect the mountain lion not just to preserve a single species but to send a wake-up call to governments to protect the environment before it’s too late. “My idea was, when in doubt, preserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecosystems are complicated, he says. “If we screwed up the wrong ones at the wrong time it could end up threatening our own way of life and happiness, let alone existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Dunlap pitched his mountain lion bill on the Assembly floor in 1970, he pointed out that in the early 1900s just two passenger pigeons remained in the world. “They were both male,” he says. “We woke up too late on that.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "More than 40 years ago, Sen. John Dunlap (D-Napa) made conservation history when his mountain lion hunting moratorium passed the California Legislature and became law in 1971. He recalls the fight to pass the bill and his guiding principle, \"when in doubt, preserve.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38857\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/30/the-man-who-made-california-safe-for-mountain-lions/dunlap-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38857\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/dunlap-carousel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"senator john dunlap\" title=\"dunlap\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38857\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sen. John Dunlap (D-Napa) championed wildlife conservation with the first legislation in the U.S. to protect mountain lions from hunting. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forty-two years ago, California’s mountain lions got a break from an unlikely ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowell Dunn, the president of Vallejo’s Rod and Gun Club, wrote Assemblyman John Dunlap that he thought the time had come to stop shooting mountain lions. The hunter’s plea sparked the beginning of the end of state-sanctioned persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some 30 years of hunting deer, Dunn had seen a lion just twice. He wanted the chance to see another one, he told Dunlap, but worried the species might perish before he had the chance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He hoped that somehow there’d be a way to continue the existence of the lion,\" recalls Dunlap. The 89-year-old Napa resident left the political stage more than three decades ago, but admits to enjoying a good political fight in his day, especially for a good cause. The hunter couldn’t have chosen a better legislative target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap, who started an eight-year run in the Assembly in 1966 and then served four years in the Senate, had always believed in preserving wildlife, he says. He readily embraced the lion's cause. “I recognized that we were invading their habitat, that there was a conflict, and that we needed a more thoughtful approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “strong Democrat” and Sierra Club member, Dunlap won the big cat its first reprieve from hunters’ crosshairs with a moratorium on sport hunting, signed by then Gov. Ronald Reagan in 1971. The moratorium went into effect when the scheduled lion hunting season ended in February 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap met stiff opposition from livestock ranchers when he first introduced his bill, in 1970. But the next year he encountered less resistance, which he credits to a burgeoning ecological awareness and support from his district. He recalls that Starr Baldwin, famed editor of the St. Helena Star, told grape-growers at a local meeting they should welcome lions because they feed on deer and raccoons, no friends to grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, Dunlap sought the support of the state Fish and Game Commission but quickly realized he’d better look elsewhere: “They were pretty much hunter dominated.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38866\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/30/the-man-who-made-california-safe-for-mountain-lions/dunlap-with-lions/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38866\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/dunlap-with-lions-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"john dunlap with lions\" title=\"dunlap with lions\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-38866\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assemblyman John Dunlap made headlines after posing with his lion ambassadors, Huntley and Brinkley, at a Capitol press conference announcing his lion hunting moratorium bill in 1971. Lion handler John Harris keeps a watchful eye on his charges. (Photo courtesy of UPI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dunlap turned to wildlife preservation and conservation groups instead, but credits the lions themselves with ensuring the bill’s passage. His legislative assistant, Mike Gage, met two tame mountain lions at a meeting to build public support for the measure. “He got the idea that if we introduced the bill and had a press conference with the lions, that would be a great sendoff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought it was grandstanding, but recognized that it did have value,” he adds. “And I had enough ego that I liked to show off, so we did it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap took questions at his Capitol press conference flanked by two rather imposing lions. He admits the cats made him nervous, though they were leashed, with their handler a few feet away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap and his lions made the front page of nearly 20 daily California papers, plus the London Daily Mail, “for whatever that was worth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine months later, California enacted the first measure in the country to protect lions. It remains the only state to outlaw trophy hunting of lions, after residents voted twice to uphold the ban. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap has no illusions that trophy hunters will ever accept the notion that lions should be protected. Even so, he has little patience for Fish and Game Commission President Dan Richards, who recently won notoriety by traveling to another state \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_19991115\">to kill a mountain lion\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards bagged his trophy in Idaho, where such kills are legal and so, his defenders insist, no big deal. Had he killed a lion in California, he could have been fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to a year in jail. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap is not among his defenders. \"I certainly sympathize with trying to do something to point with shame,” he says. “I can’t say he doesn’t have a right to do it, but I don’t think it’s very good judgment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Richards’ days as \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/internal-affairs/ci_20720732/internal-affairs-fish-and-game-honcho-still-has\">commission president could be numbered.\u003c/a> Last Wednesday, commissioners voted 4 to 1 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fgc.ca.gov/regulations/2012/660ntc.pdf\">elect officers rather than allow succession\u003c/a> of the senior member. Richards cast the dissenting vote.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap says he never had the inclination to hunt, adding with a sly smile, “I was born without any wisdom teeth, which maybe shows I haven’t developed the hunter quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I suppose killing animals is the way we used to survive to protect ourselves and get food,” he muses. “Now it’s a sport, and I would hope as time goes on we would find other things to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap says he wanted to protect the mountain lion not just to preserve a single species but to send a wake-up call to governments to protect the environment before it’s too late. “My idea was, when in doubt, preserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecosystems are complicated, he says. “If we screwed up the wrong ones at the wrong time it could end up threatening our own way of life and happiness, let alone existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Dunlap pitched his mountain lion bill on the Assembly floor in 1970, he pointed out that in the early 1900s just two passenger pigeons remained in the world. “They were both male,” he says. “We woke up too late on that.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor",
"title": "Why Your Newfound Uniqueness is a Nightmare for Your Doctor",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/humdivinasia/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38754\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HumDivInAsia\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our surprising genetic diversity will give scientists fits for years.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. Our individual uniqueness will make predicting our risk for disease much trickier than we thought. And it will make finding treatments that much harder too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably read that all humans share somewhere between 99.5% and 99.9% of their DNA. Usually this is translated into saying that we have a difference in our DNA every 1000 bases or so. (By bases I mean the A’s, G’s, C’s, and T’s that make up our DNA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences were supposed to be shared by many people. So a lot of people would have a G at a certain position and the rest of us would have a T. The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/16/science.1217876\">study \u003c/a>shows that this is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, we all have many rare DNA differences scattered throughout our DNA. When the researchers looked at 202 different genes from 14,002 people, they found a rare variant every 17 bases or so. This is way higher than many people thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s worse is that these differences aren’t all benign. The other \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/21/science.1219240\">study published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> showed that a surprisingly high percentage, around 2.3%, is predicted to significantly impact a gene. In other words, we are all burdened with many gene-altering and so potentially harmful DNA differences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the world of genetics is getting turned on its head yet again. Not so long ago, the idea was that diseases shared a common set of DNA differences. So everyone with sickle cell anemia had a certain DNA difference (or at least a certain few). Same thing with cystic fibrosis and all the other genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/manypaths/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38759\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/ManyPaths.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ManyPaths\" width=\"150\" height=\"343\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38759\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are many paths to the same illness.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now it looks like there are many individual paths to a disease. For example, while most cases of cystic fibrosis do involve glitches in the CFTR gene, there are lots of glitches that can cause the disease. And that makes figuring out your chances for getting or passing cystic fibrosis to your children even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many (perhaps even most) of us will have DNA differences in our CFTR genes that haven’t been seen before. We don’t yet know which differences can lead to cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, cystic fibrosis is the easy case; at least it usually involves just one gene. More complex genetic diseases like Type 2 diabetes or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/alzheimers-is-the-cure-in-the-genes/\">Alzheimer’s \u003c/a>are going to be complicated by the fact that many different genes can be involved and we are all littered with unique differences in these genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there will be a huge set of genes involved in Type 2 diabetes. Each of us will have numerous unique DNA differences strewn throughout these genes. Some of these changes will increase your risk for getting Type 2 diabetes and some will lower your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the way scientists can tell if a difference is involved in a disease is by comparing two large groups of people with and without the disease. If a certain DNA difference turns up more often in the disease group, then it may be involved in causing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now everyone has lots of unique DNA differences, many of which can contribute to disease. The people in the disease group won’t share a lot of the same differences that lead to disease. This means it is going to be hard to figure out which differences matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our best bet may be to figure out as much DNA from as many people as possible so we can at least start to get a handle on which genes are involved in a particular disease. Then we can start to explore which DNA differences matter and which ones don’t. One thing is for sure, this is going to take awhile to sort out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecodex.com/knowing_genetic_makeup_may_not_significantly_improve_disease_risk_prediction-92164\">\u003cem>This\u003c/em> \u003c/a>\u003cem>came out after I wrote the blog. More evidence that knowing our DNA may not help us out as much as we had hoped.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/humdivinasia/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38754\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HumDivInAsia\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/HumDivInAsia-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our surprising genetic diversity will give scientists fits for years.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies confirm what many of us have feared: each of us is surprisingly unique genetically. This is to be feared because of the impact it will have on the future of personalized medicine. Our individual uniqueness will make predicting our risk for disease much trickier than we thought. And it will make finding treatments that much harder too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably read that all humans share somewhere between 99.5% and 99.9% of their DNA. Usually this is translated into saying that we have a difference in our DNA every 1000 bases or so. (By bases I mean the A’s, G’s, C’s, and T’s that make up our DNA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differences were supposed to be shared by many people. So a lot of people would have a G at a certain position and the rest of us would have a T. The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/16/science.1217876\">study \u003c/a>shows that this is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, we all have many rare DNA differences scattered throughout our DNA. When the researchers looked at 202 different genes from 14,002 people, they found a rare variant every 17 bases or so. This is way higher than many people thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s worse is that these differences aren’t all benign. The other \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/21/science.1219240\">study published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> showed that a surprisingly high percentage, around 2.3%, is predicted to significantly impact a gene. In other words, we are all burdened with many gene-altering and so potentially harmful DNA differences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the world of genetics is getting turned on its head yet again. Not so long ago, the idea was that diseases shared a common set of DNA differences. So everyone with sickle cell anemia had a certain DNA difference (or at least a certain few). Same thing with cystic fibrosis and all the other genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/28/why-your-newfound-uniqueness-a-nightmare-for-your-doctor/manypaths/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38759\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/ManyPaths.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ManyPaths\" width=\"150\" height=\"343\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38759\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are many paths to the same illness.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now it looks like there are many individual paths to a disease. For example, while most cases of cystic fibrosis do involve glitches in the CFTR gene, there are lots of glitches that can cause the disease. And that makes figuring out your chances for getting or passing cystic fibrosis to your children even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many (perhaps even most) of us will have DNA differences in our CFTR genes that haven’t been seen before. We don’t yet know which differences can lead to cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, cystic fibrosis is the easy case; at least it usually involves just one gene. More complex genetic diseases like Type 2 diabetes or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/alzheimers-is-the-cure-in-the-genes/\">Alzheimer’s \u003c/a>are going to be complicated by the fact that many different genes can be involved and we are all littered with unique differences in these genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there will be a huge set of genes involved in Type 2 diabetes. Each of us will have numerous unique DNA differences strewn throughout these genes. Some of these changes will increase your risk for getting Type 2 diabetes and some will lower your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately the way scientists can tell if a difference is involved in a disease is by comparing two large groups of people with and without the disease. If a certain DNA difference turns up more often in the disease group, then it may be involved in causing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now everyone has lots of unique DNA differences, many of which can contribute to disease. The people in the disease group won’t share a lot of the same differences that lead to disease. This means it is going to be hard to figure out which differences matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our best bet may be to figure out as much DNA from as many people as possible so we can at least start to get a handle on which genes are involved in a particular disease. Then we can start to explore which DNA differences matter and which ones don’t. One thing is for sure, this is going to take awhile to sort out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecodex.com/knowing_genetic_makeup_may_not_significantly_improve_disease_risk_prediction-92164\">\u003cem>This\u003c/em> \u003c/a>\u003cem>came out after I wrote the blog. More evidence that knowing our DNA may not help us out as much as we had hoped.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "It's Summer Vacation Time for the California Least Tern ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/first_fish_feeding1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-38715\" title=\"First_Fish_Feeding1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/First_Fish_Feeding1-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Least tern offers fish to newly hatched chick by Dan Pancamo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The wheel of the seasons is turning again. For a few glorious weeks earlier this month, our shorelines around the bay were packed with water birds. Shorebirds in their breeding finery shared the bounty of the intertidal and shallow water areas with \u003ca title=\"California Least Tern USFWS website\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/ES_Kids/CA-Least-Tern/es_kids_ca-least-tern.htm\">California least tern\u003c/a> newly arrived from Mexico. The shorebirds are now gone, away in the night with a high keening cry, for their nesting grounds in the far north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38716\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 112px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/399px-florence_georgiana_spooner_carr_later_gray_formal_portrait_in_egret-feathered_hat_ca_1878_eastbourne/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38716 \" title=\"399px-Florence_Georgiana_Spooner_Carr_(later_Gray)_formal_portrait_in_Egret-feathered_Hat_ca_1878_Eastbourne\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/399px-Florence_Georgiana_Spooner_Carr_later_Gray_formal_portrait_in_Egret-feathered_Hat_ca_1878_Eastbourne-112x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"112\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Victorian woman with egret feathers on hat, 1878 by Eastbourne\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The least tern, smallest of our three tern species, will be with us for the summer. They arrive along California’s shore with their tuxedo colors and distinctive white “V” on their forehead in late April. Once on the brink of extinction, their population has been steadily increasing from a low of 600 birds in 1973 to current estimates of over 7,000 birds. Long before this, in the late 1800s, they suffered depletion for the millinery trade. What fashionable Victorian woman could be seen without \u003ca title=\"Victorian womens hats with birds\" href=\"http://www.victoriana.com/Victorian-Hats/birdhats.htm\">hats decorated with bird feathers\u003c/a>, wings and even whole birds?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Migratory Bird Treaty of 1918\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/migtrea.html\">Migratory Bird Treaty\u003c/a> was passed in 1918 affording protection from hunting. Another pressure on the California least tern’s success, however, is its reliance on open, sandy beaches for nesting habitat. Throughout much of California, this is also where people like to spend their summers. And with the introduction of non-native predators -- cats, dogs, and red foxes -- the ground-nesting birds have had a hard time raising their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38717\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/banded_juvenile_california_least_tern/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38717\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-38717\" title=\"Banded_juvenile_California_Least_Tern\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Banded_juvenile_California_Least_Tern-351x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banding young California least terns helps track their success. Photo by Linda Tanner\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There remains a success story in the terns return and of the people who care enough to fight for their future. California least tern are on the verge of being delisted and downgraded from endangered to threatened, one of 110 success stories celebrated on \u003ca title=\"Endangered Species Day\" href=\"http://www.stopextinction.org/10athome.html\">Endangered Species Day\u003c/a> last week. The main remaining hurdle to delisting them is continued commitment by agencies to protect their all-important nesting habitat along our shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tern-protection volunteers also work with the \u003ca title=\"Wildlife volunteers with EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/getinvolved/volunteer/quack\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a> and have successfully helped establish a new breeding colony in Hayward. You can learn more about the \u003ca title=\"Alameda Point Least Terns\" href=\"http://alamedapointenvironmentalreport.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/protecting-the-california-least-terns-at-the-alameda-point-wildlife-refuge/\">terns at Alameda Point\u003c/a> in this article and video. You can also view the Alameda nesting colony on Saturday, June 16 on one of three bus tours departing from \u003ca title=\"Crab Cove Visitor Center, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\">Crab Cove Visitor Center\u003c/a>; reserve a space by calling (888) 327-2757 or online at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparksonline.org\">www.ebparksonline.org\u003c/a>. There will also be programs throughout the day for all ages highlighting terns and a tern watch along the beach at 2:30pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And are you curious about what a California least tern sounds like? Listen to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/htmwav2/h0740so.mp3\">audio recording here\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/first_fish_feeding1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-38715\" title=\"First_Fish_Feeding1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/First_Fish_Feeding1-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Least tern offers fish to newly hatched chick by Dan Pancamo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The wheel of the seasons is turning again. For a few glorious weeks earlier this month, our shorelines around the bay were packed with water birds. Shorebirds in their breeding finery shared the bounty of the intertidal and shallow water areas with \u003ca title=\"California Least Tern USFWS website\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/ES_Kids/CA-Least-Tern/es_kids_ca-least-tern.htm\">California least tern\u003c/a> newly arrived from Mexico. The shorebirds are now gone, away in the night with a high keening cry, for their nesting grounds in the far north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38716\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 112px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/399px-florence_georgiana_spooner_carr_later_gray_formal_portrait_in_egret-feathered_hat_ca_1878_eastbourne/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38716 \" title=\"399px-Florence_Georgiana_Spooner_Carr_(later_Gray)_formal_portrait_in_Egret-feathered_Hat_ca_1878_Eastbourne\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/399px-Florence_Georgiana_Spooner_Carr_later_Gray_formal_portrait_in_Egret-feathered_Hat_ca_1878_Eastbourne-112x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"112\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Victorian woman with egret feathers on hat, 1878 by Eastbourne\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The least tern, smallest of our three tern species, will be with us for the summer. They arrive along California’s shore with their tuxedo colors and distinctive white “V” on their forehead in late April. Once on the brink of extinction, their population has been steadily increasing from a low of 600 birds in 1973 to current estimates of over 7,000 birds. Long before this, in the late 1800s, they suffered depletion for the millinery trade. What fashionable Victorian woman could be seen without \u003ca title=\"Victorian womens hats with birds\" href=\"http://www.victoriana.com/Victorian-Hats/birdhats.htm\">hats decorated with bird feathers\u003c/a>, wings and even whole birds?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Migratory Bird Treaty of 1918\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/migtrea.html\">Migratory Bird Treaty\u003c/a> was passed in 1918 affording protection from hunting. Another pressure on the California least tern’s success, however, is its reliance on open, sandy beaches for nesting habitat. Throughout much of California, this is also where people like to spend their summers. And with the introduction of non-native predators -- cats, dogs, and red foxes -- the ground-nesting birds have had a hard time raising their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38717\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/banded_juvenile_california_least_tern/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38717\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-38717\" title=\"Banded_juvenile_California_Least_Tern\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Banded_juvenile_California_Least_Tern-351x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banding young California least terns helps track their success. Photo by Linda Tanner\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There remains a success story in the terns return and of the people who care enough to fight for their future. California least tern are on the verge of being delisted and downgraded from endangered to threatened, one of 110 success stories celebrated on \u003ca title=\"Endangered Species Day\" href=\"http://www.stopextinction.org/10athome.html\">Endangered Species Day\u003c/a> last week. The main remaining hurdle to delisting them is continued commitment by agencies to protect their all-important nesting habitat along our shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tern-protection volunteers also work with the \u003ca title=\"Wildlife volunteers with EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/getinvolved/volunteer/quack\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a> and have successfully helped establish a new breeding colony in Hayward. You can learn more about the \u003ca title=\"Alameda Point Least Terns\" href=\"http://alamedapointenvironmentalreport.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/protecting-the-california-least-terns-at-the-alameda-point-wildlife-refuge/\">terns at Alameda Point\u003c/a> in this article and video. You can also view the Alameda nesting colony on Saturday, June 16 on one of three bus tours departing from \u003ca title=\"Crab Cove Visitor Center, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\">Crab Cove Visitor Center\u003c/a>; reserve a space by calling (888) 327-2757 or online at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparksonline.org\">www.ebparksonline.org\u003c/a>. There will also be programs throughout the day for all ages highlighting terns and a tern watch along the beach at 2:30pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And are you curious about what a California least tern sounds like? Listen to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/htmwav2/h0740so.mp3\">audio recording here\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California's Deadlocked Delta: Is Carbon Farming the Future?",
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"headTitle": "California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-21-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the third story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Farming-marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tules on Twitchell Island in the Delta. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of acres of rich farmland, the Delta has a long agricultural legacy. But farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That became a reality for farmer Rudy Mussi on the morning of June 3, 2004. It was clear, sunny day. \"You never expect a flood in the summer months,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussi was growing corn and asparagus on lower Jones Tract, an island in the Delta, 10 miles west of Stockton. That morning, he got a phone call. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/06/04/MNG1G70S3A1.DTL&ao=all\">Water was flooding\u003c/a> onto his farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your heart stops for a second or two and then realism sets in. And you just start moving your equipment and get it to high ground,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did a flood happen a on a sunny day? It's because of a basic rule of physics. Mussi farmed on an island below sea level, like a lot of the islands in the Delta. The Delta used to be a huge swath of wetlands, where two major rivers met San Francisco Bay. Today, earthen levees hold that water back – most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once a break occurs, you know, there's no way you're gonna stop that, not with 10 feet of water on the other side,\" Mussi says. Draining the island and repairing the levees around Jones Tract cost about $90 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38449\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 232px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee-232x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingLevee\" width=\"232\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The levee break on Jones Tract in 2004. (Photo: CA Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn't an isolated incident. Over the last century, more than 150 levees have failed in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delta Infrastructure at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is how we get ourselves in kind of an arms race between the water and the land,\" says Jeff Mount, professor with the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levee-building began in the 1850s, when settlers came to the Delta for the rich soil. More than a thousand miles of levees were built. \"This network of levees through time had to get bigger and bigger for a very basic reason: the land has been steadily lowering,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As farmers exposed the rich peat soil, it started decomposing. The land level dropped; \"In some places they talked about four inches per year,\" says Mount. Today, it's less than an inch per year thanks to better farming practices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all those inches over the past century and some islands are now 30 feet below sea level. That puts a lot of stress on the levees. There are also other concerns: rising sea levels and extreme floods. \"And then the big 800-pound gorilla in the room – we're due for a very large earthquake on the San Andreas system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all these risks and Mount says there's a two-thirds \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2011/03/09/sea-level-rise-and-delta-subsidence%E2%80%94the-demise-of-subsided-delta-islands/\">chance of a catastrophic levee failure\u003c/a> in the next 50 years. That, of course, affects farmers and communities in the Delta, but it could also impact California's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The raindrops that fall in Mount Shasta are consumed by people in San Diego. Water moves a great distance and this is one of the critical hubs in that system,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the Delta's levees is estimated to cost billions. But on some islands, scientists are experimenting with a new fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farming Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38450\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 219px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil-219x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingsoil\" width=\"219\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peat soil samples on Twitchell Island. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a windy day on Twitchell Island in the Delta, ecologist Lisa Windham-Myers of the US Geological Survey pushes her way through a wetland filled with a tall, reed-like plant known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenoplectus_acutus\">tule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plant grows... some of these are 16 feet tall. They're just huge,\" she says. That growth is changing the ground we're standing on. Windham-Myers pulls out a sample of the dark peat soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetland \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/Carbon_Farm/RandD.html\">produces soil at a rapid rate\u003c/a> – four inches a year on average. That's huge, says USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi, in a place where the land is sinking. \"These islands are like bowls and the way we see projects like this is you want to fill up the middle of that bowl and help level out the whole island.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting wetlands like this one could raise the land level and water table on the inside of levees, relieving some of the pressure. But why would farmers want to replace cash crops with tule? Windham-Myers points to the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is basically almost 100 percent carbon. These take up far more than a typical forest environment,\" she says. California is setting up a market for carbon, as part of the state's effort to cut global warming emissions. Early next year, companies that need to reduce their emissions could pay farmers to store carbon in wetlands like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarming2\" width=\"320\" height=\"199\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38451\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi talks with Delta farmer Al Medvitch. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, two farmers are here checking out the project: Steve Mello, a Delta farmer on Tyler Island and Al Medvitch, a farmer in the Montezuma Hills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The potential has been demonstrated well. You guys are standing in the middle of it. But in order to move from here to market, we need to develop a lot more techniques so people can come and verify that the carbon is stored,\" says Brian Bergamaschi, describing how wetland farming might work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both farmers seem open to the idea. But Mello says ultimately, it depends on the bottom line. \"It would absolutely need to cash flow. While it could dovetail with levee stability, it would still need to generate enough to amortize your property value.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Mello says assuming carbon prices are high enough, growing patches of wetlands could be a feasible way to improve the levees and to stay farming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California’s Delta has a rich agricultural legacy, but farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed. Now, scientists are encouraging farmers to switch to a new crop. Instead of growing vegetables, they’d grow something that has all but disappeared in the Delta: wetlands. ",
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"description": "California’s Delta has a rich agricultural legacy, but farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed. Now, scientists are encouraging farmers to switch to a new crop. Instead of growing vegetables, they’d grow something that has all but disappeared in the Delta: wetlands. ",
"title": "California's Deadlocked Delta: Is Carbon Farming the Future? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-21-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the third story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Farming-marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tules on Twitchell Island in the Delta. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of acres of rich farmland, the Delta has a long agricultural legacy. But farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That became a reality for farmer Rudy Mussi on the morning of June 3, 2004. It was clear, sunny day. \"You never expect a flood in the summer months,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussi was growing corn and asparagus on lower Jones Tract, an island in the Delta, 10 miles west of Stockton. That morning, he got a phone call. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/06/04/MNG1G70S3A1.DTL&ao=all\">Water was flooding\u003c/a> onto his farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your heart stops for a second or two and then realism sets in. And you just start moving your equipment and get it to high ground,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did a flood happen a on a sunny day? It's because of a basic rule of physics. Mussi farmed on an island below sea level, like a lot of the islands in the Delta. The Delta used to be a huge swath of wetlands, where two major rivers met San Francisco Bay. Today, earthen levees hold that water back – most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once a break occurs, you know, there's no way you're gonna stop that, not with 10 feet of water on the other side,\" Mussi says. Draining the island and repairing the levees around Jones Tract cost about $90 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38449\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 232px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee-232x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingLevee\" width=\"232\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The levee break on Jones Tract in 2004. (Photo: CA Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn't an isolated incident. Over the last century, more than 150 levees have failed in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delta Infrastructure at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is how we get ourselves in kind of an arms race between the water and the land,\" says Jeff Mount, professor with the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levee-building began in the 1850s, when settlers came to the Delta for the rich soil. More than a thousand miles of levees were built. \"This network of levees through time had to get bigger and bigger for a very basic reason: the land has been steadily lowering,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As farmers exposed the rich peat soil, it started decomposing. The land level dropped; \"In some places they talked about four inches per year,\" says Mount. Today, it's less than an inch per year thanks to better farming practices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all those inches over the past century and some islands are now 30 feet below sea level. That puts a lot of stress on the levees. There are also other concerns: rising sea levels and extreme floods. \"And then the big 800-pound gorilla in the room – we're due for a very large earthquake on the San Andreas system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all these risks and Mount says there's a two-thirds \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2011/03/09/sea-level-rise-and-delta-subsidence%E2%80%94the-demise-of-subsided-delta-islands/\">chance of a catastrophic levee failure\u003c/a> in the next 50 years. That, of course, affects farmers and communities in the Delta, but it could also impact California's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The raindrops that fall in Mount Shasta are consumed by people in San Diego. Water moves a great distance and this is one of the critical hubs in that system,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the Delta's levees is estimated to cost billions. But on some islands, scientists are experimenting with a new fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farming Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38450\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 219px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil-219x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingsoil\" width=\"219\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peat soil samples on Twitchell Island. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a windy day on Twitchell Island in the Delta, ecologist Lisa Windham-Myers of the US Geological Survey pushes her way through a wetland filled with a tall, reed-like plant known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenoplectus_acutus\">tule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plant grows... some of these are 16 feet tall. They're just huge,\" she says. That growth is changing the ground we're standing on. Windham-Myers pulls out a sample of the dark peat soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetland \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/Carbon_Farm/RandD.html\">produces soil at a rapid rate\u003c/a> – four inches a year on average. That's huge, says USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi, in a place where the land is sinking. \"These islands are like bowls and the way we see projects like this is you want to fill up the middle of that bowl and help level out the whole island.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting wetlands like this one could raise the land level and water table on the inside of levees, relieving some of the pressure. But why would farmers want to replace cash crops with tule? Windham-Myers points to the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is basically almost 100 percent carbon. These take up far more than a typical forest environment,\" she says. California is setting up a market for carbon, as part of the state's effort to cut global warming emissions. Early next year, companies that need to reduce their emissions could pay farmers to store carbon in wetlands like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarming2\" width=\"320\" height=\"199\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38451\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi talks with Delta farmer Al Medvitch. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, two farmers are here checking out the project: Steve Mello, a Delta farmer on Tyler Island and Al Medvitch, a farmer in the Montezuma Hills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The potential has been demonstrated well. You guys are standing in the middle of it. But in order to move from here to market, we need to develop a lot more techniques so people can come and verify that the carbon is stored,\" says Brian Bergamaschi, describing how wetland farming might work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both farmers seem open to the idea. But Mello says ultimately, it depends on the bottom line. \"It would absolutely need to cash flow. While it could dovetail with levee stability, it would still need to generate enough to amortize your property value.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Mello says assuming carbon prices are high enough, growing patches of wetlands could be a feasible way to improve the levees and to stay farming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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