In Defense of Science: An Interview with NCSE’s Eugenie Scott
Arm Yourselves for the Upcoming (Genetics) Revolution
Building a Better, Tastier Tomato
Traipsing the Dipsea Trail
The Reverential and the Precious: Human Anatomy as Art
Doubt and Denialism: Vaccine Myths Persist in the Face of Science
Rethinking Reproductive Biology
Newly Discovered Stem Cells Cause Clogged Arteries
The Pleasures of Backyard Bird-Watching
New Amphibian Species on the Increase, Developer's Plan to Build New Road into Yosemite National Park Rebuffed by Federal Court - 8/1 KQED Science News Roundup
California Considers Banning Dogs in Bear Hunts
7 Nations Face Sanctions Over Endangered Species, Turning The Tide at Ocean Beach - 7/27 KQED Science News Roundup
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/p1020007-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42894\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42894\" title=\"Eugenie Scott\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/genie2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Eugenie Scott\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eugenie Scott, president of the Bay Area Skeptics and executive director of the National Center for Science Education. A physical anthropologist by training, Scott has spent the past three decades defending sound science and the teaching of evolution in schools. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science/\">I wrote about what happens\u003c/a> when people respond to well-established science with disbelief or mistrust. As I noted, this is an occupational risk for researchers who work on vaccines (and journalists who write about them), which is why I told a cautionary tale about rejecting science in the face of super-bugs. The piece resonated with readers, but not in the way I’d hoped. Of nearly 220 comments, the vast majority opposed vaccination, for various reasons, rejecting the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I considered how to respond, I wondered how science educators might deal with the chasm between scientific facts and public opinion. Then it struck me: who better to consider rebukes of mainstream science than the Bay Area’s own \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/evolution/eugenie-scott-wins-stephen-jay-gould-prize\">Eugenie Scott\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of America’s most revered science guardians, Scott has long taught rational thought and “science as a way of knowing” as president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baskeptics.org/about\">Bay Area Skeptics \u003c/a>and as executive director of the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/about\">National Center for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best-known for defending the teaching of evolution in public schools, Scott led NCSE into the climate wars in January, when the center launched its \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/about\">climate change education initiative\u003c/a> to help educators under attack for teaching students about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Scott last week about the challenges of communicating science when evidence runs headlong into ideology, belief, and denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> One thing I noticed in some of the comments last week was a tendency to glom onto rare events, like adverse reactions to vaccines, to reject an entire body of science. NCSE hasn’t taken on the anti-vaccination issue, but do you see something similar with those who reject evolution and climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> This kind of anomaly mongering is something that we’ve dealt with for decades with evolution. We’re starting to learn more about it with climate change. One such anomaly is the fact that 1998 was an unusually warm year. So if you measure from 1998 to 2008--the line goes down--cooling has happened, therefore global warming is not taking place. Now, this is exactly parallel to the kind of anomaly mongering you get with creationism. Where they’ll point to the live mollusk that carbon 14 dating indicated had been dead for 3,000 years, and say, therefore radioisotopic dating is not valid, therefore the Earth is young, therefore, evolution didn’t take place. It’s a logical series of arguments in one sense except the premises are all wrong because these are anomalies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 267px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/editorial_cartoon_depicting_charles_darwin_as_an_ape_1871/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42909\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42909\" title=\"Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_1871-267x360.jpg\" alt=\"Darwin as ape\" width=\"267\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satirical cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape, published in 1871, following the publication of Darwin's \"The Descent of Man,\" typified reactions of those who rejected Darwin's contention that humans and apes shared common ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the case of the 1998 year, that’s cherry picking the data in a most egregious fashion, because if you pick just about any other year, you’ll find that the climate is getting warmer. And with the living mollusk, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=64152\">that article was not an attack upon radioisotopic dating\u003c/a>, but a methodology article showing the difference between carbon absorption in lacustrine [lake] versus riverine environments and how you must consider the source of your sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You find the same thing with people who object to vaccines. They’ll pick some anomalous observation and say, “See, see, we told you vaccines are dangerous,” or “We told you they’re ineffective,” or something along those lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand this phenomenon you really have to dig deeper into what is motivating people. First of all, I’d like to distinguish between the people who lead these movements versus the people who follow them. They’re not the ones generating the vaccine anomaly, so to speak, but they’ve read this literature and they’re parroting what they’ve heard. And your heart goes out to them. They’re concerned about their children. They don’t want their kids to get sick. But as many admit, they don’t fully understand the science. And your decisions are obviously going to be influenced by your emotions. We’re human beings, not automatons. But you need to temper them with good information, empirical information, dare I say scientific information, in order to make the best decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> Another parallel with the evolution and climate change denial narrative, which seems to relate to motivation, is the changing rationale for doubting the science. The reasons change but the doubt doesn’t, as if doubt itself is a motivation. How do you counter doubt with science?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Well, I think one of the things to remember is that, like Gaul [\u003ca href=\"http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html\">Julius Caesar’s Gallic conquest\u003c/a>], the public is divided into three parts. You have the people who are perfectly okay with vaccines. You have the people who are really, really concerned about vaccines, and you have the vast majority of Americans who are in the middle. They haven’t thought about it very much. They are reachable with information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we are unwise as scientists or as people who want to help the public understand science to ignore motivation. But we have to remember that different audiences are open to a different kinds of information. And I just can’t imagine that knowledge and information and the empirical evidence and the results of good studies are immaterial, especially for that middle group. They may be less likely to persuade the people in the category of, “I’ve got my fingers stuck in my ears and I don’t want to listen,” who have a really strong emotional, ideological investment in a position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCSE has always aimed at that big middle. In the case of evolution, the people who are not conservative Christians, who don’t have a religious or ideological reason to object to evolution but who just don’t know very much about it and who are reachable. I think with vaccines that should be the target for those of us who want to improve the understanding of vaccines and help communicate the importance of why you need to vaccinate your child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> How do you reach the people in the middle when organized groups routinely perpetuate the myths? For a nonscientist it’s very difficult to figure out what to think, especially when the so-called “debates” on these issues become so emotionally charged. How do you cut through the emotions to help people think rationally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42942\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/misconceptions_flawedtheory/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42942\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42942\" title=\"misconceptions_flawedtheory\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/misconceptions_flawedtheory-340x360.gif\" alt=\"UCMP evolution creationism cartoon\" width=\"340\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Credit: University of California Museum of Paleontology - Understanding Evolution - www.berkeley.edu)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Our experience with the evolution and climate change issues has been to recognize that there is a huge amount of dichotomous thinking going on. In the case of evolution you’re either a good guy Christian creationist or you’re a bad guy evolutionist atheist. Those are the packages that many students come into classrooms with. So breaking apart these dichotomies is very important because they’re false dichotomies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Christians, there’s really a huge range of views about evolution from the most extreme creationists to theistic evolution, which is a position that God created [humans] through evolution. This is actually mainstream Christianity. The most extreme creationism goes from flat-Earthism through geocentrism to young-Earth creationism to old-Earth creationism to theistic evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also dichotomous thinking going on in terms of climate change that doesn’t have anything to do with the science but with ideologies that prevent people from listening to the science. You’re either a good Republican, anti-global-warming person or you’re a pro-big-government, political liberal, global warming accepter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the people who think ideologically but still accept the science is what we would like to do. Our job at NCSE, at least in global warming and evolution, has been to point out that these dichotomies are false. And to find the people in intermediate positions who hold those ideological positions, find the conservative Christians who accept evolution, find the Republicans who accept global warming, find the libertarians who accept global warming and say, “See, you don’t need to let ideology get in the way to accept the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> There seems to be a similar dichotomy with vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Well, it’s different. It’s people protecting their kids. That’s the ideology. Go back to motivation. Why is it that people are rejecting vaccination for their kids? It’s obviously an emotional thing, I’m not criticizing that. People love their kids but they’re just hyper, hyper worried. I think that’s probably the motivator. So, when they hear something that is on the other side of standard science, they don’t know whether it’s credible or not but the more things they read they talk themselves into believing it. And, yes, there’s this kind of dichotomous reasoning: \"You’re either a good guy who really loves your kid or you’re a dogmatic scientist trying to cram this stuff down our throats.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intermediate position that we try to invoke in the other two controversies we deal with is in this case people whose children have autism or perhaps other conditions people ascribe to vaccines but who still support vaccination. They have a credibility with other parents that scientists don’t. A scientist who is a parent can obviously wear two hats, but parents who can speak the language, so to speak, parents who are coping with an autistic child or a child who has suffered one of the diseases that are attributed to vaccinations can have more credibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, I think we shouldn’t abandon the people who are in that one segment of society who are bound and determined not to accept vaccinations but we should really focus our attention more on keeping people from slipping down into that category. Certainly, that’s what we’ve done with evolution and that’s what we are likely to be doing with climate change as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> Do you think the fact that scientists argue over some aspects of science, like when to get mammograms, feeds into people’s doubts, so they think scientists don’t really know any more than they do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> I think so much of what people misunderstand about science is this balance between science being very reliable in explaining the natural world yet it’s expandable. It’s the idea of core ideas of science, of frontier ideas, and then fringe ideas. We can expand our understanding of nature by testing new ideas against nature and throwing out the ones that don’t work, tentatively keeping the ones that do work because we need more and more tests before that tentative explanation goes into the core. But once we get that consensus, once scientists have arm wrestled over this new explanation and we’ve tested it up one side and down another and it goes into that core, then we stop arguing about it. This is where we are with evolution and climate change and the basic theory of vaccination—the basic understanding of antigens and antibodies and how you can prevent antigens from causing disease by zapping them with antibodies, which you acquire by getting a vaccination or getting the disease. Which do you want? Believe me, a vaccination is much more benign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic understanding about what makes vaccinations work is a core idea of science. We’re just not debating whether that works or not any more than we’re debating whether living things have common ancestors or the planet’s getting warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GXPQzY58bs]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Eugenie Scott, longtime director of Oakland's National Center for Science Education, has won numerous awards for helping the public understand science and defending evolution, especially against threats to replace it with “creation science” in public schools. She shares her thoughts on the challenges of communicating science in a climate of denial.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/p1020007-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42894\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42894\" title=\"Eugenie Scott\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/genie2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Eugenie Scott\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eugenie Scott, president of the Bay Area Skeptics and executive director of the National Center for Science Education. A physical anthropologist by training, Scott has spent the past three decades defending sound science and the teaching of evolution in schools. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science/\">I wrote about what happens\u003c/a> when people respond to well-established science with disbelief or mistrust. As I noted, this is an occupational risk for researchers who work on vaccines (and journalists who write about them), which is why I told a cautionary tale about rejecting science in the face of super-bugs. The piece resonated with readers, but not in the way I’d hoped. Of nearly 220 comments, the vast majority opposed vaccination, for various reasons, rejecting the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I considered how to respond, I wondered how science educators might deal with the chasm between scientific facts and public opinion. Then it struck me: who better to consider rebukes of mainstream science than the Bay Area’s own \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/evolution/eugenie-scott-wins-stephen-jay-gould-prize\">Eugenie Scott\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of America’s most revered science guardians, Scott has long taught rational thought and “science as a way of knowing” as president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.baskeptics.org/about\">Bay Area Skeptics \u003c/a>and as executive director of the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/about\">National Center for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best-known for defending the teaching of evolution in public schools, Scott led NCSE into the climate wars in January, when the center launched its \u003ca href=\"http://ncse.com/about\">climate change education initiative\u003c/a> to help educators under attack for teaching students about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Scott last week about the challenges of communicating science when evidence runs headlong into ideology, belief, and denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> One thing I noticed in some of the comments last week was a tendency to glom onto rare events, like adverse reactions to vaccines, to reject an entire body of science. NCSE hasn’t taken on the anti-vaccination issue, but do you see something similar with those who reject evolution and climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> This kind of anomaly mongering is something that we’ve dealt with for decades with evolution. We’re starting to learn more about it with climate change. One such anomaly is the fact that 1998 was an unusually warm year. So if you measure from 1998 to 2008--the line goes down--cooling has happened, therefore global warming is not taking place. Now, this is exactly parallel to the kind of anomaly mongering you get with creationism. Where they’ll point to the live mollusk that carbon 14 dating indicated had been dead for 3,000 years, and say, therefore radioisotopic dating is not valid, therefore the Earth is young, therefore, evolution didn’t take place. It’s a logical series of arguments in one sense except the premises are all wrong because these are anomalies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 267px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/editorial_cartoon_depicting_charles_darwin_as_an_ape_1871/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42909\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42909\" title=\"Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_1871-267x360.jpg\" alt=\"Darwin as ape\" width=\"267\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satirical cartoon depicting Charles Darwin as an ape, published in 1871, following the publication of Darwin's \"The Descent of Man,\" typified reactions of those who rejected Darwin's contention that humans and apes shared common ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the case of the 1998 year, that’s cherry picking the data in a most egregious fashion, because if you pick just about any other year, you’ll find that the climate is getting warmer. And with the living mollusk, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=64152\">that article was not an attack upon radioisotopic dating\u003c/a>, but a methodology article showing the difference between carbon absorption in lacustrine [lake] versus riverine environments and how you must consider the source of your sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You find the same thing with people who object to vaccines. They’ll pick some anomalous observation and say, “See, see, we told you vaccines are dangerous,” or “We told you they’re ineffective,” or something along those lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand this phenomenon you really have to dig deeper into what is motivating people. First of all, I’d like to distinguish between the people who lead these movements versus the people who follow them. They’re not the ones generating the vaccine anomaly, so to speak, but they’ve read this literature and they’re parroting what they’ve heard. And your heart goes out to them. They’re concerned about their children. They don’t want their kids to get sick. But as many admit, they don’t fully understand the science. And your decisions are obviously going to be influenced by your emotions. We’re human beings, not automatons. But you need to temper them with good information, empirical information, dare I say scientific information, in order to make the best decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> Another parallel with the evolution and climate change denial narrative, which seems to relate to motivation, is the changing rationale for doubting the science. The reasons change but the doubt doesn’t, as if doubt itself is a motivation. How do you counter doubt with science?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Well, I think one of the things to remember is that, like Gaul [\u003ca href=\"http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html\">Julius Caesar’s Gallic conquest\u003c/a>], the public is divided into three parts. You have the people who are perfectly okay with vaccines. You have the people who are really, really concerned about vaccines, and you have the vast majority of Americans who are in the middle. They haven’t thought about it very much. They are reachable with information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we are unwise as scientists or as people who want to help the public understand science to ignore motivation. But we have to remember that different audiences are open to a different kinds of information. And I just can’t imagine that knowledge and information and the empirical evidence and the results of good studies are immaterial, especially for that middle group. They may be less likely to persuade the people in the category of, “I’ve got my fingers stuck in my ears and I don’t want to listen,” who have a really strong emotional, ideological investment in a position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCSE has always aimed at that big middle. In the case of evolution, the people who are not conservative Christians, who don’t have a religious or ideological reason to object to evolution but who just don’t know very much about it and who are reachable. I think with vaccines that should be the target for those of us who want to improve the understanding of vaccines and help communicate the importance of why you need to vaccinate your child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> How do you reach the people in the middle when organized groups routinely perpetuate the myths? For a nonscientist it’s very difficult to figure out what to think, especially when the so-called “debates” on these issues become so emotionally charged. How do you cut through the emotions to help people think rationally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42942\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%e2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/misconceptions_flawedtheory/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42942\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42942\" title=\"misconceptions_flawedtheory\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/misconceptions_flawedtheory-340x360.gif\" alt=\"UCMP evolution creationism cartoon\" width=\"340\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Credit: University of California Museum of Paleontology - Understanding Evolution - www.berkeley.edu)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Our experience with the evolution and climate change issues has been to recognize that there is a huge amount of dichotomous thinking going on. In the case of evolution you’re either a good guy Christian creationist or you’re a bad guy evolutionist atheist. Those are the packages that many students come into classrooms with. So breaking apart these dichotomies is very important because they’re false dichotomies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Christians, there’s really a huge range of views about evolution from the most extreme creationists to theistic evolution, which is a position that God created [humans] through evolution. This is actually mainstream Christianity. The most extreme creationism goes from flat-Earthism through geocentrism to young-Earth creationism to old-Earth creationism to theistic evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also dichotomous thinking going on in terms of climate change that doesn’t have anything to do with the science but with ideologies that prevent people from listening to the science. You’re either a good Republican, anti-global-warming person or you’re a pro-big-government, political liberal, global warming accepter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the people who think ideologically but still accept the science is what we would like to do. Our job at NCSE, at least in global warming and evolution, has been to point out that these dichotomies are false. And to find the people in intermediate positions who hold those ideological positions, find the conservative Christians who accept evolution, find the Republicans who accept global warming, find the libertarians who accept global warming and say, “See, you don’t need to let ideology get in the way to accept the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> There seems to be a similar dichotomy with vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> Well, it’s different. It’s people protecting their kids. That’s the ideology. Go back to motivation. Why is it that people are rejecting vaccination for their kids? It’s obviously an emotional thing, I’m not criticizing that. People love their kids but they’re just hyper, hyper worried. I think that’s probably the motivator. So, when they hear something that is on the other side of standard science, they don’t know whether it’s credible or not but the more things they read they talk themselves into believing it. And, yes, there’s this kind of dichotomous reasoning: \"You’re either a good guy who really loves your kid or you’re a dogmatic scientist trying to cram this stuff down our throats.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intermediate position that we try to invoke in the other two controversies we deal with is in this case people whose children have autism or perhaps other conditions people ascribe to vaccines but who still support vaccination. They have a credibility with other parents that scientists don’t. A scientist who is a parent can obviously wear two hats, but parents who can speak the language, so to speak, parents who are coping with an autistic child or a child who has suffered one of the diseases that are attributed to vaccinations can have more credibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, I think we shouldn’t abandon the people who are in that one segment of society who are bound and determined not to accept vaccinations but we should really focus our attention more on keeping people from slipping down into that category. Certainly, that’s what we’ve done with evolution and that’s what we are likely to be doing with climate change as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gross:\u003c/strong> Do you think the fact that scientists argue over some aspects of science, like when to get mammograms, feeds into people’s doubts, so they think scientists don’t really know any more than they do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott:\u003c/strong> I think so much of what people misunderstand about science is this balance between science being very reliable in explaining the natural world yet it’s expandable. It’s the idea of core ideas of science, of frontier ideas, and then fringe ideas. We can expand our understanding of nature by testing new ideas against nature and throwing out the ones that don’t work, tentatively keeping the ones that do work because we need more and more tests before that tentative explanation goes into the core. But once we get that consensus, once scientists have arm wrestled over this new explanation and we’ve tested it up one side and down another and it goes into that core, then we stop arguing about it. This is where we are with evolution and climate change and the basic theory of vaccination—the basic understanding of antigens and antibodies and how you can prevent antigens from causing disease by zapping them with antibodies, which you acquire by getting a vaccination or getting the disease. Which do you want? Believe me, a vaccination is much more benign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic understanding about what makes vaccinations work is a core idea of science. We’re just not debating whether that works or not any more than we’re debating whether living things have common ancestors or the planet’s getting warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42745\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/stanfordatthetech/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42745\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42745\" title=\"StanfordAtTheTech\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A multipronged approach to increasing genetics understanding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the not too distant future, we’ll all have a map of our DNA in our hands. And lots of studies show that most of us are woefully unprepared for this latest genetic revolution. (See the links at the end for a selection of these studies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a nation, we aren’t teaching the right genetics in our schools. And for those of us out of school, the situation is, if anything, even worse. By and large we lack the fundamental knowledge needed to properly interpret the avalanche of data headed our way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without this kind of knowledge, we are sure to get bamboozled by hucksters out there willing to sell us the “right” snake oil based on our DNA data. Even scarier, we may not make the right health decisions based on our DNA. And don’t necessarily count on your doctor for help navigating your way through these data. They are often as unprepared as the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42768\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/blaschkos_lines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42768\" title=\"blaschkos_lines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/blaschkos_lines.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chimeras are so cool! Sometimes these lines become apparent in chimeras under UV light.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a big reason that the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford at The Tech program\u003c/a> has decided to publish the book, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste like Chocolate?\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (you can buy it from Amazon \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1477578714/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1477578714&linkCode=as2&tag=staatthetec-20\">here\u003c/a>). It is a book that teaches genetics in a fun way by focusing on interesting cases and explaining the genetics behind them. Without even trying, you’ll get the solid footing you need to interpret your DNA. Or at the very least understand other people’s interpretations!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of my favorite parts is the section on chimeras. Chimeras are fraternal twins who fused together at a very early stage of development. They are a single person who has one set of cells (and so one set of DNA) from one twin and another set of cells (and DNA) from the other twin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These chimeras don’t have two heads and four arms or anything like that. In fact, their differences are usually so subtle that they are invisible to the naked eye. They are often revealed only after they take some sort of genetic test (like a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/misc/chimera.html\">paternity test\u003c/a> or a \u003ca href=\"http://www.katewerk.com/chimera.html\">tissue typing test\u003c/a> to find a new organ). And then what a revelation! Often the tests come back saying the chimera is not the parent of his or her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chimeras are a great way to learn about DNA, genes, genetic tests and so on. And as you’ll see in the excerpt below, once you add in a link to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.csiguide.com/episodedetail.aspx?csi=157\">CSI episode\u003c/a> where a rapist almost gets away because he is a chimera, you end up with a fascinating read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/excerpt500wwbtlc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42744\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42744\" title=\"Excerpt500WWBTLC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Excerpt500WWBTLC.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"755\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story goes on to explain why a chimera isn't torn apart by its immune system, other ways besides chimeras to have multiple DNAs and lots more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For parents and parents-to-be, there is a section on eye and hair color so they can understand how their children ended up with the coloring they got. For example, blue-eyed parents can breathe a sigh of relief if they have a green or brown eyed child because we show that despite what your high school biology teacher told you, this can and does happen. Parents-to-be can even use this information to predict what hair and eye color their children are most likely to have!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42769\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/browneye/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42769\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42769\" title=\"BrownEye\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This person could have had blue eyed parents.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For people who want to know how embryos from different species decide whether to be a boy or a girl, there is a great section on Nemo the clownfish. And there is a cool section on all the genetic information we can get from poop. And...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this book our \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/a> program that provides hands-on activities at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum\u003c/a> in San Jose (as well as at other venues) and our \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a> website, and you get a full frontal assault on the lack of genetics knowledge out there. We aim to demystify genetics and show how entertaining and interesting it really is. Perhaps a better title for the book might have been, \u003cem>When Will Genetics be like a Day at Disneyland?\u003c/em>. That day may be here sooner than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For fun, here is a quick quiz I whipped up to test your genetics IQ. To make things interesting, the first person to get them all right gets a free copy of \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste like Chocolate?\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. You can answer here, on \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/UnderstandGenetics\">Facebook\u003c/a> or, if you’re like me and you’d rather use email, send your answers to askageneticist@thetech.org. Good luck and enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Should you necessarily be scared if you find out you are 10 times more likely to get a rare cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2) If you look like your mom, are you more likely to get the diseases that run in her family or your dad’s family?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) If you have the recessive disease sickle cell anemia, should your kids be tested to see if they are carriers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4) If you look like your dad, did you get more of his DNA?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5) If you flip a coin and get heads ten times in a row, what are the chances that the next flip will be a head?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6) True or false: Each cell in your body has the same DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studies cataloging the public’s lack of genetics knowledge:\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039252\">\u003cbr>\nAustralian study on public knowledge of human genetics and health\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20512408\">\u003cbr>\nMisunderstandings concerning genetics among patients confronting genetic disease.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18245328\">Essay contest reveals misconceptions of high school students in genetics content\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885828\">A comprehensive analysis of high school genetics standards: are states keeping pace with modern genetics?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can buy the book from Amazon \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1477578714/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1477578714&linkCode=as2&tag=staatthetec-20\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42745\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/stanfordatthetech/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42745\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42745\" title=\"StanfordAtTheTech\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/StanfordAtTheTech-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A multipronged approach to increasing genetics understanding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the not too distant future, we’ll all have a map of our DNA in our hands. And lots of studies show that most of us are woefully unprepared for this latest genetic revolution. (See the links at the end for a selection of these studies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a nation, we aren’t teaching the right genetics in our schools. And for those of us out of school, the situation is, if anything, even worse. By and large we lack the fundamental knowledge needed to properly interpret the avalanche of data headed our way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without this kind of knowledge, we are sure to get bamboozled by hucksters out there willing to sell us the “right” snake oil based on our DNA data. Even scarier, we may not make the right health decisions based on our DNA. And don’t necessarily count on your doctor for help navigating your way through these data. They are often as unprepared as the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42768\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/blaschkos_lines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42768\" title=\"blaschkos_lines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/blaschkos_lines.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chimeras are so cool! Sometimes these lines become apparent in chimeras under UV light.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a big reason that the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford at The Tech program\u003c/a> has decided to publish the book, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste like Chocolate?\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (you can buy it from Amazon \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1477578714/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1477578714&linkCode=as2&tag=staatthetec-20\">here\u003c/a>). It is a book that teaches genetics in a fun way by focusing on interesting cases and explaining the genetics behind them. Without even trying, you’ll get the solid footing you need to interpret your DNA. Or at the very least understand other people’s interpretations!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of my favorite parts is the section on chimeras. Chimeras are fraternal twins who fused together at a very early stage of development. They are a single person who has one set of cells (and so one set of DNA) from one twin and another set of cells (and DNA) from the other twin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These chimeras don’t have two heads and four arms or anything like that. In fact, their differences are usually so subtle that they are invisible to the naked eye. They are often revealed only after they take some sort of genetic test (like a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/misc/chimera.html\">paternity test\u003c/a> or a \u003ca href=\"http://www.katewerk.com/chimera.html\">tissue typing test\u003c/a> to find a new organ). And then what a revelation! Often the tests come back saying the chimera is not the parent of his or her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chimeras are a great way to learn about DNA, genes, genetic tests and so on. And as you’ll see in the excerpt below, once you add in a link to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.csiguide.com/episodedetail.aspx?csi=157\">CSI episode\u003c/a> where a rapist almost gets away because he is a chimera, you end up with a fascinating read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/excerpt500wwbtlc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42744\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42744\" title=\"Excerpt500WWBTLC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Excerpt500WWBTLC.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"755\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story goes on to explain why a chimera isn't torn apart by its immune system, other ways besides chimeras to have multiple DNAs and lots more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For parents and parents-to-be, there is a section on eye and hair color so they can understand how their children ended up with the coloring they got. For example, blue-eyed parents can breathe a sigh of relief if they have a green or brown eyed child because we show that despite what your high school biology teacher told you, this can and does happen. Parents-to-be can even use this information to predict what hair and eye color their children are most likely to have!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42769\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/browneye/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42769\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42769\" title=\"BrownEye\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/BrownEye-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This person could have had blue eyed parents.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For people who want to know how embryos from different species decide whether to be a boy or a girl, there is a great section on Nemo the clownfish. And there is a cool section on all the genetic information we can get from poop. And...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this book our \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/a> program that provides hands-on activities at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum\u003c/a> in San Jose (as well as at other venues) and our \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a> website, and you get a full frontal assault on the lack of genetics knowledge out there. We aim to demystify genetics and show how entertaining and interesting it really is. Perhaps a better title for the book might have been, \u003cem>When Will Genetics be like a Day at Disneyland?\u003c/em>. That day may be here sooner than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For fun, here is a quick quiz I whipped up to test your genetics IQ. To make things interesting, the first person to get them all right gets a free copy of \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste like Chocolate?\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. You can answer here, on \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/UnderstandGenetics\">Facebook\u003c/a> or, if you’re like me and you’d rather use email, send your answers to askageneticist@thetech.org. Good luck and enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Should you necessarily be scared if you find out you are 10 times more likely to get a rare cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2) If you look like your mom, are you more likely to get the diseases that run in her family or your dad’s family?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) If you have the recessive disease sickle cell anemia, should your kids be tested to see if they are carriers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4) If you look like your dad, did you get more of his DNA?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5) If you flip a coin and get heads ten times in a row, what are the chances that the next flip will be a head?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6) True or false: Each cell in your body has the same DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studies cataloging the public’s lack of genetics knowledge:\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039252\">\u003cbr>\nAustralian study on public knowledge of human genetics and health\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20512408\">\u003cbr>\nMisunderstandings concerning genetics among patients confronting genetic disease.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18245328\">Essay contest reveals misconceptions of high school students in genetics content\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885828\">A comprehensive analysis of high school genetics standards: are states keeping pace with modern genetics?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can buy the book from Amazon \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1477578714/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1477578714&linkCode=as2&tag=staatthetec-20\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Decades ago, researchers figured out how to create the picture-perfect tomato that travels well and is available year-round. The trouble is, as any supermarket shopper can tell you, tomatoes that look great sometimes taste terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to see how much some tomatoes have changed. Just take the trucks on California highways during the summer, each pulling a double trailer stacked high with tomatoes. There’s a reason the tomatoes at the bottom of the pile aren’t squished into a tomato-y mess. That's thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://daviswiki.org/square_tomato\">square tomato\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The square tomato is kind of a misnomer,” says Roger Chetelat, director of the Tomato Genetics Resource Center at the University of California-Davis. We’re in a greenhouse on campus where he’s holding a few square tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see they’re not square but they are blocky,” he says. The tomatoes are sort of flat on the side and are firm to the touch even though they’re ripe, sort of like a baseball. “I think I’d prefer to have a tomato like that thrown at me than a baseball, but yeah, they’re pretty tough,” Chetelat says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, farmers were looking for tougher tomatoes that could withstand new mechanical picking machines. So, plant breeders at UC Davis created a tomato with thick skin and a firm, meaty inside. California’s tomato production boomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unintended Genetic Consequences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the era of modern plant breeding came with some unintended effects, as UC Davis researcher Ann Powell discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She demonstrates with a genetic taste test, of sorts. “We can try one of these,” she says, cutting up a standard grocery store tomato. “Tastes tomato-y.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42812\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young tomatoes with green shoulders on the left and no shoulders on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other one we’re sampling has what Powell calls “green shoulders.” That means, as it grew, the tomato was dark green on top around the stem – something that’s controlled by a specific gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re sweeter,” Powell says, tasting it. “Whether it’s all due to that particular gene, I can’t tell you. But, I don’t know, you can taste the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If green shoulders don’t sound familiar, that’s because most commercial tomatoes don’t have them anymore. Seventy years ago, breeders selected for uniformly light green tomatoes with no shoulders, which stood out better against the plant’s dark leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a lot easier to see so a farmer could judge his yield. They could see how productive the plants were a lot easier,” says Powell. Their uniform color was also more attractive to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, those green shoulders have a key job. “We found that it influences the amount of sugar in the ripe fruit,” she says. The dark green parts have more chloroplasts, which turn sunlight into sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made about a 20 percent difference in the amount of sugars. I think of it a little bit like how you eat berries. Most of us, including me, sprinkle a little bit of sugar on top to sort of enhance the flavor,” says Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42819\" title=\"Powell\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ann Powell looks at tomatoes in a UC Davis greenhouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most heirloom tomatoes still have green shoulders, but Powell says now that they know about this gene, plant breeders could put it back in commercial varieties. And since the tomato genome was sequenced earlier this year, there are still other flavor genes to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focusing on Taste and Nutrition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve modified and changed our food radically,” says Alyson Mitchell, professor in UC Davis’s Food Science and Technology Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve bred these seeds and plants to have all of these other characteristics: uniform shape, size, color, good disease resistance, high yield,” she says. That’s had major benefits: produce is widely available and more affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, “we’ve absolutely not paid attention to flavor and nutrition. You know, we’re telling children, eat more fruits and vegetables at a time that fruits and vegetables have never tasted worse,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are just starting to understand the molecular compounds that control taste and nutrition. “What we do know is that not all tomatoes are the same. Different cultivars have different levels of nutrients in them,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing them organically can also change the levels of nutrients. In a ten-year controlled study of tomatoes, organic tomatoes showed higher levels of antioxidants and molecules that make up flavor and color. But researchers still aren’t sure which of these compounds are the most important for our health. Take flavonoids, which have gotten a lot of hype as antioxidants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are about sixteen hundred described flavonoids to date and we don’t even really at this point understand what that complement is, let alone what all of those different compounds do to benefit our health,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if there is one nutrient that stands out, it’s not always easy to enhance it. Take the case of “super broccoli.” “So they made this broccoli and the idea was to market it as a super broccoli because it had very high levels of this antioxidant, quercetin. Well quercetin is really bitter and they sat a bunch of people down to eat and nobody could eat it, it was so awful,” says Mitchell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell says it’s probably the combination of nutrients that gives produce its punch, which they’re working to understand better. Until then, she says, there is one way to make sure you’re getting those benefits: follow your mom’s advice and eat more fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Decades ago, researchers figured out how to create the picture-perfect tomato that travels well and is available year-round. The trouble is, as any supermarket shopper can tell you, tomatoes that look great sometimes taste terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to see how much some tomatoes have changed. Just take the trucks on California highways during the summer, each pulling a double trailer stacked high with tomatoes. There’s a reason the tomatoes at the bottom of the pile aren’t squished into a tomato-y mess. That's thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://daviswiki.org/square_tomato\">square tomato\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The square tomato is kind of a misnomer,” says Roger Chetelat, director of the Tomato Genetics Resource Center at the University of California-Davis. We’re in a greenhouse on campus where he’s holding a few square tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see they’re not square but they are blocky,” he says. The tomatoes are sort of flat on the side and are firm to the touch even though they’re ripe, sort of like a baseball. “I think I’d prefer to have a tomato like that thrown at me than a baseball, but yeah, they’re pretty tough,” Chetelat says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, farmers were looking for tougher tomatoes that could withstand new mechanical picking machines. So, plant breeders at UC Davis created a tomato with thick skin and a firm, meaty inside. California’s tomato production boomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unintended Genetic Consequences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the era of modern plant breeding came with some unintended effects, as UC Davis researcher Ann Powell discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She demonstrates with a genetic taste test, of sorts. “We can try one of these,” she says, cutting up a standard grocery store tomato. “Tastes tomato-y.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42812\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young tomatoes with green shoulders on the left and no shoulders on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other one we’re sampling has what Powell calls “green shoulders.” That means, as it grew, the tomato was dark green on top around the stem – something that’s controlled by a specific gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re sweeter,” Powell says, tasting it. “Whether it’s all due to that particular gene, I can’t tell you. But, I don’t know, you can taste the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If green shoulders don’t sound familiar, that’s because most commercial tomatoes don’t have them anymore. Seventy years ago, breeders selected for uniformly light green tomatoes with no shoulders, which stood out better against the plant’s dark leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a lot easier to see so a farmer could judge his yield. They could see how productive the plants were a lot easier,” says Powell. Their uniform color was also more attractive to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, those green shoulders have a key job. “We found that it influences the amount of sugar in the ripe fruit,” she says. The dark green parts have more chloroplasts, which turn sunlight into sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made about a 20 percent difference in the amount of sugars. I think of it a little bit like how you eat berries. Most of us, including me, sprinkle a little bit of sugar on top to sort of enhance the flavor,” says Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42819\" title=\"Powell\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ann Powell looks at tomatoes in a UC Davis greenhouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most heirloom tomatoes still have green shoulders, but Powell says now that they know about this gene, plant breeders could put it back in commercial varieties. And since the tomato genome was sequenced earlier this year, there are still other flavor genes to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focusing on Taste and Nutrition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve modified and changed our food radically,” says Alyson Mitchell, professor in UC Davis’s Food Science and Technology Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve bred these seeds and plants to have all of these other characteristics: uniform shape, size, color, good disease resistance, high yield,” she says. That’s had major benefits: produce is widely available and more affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, “we’ve absolutely not paid attention to flavor and nutrition. You know, we’re telling children, eat more fruits and vegetables at a time that fruits and vegetables have never tasted worse,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are just starting to understand the molecular compounds that control taste and nutrition. “What we do know is that not all tomatoes are the same. Different cultivars have different levels of nutrients in them,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing them organically can also change the levels of nutrients. In a ten-year controlled study of tomatoes, organic tomatoes showed higher levels of antioxidants and molecules that make up flavor and color. But researchers still aren’t sure which of these compounds are the most important for our health. Take flavonoids, which have gotten a lot of hype as antioxidants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are about sixteen hundred described flavonoids to date and we don’t even really at this point understand what that complement is, let alone what all of those different compounds do to benefit our health,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if there is one nutrient that stands out, it’s not always easy to enhance it. Take the case of “super broccoli.” “So they made this broccoli and the idea was to market it as a super broccoli because it had very high levels of this antioxidant, quercetin. Well quercetin is really bitter and they sat a bunch of people down to eat and nobody could eat it, it was so awful,” says Mitchell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell says it’s probably the combination of nutrients that gives produce its punch, which they’re working to understand better. Until then, she says, there is one way to make sure you’re getting those benefits: follow your mom’s advice and eat more fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Traipsing the Dipsea Trail ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42672\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Dipsea-Group-e1345064043401.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Dipsea-Group-e1345064024753-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Dipsea Group\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-42672\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Intrepid hiking group starting the Dipsea Trail\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a clear morning in Mill Valley, we set out on the \u003ca title=\"Dipsea Trail website\" href=\"http://www.dipsea.org/course.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dipsea\u003c/a>, intent on hiking from Mill Valley to Stinson Beach, transecting a variety of coastal habitats. The Dipsea is a \u003ca title=\"Historical Dipsea Race website\" href=\"http://www.dipsea.org/PreviousYears/1997/HistoricalInfo-Origins.htm\" target=\"_blank\">trail of legend and lore\u003c/a>, and the site of an annual trail race. The race is an “open” course: there’s a recommended route, but racers can take short cuts and find their own way from the starting point to the end. Its unique handicapping system makes it possible for six-year olds and much older racers to compete for the “win” with faster distance runners. Our intrepid group of East Bay hikers met at the Depot Coffee Shop, the starting point of the first Dipsea race in 1904. We were planning on a much more leisurely pace and enjoyed a nice latte on the back patio while the drivers shuttled our vehicles to the beach for our one-way trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We set out through the early twists and turns through the quiet hillside streets of Mill Valley -- up, up, up, stairway after shady, tree-lined stairway. We climbed the equivalent of a 50-story building in the initial ascent of the trail. It was a warm morning that became a hot afternoon. The trail snaked through a \u003ca title=\"Calflora website, Douglas fir\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6907\" target=\"_blank\">Douglas fir\u003c/a> forest, with the cones reminding me of the legend that they harbored mice to shelter them from forest fires. You can still see their tiny hind legs and tails sticking out of the scales on the cones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42673\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/17/traipsing-the-dipsea-trail/redwoods-dipsea/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42673\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-42673\" title=\"Redwoods Dipsea\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Redwoods-Dipsea-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Towering redwoods on the Dipsea\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trail emerged from the forest to coastal scrub with lots of \u003ca title=\"Calflora website, coyote brush\" href=\"http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/coyotebrush.html\" target=\"_blank\">coyote brush\u003c/a>. I looked for the female coyote brush flower that looks so much like soft, white paintbrushes scattered over the plant. There were none to be found, but lots of flowers buds are waiting to unfurl later this month. The warm air carried the scent of maple syrup from the \u003ca title=\"Calflora website, CA everlasting flowers\" href=\"http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/californiaeverlasting.html\" target=\"_blank\">California everlasting flowers\u003c/a> along the trail. The trail undulated and climbed through the open. Then, just when I regretted not bringing more water, we plunged into the shady forest. Ferns and redwoods were a welcome relief from the sun. Though part of the trail passes through \u003ca title=\"NPS Muir Woods website\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/muwo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Muir Woods National Monument\u003c/a> where a small section of old-growth redwoods were spared the ax, most of the redwoods we walked underneath were smaller. Growing in the “fairy ring” formation of redwoods sprouted from the burl wood of the ancient tree, they are genetic clones of the original that grew after the parent tree was cut down. You can almost envision the “ghost” tree standing in the interior ring of these trees and picture the size of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite moment on the trail was standing on a ridge on \u003ca title=\"Mt. Tamalpias website\" href=\"http://mttam.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Mt. Tam\u003c/a>, one of the most beloved and iconic mountains in the Bay Area, where we could take in a view of both San Francisco Bay and the Pacific. The Bay was clear with tiny white triangles of sail boats sprinkled over its beautiful blue face. The East Bay hills and Mount Diablo were visible in the distance beyond the Bay. A thick fog layer shrouded the Pacific, pulled close to shore by the inland heat. By the time we reached Stinson Beach, some 7+ miles after our start, I was ready to stop and enjoy the refreshing water and lunch with our companions. Squadrons of brown pelicans seemed to announce we'd reached the edge of the continent. It was epic and unforgettable, but I think I’ll just do a short section next time!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/17/traipsing-the-dipsea-trail/sharol-stinson/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42674\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42674\" title=\"Sharol Stinson\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Sharol-Stinson-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A well-earned \"Dip in the Sea\" at Stinson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"\u003cem>All the wild world is beautiful, and it matters but little where we go, to highlands or lowlands, woods or plains, on the sea or land or down among the crystals of waves or high in a balloon in the sky; through all the climates, hot or cold, storms and calms, everywhere and always we are in God's eternal beauty and love. So universally true is this, the spot where we chance to be always seems the best.\u003c/em>\" - John Muir\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42672\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Dipsea-Group-e1345064043401.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Dipsea-Group-e1345064024753-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Dipsea Group\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-42672\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Intrepid hiking group starting the Dipsea Trail\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a clear morning in Mill Valley, we set out on the \u003ca title=\"Dipsea Trail website\" href=\"http://www.dipsea.org/course.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dipsea\u003c/a>, intent on hiking from Mill Valley to Stinson Beach, transecting a variety of coastal habitats. The Dipsea is a \u003ca title=\"Historical Dipsea Race website\" href=\"http://www.dipsea.org/PreviousYears/1997/HistoricalInfo-Origins.htm\" target=\"_blank\">trail of legend and lore\u003c/a>, and the site of an annual trail race. The race is an “open” course: there’s a recommended route, but racers can take short cuts and find their own way from the starting point to the end. Its unique handicapping system makes it possible for six-year olds and much older racers to compete for the “win” with faster distance runners. Our intrepid group of East Bay hikers met at the Depot Coffee Shop, the starting point of the first Dipsea race in 1904. We were planning on a much more leisurely pace and enjoyed a nice latte on the back patio while the drivers shuttled our vehicles to the beach for our one-way trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We set out through the early twists and turns through the quiet hillside streets of Mill Valley -- up, up, up, stairway after shady, tree-lined stairway. We climbed the equivalent of a 50-story building in the initial ascent of the trail. It was a warm morning that became a hot afternoon. The trail snaked through a \u003ca title=\"Calflora website, Douglas fir\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6907\" target=\"_blank\">Douglas fir\u003c/a> forest, with the cones reminding me of the legend that they harbored mice to shelter them from forest fires. You can still see their tiny hind legs and tails sticking out of the scales on the cones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42673\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/17/traipsing-the-dipsea-trail/redwoods-dipsea/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42673\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-42673\" title=\"Redwoods Dipsea\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Redwoods-Dipsea-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Towering redwoods on the Dipsea\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trail emerged from the forest to coastal scrub with lots of \u003ca title=\"Calflora website, coyote brush\" href=\"http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/coyotebrush.html\" target=\"_blank\">coyote brush\u003c/a>. I looked for the female coyote brush flower that looks so much like soft, white paintbrushes scattered over the plant. There were none to be found, but lots of flowers buds are waiting to unfurl later this month. The warm air carried the scent of maple syrup from the \u003ca title=\"Calflora website, CA everlasting flowers\" href=\"http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/californiaeverlasting.html\" target=\"_blank\">California everlasting flowers\u003c/a> along the trail. The trail undulated and climbed through the open. Then, just when I regretted not bringing more water, we plunged into the shady forest. Ferns and redwoods were a welcome relief from the sun. Though part of the trail passes through \u003ca title=\"NPS Muir Woods website\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/muwo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Muir Woods National Monument\u003c/a> where a small section of old-growth redwoods were spared the ax, most of the redwoods we walked underneath were smaller. Growing in the “fairy ring” formation of redwoods sprouted from the burl wood of the ancient tree, they are genetic clones of the original that grew after the parent tree was cut down. You can almost envision the “ghost” tree standing in the interior ring of these trees and picture the size of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite moment on the trail was standing on a ridge on \u003ca title=\"Mt. Tamalpias website\" href=\"http://mttam.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Mt. Tam\u003c/a>, one of the most beloved and iconic mountains in the Bay Area, where we could take in a view of both San Francisco Bay and the Pacific. The Bay was clear with tiny white triangles of sail boats sprinkled over its beautiful blue face. The East Bay hills and Mount Diablo were visible in the distance beyond the Bay. A thick fog layer shrouded the Pacific, pulled close to shore by the inland heat. By the time we reached Stinson Beach, some 7+ miles after our start, I was ready to stop and enjoy the refreshing water and lunch with our companions. Squadrons of brown pelicans seemed to announce we'd reached the edge of the continent. It was epic and unforgettable, but I think I’ll just do a short section next time!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42674\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/17/traipsing-the-dipsea-trail/sharol-stinson/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42674\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42674\" title=\"Sharol Stinson\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Sharol-Stinson-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A well-earned \"Dip in the Sea\" at Stinson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"\u003cem>All the wild world is beautiful, and it matters but little where we go, to highlands or lowlands, woods or plains, on the sea or land or down among the crystals of waves or high in a balloon in the sky; through all the climates, hot or cold, storms and calms, everywhere and always we are in God's eternal beauty and love. So universally true is this, the spot where we chance to be always seems the best.\u003c/em>\" - John Muir\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Reverential and the Precious: Human Anatomy as Art",
"title": "The Reverential and the Precious: Human Anatomy as Art",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42644\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/14/the-reverential-and-the-precious-human-anatomy-as-art/thorax/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42644\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42644\" title=\"thorax\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/thorax.jpg\" alt=\"thorax cross-section\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/thorax.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/thorax-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thorax by Lisa Nilsson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The human body has been inspiring art since at least the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Venus of Willendorf\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf\">Venus of Willendorf\u003c/a>. Greek reliefs, Rennaissance paintings, Mayan carvings, and Indian sculptures all celebrate the form. Traditionally, however, artists focus rather narrowly on the body's outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may take an unusual muse to be deeply inspired by the body's insides. Artist Lisa Nilsson possesses just such a muse--as well as the skill to create breathtakingly beautiful, anatomically accurate cross-sections of the human body with quilled paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I like to emphasize the reverential and the precious,\" she writes of her \u003ca title=\"Lisa Nilsson - Tissue Series\" href=\"http://lisanilssonart.com/section/282102_Tissue_Series.html\">\u003cem>Tissue Series\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, \"to have a look inside is such a privilege.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42645\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/14/the-reverential-and-the-precious-human-anatomy-as-art/profile_detail/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42645\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42645\" title=\"profile_detail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/profile_detail-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Profile detail\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Profile (detail) by Lisa Nilsson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quilling consists of rolling long thin strips of paper into coils, then folding and arranging the coils into shapes and patterns. Nilsson tends to select paper colors to match her subjects--red for muscle, white for nerves--and she has a particular penchant for using the gilt edges of old books to make bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the fanciful intricacy of the technique, Nilsson strives for realism. Her female and male torsos are scaled down somewhat, but the other works are life-size, and displayed in correct alignment. Transverse (horizontal) sections are laid flat on shelves, while saggital and coronal (vertical) sections stand tall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After observing many visitors to her exhibits, Nilsson has concluded, \"Viewing the body in slice-of-deli-meat fashion could be a bit unsettling for people who are unaccustomed to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsettling perhaps, but undeniably educational. As she describes in her \u003ca title=\"Lisa Nilsson - TEDMED\" href=\"http://youtu.be/PBdtRqk0hy4\">TEDMED talk\u003c/a>, most viewers begin their study of the pieces up close, peering at the craftsmanship of the quilled paper. Only then do they step back and consider the work in its bodily context. They learn, perhaps, that they're looking at the chest. Nilsson gives lyrical voice to the understanding that dawns: \"Ah, that must be the heart; I can see the way it's so beautifully surrounded by the lungs, and how that lovely encircling cage of the ribs protects and holds everything in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/14/the-reverential-and-the-precious-human-anatomy-as-art/female_torso/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42648\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-42648\" title=\"female_torso\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/female_torso-320x253.jpg\" alt=\"Female torso\" width=\"320\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female torso by Lisa Nilsson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nilsson's creations soften the gross or creepy reaction that human guts can sometimes engender. By admiring the \u003cem>Tissue Series\u003c/em> as works of art first and as representations of their own viscera second, squeamish patrons are given the gentlest introduction to anatomical science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those intimately familiar with her subject matter also find much to appreciate in Nilsson's artwork. She has been contacted by surgeons and dissectors, medical technicians and patients. Researcher Adam Lawson of the \u003ca title=\"Visible Human Project\" href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/about/WhoWeAre/Research/Pages/Visible-Human-teaches-anatomy.aspx\">\u003cem>Visible Human Project\u003c/em>\u003c/a> wrote to Nilsson to share his own experience--as meticulous and painstaking as the quilling process--in identifying tissues and organs in millimeter-by-millimeter sections of a cadaver. Nilsson has used this work as reference material; the \u003cem>Visible Human Project\u003c/em> has also served educational purposes from medical school to sixth-grade classrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's great potential here for integrating art and science in school curricula. I cannot tell you how much sixth-grade me would have loved learning to quill, then using this technique to re-create real anatomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>H/t to \u003ca title=\"Science Made Cool - Art of Anatomy\" href=\"http://www.sciencemadecool.com/2012/08/the-art-of-anatomy.html\">Science Made Cool\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42644\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/14/the-reverential-and-the-precious-human-anatomy-as-art/thorax/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42644\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42644\" title=\"thorax\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/thorax.jpg\" alt=\"thorax cross-section\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/thorax.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/thorax-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thorax by Lisa Nilsson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The human body has been inspiring art since at least the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Venus of Willendorf\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf\">Venus of Willendorf\u003c/a>. Greek reliefs, Rennaissance paintings, Mayan carvings, and Indian sculptures all celebrate the form. Traditionally, however, artists focus rather narrowly on the body's outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may take an unusual muse to be deeply inspired by the body's insides. Artist Lisa Nilsson possesses just such a muse--as well as the skill to create breathtakingly beautiful, anatomically accurate cross-sections of the human body with quilled paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I like to emphasize the reverential and the precious,\" she writes of her \u003ca title=\"Lisa Nilsson - Tissue Series\" href=\"http://lisanilssonart.com/section/282102_Tissue_Series.html\">\u003cem>Tissue Series\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, \"to have a look inside is such a privilege.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42645\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/14/the-reverential-and-the-precious-human-anatomy-as-art/profile_detail/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42645\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42645\" title=\"profile_detail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/profile_detail-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Profile detail\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Profile (detail) by Lisa Nilsson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quilling consists of rolling long thin strips of paper into coils, then folding and arranging the coils into shapes and patterns. Nilsson tends to select paper colors to match her subjects--red for muscle, white for nerves--and she has a particular penchant for using the gilt edges of old books to make bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the fanciful intricacy of the technique, Nilsson strives for realism. Her female and male torsos are scaled down somewhat, but the other works are life-size, and displayed in correct alignment. Transverse (horizontal) sections are laid flat on shelves, while saggital and coronal (vertical) sections stand tall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After observing many visitors to her exhibits, Nilsson has concluded, \"Viewing the body in slice-of-deli-meat fashion could be a bit unsettling for people who are unaccustomed to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsettling perhaps, but undeniably educational. As she describes in her \u003ca title=\"Lisa Nilsson - TEDMED\" href=\"http://youtu.be/PBdtRqk0hy4\">TEDMED talk\u003c/a>, most viewers begin their study of the pieces up close, peering at the craftsmanship of the quilled paper. Only then do they step back and consider the work in its bodily context. They learn, perhaps, that they're looking at the chest. Nilsson gives lyrical voice to the understanding that dawns: \"Ah, that must be the heart; I can see the way it's so beautifully surrounded by the lungs, and how that lovely encircling cage of the ribs protects and holds everything in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/14/the-reverential-and-the-precious-human-anatomy-as-art/female_torso/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42648\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-42648\" title=\"female_torso\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/female_torso-320x253.jpg\" alt=\"Female torso\" width=\"320\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female torso by Lisa Nilsson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nilsson's creations soften the gross or creepy reaction that human guts can sometimes engender. By admiring the \u003cem>Tissue Series\u003c/em> as works of art first and as representations of their own viscera second, squeamish patrons are given the gentlest introduction to anatomical science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those intimately familiar with her subject matter also find much to appreciate in Nilsson's artwork. She has been contacted by surgeons and dissectors, medical technicians and patients. Researcher Adam Lawson of the \u003ca title=\"Visible Human Project\" href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/about/WhoWeAre/Research/Pages/Visible-Human-teaches-anatomy.aspx\">\u003cem>Visible Human Project\u003c/em>\u003c/a> wrote to Nilsson to share his own experience--as meticulous and painstaking as the quilling process--in identifying tissues and organs in millimeter-by-millimeter sections of a cadaver. Nilsson has used this work as reference material; the \u003cem>Visible Human Project\u003c/em> has also served educational purposes from medical school to sixth-grade classrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's great potential here for integrating art and science in school curricula. I cannot tell you how much sixth-grade me would have loved learning to quill, then using this technique to re-create real anatomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>H/t to \u003ca title=\"Science Made Cool - Art of Anatomy\" href=\"http://www.sciencemadecool.com/2012/08/the-art-of-anatomy.html\">Science Made Cool\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Doubt and Denialism: Vaccine Myths Persist in the Face of Science",
"title": "Doubt and Denialism: Vaccine Myths Persist in the Face of Science",
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"content": "\u003cp>As a science journalist, I’m often confronted with the unsettling fact that a sizable portion of my audience rejects what scientists know is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take two classic cases, climate change and evolution. Even though \u003ca href=\"http://environment.yale.edu/climate/files/Climate-Beliefs-March-2012.pdf\">two-thirds of Americans believe global warming is happening\u003c/a> (up 3% from last year), less than half think we’re to blame. Just 15% of Americans believe humans evolved over millions of years from archaic species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/Hold-Creationist-View-Human-Origins.aspx\">while 46% think God created us pretty much as-is\u003c/a> sometime within the past 10,000 years. That’s right, 46%—a figure that’s barely budged since Gallup started asking the question 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s yet another evidence-impervious belief that I find most troubling. Last year, a Harris Interactive/HealthDay poll found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.harrisinteractive.com/newsroom/pressreleases/tabid/446/mid/1506/articleid/674/ctl/readcustom%20default/default.aspx\">18% of Americans think vaccines cause autism\u003c/a>—a theory that has no basis in scientific reality, doesn’t even have a plausible biological basis, and has been knocked down more times than a metal duck in a shooting gallery. (Nearly a third aren’t sure if there’s any connection, while just over half think none exists.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blithe rejection of scientific knowledge in favor of, well, fantasy has become so common that it now has a name: “denialism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denialism can take many forms, but most scholars agree that simply raising doubt about an issue can undercut the legitimacy of an entire corpus of scientific evidence in the public’s mind. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2012/04/25/the-impasse-when-the-truth-wins-assumption-fails/\">tactics for raising doubt\u003c/a> abound. Those identified by infectious disease experts in a \u003ca href=\"http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/2.full\">2009 commentary\u003c/a> include charges of conspiracy—for example, accusing vaccine advocates of profiting from the “vaccine-industrial complex”—and creating impossible expectations of what science can do—“absolute proof” that vaccines are safe, most recently raised by one-time “Saturday Night Live” cut-up Rob Schneider in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/01/rob-schneider-links-autism-vaccines_n_1641922.html\">bizarre interview\u003c/a>. I must point out that in \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/thepanicvirus/2012/07/18/apparently-rob-schneider-thinks-all-caps-is-a-substitute-for-having-a-clue-a-lower-cased-fact-based-rebuttal/\">peddling his vaccine-autism insanity\u003c/a>, Schneider noted that autism was “nearly unheard of in the 1930s.” No joke. I guess he didn’t realize the syndrome wasn’t described until 1943.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunistic Pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn a way, that 18% still believe vaccines cause autism shows progress—down from 25% just two years ago. But unlike the idea that humans spontaneously appeared through an act of God, believing against all evidence that vaccines cause autism (or ill-defined harm) can have dangerous consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, CDC officials reported more than 18,000 cases of whooping cough (or pertussis) across the country—a rate of infection they hadn’t seen so early in the year since 1959. So far, nine babies have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California had its own epidemic in 2010, with more than 9,100 cases and 10 infant deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease. But prevention depends on public compliance. And people like Schneider who doubt vaccine safety tend to consider their children’s vaccinations optional. In the 2011 poll, 86% of doubters opted out of some or all of their kids’ scheduled shots. That’s why some blame vaccine skeptics for the current epidemic. With just 84% of toddlers fully vaccinated, it’s likely skeptics play some role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CDC officials aren’t sure what’s behind the epidemic, or why even vaccinated teenagers are getting sick. It’s possible that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\">vaccine isn’t as effective as researchers hoped\u003c/a> or has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june11/pledge_03-16.html\">targeting the wrong pathogen strains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42266\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science/polio_vaccine_poster/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42266\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42266\" title=\"Polio_vaccine_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Polio_vaccine_poster-296x360.jpg\" alt=\"polio vaccine poster\" width=\"296\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The CDC’s national symbol of public health, the \"Wellbee\", appears in this 1963 poster to encourage the public to get the oral polio vaccine. (Image: CDC/ Mary Hilpertshauser)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What officials do know is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6128a1.htm\">unvaccinated kids are eight times as likely to get pertussis as vaccinated kids\u003c/a>. And when vaccinated kids do contract the disease, it’s much milder, doesn’t last as long, and tends to be less infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why public officials are \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/bodypolitic/2012/07/26/a-forgotten-but-crucial-cause-for-the-pertussis-epidemic/\">urging adults, especially pregnant women, to get boosters\u003c/a> to protect children still too young to be fully vaccinated. Kids get the first of five pertussis shots (plus a later booster) at 2 months. Most pertussis deaths claim children younger than 3 months old. Nine of the 10 children who died in California during the 2010 outbreak were under 8 weeks old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Separating Fears from Facts\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAll this weighed heavily on my mind last week, when I \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/biologue/2012/07/31/could-vaccines-breed-super-virulent-malaria/\">wrote about new research\u003c/a> that could conceivably feed vaccine doubts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001368\">The study\u003c/a>, a fascinating investigation of experimental evolution in lab mice, found that vaccines can favor the evolution of more virulent malaria parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vicki Barclay (a postdoc in evolutionary biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvXc9aMF6CA\">Andrew Read\u003c/a>’s group at Penn State University) vaccinated mice with a malaria protein found in several vaccines now in clinical trials. She mimicked natural disease transmission by using needles instead of mosquitoes and letting parasites grow in one mouse before infecting the next one. (She did the same thing with unvaccinated mice.) Parasites that evolved in immunized mice caused more severe disease symptoms than those that evolved in unvaccinated mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inevitably, some will misconstrue these results to confirm their belief that vaccines aren’t safe. Except the findings don’t say anything about vaccine safety. They show that, from a pathogen’s point of view, medical technologies act like any other selective pressure. We spend billions to develop the most powerful drugs science can muster only to discover we’re outnumbered, outgunned, and outmaneuvered. Millions of years of evolution have endowed pathogens with survival strategies we’ve yet to imagine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lest you delude yourself into thinking we humans have an edge in this evolutionary battle, consider this: Scientists have managed to wipe out just one human pathogen. Ever. After Edward Jenner discovered a smallpox vaccine in 1798, it took nearly 200 years and an all-out international effort to eradicate this disfiguring disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Read and Barclay’s study shows, when you try to kill pathogens, they fight back. And when vaccines don’t destroy all the parasites (like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/335354/title/Malaria_vaccine_yields_protection\">malaria vaccine now in clinical trials)\u003c/a> or fail to provide lifelong immunity (like the pertussis vaccine), the survivors can evolve. And they might come back even stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know that most people who shun government vaccine schedules \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000114\">have their children’s best interests at heart\u003c/a>. Some truly worry that vaccines may somehow cause irreversible damage to their child—and if it happened, how could they ever forgive themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But anyone who chooses not to vaccinate their kids is missing something critical: the pathogens vaccine researchers are trying so desperately to control are formidable opponents. And though scientists still have a lot to learn about how pathogens adapt to our efforts to control them, they’re sure of this much: vaccines aren’t the enemy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines rarely provide 100% protection. But they’re the state-of-the-art defense against infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, if vaccine-preventable diseases like pertussis become more virulent, and there’s \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/8/pdfs/08-1511.pdf\">some evidence that this may be true\u003c/a>, those who refuse vaccination will have little recourse when their kids—or their neighbors’ kids—take ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials often say that parents who reject vaccination will realize they’ve made a terrible mistake only when these once rare childhood diseases, long controlled by vaccination, return, with tragic consequences. Why on earth would anyone want to help a deadly agent hell-bent on survival get the upper hand?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many people continue to doubt the evidence for climate change, evolution, and vaccine safety, even though the scientific consensus on these issues is rock solid. Among the most troubling evidence-resistant theories is the long-debunked yet persistent myth that vaccines cause autism—a completely unfounded belief--leading to general doubts about vaccine safety, with dangerous public health consequences.\r\n\r\n\r\n",
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"description": "Many people continue to doubt the evidence for climate change, evolution, and vaccine safety, even though the scientific consensus on these issues is rock solid. Among the most troubling evidence-resistant theories is the long-debunked yet persistent myth that vaccines cause autism—a completely unfounded belief--leading to general doubts about vaccine safety, with dangerous public health consequences.\r\n\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a science journalist, I’m often confronted with the unsettling fact that a sizable portion of my audience rejects what scientists know is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take two classic cases, climate change and evolution. Even though \u003ca href=\"http://environment.yale.edu/climate/files/Climate-Beliefs-March-2012.pdf\">two-thirds of Americans believe global warming is happening\u003c/a> (up 3% from last year), less than half think we’re to blame. Just 15% of Americans believe humans evolved over millions of years from archaic species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/Hold-Creationist-View-Human-Origins.aspx\">while 46% think God created us pretty much as-is\u003c/a> sometime within the past 10,000 years. That’s right, 46%—a figure that’s barely budged since Gallup started asking the question 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s yet another evidence-impervious belief that I find most troubling. Last year, a Harris Interactive/HealthDay poll found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.harrisinteractive.com/newsroom/pressreleases/tabid/446/mid/1506/articleid/674/ctl/readcustom%20default/default.aspx\">18% of Americans think vaccines cause autism\u003c/a>—a theory that has no basis in scientific reality, doesn’t even have a plausible biological basis, and has been knocked down more times than a metal duck in a shooting gallery. (Nearly a third aren’t sure if there’s any connection, while just over half think none exists.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blithe rejection of scientific knowledge in favor of, well, fantasy has become so common that it now has a name: “denialism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denialism can take many forms, but most scholars agree that simply raising doubt about an issue can undercut the legitimacy of an entire corpus of scientific evidence in the public’s mind. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2012/04/25/the-impasse-when-the-truth-wins-assumption-fails/\">tactics for raising doubt\u003c/a> abound. Those identified by infectious disease experts in a \u003ca href=\"http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/2.full\">2009 commentary\u003c/a> include charges of conspiracy—for example, accusing vaccine advocates of profiting from the “vaccine-industrial complex”—and creating impossible expectations of what science can do—“absolute proof” that vaccines are safe, most recently raised by one-time “Saturday Night Live” cut-up Rob Schneider in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/01/rob-schneider-links-autism-vaccines_n_1641922.html\">bizarre interview\u003c/a>. I must point out that in \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/thepanicvirus/2012/07/18/apparently-rob-schneider-thinks-all-caps-is-a-substitute-for-having-a-clue-a-lower-cased-fact-based-rebuttal/\">peddling his vaccine-autism insanity\u003c/a>, Schneider noted that autism was “nearly unheard of in the 1930s.” No joke. I guess he didn’t realize the syndrome wasn’t described until 1943.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunistic Pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn a way, that 18% still believe vaccines cause autism shows progress—down from 25% just two years ago. But unlike the idea that humans spontaneously appeared through an act of God, believing against all evidence that vaccines cause autism (or ill-defined harm) can have dangerous consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, CDC officials reported more than 18,000 cases of whooping cough (or pertussis) across the country—a rate of infection they hadn’t seen so early in the year since 1959. So far, nine babies have died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California had its own epidemic in 2010, with more than 9,100 cases and 10 infant deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease. But prevention depends on public compliance. And people like Schneider who doubt vaccine safety tend to consider their children’s vaccinations optional. In the 2011 poll, 86% of doubters opted out of some or all of their kids’ scheduled shots. That’s why some blame vaccine skeptics for the current epidemic. With just 84% of toddlers fully vaccinated, it’s likely skeptics play some role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CDC officials aren’t sure what’s behind the epidemic, or why even vaccinated teenagers are getting sick. It’s possible that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\">vaccine isn’t as effective as researchers hoped\u003c/a> or has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june11/pledge_03-16.html\">targeting the wrong pathogen strains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42266\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/doubt-and-denialism-vaccine-myths-persist-in-the-face-of-science/polio_vaccine_poster/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42266\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-42266\" title=\"Polio_vaccine_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Polio_vaccine_poster-296x360.jpg\" alt=\"polio vaccine poster\" width=\"296\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The CDC’s national symbol of public health, the \"Wellbee\", appears in this 1963 poster to encourage the public to get the oral polio vaccine. (Image: CDC/ Mary Hilpertshauser)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What officials do know is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6128a1.htm\">unvaccinated kids are eight times as likely to get pertussis as vaccinated kids\u003c/a>. And when vaccinated kids do contract the disease, it’s much milder, doesn’t last as long, and tends to be less infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why public officials are \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/bodypolitic/2012/07/26/a-forgotten-but-crucial-cause-for-the-pertussis-epidemic/\">urging adults, especially pregnant women, to get boosters\u003c/a> to protect children still too young to be fully vaccinated. Kids get the first of five pertussis shots (plus a later booster) at 2 months. Most pertussis deaths claim children younger than 3 months old. Nine of the 10 children who died in California during the 2010 outbreak were under 8 weeks old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Separating Fears from Facts\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAll this weighed heavily on my mind last week, when I \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/biologue/2012/07/31/could-vaccines-breed-super-virulent-malaria/\">wrote about new research\u003c/a> that could conceivably feed vaccine doubts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001368\">The study\u003c/a>, a fascinating investigation of experimental evolution in lab mice, found that vaccines can favor the evolution of more virulent malaria parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vicki Barclay (a postdoc in evolutionary biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvXc9aMF6CA\">Andrew Read\u003c/a>’s group at Penn State University) vaccinated mice with a malaria protein found in several vaccines now in clinical trials. She mimicked natural disease transmission by using needles instead of mosquitoes and letting parasites grow in one mouse before infecting the next one. (She did the same thing with unvaccinated mice.) Parasites that evolved in immunized mice caused more severe disease symptoms than those that evolved in unvaccinated mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inevitably, some will misconstrue these results to confirm their belief that vaccines aren’t safe. Except the findings don’t say anything about vaccine safety. They show that, from a pathogen’s point of view, medical technologies act like any other selective pressure. We spend billions to develop the most powerful drugs science can muster only to discover we’re outnumbered, outgunned, and outmaneuvered. Millions of years of evolution have endowed pathogens with survival strategies we’ve yet to imagine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lest you delude yourself into thinking we humans have an edge in this evolutionary battle, consider this: Scientists have managed to wipe out just one human pathogen. Ever. After Edward Jenner discovered a smallpox vaccine in 1798, it took nearly 200 years and an all-out international effort to eradicate this disfiguring disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Read and Barclay’s study shows, when you try to kill pathogens, they fight back. And when vaccines don’t destroy all the parasites (like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/335354/title/Malaria_vaccine_yields_protection\">malaria vaccine now in clinical trials)\u003c/a> or fail to provide lifelong immunity (like the pertussis vaccine), the survivors can evolve. And they might come back even stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know that most people who shun government vaccine schedules \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000114\">have their children’s best interests at heart\u003c/a>. Some truly worry that vaccines may somehow cause irreversible damage to their child—and if it happened, how could they ever forgive themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But anyone who chooses not to vaccinate their kids is missing something critical: the pathogens vaccine researchers are trying so desperately to control are formidable opponents. And though scientists still have a lot to learn about how pathogens adapt to our efforts to control them, they’re sure of this much: vaccines aren’t the enemy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines rarely provide 100% protection. But they’re the state-of-the-art defense against infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, if vaccine-preventable diseases like pertussis become more virulent, and there’s \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/8/pdfs/08-1511.pdf\">some evidence that this may be true\u003c/a>, those who refuse vaccination will have little recourse when their kids—or their neighbors’ kids—take ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials often say that parents who reject vaccination will realize they’ve made a terrible mistake only when these once rare childhood diseases, long controlled by vaccination, return, with tragic consequences. Why on earth would anyone want to help a deadly agent hell-bent on survival get the upper hand?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41736\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/06/making-new-eggs/ovary/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Ovary\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ovaries like this one have a few cells that still have the potential to become eggs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows that women are born with all the eggs they can ever make, right? Well, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366948\">study \u003c/a>shows that everyone just might be wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t just change how we think about reproductive biology. It has real world implications for lots of infertile women too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A woman makes all of her eggs while she is still in the womb. The way it works is that a group of cells called germ cells divides until they are nearly mature. These 400,000 or so cells then wait around until the woman is born and enters puberty. Then, around one cell per month matures and is released. By menopause, the average woman has released about 400 mature eggs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists thought for a long time that once ovaries made their batch of immature eggs, they lost this ability forever. They were mistaken. This study showed that a woman’s ovaries still have a few cells that retain their potential to become eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers not only identified these oogonial stem cells (or OSCs), but also managed to collect a few and to coax them into becoming immature oocytes in a petri dish. They then matured these immature oocytes in a mouse’s ovary. These scientists had created new eggs from cells found in a woman’s ovaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they didn’t stop there. These scientists showed that mouse OSCs created the same way were capable of being fertilized and growing into healthy pups. The eggs made from these OSCs appear to be fully functional and like eggs in every way. (At least the mouse ones are.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This changes how we think about egg biology. And more importantly, about how we might treat infertility in women in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many women are infertile because there is something wrong with their eggs. Except in a few \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask70\">rare cases\u003c/a>, this has meant that these women could not have children that shared their DNA. This new finding gives them hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If scientists can somehow get OSCs from an infertile woman, they will be able to turn it into an egg. Then a doctor would just follow the standard protocols of in vitro fertilization and nine months later, a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since these cells won’t be easy to get, an even better possibility would be to somehow encourage the cells into becoming eggs within the woman’s ovaries. Now she’d just be making eggs like she used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This might also help older women conceive. Older women’s eggs tend to have lower quality DNA which makes getting pregnant more difficult. If OSCs suffer less DNA damage, then perhaps this technique can be used to give older women a better chance at getting pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41736\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/06/making-new-eggs/ovary/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Ovary\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Ovary-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ovaries like this one have a few cells that still have the potential to become eggs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows that women are born with all the eggs they can ever make, right? Well, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366948\">study \u003c/a>shows that everyone just might be wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t just change how we think about reproductive biology. It has real world implications for lots of infertile women too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A woman makes all of her eggs while she is still in the womb. The way it works is that a group of cells called germ cells divides until they are nearly mature. These 400,000 or so cells then wait around until the woman is born and enters puberty. Then, around one cell per month matures and is released. By menopause, the average woman has released about 400 mature eggs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists thought for a long time that once ovaries made their batch of immature eggs, they lost this ability forever. They were mistaken. This study showed that a woman’s ovaries still have a few cells that retain their potential to become eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers not only identified these oogonial stem cells (or OSCs), but also managed to collect a few and to coax them into becoming immature oocytes in a petri dish. They then matured these immature oocytes in a mouse’s ovary. These scientists had created new eggs from cells found in a woman’s ovaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they didn’t stop there. These scientists showed that mouse OSCs created the same way were capable of being fertilized and growing into healthy pups. The eggs made from these OSCs appear to be fully functional and like eggs in every way. (At least the mouse ones are.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This changes how we think about egg biology. And more importantly, about how we might treat infertility in women in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many women are infertile because there is something wrong with their eggs. Except in a few \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask70\">rare cases\u003c/a>, this has meant that these women could not have children that shared their DNA. This new finding gives them hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If scientists can somehow get OSCs from an infertile woman, they will be able to turn it into an egg. Then a doctor would just follow the standard protocols of in vitro fertilization and nine months later, a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since these cells won’t be easy to get, an even better possibility would be to somehow encourage the cells into becoming eggs within the woman’s ovaries. Now she’d just be making eggs like she used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This might also help older women conceive. Older women’s eggs tend to have lower quality DNA which makes getting pregnant more difficult. If OSCs suffer less DNA damage, then perhaps this technique can be used to give older women a better chance at getting pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Newly Discovered Stem Cells Cause Clogged Arteries",
"title": "Newly Discovered Stem Cells Cause Clogged Arteries",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42120\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-researchers640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-researchers640x360.jpg\" alt=\"UCB researchers exam vascular stem cells in the microscope\" title=\"stemcell-researchers640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42120\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-researchers640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-researchers640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zhenyu Tang (seated at microscope) examines vascular stem cells in culture along with Aijun Wang (left) and Song Li (right). (Zoey Huang photo.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Odds are that you know someone who’s had a heart attack. One American suffers a coronary event \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/125/1/e2.full.pdf\" title=\"prevalence of atherosclerosis\">every 25 seconds and about every minute\u003c/a> someone dies from one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors thought they understood artery-hardening diseases, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/\" title=\"about atherosclerosis\">atherosclerosis\u003c/a>, that lead to heart attacks, strokes and death. But these generally accepted theories are contradicted by new research performed at the University of California, Berkeley. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n6/full/ncomms1867.html\" title=\"Song Li journal article in Nature Communications\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, a previously unknown type of stem cell is actually the underlying cause for clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, scientists believed that heart disease was caused by the smooth muscle cells that line artery walls. It was thought that bad (LDL) cholesterol damaged the arteries and triggered smooth muscle cells to rapidly reproduce. This led to a build up of fibrous scar tissue that narrowed and hardened the arteries, restricting blood flow. As a result, most therapies focus on physically widening the inside of the blood vessels or replacing the damaged area with a graft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These beliefs are challenged by new research performed by principle investigator Song Li, a professor of bioengineering and researcher at the Berkeley Stem Cell Center, and his colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time, we are showing evidence that vascular diseases are actually a kind of stem cell disease,” said Song Li in a university news release. “This work should revolutionize therapies for vascular diseases because we now know that stem cells rather than smooth muscle cells are the correct therapeutic target.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing cells from arteries and veins of transgenic mice, the researchers were able to trace the lineage of the cells that rapidly reproduced in the vessel walls to prove that they were not smooth muscle cells as current theory predicted. Further experiments discovered that they are actually multipotent vascular stem cells, meaning that they can become various specialized cells – smooth muscle, nerve, cartilage, bone and fat cells. The same type of stem cells were also identified in human blood vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This explains why previous studies mistook the multipotent vascular stem cells as smooth muscle cells. It also explains how a soft artery can calcify and harden, since the multipotent stem cells can also form bone and cartilage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42124\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 319px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-schematic350.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-schematic350-319x253.jpg\" alt=\"Within walls of blood vessels are smooth muscle cells and newly discovered vascular stem cells. The stem cells are able to differentiate into smooth muscle cells, fat, cartilage and bone cells. UC Berkeley researchers provide evidence that these stem cells are contributing to clogged and hardened arteries.\" title=\"stemcell-schematic350\" width=\"319\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-42124\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Within the walls of blood vessels are smooth muscle cells and newly discovered vascular stem cells. The stem cells are able to differentiate into smooth muscle, fat, cartilage and bone cells. UC Berkeley researchers provide evidence that these stem cells are contributing to clogged and hardened arteries. (Song Li illustration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When new research dramatically challenges existing scientific beliefs, often people resist the new ideas. Dr. Jill Helms, a professor in the Department of Surgery at Stanford School of Medicine and co-author of the study, explained in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/06/08/154587990/identifying-the-real-culprit-behind-killer-vascular-diseases\" title=\"Jill Helms NPR Science Friday interview\">NPR interview\u003c/a>, “There is resistance oftentimes, but there can be moments where there’s great clarity and I think Song’s work certainly falls within that category.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the research still needs to be repeated by other research groups, as well as verified in other animals and humans. Song Li’s collaboration is already studying human cells from healthy and diseased arteries. They are also developing techniques to rapidly screen drugs that specifically target these stem cells without affecting the normal (endothelial) cells that line a blood vessel, which could ultimately lead to new therapies.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42120\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-researchers640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-researchers640x360.jpg\" alt=\"UCB researchers exam vascular stem cells in the microscope\" title=\"stemcell-researchers640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42120\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-researchers640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-researchers640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zhenyu Tang (seated at microscope) examines vascular stem cells in culture along with Aijun Wang (left) and Song Li (right). (Zoey Huang photo.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Odds are that you know someone who’s had a heart attack. One American suffers a coronary event \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/125/1/e2.full.pdf\" title=\"prevalence of atherosclerosis\">every 25 seconds and about every minute\u003c/a> someone dies from one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors thought they understood artery-hardening diseases, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/\" title=\"about atherosclerosis\">atherosclerosis\u003c/a>, that lead to heart attacks, strokes and death. But these generally accepted theories are contradicted by new research performed at the University of California, Berkeley. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n6/full/ncomms1867.html\" title=\"Song Li journal article in Nature Communications\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, a previously unknown type of stem cell is actually the underlying cause for clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, scientists believed that heart disease was caused by the smooth muscle cells that line artery walls. It was thought that bad (LDL) cholesterol damaged the arteries and triggered smooth muscle cells to rapidly reproduce. This led to a build up of fibrous scar tissue that narrowed and hardened the arteries, restricting blood flow. As a result, most therapies focus on physically widening the inside of the blood vessels or replacing the damaged area with a graft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These beliefs are challenged by new research performed by principle investigator Song Li, a professor of bioengineering and researcher at the Berkeley Stem Cell Center, and his colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time, we are showing evidence that vascular diseases are actually a kind of stem cell disease,” said Song Li in a university news release. “This work should revolutionize therapies for vascular diseases because we now know that stem cells rather than smooth muscle cells are the correct therapeutic target.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing cells from arteries and veins of transgenic mice, the researchers were able to trace the lineage of the cells that rapidly reproduced in the vessel walls to prove that they were not smooth muscle cells as current theory predicted. Further experiments discovered that they are actually multipotent vascular stem cells, meaning that they can become various specialized cells – smooth muscle, nerve, cartilage, bone and fat cells. The same type of stem cells were also identified in human blood vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This explains why previous studies mistook the multipotent vascular stem cells as smooth muscle cells. It also explains how a soft artery can calcify and harden, since the multipotent stem cells can also form bone and cartilage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42124\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 319px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-schematic350.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stemcell-schematic350-319x253.jpg\" alt=\"Within walls of blood vessels are smooth muscle cells and newly discovered vascular stem cells. The stem cells are able to differentiate into smooth muscle cells, fat, cartilage and bone cells. UC Berkeley researchers provide evidence that these stem cells are contributing to clogged and hardened arteries.\" title=\"stemcell-schematic350\" width=\"319\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-42124\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Within the walls of blood vessels are smooth muscle cells and newly discovered vascular stem cells. The stem cells are able to differentiate into smooth muscle, fat, cartilage and bone cells. UC Berkeley researchers provide evidence that these stem cells are contributing to clogged and hardened arteries. (Song Li illustration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When new research dramatically challenges existing scientific beliefs, often people resist the new ideas. Dr. Jill Helms, a professor in the Department of Surgery at Stanford School of Medicine and co-author of the study, explained in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/06/08/154587990/identifying-the-real-culprit-behind-killer-vascular-diseases\" title=\"Jill Helms NPR Science Friday interview\">NPR interview\u003c/a>, “There is resistance oftentimes, but there can be moments where there’s great clarity and I think Song’s work certainly falls within that category.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the research still needs to be repeated by other research groups, as well as verified in other animals and humans. Song Li’s collaboration is already studying human cells from healthy and diseased arteries. They are also developing techniques to rapidly screen drugs that specifically target these stem cells without affecting the normal (endothelial) cells that line a blood vessel, which could ultimately lead to new therapies.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Pleasures of Backyard Bird-Watching",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/794px-Hooded_Oriole_with_grape_jelly-e1343945998394.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/794px-Hooded_Oriole_with_grape_jelly-e1343945998394.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hooded Oriole male\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41661\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/794px-Hooded_Oriole_with_grape_jelly-e1343945998394.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/794px-Hooded_Oriole_with_grape_jelly-e1343945998394-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird-watching forays into our beautiful East Bay Regional Parks are great, and I enjoy volunteering to watch the endangered \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/observing-life-and-death-in-the-ca-least-tern-colony/\">California Least Terns\u003c/a> in Alameda. I also love \u003ca href=\"http://bayislandnature.blogspot.com/2012/07/the-usual-suspects-backyard-birds-in.html\">my backyard\u003c/a>. It's filled with a changing kaleidoscope of wild neighbors I’ve gotten to know over the years, including some everyday urban birds and some breathtaking sightings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've tried several methods of enhancing my local birding. Alameda already has lots of mature trees scattered over the island that provide great roosting and nesting areas. Seed-filled bird feeders brought in plenty of birds one winter until we developed a rat infestation. We've had better luck improving the habitat for birds by replacing our lawns with more diverse native and drought-tolerant plants. We now have more nectar plants, insects and habitat variety to support them. Nearby palm trees provide nesting space for both \u003ca title=\"Barn Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Barn_Owl/id\" target=\"_blank\">Barn Owls\u003c/a> and spectacular \u003ca title=\"Cornell Labs website, Hooded Orioles\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Hooded_Oriole/id\" target=\"_blank\">Hooded Orioles\u003c/a>. The orioles migrate from Mexico and Central America to summer as far north as the Bay Area. They visit passionflower vines on our fence and steal nectar, inserting their beak at the base of the flower without pollinating it. Their distinctive calls ring through our neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/03/the-pleasures-of-backyard-bird-watching/451px-pipilo_crissalis_1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41662\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-41662\" title=\"California Towhee\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/451px-Pipilo_crissalis_1-190x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"190\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our backyard ecosystem, we can watch a complete food web in action. From the seed eaters, like \u003ca title=\"Lesser Goldfinch ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Lesser_Goldfinch/id\" target=\"_blank\">Lesser Goldfinch\u003c/a> gleaning Cosmos flower seeds, to \u003ca title=\"California Towhee ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/California_Towhee/id\" target=\"_blank\">California Towhees\u003c/a> hopping in the leaf litter to find juicy insects. There are even spectacular \u003ca title=\"Cooper's Hawk ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/coopers_hawk/id\" target=\"_blank\">Cooper’s Hawk\u003c/a> chases sometimes ending in birdy meals for the raptors. I recorded one of these encounters in my \u003ca title=\"Bay Island Nature blog\" href=\"http://bayislandnature.blogspot.com/2011/08/hawks-of-august.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Island Nature\u003c/a> blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These observations are valuable to scientists. They rely on scores of us “Citizen Scientists” to collect data about our common and unusual local birds. You can be part of this collaborative! Projects range from committing 15 minutes of your time to devoting hours contributing to the body of knowledge about our avian friends. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca title=\"Citizen Science projects website\" href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/citsci/projects\" target=\"_blank\">line-up of projects\u003c/a> provides many choices for the beginner to expert birder. You can view some of the data compiled into amazing \u003ca title=\"Bird Species Occurrance Maps, Cornell website\" href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/about/occurrence-maps/occurrence-maps\" target=\"_blank\">bird species occurrence animated maps\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/03/the-pleasures-of-backyard-bird-watching/683px-coopers_hawk_2-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41681\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-41681\" title=\"Cooper's Hawk in flight\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/683px-Coopers_Hawk_21-287x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"287\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click on the species you’d like to see and watch as the map lights up as the year progresses and the birds migrate between their winter and breeding grounds. You can even help Cornell’s \u003ca title=\"eBird website from Cornell University\" href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\" target=\"_blank\">eBird\u003c/a> data collection website reach its 100 millionth entry, with a chance to win commemorative prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about your local birds either through websites mentioned above or classes and programs offered by state, national, the \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Regional Parks\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon Society website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon Society \u003c/a>as well as others. I hope you’ll join me in enjoying the world of feathers and flight!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/794px-Hooded_Oriole_with_grape_jelly-e1343945998394.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/794px-Hooded_Oriole_with_grape_jelly-e1343945998394.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hooded Oriole male\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41661\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/794px-Hooded_Oriole_with_grape_jelly-e1343945998394.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/794px-Hooded_Oriole_with_grape_jelly-e1343945998394-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird-watching forays into our beautiful East Bay Regional Parks are great, and I enjoy volunteering to watch the endangered \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/observing-life-and-death-in-the-ca-least-tern-colony/\">California Least Terns\u003c/a> in Alameda. I also love \u003ca href=\"http://bayislandnature.blogspot.com/2012/07/the-usual-suspects-backyard-birds-in.html\">my backyard\u003c/a>. It's filled with a changing kaleidoscope of wild neighbors I’ve gotten to know over the years, including some everyday urban birds and some breathtaking sightings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've tried several methods of enhancing my local birding. Alameda already has lots of mature trees scattered over the island that provide great roosting and nesting areas. Seed-filled bird feeders brought in plenty of birds one winter until we developed a rat infestation. We've had better luck improving the habitat for birds by replacing our lawns with more diverse native and drought-tolerant plants. We now have more nectar plants, insects and habitat variety to support them. Nearby palm trees provide nesting space for both \u003ca title=\"Barn Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Barn_Owl/id\" target=\"_blank\">Barn Owls\u003c/a> and spectacular \u003ca title=\"Cornell Labs website, Hooded Orioles\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Hooded_Oriole/id\" target=\"_blank\">Hooded Orioles\u003c/a>. The orioles migrate from Mexico and Central America to summer as far north as the Bay Area. They visit passionflower vines on our fence and steal nectar, inserting their beak at the base of the flower without pollinating it. Their distinctive calls ring through our neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/03/the-pleasures-of-backyard-bird-watching/451px-pipilo_crissalis_1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41662\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-41662\" title=\"California Towhee\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/451px-Pipilo_crissalis_1-190x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"190\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our backyard ecosystem, we can watch a complete food web in action. From the seed eaters, like \u003ca title=\"Lesser Goldfinch ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Lesser_Goldfinch/id\" target=\"_blank\">Lesser Goldfinch\u003c/a> gleaning Cosmos flower seeds, to \u003ca title=\"California Towhee ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/California_Towhee/id\" target=\"_blank\">California Towhees\u003c/a> hopping in the leaf litter to find juicy insects. There are even spectacular \u003ca title=\"Cooper's Hawk ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/coopers_hawk/id\" target=\"_blank\">Cooper’s Hawk\u003c/a> chases sometimes ending in birdy meals for the raptors. I recorded one of these encounters in my \u003ca title=\"Bay Island Nature blog\" href=\"http://bayislandnature.blogspot.com/2011/08/hawks-of-august.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Island Nature\u003c/a> blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These observations are valuable to scientists. They rely on scores of us “Citizen Scientists” to collect data about our common and unusual local birds. You can be part of this collaborative! Projects range from committing 15 minutes of your time to devoting hours contributing to the body of knowledge about our avian friends. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca title=\"Citizen Science projects website\" href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/citsci/projects\" target=\"_blank\">line-up of projects\u003c/a> provides many choices for the beginner to expert birder. You can view some of the data compiled into amazing \u003ca title=\"Bird Species Occurrance Maps, Cornell website\" href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/about/occurrence-maps/occurrence-maps\" target=\"_blank\">bird species occurrence animated maps\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/03/the-pleasures-of-backyard-bird-watching/683px-coopers_hawk_2-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41681\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-41681\" title=\"Cooper's Hawk in flight\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/683px-Coopers_Hawk_21-287x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"287\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click on the species you’d like to see and watch as the map lights up as the year progresses and the birds migrate between their winter and breeding grounds. You can even help Cornell’s \u003ca title=\"eBird website from Cornell University\" href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\" target=\"_blank\">eBird\u003c/a> data collection website reach its 100 millionth entry, with a chance to win commemorative prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about your local birds either through websites mentioned above or classes and programs offered by state, national, the \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Regional Parks\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon Society website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon Society \u003c/a>as well as others. I hope you’ll join me in enjoying the world of feathers and flight!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Amphibian Species on the Increase, Developer's Plan to Build New Road into Yosemite National Park Rebuffed by Federal Court - 8/1 KQED Science News Roundup",
"title": "New Amphibian Species on the Increase, Developer's Plan to Build New Road into Yosemite National Park Rebuffed by Federal Court - 8/1 KQED Science News Roundup",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Here's today's roundup of science, nature and environment news from the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww1.hdnux.com/photos/14/35/21/3265604/3/150x150.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF5oN\">New amphibian species on the increase\u003c/a>New species of frogs and toads, newts and salamanders, and wormlike critters called caecilians are being discovered all the time as biologists take to the field in the world's last unexplored places.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF43W\">Developer's plan to build new road into Yosemite National Park rebuffed by federal court - San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a>Plan for building a resort at Hazel Green, on Yosemite\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Mercurynews\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/14/35/20/3265594/3/150x150.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF4lU\">Pinnacles monument closer to park status\u003c/a>Pinnacles National Monument, home to the endangered California condor and a favorite spot for hikers and rock climbers near Soledad (Monterey County) and Hollister (San Benito County), moved closer to becoming the country's newest national park, with House approval Tuesday. The brainchild of Rep.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF4qs\">New study: Lead poisoning of condors at `epidemic proportions' - San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a>California condors, one of the world\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Mercurynews\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/assets_c/2012/07/Shasta-Dam-7-31-12-thumb-autox100-33424.jpeg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF4wf\">California Will Lose Hydropower Capacity As Climate Warms | Hydroelectric | ReWire | KCET\u003c/a>An assessment of the effects of California's changing climate projects that existing hydroelectric generating facilities will be unable to keep up with demand for power. The report, \"Our Changing Climate 2012, Vulnerability & Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California\" released today by the California Energy Commission (CEC) and the Climate Change Center, is the third statewide assessment of California's future in a warmer world.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Kcet\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://extras.mnginteractive.com/live/media/site207/2012/0731/20120731_094326_SW01-PLANT2.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF4HM\">Future of San Onofre plant still uncertain - SGVTribune.com\u003c/a>Southern California Edison says it still hasn\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sgvtribune.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sgvtribune\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/14/26/41/3237993/3/150x150.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">Sally Ride biography scheduled for 2013NEW YORK (AP) â An authorized biography of astronaut Sally Ride, written by longtime ABC correspondent Lynn Sherr, is scheduled for publication next year. According to Simon & Schuster, Sherr will have \"exclusive access\" to Ride's family, and also will speak with friends, colleagues and NASA officials.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here's today's roundup of science, nature and environment news from the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww1.hdnux.com/photos/14/35/21/3265604/3/150x150.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF5oN\">New amphibian species on the increase\u003c/a>New species of frogs and toads, newts and salamanders, and wormlike critters called caecilians are being discovered all the time as biologists take to the field in the world's last unexplored places.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF43W\">Developer's plan to build new road into Yosemite National Park rebuffed by federal court - San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a>Plan for building a resort at Hazel Green, on Yosemite\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Mercurynews\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/14/35/20/3265594/3/150x150.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF4lU\">Pinnacles monument closer to park status\u003c/a>Pinnacles National Monument, home to the endangered California condor and a favorite spot for hikers and rock climbers near Soledad (Monterey County) and Hollister (San Benito County), moved closer to becoming the country's newest national park, with House approval Tuesday. The brainchild of Rep.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF4qs\">New study: Lead poisoning of condors at `epidemic proportions' - San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a>California condors, one of the world\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Mercurynews\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/assets_c/2012/07/Shasta-Dam-7-31-12-thumb-autox100-33424.jpeg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF4wf\">California Will Lose Hydropower Capacity As Climate Warms | Hydroelectric | ReWire | KCET\u003c/a>An assessment of the effects of California's changing climate projects that existing hydroelectric generating facilities will be unable to keep up with demand for power. The report, \"Our Changing Climate 2012, Vulnerability & Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California\" released today by the California Energy Commission (CEC) and the Climate Change Center, is the third statewide assessment of California's future in a warmer world.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Kcet\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://extras.mnginteractive.com/live/media/site207/2012/0731/20120731_094326_SW01-PLANT2.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cF4HM\">Future of San Onofre plant still uncertain - SGVTribune.com\u003c/a>Southern California Edison says it still hasn\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sgvtribune.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sgvtribune\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/14/26/41/3237993/3/150x150.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">Sally Ride biography scheduled for 2013NEW YORK (AP) â An authorized biography of astronaut Sally Ride, written by longtime ABC correspondent Lynn Sherr, is scheduled for publication next year. According to Simon & Schuster, Sherr will have \"exclusive access\" to Ride's family, and also will speak with friends, colleagues and NASA officials.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Considers Banning Dogs in Bear Hunts",
"title": "California Considers Banning Dogs in Bear Hunts",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-30-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41547\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/BearHunting.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41547\" title=\"BearHunting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/BearHunting-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Osage, one of Dan Tichenor's trailhounds.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You won’t find grizzly bears in California anymore, but black bears are plentiful and every year, hunters kill about 1,700 of them. About half the time, they do this with dogs, which track the bears through the forest and corner them in trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the state legislature is considering a bill that would end that practice and the legislation has sparked strong feelings on both sides of California’s urban-rural divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hounds are a way of life for Dan Tichenor, who has six Plott hounds at his Castro Valley home, including nine-year-old Osage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s been on a lot of bear tracks – more than a hundred in his life,” says Tichenor. The dogs are open trailers, trained to bark when they’re tracking a scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tichenor explains the process through a video of a recent bear hunt. The dogs run off, their noses to the ground, periodically letting out a loud bawl. It helps the hunters follow them and, Tichenor says, gives the bears plenty of warning. The goal in this kind of hunting, is to get the bear to climb a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You wonder why does a 300-pound bear climb a tree over a 56-pound dog? Black bears evolved with Grizzly bears. So they have an instinct to climb trees to get away from danger,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the video, Tichenor and two friends approach a bear in a tree. “Yeah, I’m reading him a just a good, adult bear,” he says. Most of the time Tichenor practices what he calls “catch and release” – letting the bear go once the dogs tree the bear. But not this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/DSC00274.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-41550\" title=\"DSC00274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/DSC00274-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Tichenor at his home in Castro Valley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re clear. Go right ahead.” says Tichenor. The hunter takes aim with his rifle, and after a single shot, the bear drops from the tree. “Hey way to go, Bill,” Tichenor says in the video. “That was an instantaneous kill. I never saw one drop so quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Bill Would Ban Hounds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s just a menacing, reckless pursuit,” says Jennifer Fearing, California Director for the Humane Society of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing humane about chasing and harassing an animal like a bear for hours and miles on end until it’s so exhausted that it climbs a tree,” she says. Fearing says hounding is stressful for the bears and puts the dogs in harm's way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humane Society is sponsoring a bill that would ban the use of hounds in both bear and bobcat hunting in the state. If the legislation fails, they’re not afraid to take it a step further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The CEO of the Humane Society of the United States, my boss, has already pledged to pursue a ballot measure that would go ahead and eliminate their rights to pursue bears at all,” says Fearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Bears Doing Well\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bear hunting is regulated by California’s Department of Fish and Game. Department biologist Cristen Langner says with around 35,000 black bears in the state, the population can support it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very modest harvest, compared to what we think the population can handle,” says Langner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Tichenor says dogs are part of this tradition and actually make hunting more humane, because hunters are closer when they take their shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically, you have a clean kill and you have much less risk of an injury or a fatal injury that takes a long time for the animal to die,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society says she knows hunters won’t agree with her – but if they want to preserve their lifestyle, she thinks they need to make some changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less than one percent of Californians hunt and these hunting traditions that they want to maintain, they really depend on how non-hunters view the legitimacy of hunting practices,” says Fearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state senate passed the bear hunting bill in May. The assembly is expected to take it up when they return in August.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-30-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41547\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/BearHunting.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41547\" title=\"BearHunting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/BearHunting-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Osage, one of Dan Tichenor's trailhounds.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You won’t find grizzly bears in California anymore, but black bears are plentiful and every year, hunters kill about 1,700 of them. About half the time, they do this with dogs, which track the bears through the forest and corner them in trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the state legislature is considering a bill that would end that practice and the legislation has sparked strong feelings on both sides of California’s urban-rural divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hounds are a way of life for Dan Tichenor, who has six Plott hounds at his Castro Valley home, including nine-year-old Osage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s been on a lot of bear tracks – more than a hundred in his life,” says Tichenor. The dogs are open trailers, trained to bark when they’re tracking a scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tichenor explains the process through a video of a recent bear hunt. The dogs run off, their noses to the ground, periodically letting out a loud bawl. It helps the hunters follow them and, Tichenor says, gives the bears plenty of warning. The goal in this kind of hunting, is to get the bear to climb a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You wonder why does a 300-pound bear climb a tree over a 56-pound dog? Black bears evolved with Grizzly bears. So they have an instinct to climb trees to get away from danger,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the video, Tichenor and two friends approach a bear in a tree. “Yeah, I’m reading him a just a good, adult bear,” he says. Most of the time Tichenor practices what he calls “catch and release” – letting the bear go once the dogs tree the bear. But not this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/DSC00274.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-41550\" title=\"DSC00274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/DSC00274-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Tichenor at his home in Castro Valley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re clear. Go right ahead.” says Tichenor. The hunter takes aim with his rifle, and after a single shot, the bear drops from the tree. “Hey way to go, Bill,” Tichenor says in the video. “That was an instantaneous kill. I never saw one drop so quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Bill Would Ban Hounds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s just a menacing, reckless pursuit,” says Jennifer Fearing, California Director for the Humane Society of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing humane about chasing and harassing an animal like a bear for hours and miles on end until it’s so exhausted that it climbs a tree,” she says. Fearing says hounding is stressful for the bears and puts the dogs in harm's way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humane Society is sponsoring a bill that would ban the use of hounds in both bear and bobcat hunting in the state. If the legislation fails, they’re not afraid to take it a step further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The CEO of the Humane Society of the United States, my boss, has already pledged to pursue a ballot measure that would go ahead and eliminate their rights to pursue bears at all,” says Fearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Bears Doing Well\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bear hunting is regulated by California’s Department of Fish and Game. Department biologist Cristen Langner says with around 35,000 black bears in the state, the population can support it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very modest harvest, compared to what we think the population can handle,” says Langner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Tichenor says dogs are part of this tradition and actually make hunting more humane, because hunters are closer when they take their shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically, you have a clean kill and you have much less risk of an injury or a fatal injury that takes a long time for the animal to die,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society says she knows hunters won’t agree with her – but if they want to preserve their lifestyle, she thinks they need to make some changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less than one percent of Californians hunt and these hunting traditions that they want to maintain, they really depend on how non-hunters view the legitimacy of hunting practices,” says Fearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state senate passed the bear hunting bill in May. The assembly is expected to take it up when they return in August.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "7 Nations Face Sanctions Over Endangered Species, Turning The Tide at Ocean Beach - 7/27 KQED Science News Roundup",
"title": "7 Nations Face Sanctions Over Endangered Species, Turning The Tide at Ocean Beach - 7/27 KQED Science News Roundup",
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"content": "\u003cp>Here's today's roundup of science, nature and environment news from the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://hosted.ap.org/photos/7/799510da-38a7-448f-b1a4-b65dbe7db4d7-small.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cxfif\">News from The Associated Press\u003c/a>GENEVA (AP) -- Seven nations may lose their ability to legally trade tens of thousands of wildlife species after U.N. conservation delegates agreed Thursday to penalize them for lacking tough regulations or failing to report on their wildlife trade.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Ap\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/07/26/ap110516057251_vert.jpg?t=1343346394&s=2\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cx6CS\">Two More Nearing AIDS 'Cure' After Bone Marrow Transplants, Doctors Say : NPR\u003c/a>The so-called Berlin patient is famously the only person in the world who has been cured of HIV. But he may soon have company. Two people in Boston also seem to be free of HIV after undergoing bone marrow transplants for cancer, just as the Berlin patient did five years ago.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2012/07/IMG_4280-300x225.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cx58a\">Turning the Tide at Ocean Beach\u003c/a>Turning the Tide at Ocean Beach Pencil-ready: Funding comes through for Ocean Beach adaptation studies As an Army Corps of Engineers dredge dumped sand offshore, a crowd of politicians, representatives from local and federal agencies, business owners and volunteers gathered in a crumbling parking lot on Thursday to voice their support for the Ocean Beach Master Plan, a sweeping project to prepare for sea level rise and stem erosion on San Francisco's western shore.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Kqed\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/14/27/74/3243822/3/150x150.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">Lack of permit delays drone test for bird survey(AP) â Plans to launch a drone aircraft to take photos of salmon-munching seabirds nesting along the Oregon Coast have been scrubbed for lack of a permit. The Federal Aviation Administration told the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife that it needs a permit to fly even a tiny unmanned aircraft over the offshore rocks near Pacific City that are home to nesting cormorants.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://www.sacbee.com/static/img/scoopy_like_tn.png\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">UC Davis gets $53 million in stem cell funds to study Huntington's, other diseases - The Sacramento BeeThe University of California, Davis, scored a major coup in stem cell funding with a $53 million award Thursday for research into Huntington's disease, limb ischemia and osteoporosis. The grants were approved Thursday afternoon by CIRM - the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sacbee\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/fb.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cxXsG\">California regulators take heat over fracking\u003c/a>California oil regulators on Wednesday capped a series of seven public meetings on hydraulic fracturing with a Sacramento session, pledging to use thousands of public comments to guide their efforts to write rules for the controversial method of oil extraction.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Latimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here's today's roundup of science, nature and environment news from the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://hosted.ap.org/photos/7/799510da-38a7-448f-b1a4-b65dbe7db4d7-small.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cxfif\">News from The Associated Press\u003c/a>GENEVA (AP) -- Seven nations may lose their ability to legally trade tens of thousands of wildlife species after U.N. conservation delegates agreed Thursday to penalize them for lacking tough regulations or failing to report on their wildlife trade.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Ap\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/07/26/ap110516057251_vert.jpg?t=1343346394&s=2\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cx6CS\">Two More Nearing AIDS 'Cure' After Bone Marrow Transplants, Doctors Say : NPR\u003c/a>The so-called Berlin patient is famously the only person in the world who has been cured of HIV. But he may soon have company. Two people in Boston also seem to be free of HIV after undergoing bone marrow transplants for cancer, just as the Berlin patient did five years ago.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2012/07/IMG_4280-300x225.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cx58a\">Turning the Tide at Ocean Beach\u003c/a>Turning the Tide at Ocean Beach Pencil-ready: Funding comes through for Ocean Beach adaptation studies As an Army Corps of Engineers dredge dumped sand offshore, a crowd of politicians, representatives from local and federal agencies, business owners and volunteers gathered in a crumbling parking lot on Thursday to voice their support for the Ocean Beach Master Plan, a sweeping project to prepare for sea level rise and stem erosion on San Francisco's western shore.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Kqed\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/14/27/74/3243822/3/150x150.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">Lack of permit delays drone test for bird survey(AP) â Plans to launch a drone aircraft to take photos of salmon-munching seabirds nesting along the Oregon Coast have been scrubbed for lack of a permit. The Federal Aviation Administration told the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife that it needs a permit to fly even a tiny unmanned aircraft over the offshore rocks near Pacific City that are home to nesting cormorants.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sfgate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://www.sacbee.com/static/img/scoopy_like_tn.png\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">UC Davis gets $53 million in stem cell funds to study Huntington's, other diseases - The Sacramento BeeThe University of California, Davis, scored a major coup in stem cell funding with a $53 million award Thursday for research into Huntington's disease, limb ischemia and osteoporosis. The grants were approved Thursday afternoon by CIRM - the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Sacbee\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/fb.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://ow.ly/cxXsG\">California regulators take heat over fracking\u003c/a>California oil regulators on Wednesday capped a series of seven public meetings on hydraulic fracturing with a Sacramento session, pledging to use thousands of public comments to guide their efforts to write rules for the controversial method of oil extraction.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Latimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
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