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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/MRO-gullies.jpg\">\u003cem>Gullies in wall of Hale Crater. Credit: NASA/MRO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Out of about \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/log/\">40 robotic missions \u003c/a>launched toward Mars since the early 1960's, about 17 of them have been successful (I say \"about\" to hedge my bets, because the \"success\" of some of those missions is a bit gray), and of all of those, three orbiters, two rovers, and maybe—MAYbe—one lander are still active. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a quick status on the active ones: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The most recent arrival at Mars (2006), MRO's 5-year mission (hmmm—sound vaguely familiar?) is to study the history of water and climate on Mars, as well as to serve as a telecommunications relay for other spacecraft. Armed with a suite of powerful instruments to study the atmosphere, surface, and subsurface of Mars—including a camera, \u003ca href=\"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/katalogos.php\">HiRISE\u003c/a>, that can almost read the license plates on Martian automobiles—MRO has to date sent back more data than all other Mars missions combined. It's not been a glitchless flight, however: in 2009, MRO's computer reset itself four times for unknown reasons; the last reset, in August, was followed by a 4-month operational hiatus as Earth-side controllers performed some careful programming updates to help guard against effects of any future resets. MRO resumed operation in December. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>: NASA's 2001 Odyssey is still going fine after nine years—although the computer glitchiness out around Mars seems to be catching: Odyssey's computer put itself into a safe mode last November 2009 in response to a memory error. This was corrected and Odyssey has resumed doing science. Among Odyssey's major discoveries was the detection of huge expanses of water ice just under the surface of polar lowlands, and the surveying of \u003ca href=\"http://uanews.org/node/22563\">deposits of water-related minerals \u003c/a>in various locations around the planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=9\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: Arriving at Mars in 2004, Mars Express became the European Space Agency's first mission to another planet, which was recently extended to 2012. Though the Beagle 2 lander component of the mission fell to Mars and was never heard from again, the Mars Express orbiter has sent back years of captivating images and important data, including the confirmation of methane in Mars' atmosphere (whose source is in all likelihood subsurface, and the origin of which—organic or inorganic processes—is being debated). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity: After six years of crawling around Meridiani Planum discovering chemical and geological evidence for past water on Mars, Opportunity is now on a long march to a large impact crater, which it will reach (if it can keep on running) in about two years. Currently, the rover has stopped to RAT out chemical and geological information from a rock called \u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/gallery/press/opportunity/20091125a.html\">Marquette Island\u003c/a>—the RAT is its rock abrasion tool, or rock grinder. Still going….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/20091231a.html\">Mars Exploration Rover Spirit\u003c/a>: Also still alive after six years—almost 25 times longer than it was planned to run—Spirit has been stuck in a sand bog for the last six months. With a couple of wheels on the fritz, Earth-side operators have been confounded in trying to free the robot—but Spirit has continued to make scientific measurements anyway…and in fact made a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/18/spirit-digs-a-little-deeper-into-martian-geology/\">significant discovery \u003c/a>in the course of trying to get unstuck. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/main/index.html\">Phoenix lander\u003c/a>: Although it's been in the deep dark freeze of a Martian winter since November 2008, the Phoenix lander has an outside chance of survival. Now that light is returning to Phoenix's landing site, NASA is listening for the robot's radio signal, in case the return of solar power means that Phoenix will rise from the frost and live again! So far, no such signal….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next up: The \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory \u003c/a>rover, \"Curiosity.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/MRO-gullies.jpg\">\u003cem>Gullies in wall of Hale Crater. Credit: NASA/MRO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Out of about \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/log/\">40 robotic missions \u003c/a>launched toward Mars since the early 1960's, about 17 of them have been successful (I say \"about\" to hedge my bets, because the \"success\" of some of those missions is a bit gray), and of all of those, three orbiters, two rovers, and maybe—MAYbe—one lander are still active. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a quick status on the active ones: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>: The most recent arrival at Mars (2006), MRO's 5-year mission (hmmm—sound vaguely familiar?) is to study the history of water and climate on Mars, as well as to serve as a telecommunications relay for other spacecraft. Armed with a suite of powerful instruments to study the atmosphere, surface, and subsurface of Mars—including a camera, \u003ca href=\"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/katalogos.php\">HiRISE\u003c/a>, that can almost read the license plates on Martian automobiles—MRO has to date sent back more data than all other Mars missions combined. It's not been a glitchless flight, however: in 2009, MRO's computer reset itself four times for unknown reasons; the last reset, in August, was followed by a 4-month operational hiatus as Earth-side controllers performed some careful programming updates to help guard against effects of any future resets. MRO resumed operation in December. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>: NASA's 2001 Odyssey is still going fine after nine years—although the computer glitchiness out around Mars seems to be catching: Odyssey's computer put itself into a safe mode last November 2009 in response to a memory error. This was corrected and Odyssey has resumed doing science. Among Odyssey's major discoveries was the detection of huge expanses of water ice just under the surface of polar lowlands, and the surveying of \u003ca href=\"http://uanews.org/node/22563\">deposits of water-related minerals \u003c/a>in various locations around the planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=9\">Mars Express\u003c/a>: Arriving at Mars in 2004, Mars Express became the European Space Agency's first mission to another planet, which was recently extended to 2012. Though the Beagle 2 lander component of the mission fell to Mars and was never heard from again, the Mars Express orbiter has sent back years of captivating images and important data, including the confirmation of methane in Mars' atmosphere (whose source is in all likelihood subsurface, and the origin of which—organic or inorganic processes—is being debated). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity: After six years of crawling around Meridiani Planum discovering chemical and geological evidence for past water on Mars, Opportunity is now on a long march to a large impact crater, which it will reach (if it can keep on running) in about two years. Currently, the rover has stopped to RAT out chemical and geological information from a rock called \u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/gallery/press/opportunity/20091125a.html\">Marquette Island\u003c/a>—the RAT is its rock abrasion tool, or rock grinder. Still going….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/20091231a.html\">Mars Exploration Rover Spirit\u003c/a>: Also still alive after six years—almost 25 times longer than it was planned to run—Spirit has been stuck in a sand bog for the last six months. With a couple of wheels on the fritz, Earth-side operators have been confounded in trying to free the robot—but Spirit has continued to make scientific measurements anyway…and in fact made a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/18/spirit-digs-a-little-deeper-into-martian-geology/\">significant discovery \u003c/a>in the course of trying to get unstuck. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/main/index.html\">Phoenix lander\u003c/a>: Although it's been in the deep dark freeze of a Martian winter since November 2008, the Phoenix lander has an outside chance of survival. Now that light is returning to Phoenix's landing site, NASA is listening for the robot's radio signal, in case the return of solar power means that Phoenix will rise from the frost and live again! So far, no such signal….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next up: The \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory \u003c/a>rover, \"Curiosity.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Flash! Lakes Confirmed in Titan's Northern Hemisphere!",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/titan-cassini-flash.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's Cassini spacecraft captured this image of sunlight\u003cbr>\nreflecting off of a lake on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan.\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In a literal flash of insight—well, \"infrared sight,\" really--\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan. That's really big news for scientists, and for those like me who absolutely love to envision the sweep of the landscape on alien worlds, be they science fiction or, as in this case, fact….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence for the existence of lakes on Titan has been building since 2004, when the Cassini spacecraft, and its Titan-landing probe Huygens, arrived in the Saturn system and began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First it was imagery from the Huygens camera as it descended through Titan's thick, hazy atmosphere: what looked like dark, flat, featureless regions defining apparent coastlines along solid terrain, as well as dentritic patterns like river channels draining into them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it was imagery from Cassini's smog-penetrating infrared cameras showing numerous systems that looked for all the moon like giant lakes—on the order of size of Earth's Great Lakes. Cassini radar bouncing off the surfaces suggested that they were exceptionally flat, as one expects a watery surface to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there was \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=liquid-lake-on-titan\">confirmation of surface liquid \u003c/a>in Titan's Southern Hemisphere—but not in the north, where the lake-like shapes were by far more numerous…an apparent land o' lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/18dec_titanglint.htm\">what scientists hoped to see appeared\u003c/a>, in a flash: sunlight, reflecting off of a Titanian lake called Kraken Mare, came shining through the moon's haze and was captured by Cassini's infrared camera. It's the same kind of reflection you see when sunlight blazes off the surface of the ocean before sunset. Astronauts see the same thing from Earth orbit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jodcast.net/archive/200802Extra/iss_view.jpg\">looking down at the ocean-lined limb of the Earth\u003c/a> when the Sun is at the right position over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It required the right conditions; the Sun had to be in just the right position relative to the lake for the reflection to be seen. Ever seen the light of the setting Sun reflecting off the window of a distant house, though only for a moment when the geometry is just right? And only recently did the Sun rise over Kraken Mare's extreme northern latitude, after the 15-year dark of a Titanian arctic winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is the only Solar System object known to have surface liquid, other than Earth. Jupiter's moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213180823.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>is thought to harbor a vast ocean of liquid water, but under its outer crust of ice. Another of Saturn's moon's, Enceladus, also appears to hold liquid water inside, but its surface is as dry as the Earth's Moon. And yes, the Moon was recently confirmed to have surface water—but it's all frozen and mixed in with the lunar soil in a sort of dry cryo-mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference with Titan, however, is that its surface liquid is not water at all, but methane. It's too cold on Titan's surface for liquid water to exist there—but Titan's atmospheric pressure and temperature are right for methane to exist in its liquid state. So while on Earth we know methane as a greenhouse gas emitted by decomposing plants and the guts of cows—to name a couple of sources—on Titan it is the stuff of cloud, of rain, of river, and of lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a wild world!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/titan-cassini-flash.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's Cassini spacecraft captured this image of sunlight\u003cbr>\nreflecting off of a lake on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan.\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In a literal flash of insight—well, \"infrared sight,\" really--\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft has confirmed the existence of lakes of liquid in the Northern Hemisphere of Saturn's moon, Titan. That's really big news for scientists, and for those like me who absolutely love to envision the sweep of the landscape on alien worlds, be they science fiction or, as in this case, fact….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence for the existence of lakes on Titan has been building since 2004, when the Cassini spacecraft, and its Titan-landing probe Huygens, arrived in the Saturn system and began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First it was imagery from the Huygens camera as it descended through Titan's thick, hazy atmosphere: what looked like dark, flat, featureless regions defining apparent coastlines along solid terrain, as well as dentritic patterns like river channels draining into them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then it was imagery from Cassini's smog-penetrating infrared cameras showing numerous systems that looked for all the moon like giant lakes—on the order of size of Earth's Great Lakes. Cassini radar bouncing off the surfaces suggested that they were exceptionally flat, as one expects a watery surface to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there was \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=liquid-lake-on-titan\">confirmation of surface liquid \u003c/a>in Titan's Southern Hemisphere—but not in the north, where the lake-like shapes were by far more numerous…an apparent land o' lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/18dec_titanglint.htm\">what scientists hoped to see appeared\u003c/a>, in a flash: sunlight, reflecting off of a Titanian lake called Kraken Mare, came shining through the moon's haze and was captured by Cassini's infrared camera. It's the same kind of reflection you see when sunlight blazes off the surface of the ocean before sunset. Astronauts see the same thing from Earth orbit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jodcast.net/archive/200802Extra/iss_view.jpg\">looking down at the ocean-lined limb of the Earth\u003c/a> when the Sun is at the right position over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It required the right conditions; the Sun had to be in just the right position relative to the lake for the reflection to be seen. Ever seen the light of the setting Sun reflecting off the window of a distant house, though only for a moment when the geometry is just right? And only recently did the Sun rise over Kraken Mare's extreme northern latitude, after the 15-year dark of a Titanian arctic winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is the only Solar System object known to have surface liquid, other than Earth. Jupiter's moon \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213180823.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>is thought to harbor a vast ocean of liquid water, but under its outer crust of ice. Another of Saturn's moon's, Enceladus, also appears to hold liquid water inside, but its surface is as dry as the Earth's Moon. And yes, the Moon was recently confirmed to have surface water—but it's all frozen and mixed in with the lunar soil in a sort of dry cryo-mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference with Titan, however, is that its surface liquid is not water at all, but methane. It's too cold on Titan's surface for liquid water to exist there—but Titan's atmospheric pressure and temperature are right for methane to exist in its liquid state. So while on Earth we know methane as a greenhouse gas emitted by decomposing plants and the guts of cows—to name a couple of sources—on Titan it is the stuff of cloud, of rain, of river, and of lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a wild world!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/blog_coma-galaxy.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The first evidence for dark matter came from Fritz Zwicky’s observation of the Coma Galaxy Cluster. Image Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech, SDSS, Leigh Jenkins, Ann Hornschemeier (Goddard Space Flight Center), et al.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dark matter (think of \u003cem>matter\u003c/em> as a fancy word for \u003cem>stuff\u003c/em>) is one of the most exciting but also potentially frustrating phenomena in cosmology today. It plays no detectable role on Earth in deciding how far we can throw a baseball, or determining the characteristics of the complicated materials we use to build computers. In fact the only reason we know that it exists at all is by looking through telescopes at objects so distant that it would take hundreds of millions of years to get to them even traveling at the speed of light. And yet we believe \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/blog/node/47\">there is almost six times as much dark matter in the universe as the regular matter that we can see and feel and touch\u003c/a>. Recent results of the \u003ca href=\"http://cdms.berkeley.edu/\">Cryogenic Dark Matter Search\u003c/a> (CDMS) may have brought us a step closer to understanding this elusive material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dark matter’s discovery belongs to \u003ca href=\"http://discovermagazine.com/2009/jan/30-the-father-of-dark-matter-still-gets-no-respect\">Fritz Zwicky\u003c/a>. Known for a bullying personality and a fondness for doing one-armed pushups in the Caltech dining hall, Zwicky also measured the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_Cluster\">Coma Galaxy Cluster\u003c/a> in 1933, and noticed that galaxies seemed to be moving far more quickly than gravitational theory would predict. Either the theory of gravity had to be wrong, or some other hidden form of matter--dark matter--must be playing a role here. (Careful! This is not to be confused with \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter\">antimatter\u003c/a>, which stars in Dan Brown’s \u003cem>Angels and Demons\u003c/em>, or with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">dark energy\u003c/a>, an even more bizarre cosmological idea.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent measurements have corroborated Zwicky’s conclusions, and today we can say with a fair degree of confidence that dark matter must exist. Still, we don’t have any idea why this is so or what dark matter might actually be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter CDMS, a whopper of an experiment buried deep within the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan_mine\">Soudan mine\u003c/a> of northern Minnesota and consisting of a collaboration of no fewer than 18 experimental research groups scattered across the world. Some of the most promising theories predict that dark matter consists of a deluge of particles constantly washing through the distant galaxies we see, but also through our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/the_universe/Milkyway.html&sw=f\">Milky Way Galaxy\u003c/a> and in particular through the Earth. Such particles, coined sometime in the 1980s as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (or WIMPs), should be detectable on extraordinarily rare occasions if you can put your detector in a pristine enough location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On December 17\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, CDMS disclosed the final results of their most recent experiment, and they have reported two events that seem likely to have been caused by WIMPS. Statistically, they find that these events have only a 23 percent chance of being a coincidence. If they are real events, this will certainly be a landmark moment in the history of physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the search for dark matter has been marred by controversy before. Another large experiment called \u003ca href=\"http://people.roma2.infn.it/~dama/web/home.html\">DAMA\u003c/a> in Italy has insisted for years that they have irrefutable evidence for dark matter particles at their own detector. Unfortunately, many other experiments are in direct conflict with DAMAs claims, and consequently nobody seems to take that group seriously. Consequently, CDMS researchers are being careful not to overstate their case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end the hunt goes on, perhaps rightly so. After all, there is a 23 percent chance of dark matter being something else entirely, and if the odds of winning the lottery were 23 percent I would be running off to buy a ticket right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/blog_coma-galaxy.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The first evidence for dark matter came from Fritz Zwicky’s observation of the Coma Galaxy Cluster. Image Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech, SDSS, Leigh Jenkins, Ann Hornschemeier (Goddard Space Flight Center), et al.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dark matter (think of \u003cem>matter\u003c/em> as a fancy word for \u003cem>stuff\u003c/em>) is one of the most exciting but also potentially frustrating phenomena in cosmology today. It plays no detectable role on Earth in deciding how far we can throw a baseball, or determining the characteristics of the complicated materials we use to build computers. In fact the only reason we know that it exists at all is by looking through telescopes at objects so distant that it would take hundreds of millions of years to get to them even traveling at the speed of light. And yet we believe \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/blog/node/47\">there is almost six times as much dark matter in the universe as the regular matter that we can see and feel and touch\u003c/a>. Recent results of the \u003ca href=\"http://cdms.berkeley.edu/\">Cryogenic Dark Matter Search\u003c/a> (CDMS) may have brought us a step closer to understanding this elusive material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dark matter’s discovery belongs to \u003ca href=\"http://discovermagazine.com/2009/jan/30-the-father-of-dark-matter-still-gets-no-respect\">Fritz Zwicky\u003c/a>. Known for a bullying personality and a fondness for doing one-armed pushups in the Caltech dining hall, Zwicky also measured the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_Cluster\">Coma Galaxy Cluster\u003c/a> in 1933, and noticed that galaxies seemed to be moving far more quickly than gravitational theory would predict. Either the theory of gravity had to be wrong, or some other hidden form of matter--dark matter--must be playing a role here. (Careful! This is not to be confused with \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter\">antimatter\u003c/a>, which stars in Dan Brown’s \u003cem>Angels and Demons\u003c/em>, or with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">dark energy\u003c/a>, an even more bizarre cosmological idea.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent measurements have corroborated Zwicky’s conclusions, and today we can say with a fair degree of confidence that dark matter must exist. Still, we don’t have any idea why this is so or what dark matter might actually be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter CDMS, a whopper of an experiment buried deep within the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan_mine\">Soudan mine\u003c/a> of northern Minnesota and consisting of a collaboration of no fewer than 18 experimental research groups scattered across the world. Some of the most promising theories predict that dark matter consists of a deluge of particles constantly washing through the distant galaxies we see, but also through our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/the_universe/Milkyway.html&sw=f\">Milky Way Galaxy\u003c/a> and in particular through the Earth. Such particles, coined sometime in the 1980s as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (or WIMPs), should be detectable on extraordinarily rare occasions if you can put your detector in a pristine enough location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On December 17\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>, CDMS disclosed the final results of their most recent experiment, and they have reported two events that seem likely to have been caused by WIMPS. Statistically, they find that these events have only a 23 percent chance of being a coincidence. If they are real events, this will certainly be a landmark moment in the history of physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the search for dark matter has been marred by controversy before. Another large experiment called \u003ca href=\"http://people.roma2.infn.it/~dama/web/home.html\">DAMA\u003c/a> in Italy has insisted for years that they have irrefutable evidence for dark matter particles at their own detector. Unfortunately, many other experiments are in direct conflict with DAMAs claims, and consequently nobody seems to take that group seriously. Consequently, CDMS researchers are being careful not to overstate their case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end the hunt goes on, perhaps rightly so. After all, there is a 23 percent chance of dark matter being something else entirely, and if the odds of winning the lottery were 23 percent I would be running off to buy a ticket right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/spirit-at-troy.jpg\">\u003cem>NASA's rover Spirit has churned up sulfate minerals in the\u003cbr> attempt to free itself from loose soil. \u003cbr>(Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Some robots are born to greatness, and some have greatness forced upon them by circumstance. NASA's Mars rover Spirit has recently fallen into the latter category by making an accidental discovery in the course of trying to free itself from a sand trap…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Has it been six years since the twin rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, landed on Mars to begin their careers? Just about—next month is their landing anniversary. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both rovers have shown signs of wear and tear, but Spirit, in its exploration range in Gusev Crater, has had the harder knocks. In fact, Spirit has driven backward for a couple of years now, due to a wheel that stopped working and which it was forced to drag through the Martian soil—a robot's form of limping. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About six months ago, Spirit became bogged down in loose soil, spinning its wheels but unable to break free of the trap—not unlike what happened to my car in Death Valley one time…and Spirit can't call upon the assistance of a National Park Ranger with an SUV and winch to help….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the months of entrapment, Spirit's handlers on Earth have continued to make measurements with the rover's instruments while trying to free it from its soil trap by manipulating its wheels in different ways (probably not unlike some of the strategies I tried to get my car out of the sand). But to no avail (either for Spirit or my car). Alas, is Spirit destined to remain a stationary explorer until its lifetime finally comes to an end? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps—but as it turns out, this doesn't mean Spirit can't still make significant discoveries--\u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/02dec_troy.htm?list46156\">like a recent one it in fact made.\u003c/a> All that wheel spinning and grinding and rocking back and forth have chewed up the soil in which Spirit sits—and has broken through a layer of soil to expose a surprise hiding beneath: a crust of sulfate minerals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sulfates—compounds containing sulfur—can be formed in the presence of water, like boiling water or steam escaping from a hydrothermal vent. It may be that these sulfates formed in the distant past when the area was active with volcanism and hydrothermal steam vents. That was then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is now: the layer of sulfate (calcium sulfate) Spirit's churning wheels broke through is crusty—a property that may point to more recent water activity than the original sulfate-forming steam vents. Scientists think that the crust may have been formed by the seasonal shifting of water from the Martian polar regions when it warms up in its summer, sending the water toward the equator--where it can even fall out as snow. Then, soil beneath the layer of snow warms the bottom layer of ice and causes it to melt. In turn, the melt water seeps down into the soil, dissolving and carrying away water soluble iron sulfate and leaving behind the crust of calcium sulfate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one fell swoop trying to escape sure peril, Spirit appears to have uncovered clues about the nature of Martian water action in the distant past as well as more recent times. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As serendipitous as Spirit's entrapment is to this accidental discovery, it's even better: the rover is stuck square on the edge of a small meteorite crater, allowing it to compare the sulfate concentrations in the sulfate-rich crust and the more typical soil medium, side by side. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Way to go! That's the spirit! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/spirit-at-troy.jpg\">\u003cem>NASA's rover Spirit has churned up sulfate minerals in the\u003cbr> attempt to free itself from loose soil. \u003cbr>(Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Some robots are born to greatness, and some have greatness forced upon them by circumstance. NASA's Mars rover Spirit has recently fallen into the latter category by making an accidental discovery in the course of trying to free itself from a sand trap…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Has it been six years since the twin rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, landed on Mars to begin their careers? Just about—next month is their landing anniversary. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both rovers have shown signs of wear and tear, but Spirit, in its exploration range in Gusev Crater, has had the harder knocks. In fact, Spirit has driven backward for a couple of years now, due to a wheel that stopped working and which it was forced to drag through the Martian soil—a robot's form of limping. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About six months ago, Spirit became bogged down in loose soil, spinning its wheels but unable to break free of the trap—not unlike what happened to my car in Death Valley one time…and Spirit can't call upon the assistance of a National Park Ranger with an SUV and winch to help….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the months of entrapment, Spirit's handlers on Earth have continued to make measurements with the rover's instruments while trying to free it from its soil trap by manipulating its wheels in different ways (probably not unlike some of the strategies I tried to get my car out of the sand). But to no avail (either for Spirit or my car). Alas, is Spirit destined to remain a stationary explorer until its lifetime finally comes to an end? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps—but as it turns out, this doesn't mean Spirit can't still make significant discoveries--\u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/02dec_troy.htm?list46156\">like a recent one it in fact made.\u003c/a> All that wheel spinning and grinding and rocking back and forth have chewed up the soil in which Spirit sits—and has broken through a layer of soil to expose a surprise hiding beneath: a crust of sulfate minerals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sulfates—compounds containing sulfur—can be formed in the presence of water, like boiling water or steam escaping from a hydrothermal vent. It may be that these sulfates formed in the distant past when the area was active with volcanism and hydrothermal steam vents. That was then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is now: the layer of sulfate (calcium sulfate) Spirit's churning wheels broke through is crusty—a property that may point to more recent water activity than the original sulfate-forming steam vents. Scientists think that the crust may have been formed by the seasonal shifting of water from the Martian polar regions when it warms up in its summer, sending the water toward the equator--where it can even fall out as snow. Then, soil beneath the layer of snow warms the bottom layer of ice and causes it to melt. In turn, the melt water seeps down into the soil, dissolving and carrying away water soluble iron sulfate and leaving behind the crust of calcium sulfate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one fell swoop trying to escape sure peril, Spirit appears to have uncovered clues about the nature of Martian water action in the distant past as well as more recent times. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As serendipitous as Spirit's entrapment is to this accidental discovery, it's even better: the rover is stuck square on the edge of a small meteorite crater, allowing it to compare the sulfate concentrations in the sulfate-rich crust and the more typical soil medium, side by side. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Way to go! That's the spirit! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Evidence of Martian Life Found in Antarctica?",
"title": "New Evidence of Martian Life Found in Antarctica?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/thething.png\">\u003cem>Scene from the 1951 film The Thing From Another World\u003c/em>\u003c/span>For decades, if not longer, we Earthlings have been collectively waiting for that definitive day when we make First Contact with life from somewhere else in the universe, whether it's a \u003ci>Closer Encounter of the Third Kind\u003c/i> kind of advent or the detection of a microbe on another world. Are we there yet? Well, no, not yet--but we may be a healthy step closer to that day now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, November 30th, 2009, NASA/Johnson Space Center announced that a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/2009/J09-030.html\">recent study\u003c/a> strengthens the argument that chemical and structural features in a Martian meteorite—ALH84001—may be evidence of fossilized microbial life on Mars from the distant past. While not absolutely conclusive that the meteorite bears the remains of ancient Martian life, the results of the study show that alternate, non-biological explanations for some of the meteorite's properties are not consistent with new findings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorite ALH84001, discovered in Antarctica in 1984 and chemically identified as having originated on Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/marslife.html\">hit the news in 1996\u003c/a> when researchers hypothesized that microscopic features and chemical constituents in the rock could possibly be the fossilized remains of ancient Martian microbial life. The hypothesis was controversial among scientists, and alternate, non-biological processes were offered by opponents as possible explanations for the meteorite's features. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent reexamination of the meteorite was focused on one of the leading non-biological explanations for the existence of magnetite crystals in the sample. Magnetite is an iron-bearing, magnetic mineral that can be produced both biologically and through inorganic processes. Some forms of life on Earth—including microbes--produce magnetite crystals in their cells that help them orient to Earth's magnetic field. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA/JSC team that performed the new analysis of ALH84001 concluded that new data on the magnetite crystals, obtained with more powerful analytic instrumentation than used in the 1996 study, are not consistent with the leading non-biological explanations. This, they argue, strengthens the biological explanation for the origin of the magnetite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new analysis also obtained scanning electron microscope data that yielded more detail on shapes within the alleged microbe fossils. The new shapes that emerged from the data closely resemble shapes within Earthly microbe fossils—further strengthening the hypothesis that the meteorite contains fossils of life, and thus that life at one time existed on Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence for the possibility of life on Mars, past or present, has been growing over the past decade, or longer—evidence that Mars was once much \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/space/article6849802.ece\">warmer and wetter than it is now\u003c/a>, and that it had rivers, lakes, and possibly oceans of water, making it an environment possibly conducive to the formation of life. We have also detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/marsmethane.html\">methane rising out of the soil of Mars\u003c/a>, which some suggest could be a byproduct of current biological activity, underground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA will continue to examine the Martian meteorite, focusing their study on further detailing the structures of alleged microbe fossils and possible chemical signatures of life that remain in the rock. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, we're still waiting for the day—but with all the tantalizing clues emerging from our exploration of Mars and the Martian meteorite, it feels very much like that day is somewhere on the horizon. But, wouldn't it be ironic if we were to make the first definitive detection of extraterrestrial life right here on Earth, with evidence that's been just laying around since before the beginning of human civilization? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On Monday, November 30th, 2009, NASA/Johnson Space Center announced that a recent study strengthens the argument that chemical and structural features in a Martian meteorite—ALH84001—may be evidence of fossilized microbial life on Mars from the distant past.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/thething.png\">\u003cem>Scene from the 1951 film The Thing From Another World\u003c/em>\u003c/span>For decades, if not longer, we Earthlings have been collectively waiting for that definitive day when we make First Contact with life from somewhere else in the universe, whether it's a \u003ci>Closer Encounter of the Third Kind\u003c/i> kind of advent or the detection of a microbe on another world. Are we there yet? Well, no, not yet--but we may be a healthy step closer to that day now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, November 30th, 2009, NASA/Johnson Space Center announced that a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/2009/J09-030.html\">recent study\u003c/a> strengthens the argument that chemical and structural features in a Martian meteorite—ALH84001—may be evidence of fossilized microbial life on Mars from the distant past. While not absolutely conclusive that the meteorite bears the remains of ancient Martian life, the results of the study show that alternate, non-biological explanations for some of the meteorite's properties are not consistent with new findings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorite ALH84001, discovered in Antarctica in 1984 and chemically identified as having originated on Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/marslife.html\">hit the news in 1996\u003c/a> when researchers hypothesized that microscopic features and chemical constituents in the rock could possibly be the fossilized remains of ancient Martian microbial life. The hypothesis was controversial among scientists, and alternate, non-biological processes were offered by opponents as possible explanations for the meteorite's features. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent reexamination of the meteorite was focused on one of the leading non-biological explanations for the existence of magnetite crystals in the sample. Magnetite is an iron-bearing, magnetic mineral that can be produced both biologically and through inorganic processes. Some forms of life on Earth—including microbes--produce magnetite crystals in their cells that help them orient to Earth's magnetic field. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NASA/JSC team that performed the new analysis of ALH84001 concluded that new data on the magnetite crystals, obtained with more powerful analytic instrumentation than used in the 1996 study, are not consistent with the leading non-biological explanations. This, they argue, strengthens the biological explanation for the origin of the magnetite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new analysis also obtained scanning electron microscope data that yielded more detail on shapes within the alleged microbe fossils. The new shapes that emerged from the data closely resemble shapes within Earthly microbe fossils—further strengthening the hypothesis that the meteorite contains fossils of life, and thus that life at one time existed on Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence for the possibility of life on Mars, past or present, has been growing over the past decade, or longer—evidence that Mars was once much \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/space/article6849802.ece\">warmer and wetter than it is now\u003c/a>, and that it had rivers, lakes, and possibly oceans of water, making it an environment possibly conducive to the formation of life. We have also detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/marsmethane.html\">methane rising out of the soil of Mars\u003c/a>, which some suggest could be a byproduct of current biological activity, underground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA will continue to examine the Martian meteorite, focusing their study on further detailing the structures of alleged microbe fossils and possible chemical signatures of life that remain in the rock. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, we're still waiting for the day—but with all the tantalizing clues emerging from our exploration of Mars and the Martian meteorite, it feels very much like that day is somewhere on the horizon. But, wouldn't it be ironic if we were to make the first definitive detection of extraterrestrial life right here on Earth, with evidence that's been just laying around since before the beginning of human civilization? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's official: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/prelim_water_results.html\">NASA's LCROSS mission found water on the Moon\u003c/a>, no bones about it. Though NASA is still analyzing all the data they reaped from the LCROSS impact event on October 9th, and will be for a long time to come, they seem confident enough about the preliminary findings to make this a definite declaration of discovery! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to October 9th. It was a lot of fun watching the event up here at Chabot. We'd hoped to observe the impact through our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, but were clouded out. Fortunately, the main part of the show was brought to us via satellite from NASA—and from the vantage point of the LCROSS spacecraft, on its collision course with the Moon, where terrestrial weather was not a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4382\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/LCROSS-Chabot-cjung2009.jpg\" alt=\"The view from the control room of Chabot's planetarium, during the live LCROSS lunar impact event on October 9th, 2009.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4382\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The view from the control room of Chabot's planetarium, during the live LCROSS lunar impact event on October 9th, 2009.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our planetarium was filled—overfilled actually; we had to open up our theater across the hall as an overflow viewing area! Mind you, it was 3:00 in the morning on a Friday, and still over 300 people showed up in various states of caffeination. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set up the planetarium to resemble the control room of a futuristic starship: a huge spinning animation of the Moon overhead, and several large projections showing simulations of the impending impact, recent images from other lunar missions, and, front and center, the view from NASA, which alternated between Mission Control at Ames Research Center and a live view from the LCROSS spacecraft itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The view from LCROSS showed an ever-nearing wall of lunar craters and topography as LCROSS homed in on its fate. The announcement was made that the primary impactor, LCROSS's Centaur upper rocket stage, had impacted, and we all strained our eyes looking for the plume of dust the impact was hoped to produce. But, the impact didn't create as visible an ejecta plume as expected; we stared on, but only saw the wall of craters loom closer and closer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four minutes between Centaur impact and the inevitable impact by LCROSS itself ticked by, and we held our breaths. Then, the image went blank, and NASA announced that LCROSS had impacted the Moon. Though we didn't see the plume, it was exciting to ride along with LCROSS to its end, and live to tell about it. Next better thing to being there….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to the water. Though no plume of dust was seen by LCROSS's main visible camera, that's not all it had in its toolbox of instruments. Most revealing was data collected by LCROSS's spectrometer—the device that sorts out the wavelengths of light and discriminates the specific wavelengths emitted by specific chemicals. Water (H2O) and hydroxyl (OH) seem to have been present in the dust plumes kicked up from the permanently shadowed floor of Cabeus crater, at the lunar south pole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more: other volatile chemicals—whose identities will no doubt be revealed by NASA in coming months in the due course of their data analysis—appear to have been detected in the impact plume. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090923-moon-water-discovery.html\">How much water? \u003c/a>Are we talking vast sheets of solid ice, glaciers, and land-locked icebergs? Well…though NASA hasn't yet characterized the quantities of water inferred by LCROSS's detection, the serene waters of Cabeus likely are a mixture of lunar soil and ice—a substance you'd have to work at to extract pure water from. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more exciting discoveries to come, stay tuned to the Moon….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's official: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/prelim_water_results.html\">NASA's LCROSS mission found water on the Moon\u003c/a>, no bones about it. Though NASA is still analyzing all the data they reaped from the LCROSS impact event on October 9th, and will be for a long time to come, they seem confident enough about the preliminary findings to make this a definite declaration of discovery! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to October 9th. It was a lot of fun watching the event up here at Chabot. We'd hoped to observe the impact through our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, but were clouded out. Fortunately, the main part of the show was brought to us via satellite from NASA—and from the vantage point of the LCROSS spacecraft, on its collision course with the Moon, where terrestrial weather was not a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4382\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/LCROSS-Chabot-cjung2009.jpg\" alt=\"The view from the control room of Chabot's planetarium, during the live LCROSS lunar impact event on October 9th, 2009.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4382\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The view from the control room of Chabot's planetarium, during the live LCROSS lunar impact event on October 9th, 2009.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our planetarium was filled—overfilled actually; we had to open up our theater across the hall as an overflow viewing area! Mind you, it was 3:00 in the morning on a Friday, and still over 300 people showed up in various states of caffeination. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set up the planetarium to resemble the control room of a futuristic starship: a huge spinning animation of the Moon overhead, and several large projections showing simulations of the impending impact, recent images from other lunar missions, and, front and center, the view from NASA, which alternated between Mission Control at Ames Research Center and a live view from the LCROSS spacecraft itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The view from LCROSS showed an ever-nearing wall of lunar craters and topography as LCROSS homed in on its fate. The announcement was made that the primary impactor, LCROSS's Centaur upper rocket stage, had impacted, and we all strained our eyes looking for the plume of dust the impact was hoped to produce. But, the impact didn't create as visible an ejecta plume as expected; we stared on, but only saw the wall of craters loom closer and closer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four minutes between Centaur impact and the inevitable impact by LCROSS itself ticked by, and we held our breaths. Then, the image went blank, and NASA announced that LCROSS had impacted the Moon. Though we didn't see the plume, it was exciting to ride along with LCROSS to its end, and live to tell about it. Next better thing to being there….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to the water. Though no plume of dust was seen by LCROSS's main visible camera, that's not all it had in its toolbox of instruments. Most revealing was data collected by LCROSS's spectrometer—the device that sorts out the wavelengths of light and discriminates the specific wavelengths emitted by specific chemicals. Water (H2O) and hydroxyl (OH) seem to have been present in the dust plumes kicked up from the permanently shadowed floor of Cabeus crater, at the lunar south pole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more: other volatile chemicals—whose identities will no doubt be revealed by NASA in coming months in the due course of their data analysis—appear to have been detected in the impact plume. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090923-moon-water-discovery.html\">How much water? \u003c/a>Are we talking vast sheets of solid ice, glaciers, and land-locked icebergs? Well…though NASA hasn't yet characterized the quantities of water inferred by LCROSS's detection, the serene waters of Cabeus likely are a mixture of lunar soil and ice—a substance you'd have to work at to extract pure water from. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more exciting discoveries to come, stay tuned to the Moon….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/galileoscopeworkshop.jpg\">\u003cem>Oakland Unified teachers assembling Galileoscopes at Chabot\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What was it like for Galileo, the first time he put an eye to his telescope to see things in the heavens as never before seen? As anyone who has seen a planet or a star cluster or a nebula—or the Moon—through even a small telescope knows, the sight can be quite breathtaking. For Galileo, it must have been a universe-changing experience….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a generous donation by a concerned citizen (concerned that kids today aren't seeing enough of the sky), Chabot just completed a pair of workshops for Oakland teachers that places in their capable hands and in their classrooms \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/\">Galileoscopes\u003c/a>\"—special telescopes designed and manufactured for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/\">2009 International Year of Astronomy\u003c/a>. The Galileoscope is a low cost, simple, but good-quality telescope designed to simulate the power and field of view of \u003ca href=\"http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/eras/galileo/index.php\">Galileo's original telescope\u003c/a>, which opened up the universe in such a profound way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September and October, a total of 23 Oakland teachers received training, activities, and one Galileoscope each (plus tripod), enabling them to share the experience with their students and, hopefully, spark their imagination and curiosity about the world around us in a way that nothing but astronomy does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A look through a telescope—any telescope, big or small—does put a spark in the eye and the imagination. At least, that was my experience. Growing up in Oakland back in the 60's, I didn't have access to any small telescopes, but Chabot Observatory was only a couple miles away, and my family often went up on a weekend night for a classroom demo, a planetarium show, and thoroughly enjoyable viewing through the two antique telescopes, \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/default.asp\">Leah and Rachel\u003c/a>. Something about the actual light from Saturn or Jupiter or a distant galaxy tickling the receptors in your retina places you out there—or puts those objects directly into your brain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland teachers now armed with their Galileoscopes will use these simple but effective tools to show their students the difference between seeing Saturn as a spot of light and Saturn as a disk with \"ears\" (the appearance of its rings through a Galileoscope), or the difference between Jupiter as a brighter spot of light and Jupiter as a world with a giant storm in its clouds and four smaller \"worlds\" (moons) in orbit around it, or the difference between the Moon as a disk with light and dark areas that make interesting shapes in our imaginations and the Moon with mountain ranges, vast plains, thousands upon thousands of craters, and shadows stretching across the landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Galileoscopes \u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/products\">can still be ordered\u003c/a>, through the Galileoscope website, for a short time still, in case you're interested in getting your toe into the door of a much bigger universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/galileoscopeworkshop.jpg\">\u003cem>Oakland Unified teachers assembling Galileoscopes at Chabot\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What was it like for Galileo, the first time he put an eye to his telescope to see things in the heavens as never before seen? As anyone who has seen a planet or a star cluster or a nebula—or the Moon—through even a small telescope knows, the sight can be quite breathtaking. For Galileo, it must have been a universe-changing experience….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a generous donation by a concerned citizen (concerned that kids today aren't seeing enough of the sky), Chabot just completed a pair of workshops for Oakland teachers that places in their capable hands and in their classrooms \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/\">Galileoscopes\u003c/a>\"—special telescopes designed and manufactured for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/\">2009 International Year of Astronomy\u003c/a>. The Galileoscope is a low cost, simple, but good-quality telescope designed to simulate the power and field of view of \u003ca href=\"http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/eras/galileo/index.php\">Galileo's original telescope\u003c/a>, which opened up the universe in such a profound way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September and October, a total of 23 Oakland teachers received training, activities, and one Galileoscope each (plus tripod), enabling them to share the experience with their students and, hopefully, spark their imagination and curiosity about the world around us in a way that nothing but astronomy does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A look through a telescope—any telescope, big or small—does put a spark in the eye and the imagination. At least, that was my experience. Growing up in Oakland back in the 60's, I didn't have access to any small telescopes, but Chabot Observatory was only a couple miles away, and my family often went up on a weekend night for a classroom demo, a planetarium show, and thoroughly enjoyable viewing through the two antique telescopes, \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/default.asp\">Leah and Rachel\u003c/a>. Something about the actual light from Saturn or Jupiter or a distant galaxy tickling the receptors in your retina places you out there—or puts those objects directly into your brain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland teachers now armed with their Galileoscopes will use these simple but effective tools to show their students the difference between seeing Saturn as a spot of light and Saturn as a disk with \"ears\" (the appearance of its rings through a Galileoscope), or the difference between Jupiter as a brighter spot of light and Jupiter as a world with a giant storm in its clouds and four smaller \"worlds\" (moons) in orbit around it, or the difference between the Moon as a disk with light and dark areas that make interesting shapes in our imaginations and the Moon with mountain ranges, vast plains, thousands upon thousands of craters, and shadows stretching across the landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Galileoscopes \u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/products\">can still be ordered\u003c/a>, through the Galileoscope website, for a short time still, in case you're interested in getting your toe into the door of a much bigger universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/webofstars.jpg\">\u003cem>Students in Cork, Ireland interacting live via Skype with Chabot \u003cbr>during real-time observing session.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What do Chabot's 36-inch telescope, Nellie, and a classroom full of 14-year-old girls in Cork, Ireland have in common? In a few words, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/\">International Year of Astronomy\u003c/a> and the Web of Stars!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday morning around 1:00 AM, Chabot staff astronomer Conrad Jung and I fired up the systems in the 36-inch observatory and made a Skype video call to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bco.ie/\">Blackrock Castle Observatory\u003c/a> in Cork, Ireland. 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Eight or nine of them immediately descended upon the microphone and webcam and started chirping \"helloes\" and \"hi's\" at us across the 5,000 mile gulf (what's an ocean and a continent to get in the way of the Internet?). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the greeting buzz died down, and the girls' teacher and the facilitators at Blackrock Castle got them to their computer stations, the morning's work began….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We regret,\" Conrad and I had to inform them, \"that the weather at Chabot is damp, and we're completely fogged out.\" This was a disappointment, of course, but we had a Plan B lined up in the event of bad astronomy weather. From Conrad's archive of astrophotography, we pulled up some un-processed astronomical images from months past and dumped them to our FTP server, where Alan at Blackrock Castle immediately downloaded them to the girls' computers: \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/comet_lulin.asp\">Comet Lulin\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m31.asp\">Andromeda Galaxy\u003c/a> (M-31), the \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m13.asp\">Hercules globular cluster\u003c/a> (M-13), the \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/moon_apennine_archimedes.asp\">Apollo 15 landing region on the Moon\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m42.asp\">Great Nebula in Orion\u003c/a> (M-42), and the \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m57.asp\">Ring Nebula\u003c/a> (M-57) were the fare for the session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the astro-image processing software Salsa-J, the Cork girls proceeded to process the images—taking each set of three color channel (red, green, blue) black and white images and combining them into composite full-color images. 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In Ireland, classrooms competed over the summer to earn one of the six pilot observing sessions with Chabot, and the program will unfold from October through March with one session each month. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though we had to resort to our bad weather Plan B (\"B\" for \"bad\" weather) for our kick-off session, the A plan (\"A\" as in \"actual active astronomy\") will be for us to acquire and image objects with Nellie from lists of targets sent to us by the students in Cork, and deliver them in real time to the classroom at the Castle, where they will conduct the image processing and measurement activities in lock step. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Please wish us and the students in Cork good weather! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/sloantelesco1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Sloan Telescope used to conduct BOSS\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nA long time ago in a galaxy far far away…Well, to be precise, 14 billion years ago and at the beginning of the universe was the Big Bang. Ever since that moment, our universe has been expanding, but over the last 7 billion years that expansion has been accelerating. Why? Scientists don’t really know, so they came up with an ominous term as a placeholder: \u003ca href=\"http://nasascience.nasa.gov/astrophysics/what-is-dark-energy\">Dark Energy\u003c/a> (Another possible explanation is that that our theory of gravity is wrong, but we’ll skip that for now). Recent calculations project dark energy makes up nearly 70% of the mass-energy of the universe. 70% of the universe is a mystery? That’s the kind of puzzle that inspires scientists to craft unique experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those is \u003ca href=\"http://cosmology.lbl.gov/BOSS/\">BOSS\u003c/a>, the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, is a new project to create a 3-D map of over 2 million galaxies and quasars representing the best data ever obtained on the large-scale structure of the universe. \u003ca href=\"http://astro.berkeley.edu/%7Emwhite/bao/\">Baryon oscillations\u003c/a> began as pressure waves through the hot plasma of the early universe. Those waves left an imprint on the matter that makes up the universe, including the dark matter. The survey will essentially act as a ruler, in order to measure how the universe has been expanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next Monday, you’ll be able to meet \u003ca href=\"http://bccp.lbl.gov/personnel/david_schlegel/\">David Schlegel\u003c/a>, the principal investigator of BOSS. He’ll be part of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/fobl/\">panel of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory scientists\u003c/a> discussing their search for dark energy. As a primer, check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">QUEST’s story on Dark Energy\u003c/a> from last year. The piece features astrophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://supernova.lbl.gov/public/sauldir/saulhome.html\">Saul Perlmutter\u003c/a>, who will also be speaking at the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See QUEST’s Video on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">Dark Energy\u003c/a> below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=1023&year=2009&month=10\">Dark Secrets: What Science Tells Us About the Hidden Universe\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Where:\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=2025+Addison+Street%2C+Berkeley%2C+CA+94704&hl=en&f=d\">Berkeley Repertory Theater\u003c/a>, 2025 Addison Street, Berkeley\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> When:\u003c/em> Monday, October 26th 7-830 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost:\u003c/em> FREE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Details:\u003c/em> No mystery is bigger than dark energy — the elusive force that makes up three-quarters of the Universe and is causing it to expand at an accelerating rate. KTVU Channel 2 health and science editor John Fowler will moderate a panel of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory scientists who use phenomena such as exploding stars and gravitational lenses to explore the dark cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.871295 -122.269316\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>On this week’s TV episode of QUEST, we go behind the scenes of \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, the new film produced by Oakland’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>. The half-hour film about Maya astronomy opens at the center’s planetarium on November 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The film is groundbreaking for a couple of reasons. It’s the first time the Chabot center is using state-of-the art laser scanning technology to create one of its films. For \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, a team of 25 people spent seven weeks scanning the ruins of the ancient city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.traditionsofthesun.org\">Chichén Itzá\u003c/a>, in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. This technology is widely used by Hollywood productions because of the flexibility it gives a creative team. Once they’ve scanned a particular site, they can play with any one of its variables: they can create the illusion that the camera is moving in crazy ways; they can manipulate the light conditions, and they can change the look of the location in any way they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creative team behind \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, made up of, among others, Emeryville nonprofit Insight, the San Francisco animation companies Digitrove and \u003ca href=\"http://www.palmavfx.com\">Palma VFX\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://artslab.unm.edu/index.html\">ARTS Lab at the University of New Mexico\u003c/a>, producer Konda Mason and director Jin An Wong, are taking advantage of all the possibilities that the scanning of Chichén Itzá provides. The audience will be immersed in full-color animations that go beyond showing the ruins of Chichén Itzá as they exist today. Instead, through laborious historical research, the creative team has reconstructed what the monumental city must have looked like at its peak 1,200 years ago, with temples painted in bright reds, greens, blues and yellows, and incense burning and flags waving atop them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the 3-D digital images created through laser scanners as the raw material for the animations in \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, the film is also breaking ground in more indirect, but perhaps even more important, ways. \u003ca href=\"http://www.insightdigital.org\">Insight\u003c/a>, the Emeryville nonprofit that oversaw the scanning at Chichén Itzá, as well as the Orinda-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cyark.org\">CyArk\u003c/a>, another nonprofit that worked on the project, are engaged in scanning irreplaceable sites around the world, documenting them for the benefit of the archaeologists charged with preserving them, as well as for generations to come, which might lose the real thing to natural disasters, war, or the passage of time. CyArk’s co-founder, Ben Kacyra, has set out to use laser scanners to document 500 sites in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3880\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/mayaskies1.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Cain, Digital Capture Supervisor for Maya Skies, demonstrates his innovative image-capture process that replaces expensive custom hardware with affordable consumer equipment.\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3880\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Cain, Digital Capture Supervisor for Maya Skies, demonstrates his innovative image-capture process that replaces expensive custom hardware with affordable consumer equipment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But laser scanners, for all the wonderful detail, speed and flexibility they offer, are expensive. They can cost anywhere from $10,000 to $150,000. 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The high quality of today’s cheap digital cameras is what makes it possible to apply this principle to create an inexpensive image-capturing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With this new technique, our ultimate goal is to be able to provide very low-cost, very usable results for archaeologists,” Cain said, “because until the price goes almost to zero, archaeologists aren’t going to be able to adopt it, just given the realities of their field.” To illustrate those realities, Cain used the example of the work that Insight has done in Egypt for the past decade. Each year they join a team of archaeologists for their field work at the Tomb of Ramses. A complete yearly field season costs under $50,000, many times the cost of an inexpensive laser scanner.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On this week’s TV episode of QUEST, we go behind the scenes of \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, the new film produced by Oakland’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>. The half-hour film about Maya astronomy opens at the center’s planetarium on November 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The film is groundbreaking for a couple of reasons. It’s the first time the Chabot center is using state-of-the art laser scanning technology to create one of its films. For \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, a team of 25 people spent seven weeks scanning the ruins of the ancient city of \u003ca href=\"http://www.traditionsofthesun.org\">Chichén Itzá\u003c/a>, in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula. This technology is widely used by Hollywood productions because of the flexibility it gives a creative team. Once they’ve scanned a particular site, they can play with any one of its variables: they can create the illusion that the camera is moving in crazy ways; they can manipulate the light conditions, and they can change the look of the location in any way they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creative team behind \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, made up of, among others, Emeryville nonprofit Insight, the San Francisco animation companies Digitrove and \u003ca href=\"http://www.palmavfx.com\">Palma VFX\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://artslab.unm.edu/index.html\">ARTS Lab at the University of New Mexico\u003c/a>, producer Konda Mason and director Jin An Wong, are taking advantage of all the possibilities that the scanning of Chichén Itzá provides. The audience will be immersed in full-color animations that go beyond showing the ruins of Chichén Itzá as they exist today. Instead, through laborious historical research, the creative team has reconstructed what the monumental city must have looked like at its peak 1,200 years ago, with temples painted in bright reds, greens, blues and yellows, and incense burning and flags waving atop them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the 3-D digital images created through laser scanners as the raw material for the animations in \u003cem>Tales of Maya Skies\u003c/em>, the film is also breaking ground in more indirect, but perhaps even more important, ways. \u003ca href=\"http://www.insightdigital.org\">Insight\u003c/a>, the Emeryville nonprofit that oversaw the scanning at Chichén Itzá, as well as the Orinda-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cyark.org\">CyArk\u003c/a>, another nonprofit that worked on the project, are engaged in scanning irreplaceable sites around the world, documenting them for the benefit of the archaeologists charged with preserving them, as well as for generations to come, which might lose the real thing to natural disasters, war, or the passage of time. CyArk’s co-founder, Ben Kacyra, has set out to use laser scanners to document 500 sites in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3880\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/mayaskies1.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Cain, Digital Capture Supervisor for Maya Skies, demonstrates his innovative image-capture process that replaces expensive custom hardware with affordable consumer equipment.\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3880\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Cain, Digital Capture Supervisor for Maya Skies, demonstrates his innovative image-capture process that replaces expensive custom hardware with affordable consumer equipment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But laser scanners, for all the wonderful detail, speed and flexibility they offer, are expensive. They can cost anywhere from $10,000 to $150,000. That’s why Kevin Cain, Insight’s director, has been testing an alternative system that can accomplish the same thing at a fraction of the cost. All the gear he needs is a digital camera, a flash and software, at a total cost of under $2,000. Here’s how it works. For every 32-square-foot swatch of an object, Cain takes 10 still photos with his camera and flash. Then he uses the photos to reconstruct the object based on the brightness of each individual point on its surface. The system is based on a principle of physics discovered in the 18\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century. The high quality of today’s cheap digital cameras is what makes it possible to apply this principle to create an inexpensive image-capturing system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/cassini-saturn-ring-bump-sh.jpg\">\u003cem>Bumps and ripples in the otherwise flat ring system of Saturn cast long shadows at equinox. Image credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Imagine a vast, flat plain spreading out before you for tens of thousands of miles in all directions, with no Earthly curvature to give the horizon its slightly finite look. Instead, it stretches seemingly to the infinite blackness of space in one direction, and slices straight into the streaky, wind-smoothed clouds of Saturn in the other...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard to imagine what it would be like to float just above the rings of Saturn, but what a sight it must be! As a kid, one of my favorite astronomical pass-times was imagining the view from other places in the Solar System. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine a towering bulge of frosty mist rising up out of this super-flat plane of ice chunks, literally the size of a mountain. Such is what was beheld by \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft last month--albeit, from a distance--when it turned its cameras to Saturn's vast rings during the few days surrounding Saturn's equinox (August 29, 2009), giving us a view never before seen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equinox on Earth, when the Sun is positioned directly over our equator, happens twice a year. Due to Earth's tilted rotational axis, as we orbit the Sun the latitude over which the Sun shines directly cycles north and south between the latitudes of the Tropics. On its way north to warm our (Northern Hemisphere) summers or south to leave us in the chill, the Sun crosses the equator on the equinoxes (Fall and Spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens on Saturn, with two differences. First, Saturn takes nearly 30 years to orbit the Sun, so equinox comes only about every 14 years. Second, Saturn has its system of rings that encircle the planet directly above its equator, serving as a visible extension of the equator. At \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3683\">Saturn's equinox\u003c/a>, the Sun is not only directly over the equator, but sunlight strikes the rings edge-on, like a flashlight shining on a flat piece of paper from the edge, the light just grazing over the surfaces on either side. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this happens, any deviations from the flatness of the ring system—bumps and ripples--\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3674\">cast long shadows across the rings\u003c/a>, making the features much easier to see. The same thing is seen on that piece of paper with shadows from creases and bumps leaping across the page. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seen from Earth, equinox on Saturn means the rings appear to vanish as we look at them edge-on. This behavior puzzled astronomers long ago before they understood the rings for what they are. During the August 2009 Saturn equinox, however, for the first time in history we had a bird's-eye view of the rings during equinox, from Cassini. Cassini has been in orbit around Saturn for five years now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3672\">Cassini spotted a number of prominent shadows\u003c/a> trailing bright spots and ridges—bumps and ripples of different sorts rising above the ring plane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the bumps--icy ring material kicked up by the gravitational disturbance of a small moonlet inside the rings--were measured at over two miles high, the height of the Rocky Mountains. Other rippling features, such as long ridges running along the direction the rings encircle Saturn, are waves created by the gravity of moons orbiting outside the ring system. Still other types of disturbances observed are possibly caused by the impact of meteoroids or chunks of ice with the rings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's rings are tens of thousands of miles across, but are extremely thin—perhaps no thicker than the height of a four-story building! So a bump or ripple as high as a mountain is a big deal! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, to be on Saturn, now that equinox is here... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this happens, any deviations from the flatness of the ring system—bumps and ripples--\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3674\">cast long shadows across the rings\u003c/a>, making the features much easier to see. The same thing is seen on that piece of paper with shadows from creases and bumps leaping across the page. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seen from Earth, equinox on Saturn means the rings appear to vanish as we look at them edge-on. This behavior puzzled astronomers long ago before they understood the rings for what they are. During the August 2009 Saturn equinox, however, for the first time in history we had a bird's-eye view of the rings during equinox, from Cassini. Cassini has been in orbit around Saturn for five years now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3672\">Cassini spotted a number of prominent shadows\u003c/a> trailing bright spots and ridges—bumps and ripples of different sorts rising above the ring plane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the bumps--icy ring material kicked up by the gravitational disturbance of a small moonlet inside the rings--were measured at over two miles high, the height of the Rocky Mountains. Other rippling features, such as long ridges running along the direction the rings encircle Saturn, are waves created by the gravity of moons orbiting outside the ring system. Still other types of disturbances observed are possibly caused by the impact of meteoroids or chunks of ice with the rings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's rings are tens of thousands of miles across, but are extremely thin—perhaps no thicker than the height of a four-story building! So a bump or ripple as high as a mountain is a big deal! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, to be on Saturn, now that equinox is here... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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"soldout": {
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