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"content": "\u003cp>Before I produced this story, I had little idea that the Sun was capable of so much dynamic activity, let alone that its celestial vicissitudes could reverberate through the heliosphere all the way to our planetary doorstep, 93 million miles away. This highly variable ‘space weather’, emanating from the sun, is carried along the solar wind, a fast-moving stream of solar radiation which constantly rains upon our planet's protective magnetic shield. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> I was also surprised to learn how the Sun drives terrestrial weather, the kind that has us grabbing our sunglasses or an umbrella before leaving the house. While producing this story, I interviewed David Dempsey, a Professor of Meteorology at San Francisco University, who illuminated for me the role the Sun plays in this process. According to him, \"we wouldn’t have anything we would call weather without the Sun. It shines directly on the lower latitudes of the Earth and less directly at the high latitudes, and that creates a big difference in temperature between the tropics and the polar regions. That difference in temperature in turn creates differences in pressure within the atmosphere that then drives winds. Wherever the air is, it goes up, it cools and you can get condensation of water vapor in the air and clouds form. Clouds then produce rain and they also reflect sunlight back to space, which then modifies the heating of the sun and you have a very complex system taking place across the globe we call weather.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although weather forecasting has been the subject of much derision, huge strides have been made in weather forecasting, driven by a steady technological progress that has revolutionized the science of meteorology. As Professor Dempsey told me, \"we’re probably in the 5 to 7 or even 8-day range as far as making forecasts that have some value to them. Forty years ago, it would have been just a couple of days. Improvements in satellites, in ground-based observations, have all contributed to our better understanding of the state of the atmosphere at any one moment.\" Take for example \u003ca href=\"http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/launch/\">COSMIC, six satellites which launched in 2006\u003c/a> and which ingeniously use GPS signals from other satellites to discern the temperature and moisture content of the atmosphere over oceans, which traditional weather balloons, launched from land, can't provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astrophysicists who track space weather today are at a stage Earth weather forecasters were roughly three decades ago when increased computing capabilities allowed them to amass more atmospheric data and analyze the data faster and more accurately. Moreover, with a powerful new tool within their toolkit in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a>, a satellite that provides a constant, ultra-high resolution view of the sun, the space weather trackers should be able to make more reliable and more detailed forecasts. Phil Scherrer, one of the Principal Investigators on the SDO mission, told me that a reasonable target to aim for is a space weather forecast that would be accurate for roughly a week, which is about what you can expect for a fairly accurate terrestrial weather forecast today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the stakes couldn't be higher for increased vigilance as our satellites arc through the atmosphere, which for all their state-of-the art ruggedized construction, are still vulnerable to the radiative slings and blows volleying from the Sun. As Professor Dempsey put it, \"Solar storms can interfere with our ability to get the data we need, the observations we need, from weather satellites.That can be really critical if you have a hurricane developing off the coast of Florida and you need to know in advance whether you’re going to have all the data you need to try to make your best forecast of the impact of that hurricane. And if you know that you’re going to have an interruption in observations from satellites because of variations in solar output, then you can try to compensate and warn people about it.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/17-display_4401-resized.gif\">\u003cem>Live solar observing at Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>While NASA may have just started showing us the Sun \"as never before seen\" through their \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> (yes, with each new launch of a solar satellite, we again see the Sun as never before seen—which is actually very cool), at Chabot our observatory volunteers have started doing the same thing--in your own backyard!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our weekend daytime observatory volunteer team has assembled their own live solar observatory, using a SolarMax 70 hydrogen-alpha filter telescope, a video camera, a wireless transmitter, and a large flat-panel display screen—and now that the weather is beginning to cooperate, their offering to our visitors will take place on a more regular basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was up there last Sunday to see the system at work, and was very impressed. With the telescope and wireless transmitter set up outside on the observatory deck, the image of the Sun captured by the video camera was transmitted into the dome of our large telescope, Rachel, where a receiver caught the signal and piped it into the large display monitor attached to the central pier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there were no sunspots that day—and sunspots are what people generally expect to see, if anything—the Sun put on quite a show in the \"hydrogen alpha\" wavelength of light (a select red color emitted by hot hydrogen in the Sun's atmosphere). While the Sun's visible surface is populated by features like \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/feature1.shtml\">granules (convection cells), sunspots, and faculae\u003c/a>, the h-alpha scope revealed a layer of the Sun's atmosphere, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/atmosphere/chromosphere.html\">chromosphere\u003c/a> (\"sphere of color\", named for the bright red light emitted by the hydrogen gas). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We observed several filaments and two or three prominences on this day, even though the Sun was relatively quiet and showing little surface sunspot activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solar.physics.montana.edu/ypop/Program/hfilament.html\">Filaments and prominences\u003c/a> are the same thing, really: \"clouds\" of hydrogen gas in the Sun's chromosphere, shaped and contained by the force of solar magnetic fields. When seen at the edge of the Sun's disk, these clouds appear as bright flame-like structures against the dark background of space, and we call them prominences. When seen within the Sun's disk, they appear as dark streaks and strands, the cooler gases in the clouds silhouetted against the brighter surface of the Sun; in this case we call them filaments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the little puffs of prominence we saw—like bonfires surging up from the edge of the Sun—were actually enormous structures, several times the size of the Earth. And we saw them change as well; in only minutes, the structures would shift and form new shapes, reminding us that the Sun is a very active and dynamic object, always on the go. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar activity is now on the rise, after a multi-year lull of quiet as we passed through the bottom of the \u003ca href=\"http://\">11-year solar cycle\u003c/a>. We are seeing sunspots on more occasions, which are revealing areas of rising magnetic activity. The activity should only increase going forward, and is expected to reach a crescendo (\"solar maximum\") sometime around 2012 or 2013. Then, as was the case a decade ago when Chabot Space & Science Center opened, we can expect to see a dozen or so sunspots at any given time, and many more filaments and prominences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope you can make it up to Chabot on a sunny weekend afternoon and see what our volunteers are up to. Forget about that sunny beach; come up to Chabot to learn about the object that makes that beach sunny!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/17-display_4401-resized.gif\">\u003cem>Live solar observing at Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>While NASA may have just started showing us the Sun \"as never before seen\" through their \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> (yes, with each new launch of a solar satellite, we again see the Sun as never before seen—which is actually very cool), at Chabot our observatory volunteers have started doing the same thing--in your own backyard!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our weekend daytime observatory volunteer team has assembled their own live solar observatory, using a SolarMax 70 hydrogen-alpha filter telescope, a video camera, a wireless transmitter, and a large flat-panel display screen—and now that the weather is beginning to cooperate, their offering to our visitors will take place on a more regular basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was up there last Sunday to see the system at work, and was very impressed. With the telescope and wireless transmitter set up outside on the observatory deck, the image of the Sun captured by the video camera was transmitted into the dome of our large telescope, Rachel, where a receiver caught the signal and piped it into the large display monitor attached to the central pier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there were no sunspots that day—and sunspots are what people generally expect to see, if anything—the Sun put on quite a show in the \"hydrogen alpha\" wavelength of light (a select red color emitted by hot hydrogen in the Sun's atmosphere). While the Sun's visible surface is populated by features like \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/feature1.shtml\">granules (convection cells), sunspots, and faculae\u003c/a>, the h-alpha scope revealed a layer of the Sun's atmosphere, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/atmosphere/chromosphere.html\">chromosphere\u003c/a> (\"sphere of color\", named for the bright red light emitted by the hydrogen gas). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We observed several filaments and two or three prominences on this day, even though the Sun was relatively quiet and showing little surface sunspot activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solar.physics.montana.edu/ypop/Program/hfilament.html\">Filaments and prominences\u003c/a> are the same thing, really: \"clouds\" of hydrogen gas in the Sun's chromosphere, shaped and contained by the force of solar magnetic fields. When seen at the edge of the Sun's disk, these clouds appear as bright flame-like structures against the dark background of space, and we call them prominences. When seen within the Sun's disk, they appear as dark streaks and strands, the cooler gases in the clouds silhouetted against the brighter surface of the Sun; in this case we call them filaments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the little puffs of prominence we saw—like bonfires surging up from the edge of the Sun—were actually enormous structures, several times the size of the Earth. And we saw them change as well; in only minutes, the structures would shift and form new shapes, reminding us that the Sun is a very active and dynamic object, always on the go. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar activity is now on the rise, after a multi-year lull of quiet as we passed through the bottom of the \u003ca href=\"http://\">11-year solar cycle\u003c/a>. We are seeing sunspots on more occasions, which are revealing areas of rising magnetic activity. The activity should only increase going forward, and is expected to reach a crescendo (\"solar maximum\") sometime around 2012 or 2013. Then, as was the case a decade ago when Chabot Space & Science Center opened, we can expect to see a dozen or so sunspots at any given time, and many more filaments and prominences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope you can make it up to Chabot on a sunny weekend afternoon and see what our volunteers are up to. Forget about that sunny beach; come up to Chabot to learn about the object that makes that beach sunny!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/pluto-art.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist's concept of a Pluto landscape, with moon Charon on \u003cbr>the horizon. NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I've been waiting for some new news from the outer reaches of our solar system. Sometimes it seems the very cold, very dark netherworld beyond Neptune is a very uneventful region. Things move more slowly, the Sun's dim light only tickles the frigid atoms and molecules out there, and being so far removed from our robotic and telescopic scrutiny, we don't see much to begin with. But, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, my favorite dwarf planet, Pluto, is on the horizon again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations of Pluto have been made by Hubble before, bringing us the most detailed images of that small world ever taken. Still, the images reveal little more than variations in shading, and in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/14apr_molasses/\">most recent observations\u003c/a>, some color.\u003cbr>\nThe recent images show the dwarf planet from different angles, grabbed at different times as Pluto slowly rotates, once about every six days. The darker areas have been characterized as having a \"molasses\" color—I'm assuming that means very dark brown, as that's the color of molasses in the bottle in our kitchen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is Pluto's surface oozing with syrupy sugars? First of all, nothing should be oozing at all under the temperatures Pluto routinely experiences. Since Pluto reached its closest approach to the Sun back in the 1980s—something that happens only every 248 years—temperatures have risen to their highest in our lifetimes, and are now up to about -385 degrees Fahrenheit. Yeah, minus. Global warming on Pluto….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists don't yet know what the deep brown regions are, some expect it has something to do with Pluto's methane, the existence of which we've known for some time from spectroscopic measurements. Methane is a hydrocarbon—an \"organic molecule\"--whose chemistry is part of the basis of life on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's not to say there's life on Pluto—but one theory about the molasses-colored patches is that it may be some sort of tar-like substance that has developed over millions of years from the Sun's weak rays interacting with Pluto's methane. Over its seasonal and orbital gyrations, Pluto's methane cycles from being frozen solid on the ground to being a gas and forming a thin atmosphere; right now that atmosphere is as thick as it's ever been in our lifetimes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will astronauts in the distant future have to worry about getting stuck in something sticky when they walk around on Pluto? Too early to tell….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since childhood I've been fascinated by Pluto—probably more for our lack of knowing it than for anything we actually know (which isn't a whole lot: small, cold, dark, slow, patchy brown, methane, three moons; that's the lion's-share of our knowledge). It's a place of mystery, not unlike Mars and Venus, or Jupiter's Galilean moons, were long ago (like in my childhood), before we sent spacecraft to see them up close, and before we had the powerful eye of Hubble. Mars, at least, we're getting to know pretty well; it still holds plenty of mysteries, but somehow feels not so far removed, and familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, something else is on the horizon in the exploration of Pluto: in five years, NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft will whiz by and in a few short hours collect an amount of information that will absolutely dwarf all that we have learned since Pluto was discovered in 1930. It's like the treks of Pioneer and Voyager all over again, back in the 1970s and 1980s, when we first visited the Gas Giant planets, and moons like Io and Europa went from being fuzzy blobs with variations in surface shading and color to worlds with craters and volcanoes and ice fissures and…well, let's just say I can hardly wait to get that up-close glimpse of Pluto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/pluto-art.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist's concept of a Pluto landscape, with moon Charon on \u003cbr>the horizon. NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I've been waiting for some new news from the outer reaches of our solar system. Sometimes it seems the very cold, very dark netherworld beyond Neptune is a very uneventful region. Things move more slowly, the Sun's dim light only tickles the frigid atoms and molecules out there, and being so far removed from our robotic and telescopic scrutiny, we don't see much to begin with. But, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, my favorite dwarf planet, Pluto, is on the horizon again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations of Pluto have been made by Hubble before, bringing us the most detailed images of that small world ever taken. Still, the images reveal little more than variations in shading, and in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/14apr_molasses/\">most recent observations\u003c/a>, some color.\u003cbr>\nThe recent images show the dwarf planet from different angles, grabbed at different times as Pluto slowly rotates, once about every six days. The darker areas have been characterized as having a \"molasses\" color—I'm assuming that means very dark brown, as that's the color of molasses in the bottle in our kitchen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is Pluto's surface oozing with syrupy sugars? First of all, nothing should be oozing at all under the temperatures Pluto routinely experiences. Since Pluto reached its closest approach to the Sun back in the 1980s—something that happens only every 248 years—temperatures have risen to their highest in our lifetimes, and are now up to about -385 degrees Fahrenheit. Yeah, minus. Global warming on Pluto….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists don't yet know what the deep brown regions are, some expect it has something to do with Pluto's methane, the existence of which we've known for some time from spectroscopic measurements. Methane is a hydrocarbon—an \"organic molecule\"--whose chemistry is part of the basis of life on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's not to say there's life on Pluto—but one theory about the molasses-colored patches is that it may be some sort of tar-like substance that has developed over millions of years from the Sun's weak rays interacting with Pluto's methane. Over its seasonal and orbital gyrations, Pluto's methane cycles from being frozen solid on the ground to being a gas and forming a thin atmosphere; right now that atmosphere is as thick as it's ever been in our lifetimes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/branching.jpg\" alt=\"visualizing science\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>photo credit: Sabin+Jones LabStudio\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was recently at the annual AAAS meeting in San Diego, the largest scientific conference in the world. After days and day of symposiums and discussions (some of which make you want to gnaw off your own ear), I walked into the exhibit halls hoping for a respite. In a corner of the enormous room, I found the winners of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/special/vis2009/show/\">International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge\u003c/a>. I was simply blown away. \u003ca href=\"http://www.seas.harvard.edu/news-events/press-releases/striking-photo-wins-top-honors-evokes-sustainability\">Self assembling polymers\u003c/a> arranged around a green sphere showing the need for all of us to work together to save the planet. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sabin-jones.com/\">75,000 cable zip ties\u003c/a> illustrating lung endothelial cells pushing against and pulling on the protein matrix that surrounds them. The works were absolutely astounding and illustrated the benefit of artists adding their perspective to often difficult-to-understand scientific concepts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing blend of art and science is not lost in our local community. Next week, two events in particular illustrate the trend. On Wednesday April 7th, Swissnex San Francisco hosts a discussion on \u003ca href=\"http://swissnexsanfrancisco.org/Ourwork/events/visualizing-science\">Visualizing Science\u003c/a> focusing on how artists can enrich scientific concepts and results. The panel discussion features a scientific illustrator, marine biologist, and exhibit developer from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>. The scientific illustrator, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wissenskunst.ch/en/biographie.htm\">Cornelia Hesse-Honegger\u003c/a>, spent years drawing mutated insects near fallout areas of nuclear power plants, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.wissenskunst.ch/en/tschernobyl_5.htm\">Chernobyl\u003c/a>. Even if I tried, I couldn't have made up a stranger idea for an art project. The results are stunning and will appear in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/\">WIRED’s\u003c/a> May issue. For those unfamiliar with \u003ca href=\"http://swissnexsanfrancisco.org/\">Swissnex\u003c/a>, it is a venue for the discussion of science, education, art, and innovation - highlighting the ingenuity of Switzerland and the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sautrday April 10th, see art and science merge in celebration of Yuri Gagarin's first orbit around the Earth. The annual Yuri's Night Bay Area is a blend of space science, interactive art, and popular music all in the cavernous Moffett Field Hangar. This year's \u003ca href=\"http://ynba.org/art.php\">art installations\u003c/a> include the \u003ca href=\"http://www.raygungothicrocket.com/\">Raygun Rocketship\u003c/a>, a retro 100' tall rocketship which debuted at Burning Man and the \u003ca href=\"http://flaminglotus.com/art/the-serpent-mother/\">Serpent Mother\u003c/a>, a 180' animatronic fire breating snake. Worry not science fans, as there will be over \u003ca href=\"http://ynba.org/exhibits.php\">100 exhibits\u003c/a> featuring an outdoor planetarium and even Steve Wozniak speaking on the early days of Apple. Music acts include Common and Les Claypool along with dozens of other performers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=1754\">Visualizing Science\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>When:\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Wednesday, April 7th, 630-930 PM\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Where:\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=730+montgomery+st,+san+francisco&t=h&hl=en&ie=UTF8&z=16&om=1\">Swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cost:\u003c/em> Free, \u003ca href=\"http://swissnexsanfrancisco.org/Ourwork/events/visualizing-science\">RSVP Required\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ynba.org/\">Yuri's Night Bay Area\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>When:\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Friday April 9th and Saturday April 10th\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Where:\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://ynba.org/venue.php\">Moffett Field, NASA Ames Hangar\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cost:\u003c/em> Friday is free for students and educators. \u003ca href=\"http://yurisnight2010.eventbrite.com/\">Saturday is $55.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.412163 -122.052612\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "See science blend with art this week. Visualizing Science is a panel discussion of artists and scientists at Swissnex San Francisco on April 7th. Yuri's Night Bay Area, celebrating the anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's first orbit of Earth, is a concert, art installation, and science celebration all mixed into one giant festival.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/branching.jpg\" alt=\"visualizing science\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>photo credit: Sabin+Jones LabStudio\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was recently at the annual AAAS meeting in San Diego, the largest scientific conference in the world. After days and day of symposiums and discussions (some of which make you want to gnaw off your own ear), I walked into the exhibit halls hoping for a respite. In a corner of the enormous room, I found the winners of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/special/vis2009/show/\">International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge\u003c/a>. I was simply blown away. \u003ca href=\"http://www.seas.harvard.edu/news-events/press-releases/striking-photo-wins-top-honors-evokes-sustainability\">Self assembling polymers\u003c/a> arranged around a green sphere showing the need for all of us to work together to save the planet. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sabin-jones.com/\">75,000 cable zip ties\u003c/a> illustrating lung endothelial cells pushing against and pulling on the protein matrix that surrounds them. The works were absolutely astounding and illustrated the benefit of artists adding their perspective to often difficult-to-understand scientific concepts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing blend of art and science is not lost in our local community. Next week, two events in particular illustrate the trend. On Wednesday April 7th, Swissnex San Francisco hosts a discussion on \u003ca href=\"http://swissnexsanfrancisco.org/Ourwork/events/visualizing-science\">Visualizing Science\u003c/a> focusing on how artists can enrich scientific concepts and results. The panel discussion features a scientific illustrator, marine biologist, and exhibit developer from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>. The scientific illustrator, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wissenskunst.ch/en/biographie.htm\">Cornelia Hesse-Honegger\u003c/a>, spent years drawing mutated insects near fallout areas of nuclear power plants, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.wissenskunst.ch/en/tschernobyl_5.htm\">Chernobyl\u003c/a>. Even if I tried, I couldn't have made up a stranger idea for an art project. The results are stunning and will appear in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/\">WIRED’s\u003c/a> May issue. For those unfamiliar with \u003ca href=\"http://swissnexsanfrancisco.org/\">Swissnex\u003c/a>, it is a venue for the discussion of science, education, art, and innovation - highlighting the ingenuity of Switzerland and the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sautrday April 10th, see art and science merge in celebration of Yuri Gagarin's first orbit around the Earth. The annual Yuri's Night Bay Area is a blend of space science, interactive art, and popular music all in the cavernous Moffett Field Hangar. This year's \u003ca href=\"http://ynba.org/art.php\">art installations\u003c/a> include the \u003ca href=\"http://www.raygungothicrocket.com/\">Raygun Rocketship\u003c/a>, a retro 100' tall rocketship which debuted at Burning Man and the \u003ca href=\"http://flaminglotus.com/art/the-serpent-mother/\">Serpent Mother\u003c/a>, a 180' animatronic fire breating snake. Worry not science fans, as there will be over \u003ca href=\"http://ynba.org/exhibits.php\">100 exhibits\u003c/a> featuring an outdoor planetarium and even Steve Wozniak speaking on the early days of Apple. Music acts include Common and Les Claypool along with dozens of other performers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=1754\">Visualizing Science\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>When:\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Wednesday, April 7th, 630-930 PM\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Where:\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=730+montgomery+st,+san+francisco&t=h&hl=en&ie=UTF8&z=16&om=1\">Swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cost:\u003c/em> Free, \u003ca href=\"http://swissnexsanfrancisco.org/Ourwork/events/visualizing-science\">RSVP Required\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ynba.org/\">Yuri's Night Bay Area\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>When:\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Friday April 9th and Saturday April 10th\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Where:\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://ynba.org/venue.php\">Moffett Field, NASA Ames Hangar\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cost:\u003c/em> Friday is free for students and educators. \u003ca href=\"http://yurisnight2010.eventbrite.com/\">Saturday is $55.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.412163 -122.052612\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/magnet_iron_filings.jpg\">\u003cem>Iron filings reveal the pattern of a magnet's invisible force field.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Saturday, March 20th, was not only Vernal Equinox, but the annual \u003ca href=\"http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2010/index.php\">Sun-Earth Day\u003c/a>: a NASA-promoted effort around the country to focus attention on the special connections between the Sun and the Earth. This year's theme: Magnetic Storms!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That gave me a lot to work with—Sun-Earth Day usually does, but the more opportunity to create hands-on experiences for our visitors, the better, and when it comes to curious natural phenomena, magnetism is a fertile subject for all sorts of seemingly magical fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, I turned Chabot's Chemistry/Physics classroom into a public magnetism laboratory, giving visitors a chance to learn, or relearn, some of the basics of magnets, as well as to connect the tabletop experiments to phenomena that take place on enormous scales on the Sun and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First was \u003cem>magnetic polarity\u003c/em>: playing with a set of magnets, visitors got a feel for the behavior of magnetic poles—N and S—and how opposite poles attract and like poles repel. (It's always fun to feel the pull of attraction between two magnets, but there's something extraordinary about feeling the push of repulsion—your mind just expects to see little bumpers on the magnets, but there's seemingly nothing there!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/our_protective_shield/01/01.html\">Earth itself is a giant magnet\u003c/a>, as most of us know—but what many of the adults found surprising and intriguing is the polarity of Earth's magnetic field. Using small magnetic compasses, we sought out the Earth's magnetic poles: north and south. By taking careful notice of which type of magnetic pole the compass needle ends pointed to, the fact that the magnetic pole of the Earth up near the geographic north pole is a south—or 'S'—magnetic pole was revealed! This is why in physics we are often careful to refer to magnetic poles as 'S' and 'N', not south and north, to avoid confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At another station, visitors made their own compasses by magnetizing an iron nail stuck through a Styrofoam packing peanut and floating it in a bowl of water. Darned if that floating nail didn't stubbornly turn to point in the same direction, no matter what direction we tried to turn it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Station 3 was about mapping the invisible magnetic force field surrounding various magnets. Human eyes cannot see magnetic fields—but they are there and have an influence. I had constructed magnetic field mapping devices for this purpose: used CD jewel cases, with paper labeling removed, filled with a sprinkling of iron filings. When shaken gently back and forth—as if panning for gold—the iron filings align and connect in gritty little strings and conform to the pattern of the magnetic field. The strong field converging at the two poles of a magnet were boldly evident, but also to be seen were the more tenuous curls of field lines arcing through the space around the magnet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patterns formed by the filings were very similar to the patterns seen in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hinode/solar_022.html\">images of sunspots \u003c/a>we compared them to. On the Sun, it is not iron filings that \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/hinode.htm\">trace the invisible magnetic fields\u003c/a> for us to see, but hot, electrically charged gas, or plasma (mostly hydrogen and helium, but also traces of calcium, iron, and other elements). Electric charges (electrons and ionized atomic nuclei) are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/amazing_plasmas/01/magnetobowling.html\">strongly affected by magnetic\u003c/a> fields when they move through them. Numerous \u003ca href=\"http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime-images.html\">ultraviolet images\u003c/a> of the Sun were available on computer screens around the lab for visitors to compare the magnetic patterns and shapes to. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had more: building an electromagnet from wire, an iron nail, and a battery. This demonstrates how magnetic fields are created by moving electric charge—in the electrically conductive wire of the electromagnet, in the circulation of electrical current inside the Earth's iron core, and in the motions of plasma on the Sun. It's all moving electricity, friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also conducted \"Magnetic Yacht Races\": pushing, via the repulsion of like poles, a floating, magnetized 'yacht' across a pond of water. The challenge of steering and propelling the yachts led to some interesting yacht designs; certain configurations of packing peanuts and iron nails proved easier to maneuver and accelerate than others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Sun Earth Day 2010! I wonder what we'll be doing next year….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Saturday, March 20th, was not only Vernal Equinox, but the annual Sun-Earth Day: a NASA-promoted effort around the country to focus attention on the special connections between the Sun and the Earth. This year's theme: magnetism!",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/MRO-HIRISE-DUNES.jpg\">\u003cem>Martian dunes, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world. This is an occupational hazard when working at a place like \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motor in question powers a fan in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/planetlands/aeolian/default.asp\">exhibit\u003c/a> built to demonstrate the physical processes of duning—the fluid transport and deposition of solid particulates into collections and patterns. The fan blows up a constant micro-gale within the exhibit enclosure, and visitors get to play Mother Nature by turning a handle and redirecting the wind. Meanwhile, a mass of tiny white glass beads is constantly whipped up into a fair recreation of a sand storm on planet Arakis….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the chore of installing the new motor, I rewarded myself by enjoying the exhibit a bit. I piled up all of the sand on one side of the tank to see how the fan would redistribute it; I sent the wind from different directions, watching how the freshly blown grains were scattered across the pristine black undersurface; I placed all of the pyrite rocks, which serve as wind obstacles, in one pile. It was a lot of fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing I noticed that I hadn't paid much attention to in the past was how the dune actually moved, or migrated. Maybe I hadn't watched long enough before, or maybe it was easier to witness because I had stacked the deck by mounding the sand all in one corner, but it was fascinating to see the process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the windward side of the giant dune, the scouring wind picked up the sand and carried it racing to the top—slowly peeling away the front face of the dune. As soon as the sand-laden wind reached the crest and took a sudden turn downward, it was slowed a bit, becoming less able to support the sand grains, which then fell out onto the leeward side of the dune in a sandy-wind version of precipitation. The buildup of sand on the lee side eventually formed small avalanches that slid down the face in little dry floods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this fashion, the dune moved along, slowly being erased on its windward side and formed on the lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost coincidentally, a few days later I read a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-076&cid=release_2010-076&msource=mroDunes&tr=y&auid=6018954\">report from NASA\u003c/a> about sand dunes on Mars. In some areas, dunes have been observed to migrate over time, while on others the patterns have remained stock-still—some of them for perhaps thousands of years, or longer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had successfully created the right conditions for a migrating sand dune. What about static dunes? Well—I had noticed already that some of the pyrite rock obstacles that I placed in the sand stream formed small dunes in the wind-shadows of their leeward sides. The rocks weren't moving, and so the dunes they were nurturing and protecting remained in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the static dune ripples observed in Meridiani Planum—where the rover Opportunity is exploring—have been explained as possibly being protected by the presence of \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/mars-dunes-080904.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>\": tiny nodules of gray hematite that have eroded out of Martian rocks, but which themselves are erosion-resistant, and too large (1-3 millimeters) to be carried by the wind. The blueberries, as the explanation goes, embed in the sand and form a protective \"armor\" layer for the dune ripples, which remain safe and still in their lee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where else do we find dunes, other than Earth? Well, you need wind of sufficient strength and sand of sufficiently small size, for starters. We don't know about dunes on Venus; Venus has a thick enough atmosphere, but the winds may be too sluggish to whip up much of a sand storm. The only other object with a thick enough atmosphere and a solid surface is Saturn's moon Titan—and in fact we have \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2008/04/sand-dunes-on-titan-reveal-the-moons-climates.ars\">pictures of Titanian dunes\u003c/a> taken by Cassini. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I'm feeling that old itch to make another trip to my favorite place in the Solar System, Death Valley, to explore the macroscopic \u003ca href=\"http://pic.templetons.com/brad/photo/death-valley/dunes/\">dunes of Stovepipe Wells \u003c/a>. I'll send a postcard….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/MRO-HIRISE-DUNES.jpg\">\u003cem>Martian dunes, captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What started out to be a workaday chore—replacing a broken motor in an exhibit—panned out to be a voyage of discovery to the shifting sands of another world. This is an occupational hazard when working at a place like \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motor in question powers a fan in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/planetlands/aeolian/default.asp\">exhibit\u003c/a> built to demonstrate the physical processes of duning—the fluid transport and deposition of solid particulates into collections and patterns. The fan blows up a constant micro-gale within the exhibit enclosure, and visitors get to play Mother Nature by turning a handle and redirecting the wind. Meanwhile, a mass of tiny white glass beads is constantly whipped up into a fair recreation of a sand storm on planet Arakis….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the chore of installing the new motor, I rewarded myself by enjoying the exhibit a bit. I piled up all of the sand on one side of the tank to see how the fan would redistribute it; I sent the wind from different directions, watching how the freshly blown grains were scattered across the pristine black undersurface; I placed all of the pyrite rocks, which serve as wind obstacles, in one pile. It was a lot of fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing I noticed that I hadn't paid much attention to in the past was how the dune actually moved, or migrated. Maybe I hadn't watched long enough before, or maybe it was easier to witness because I had stacked the deck by mounding the sand all in one corner, but it was fascinating to see the process. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the windward side of the giant dune, the scouring wind picked up the sand and carried it racing to the top—slowly peeling away the front face of the dune. As soon as the sand-laden wind reached the crest and took a sudden turn downward, it was slowed a bit, becoming less able to support the sand grains, which then fell out onto the leeward side of the dune in a sandy-wind version of precipitation. The buildup of sand on the lee side eventually formed small avalanches that slid down the face in little dry floods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this fashion, the dune moved along, slowly being erased on its windward side and formed on the lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost coincidentally, a few days later I read a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-076&cid=release_2010-076&msource=mroDunes&tr=y&auid=6018954\">report from NASA\u003c/a> about sand dunes on Mars. In some areas, dunes have been observed to migrate over time, while on others the patterns have remained stock-still—some of them for perhaps thousands of years, or longer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had successfully created the right conditions for a migrating sand dune. What about static dunes? Well—I had noticed already that some of the pyrite rock obstacles that I placed in the sand stream formed small dunes in the wind-shadows of their leeward sides. The rocks weren't moving, and so the dunes they were nurturing and protecting remained in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the static dune ripples observed in Meridiani Planum—where the rover Opportunity is exploring—have been explained as possibly being protected by the presence of \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/mars-dunes-080904.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>\": tiny nodules of gray hematite that have eroded out of Martian rocks, but which themselves are erosion-resistant, and too large (1-3 millimeters) to be carried by the wind. The blueberries, as the explanation goes, embed in the sand and form a protective \"armor\" layer for the dune ripples, which remain safe and still in their lee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where else do we find dunes, other than Earth? Well, you need wind of sufficient strength and sand of sufficiently small size, for starters. We don't know about dunes on Venus; Venus has a thick enough atmosphere, but the winds may be too sluggish to whip up much of a sand storm. The only other object with a thick enough atmosphere and a solid surface is Saturn's moon Titan—and in fact we have \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2008/04/sand-dunes-on-titan-reveal-the-moons-climates.ars\">pictures of Titanian dunes\u003c/a> taken by Cassini. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I'm feeling that old itch to make another trip to my favorite place in the Solar System, Death Valley, to explore the macroscopic \u003ca href=\"http://pic.templetons.com/brad/photo/death-valley/dunes/\">dunes of Stovepipe Wells \u003c/a>. I'll send a postcard….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/celestialnavigation.jpg\">\u003cem>Earth's coordinates and the Celestial Sphere\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I’m dusting off the plastic tub where I keep all the materials for my \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit/calendar/?date=3/4/2010#calendar\">Celestial Navigation class\u003c/a>, in preparation for teaching it again, starting March 4. It’s not a certification course for learning how not to get lost at sea, but an introduction to astronomy spun up with the theme of that ancient practical use for astronomy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though I’ve been teaching this subject since 1996, I was delighted to run across a pair of antique \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/shackleton/navigate/escapeworks.html\">sextants \u003c/a>purchased in the 1940s by Earle Linsley, Chabot’s second director, for use in his Celestial Navigation class!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, it’s a special topic for me as it blends my interest in astronomy with my long time fascination for things nautical: ships, exploration, adventure, and global geometry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing one’s position on Earth is one of the oldest practical applications of on-the-go astronomy (maybe not as old as working out the seasons and establishing standard periods of time—calendars—but possibly a contemporary craft). Long have sea-faring cultures in the Northern Hemisphere used Polaris to mark north and determine latitude. In the Southern Hemisphere, without the trusty North Star in view, \u003ca href=\"http://hawaiiantrading.com/herb-kane/ah-book/c4.html\">navigators such as Pacific Islanders \u003c/a>crossing that vastness in large canoes nevertheless memorized the locations of other stars at different times of the night and year to steer their courses from island to island. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arab caravans crossing the Sahara desert used Celestial Navigation so as not to get lost on the endless waves of sand dunes. The astrolabe—an instrument used to measure star altitudes to help plot position—was developed originally by Arab desert caravan drivers, not for sea-faring ships!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How does it work, in a nutshell? Well, more recent Celestial Navigation techniques—the kind portrayed by sextant-wielding navigators plotting lines and circles on paper charts—boils down to the older concept of the Line of Position. If you can see and identify a landmark somewhere on the horizon (a mountain, an island, the end of a peninsula, an exceptionally large and well known tree), and you can measure what direction it’s in (e.g., with a compass), you can draw a line on a chart through that landmark running in the measured direction, and you can reason that you must also be located somewhere on that line. If you can plot another line for another observed landmark, then you can reason that you must be located where the two lines cross. Get it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using stars as \"landmarks\" was the leap from land-based positioning to Celestial Navigation. Imagine a given star as the top of a ridiculously tall landmark, or lighthouse, rising high above the point on the Earth it sits directly over—the star’s \"geographical position.\" The angle you measure between the star and the horizon (the star’s \"altitude\") depends on how far from that spot you are. If you’re at the star’s geographic position, then it’s directly overhead and makes an angle of 90 degrees with the horizon. The farther you are from that spot, the lower in the sky you will measure the star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to see that for any specific altitude measured for a star, you must be located somewhere (anywhere) on a giant circle on the Earth that is centered at the star’s geographic position. It’s like standing a certain distance from a flagpole and measuring the angle to its top: you’ll get the same measurement from anywhere along a circle drawn around the flagpole, but step closer to or farther away from it and the angle changes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring a single star’s altitude gives you a circle of position on Earth, somewhere on which you are located. Measure a second star and draw its circle of position and the two circles will cross each other at two locations—and you can reason that you are located at one of the two. Measuring a third star and a third circle of position should clinch the deal, marking your terrestrial position where the three circles intersect. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern GPS works similarly by measuring your position relative to several orbiting satellites, using the time delays in radio signals between satellite and GPS receiver to calculate a \u003ci>sphere of position\u003c/i> surrounding each satellite. You are located somewhere on that sphere of position, and where multiple spheres intersect at the same point, there you be. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, where are you today? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/celestialnavigation.jpg\">\u003cem>Earth's coordinates and the Celestial Sphere\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I’m dusting off the plastic tub where I keep all the materials for my \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit/calendar/?date=3/4/2010#calendar\">Celestial Navigation class\u003c/a>, in preparation for teaching it again, starting March 4. It’s not a certification course for learning how not to get lost at sea, but an introduction to astronomy spun up with the theme of that ancient practical use for astronomy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though I’ve been teaching this subject since 1996, I was delighted to run across a pair of antique \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/shackleton/navigate/escapeworks.html\">sextants \u003c/a>purchased in the 1940s by Earle Linsley, Chabot’s second director, for use in his Celestial Navigation class!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, it’s a special topic for me as it blends my interest in astronomy with my long time fascination for things nautical: ships, exploration, adventure, and global geometry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing one’s position on Earth is one of the oldest practical applications of on-the-go astronomy (maybe not as old as working out the seasons and establishing standard periods of time—calendars—but possibly a contemporary craft). Long have sea-faring cultures in the Northern Hemisphere used Polaris to mark north and determine latitude. In the Southern Hemisphere, without the trusty North Star in view, \u003ca href=\"http://hawaiiantrading.com/herb-kane/ah-book/c4.html\">navigators such as Pacific Islanders \u003c/a>crossing that vastness in large canoes nevertheless memorized the locations of other stars at different times of the night and year to steer their courses from island to island. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arab caravans crossing the Sahara desert used Celestial Navigation so as not to get lost on the endless waves of sand dunes. The astrolabe—an instrument used to measure star altitudes to help plot position—was developed originally by Arab desert caravan drivers, not for sea-faring ships!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How does it work, in a nutshell? Well, more recent Celestial Navigation techniques—the kind portrayed by sextant-wielding navigators plotting lines and circles on paper charts—boils down to the older concept of the Line of Position. If you can see and identify a landmark somewhere on the horizon (a mountain, an island, the end of a peninsula, an exceptionally large and well known tree), and you can measure what direction it’s in (e.g., with a compass), you can draw a line on a chart through that landmark running in the measured direction, and you can reason that you must also be located somewhere on that line. If you can plot another line for another observed landmark, then you can reason that you must be located where the two lines cross. Get it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using stars as \"landmarks\" was the leap from land-based positioning to Celestial Navigation. Imagine a given star as the top of a ridiculously tall landmark, or lighthouse, rising high above the point on the Earth it sits directly over—the star’s \"geographical position.\" The angle you measure between the star and the horizon (the star’s \"altitude\") depends on how far from that spot you are. If you’re at the star’s geographic position, then it’s directly overhead and makes an angle of 90 degrees with the horizon. The farther you are from that spot, the lower in the sky you will measure the star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to see that for any specific altitude measured for a star, you must be located somewhere (anywhere) on a giant circle on the Earth that is centered at the star’s geographic position. It’s like standing a certain distance from a flagpole and measuring the angle to its top: you’ll get the same measurement from anywhere along a circle drawn around the flagpole, but step closer to or farther away from it and the angle changes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring a single star’s altitude gives you a circle of position on Earth, somewhere on which you are located. Measure a second star and draw its circle of position and the two circles will cross each other at two locations—and you can reason that you are located at one of the two. Measuring a third star and a third circle of position should clinch the deal, marking your terrestrial position where the three circles intersect. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern GPS works similarly by measuring your position relative to several orbiting satellites, using the time delays in radio signals between satellite and GPS receiver to calculate a \u003ci>sphere of position\u003c/i> surrounding each satellite. You are located somewhere on that sphere of position, and where multiple spheres intersect at the same point, there you be. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, where are you today? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/vy_canis_majoris_size.jpg\">\u003cem>Diagram comparing the diameter of VY Canis Majoris and\u003cbr> the orbit of Saturn\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Are there Orange Hypergiants? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simple enough question—though, not having the answer on the top of my head, it took me about 30 minutes to get a reply to the inquisitor. The question came via email from a 5th grade student in India (love the Internet!), Raghavendra. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-hypergiant-star.htm\">Hypergiants \u003c/a>are the most massive stars that exist—right at the top of the spectrum of star sizes. They really can't get any bigger without violently blowing off huge amounts of material. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be in the exclusive hypergiant club, a star has to have between 100 and 150 times the mass of our Sun, which places their diameters between 100 and 2100 Sun-widths. \u003ca href=\"http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/VY_Canis_Majoris.html\">VY Canis Majoris\u003c/a>, the largest known star, is a red hypergiant with a size between 1800 and 2100 solar diameters—equivalent to the size of Saturn's orbit. If you swapped VY Canis Majoris in place of our Sun, Saturn would be scraping along the outer surface of the star, and all the other planets from Jupiter inward would be inside…and pretty much toaster strudel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's big--and bright, too; a few hundred thousands times brighter than our Sun....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hypergiants are quite rare—owing not so much to the enormous amounts of material they comprise, but to their short lifespan. The bigger the star, the greater their core pressure and the faster they consume their fuel through nuclear fusion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our Sun, five billion years into its life with at least another five or so billion to go, \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\">fuses its hydrogen into helium\u003c/a> at a modest rate (about 600 million tons per second—compare this to the combined weight of all humans on Earth: 6 billion people at roughly 100 pounds a piece gives…huh, about 600 million tons…), a hypergiant blasts through its fuel in a short few million years, synthesizing through fusion a great deal of heavier elements (helium, silicon, oxygen, calcium, carbon and more) as it goes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, most of the hypergiants that ever existed have long since run out of fuel, collapsed, and gone \"\u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/20may99.html\">hypernova\u003c/a>\"—the hypergiant's ten-upmanship on the puny stellar death-puff known as a supernova…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to Raghavendra's question: are there Orange Hypergiants? Unfortunately, I couldn't just send him a quick yes or no. First of all, rare as they are, there aren't many of these objects known to exist in our galaxy—so finding any specific example of a hypergiant was a bit like trying to find a Super Lotto jackpot winner named Daisy. Sure, one MIGHT exist, but does one, really? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star colors in general depend on the temperature of the star; the hotter the bluer, the cooler the redder. The astronomers' famous labeling scheme for color, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/startypes.shtml\">spectral class\u003c/a>, is OBAFGKM (\"Oh, be a fine [girl or guy; pick one], kiss me\"). Orange stars fall into the K slot; not quite as cool and red as an M, but right next door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the question boiled down to, are there any K-class hypergiants? Are there? Daisy? Daisy? I didn't find any in the lists I looked over…and, furthermore, I learned that hypergiants, as some classify them today, fall into lump categories of blue, yellow, and red. One definition lumped K-types into the yellow category, so even if you found a K-type hypergiant, you might be forced to call it yellow…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all how we classify these things, of course. At one time, before we knew of the existence of numerous objects like Pluto, Pluto was classified as a planet—although the smallest. Once we found other objects of Pluto's stature out there, we created the category Dwarf Planet and threw Pluto in with the lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe, if we find more and more examples of hypergiants, including that elusive K-class beast, we will open up the category of Orange Hypergiant, so yes, Raghavendra, there might be some yet….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hypergiants are quite rare—owing not so much to the enormous amounts of material they comprise, but to their short lifespan. The bigger the star, the greater their core pressure and the faster they consume their fuel through nuclear fusion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our Sun, five billion years into its life with at least another five or so billion to go, \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\">fuses its hydrogen into helium\u003c/a> at a modest rate (about 600 million tons per second—compare this to the combined weight of all humans on Earth: 6 billion people at roughly 100 pounds a piece gives…huh, about 600 million tons…), a hypergiant blasts through its fuel in a short few million years, synthesizing through fusion a great deal of heavier elements (helium, silicon, oxygen, calcium, carbon and more) as it goes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, most of the hypergiants that ever existed have long since run out of fuel, collapsed, and gone \"\u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/20may99.html\">hypernova\u003c/a>\"—the hypergiant's ten-upmanship on the puny stellar death-puff known as a supernova…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to Raghavendra's question: are there Orange Hypergiants? Unfortunately, I couldn't just send him a quick yes or no. First of all, rare as they are, there aren't many of these objects known to exist in our galaxy—so finding any specific example of a hypergiant was a bit like trying to find a Super Lotto jackpot winner named Daisy. Sure, one MIGHT exist, but does one, really? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star colors in general depend on the temperature of the star; the hotter the bluer, the cooler the redder. The astronomers' famous labeling scheme for color, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/startypes.shtml\">spectral class\u003c/a>, is OBAFGKM (\"Oh, be a fine [girl or guy; pick one], kiss me\"). Orange stars fall into the K slot; not quite as cool and red as an M, but right next door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the question boiled down to, are there any K-class hypergiants? Are there? Daisy? Daisy? I didn't find any in the lists I looked over…and, furthermore, I learned that hypergiants, as some classify them today, fall into lump categories of blue, yellow, and red. One definition lumped K-types into the yellow category, so even if you found a K-type hypergiant, you might be forced to call it yellow…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all how we classify these things, of course. At one time, before we knew of the existence of numerous objects like Pluto, Pluto was classified as a planet—although the smallest. Once we found other objects of Pluto's stature out there, we created the category Dwarf Planet and threw Pluto in with the lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe, if we find more and more examples of hypergiants, including that elusive K-class beast, we will open up the category of Orange Hypergiant, so yes, Raghavendra, there might be some yet….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/wild2.jpg\">\u003cem>Comet Wild 2, as imaged by NASA's Stardust spacecraft.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Nothing seems to capture the pure grandeur and extra-Earthly splendor of outer space like a comet: pure white cosmic snow, shining brilliant in the Sun's radiance, a vastly long tail of silky celestial gossamer…unreachable, untouchable, unspoilable….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\">Chabot\u003c/a>, we like to bring things down to Earth a bit—not to diminish their wonder and awe-inspiring beauty, but rather to give us a chance to connect with pieces of the Universe in a personal way that—we hope—will only enhance their wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such it is with the Personal Comet. We make them in our classrooms, and our teen volunteers—Galaxy Explorers—sometimes set up a table in our exhibits to make comets for our visitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I was teaching a lively group of 3rd graders our class, \"Shooting Stars\" (I'm not the usual teacher for this class, but love teaching this one especially). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's make a comet,\" I announced, receiving a classroomful of suddenly puzzled 8-year-old faces. \"Follow me.\" I led the group to the back of the room and had them sit in front of our rolling comet kitchen, tying on an apron and donning the \"Comet Chef\" hat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/education/crecipe.html\">What's in a comet\u003c/a>?\" I quizzed. Hands went up, and answers were plucked out. \"Water.\" \"Ice.\" \"Very small pebbles.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Good answers. Let's start cookin'….\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One by one, and two at a time, I called up volunteers (no lack of these at all) to add ingredients into the mixing bowl. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water first—two cupfuls. What else? The Chef helped out his students a bit: pebbles are fine, but what are they? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon, calcium, to name a couple—so we add a source of these: sand. Then, iron, and magnesium—two more known comet constituents. Source? Dirt! Dirt can contain these, among other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the carbon in our comet, we added—carbon: black charcoal dust; just a dusting. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nitrogen mixed up in comets too, so we had to add some to our concoction. Our nitrogen source (other than all the gaseous nitrogen floating about us in the air) is ammonia—NH\u003csub>3\u003c/sub> (what's a little hydrogen in the compound, more or less? In fact, ammonia itself has been detected in comets, so our recipe is true). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic compounds—carbon based organic molecules—have also been detected in comets…so we add a couple glugs of corn syrup. Okay, that's cheating a bit, because comet organics aren't known to come from agricultural products….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly, but not leastly, is the two-in-one ingredient: contained in a plastic bag, I had the class use mallets to pulverize a few cupfuls of dry ice pellets into a fine powder. This adds not only the carbon dioxide to the material makeup of the Personal Comet, but that which really makes the difference between a bowlful of slightly sweet mud and the astral nugget of a comet: COLD! Space is cold, and so is dry ice.\u003cbr>\nIn goes the frigid, dry frost, and out erupts clouds of billowing vapor—very exciting stuff. Now the Chef had to work fast, stirring and mixing and shaking the brew, and then squeezing the convulsive mixture in its plastic bag, with gloved hands, into a hard, solid lump. It takes a lot of squeezing, as it turns out….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it done yet? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pulled out of the bag our Personal Comet, holding it out for the kids to marvel at—and they did. The double-fist-sized, dirty whitish, somewhat gritty hard blob is covered with pits and knobs and spouting plumes vapor. And, magically, it looks almost identical to a photograph of the nucleus of comet Wild 2, taken by \u003ca href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">NASA's Stardust spacecraft \u003c/a>some years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone got to touch the comet—quickly, because it was quite cold—and make a personal connection with a tiny piece of the heavens. Now, I think, these kids are armed with an experience that will make their first comet-observing experience (yet to come for many of them!) a bit deeper, as I hope when they do see the vastly awesome sight in the sky, or through the eyepiece of a telescope, they'll also remember what it's like to touch a comet, or smell a comet, or see one spouting vapor right before them, in the palm of their hand….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Nothing seems to capture the pure grandeur and extra-Earthly splendor of outer space like a comet...but at Chabot we like to bring things down to Earth a bit—not to diminish their wonder and awe-inspiring beauty, but rather to give us a chance to connect with pieces of the Universe in a personal way that—we hope—will only enhance their wonder.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/wild2.jpg\">\u003cem>Comet Wild 2, as imaged by NASA's Stardust spacecraft.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Nothing seems to capture the pure grandeur and extra-Earthly splendor of outer space like a comet: pure white cosmic snow, shining brilliant in the Sun's radiance, a vastly long tail of silky celestial gossamer…unreachable, untouchable, unspoilable….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\">Chabot\u003c/a>, we like to bring things down to Earth a bit—not to diminish their wonder and awe-inspiring beauty, but rather to give us a chance to connect with pieces of the Universe in a personal way that—we hope—will only enhance their wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such it is with the Personal Comet. We make them in our classrooms, and our teen volunteers—Galaxy Explorers—sometimes set up a table in our exhibits to make comets for our visitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I was teaching a lively group of 3rd graders our class, \"Shooting Stars\" (I'm not the usual teacher for this class, but love teaching this one especially). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's make a comet,\" I announced, receiving a classroomful of suddenly puzzled 8-year-old faces. \"Follow me.\" I led the group to the back of the room and had them sit in front of our rolling comet kitchen, tying on an apron and donning the \"Comet Chef\" hat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/education/crecipe.html\">What's in a comet\u003c/a>?\" I quizzed. Hands went up, and answers were plucked out. \"Water.\" \"Ice.\" \"Very small pebbles.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Good answers. Let's start cookin'….\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One by one, and two at a time, I called up volunteers (no lack of these at all) to add ingredients into the mixing bowl. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water first—two cupfuls. What else? The Chef helped out his students a bit: pebbles are fine, but what are they? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon, calcium, to name a couple—so we add a source of these: sand. Then, iron, and magnesium—two more known comet constituents. Source? Dirt! Dirt can contain these, among other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the carbon in our comet, we added—carbon: black charcoal dust; just a dusting. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nitrogen mixed up in comets too, so we had to add some to our concoction. Our nitrogen source (other than all the gaseous nitrogen floating about us in the air) is ammonia—NH\u003csub>3\u003c/sub> (what's a little hydrogen in the compound, more or less? In fact, ammonia itself has been detected in comets, so our recipe is true). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic compounds—carbon based organic molecules—have also been detected in comets…so we add a couple glugs of corn syrup. Okay, that's cheating a bit, because comet organics aren't known to come from agricultural products….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly, but not leastly, is the two-in-one ingredient: contained in a plastic bag, I had the class use mallets to pulverize a few cupfuls of dry ice pellets into a fine powder. This adds not only the carbon dioxide to the material makeup of the Personal Comet, but that which really makes the difference between a bowlful of slightly sweet mud and the astral nugget of a comet: COLD! Space is cold, and so is dry ice.\u003cbr>\nIn goes the frigid, dry frost, and out erupts clouds of billowing vapor—very exciting stuff. Now the Chef had to work fast, stirring and mixing and shaking the brew, and then squeezing the convulsive mixture in its plastic bag, with gloved hands, into a hard, solid lump. It takes a lot of squeezing, as it turns out….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it done yet? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pulled out of the bag our Personal Comet, holding it out for the kids to marvel at—and they did. The double-fist-sized, dirty whitish, somewhat gritty hard blob is covered with pits and knobs and spouting plumes vapor. And, magically, it looks almost identical to a photograph of the nucleus of comet Wild 2, taken by \u003ca href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">NASA's Stardust spacecraft \u003c/a>some years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone got to touch the comet—quickly, because it was quite cold—and make a personal connection with a tiny piece of the heavens. Now, I think, these kids are armed with an experience that will make their first comet-observing experience (yet to come for many of them!) a bit deeper, as I hope when they do see the vastly awesome sight in the sky, or through the eyepiece of a telescope, they'll also remember what it's like to touch a comet, or smell a comet, or see one spouting vapor right before them, in the palm of their hand….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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