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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/bco-classroom.jpg\">\u003cem>Cork students engaged in a Web of Stars session at \u003cbr>Blackrock Castle Observatory in Ireland\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Last year I posted a blog, \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/23/web-of-stars/\">Web of Stars\u003c/a>,\" telling of a new collaborative program between \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/web-of-stars.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center \u003c/a>and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bco.ie/\">Blackrock Castle Observatory \u003c/a>in Cork, Ireland. To recap the program, students from different schools in the Cork area submit lists of astronomical objects to Chabot that they have researched, and then we join each other live via a video Skype call to capture their images through Chabot's 36-inch reflecting telescope, Nellie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's now been a year since the kickoff of Web of Stars, and I'm happy to report the program is still going strong! With a total of eight observing sessions under our belts (one per month from October 2009 through May 2010), we now prepare to launch a second year of remote, Internet-linked astronomy with a new set of Cork schools!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in 2009, Chabot was approached by the folks at Blackrock Castle Observatory, a public science center (excuse me: centre) and observatory built into a 16th Century castle along a tidal river in Cork. It's pretty cool: their telescope dome sits atop one of the castle turrets! The plan that was worked out involved students from specially selected schools going through workshops to prepare them for the remote astrophotography that would go on during their scheduled observing night. Using desktop planetarium software, the students researched what sky objects would be visible from Chabot during their session, and selected targets accordingly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lists were sent to Chabot in advance to allow pre-imaging of the objects, in the event of bad weather on the scheduled observing night. Then, on the morning of observing (2:00 AM at Chabot, 10:00 AM in Cork), a Skype videolink was established between Nellie's dome at Chabot and a computer classroom at Blackrock Castle. Introductions were made across the 8-hour time difference, and observations began (if the weather permitted). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the images were acquired (a process that takes approximately 15 minutes or so per object), the digital files were saved to Chabot's FTP site, where they were downloaded by Blackrock Castle. The students would proceed to process the images using the software package \"Salsa-J\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can't say we had clear weather on all the nights, but having the pre-acquired images as backup worked out very well. On those evenings, the students would process the pre-acquired images and engage the Chabot observers in live video-chats. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results? See for yourself. Check out these links to some of the observing sessions on the Blackrock Castle Observatory website: \u003ca href=\"http://www.bco.ie/WoS/Gallery/Jan-10/\">Presentation Mitchelstown \u003c/a>(January 2010); \u003ca href=\"http://www.bco.ie/WoS/Gallery/Feb-10/\">Gaelscoil Mhachan \u003c/a>(February 2010); \u003ca href=\"http://www.bco.ie/WoS/Gallery/Mar-10/index.html\">Regina Mundi College\u003c/a> (March 2010). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell by some of these galleries that some of the kids had way too much fun processing the images—especially when they found out how to really manipulate those colors! I'm all for a blending of science and art! And, if the reports from Cork are true, some of the students actually changed the emphasis of their studies to science after their experience with the Web of Stars. Yippee! Success!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Web of Stars session scheduled for October will be televised in Ireland, in preparation for the program being featured during Ireland's National Science Week in November. Publicity of this program may be a little quiet on our side of the Pond (after all, most of you are asleep when we're observing), but the names Chabot and Nellie are achieving a level of fame in Ireland!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/asteroids.jpg\">\u003cem>Close-ups of asteroids captured by robotic spacecraft.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear the word \"asteroid,\" what image is evoked in your mind? A confusion of tumbling, skittering mountains in space suitable for a breath-defying spaceship chase? Blue-white digital outlines of big rocks flying around a video screen, ready to be blasted into pixel dust by your torpedo cannon? Or perhaps, as some science fiction stories would have it, a tiny barren world complete with a breathable atmosphere and giant space worms living in deep crater caverns….\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, gotta love science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Sci-Fi is often more colorful than reality, are the facts about asteroids a bit more down to Earth (so to speak)? Big gray rocks, perhaps quite large, but otherwise less interesting even than the granite mountains of an Earthly place like Yosemite? Well…try scooping up a handful of sand; at first glance you may see only a pile of tawny-gray grains. Look more closely—with a magnifying glass or microscope—and a veritable treasure trove of colorful jewels is revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> is just such an instrument, and has revealed that asteroids may have more variety than once imagined. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spitzer recently ran out of the supply of coolant that kept its infrared cameras cold—at least, cold enough to sense the subtle heat radiation emitted by distant celestial objects. Now that Spitzer's instruments have \"warmed up\" to a balmy negative 406 degrees F, observers have shifted their attention to other objectives, including asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-283&cid=release_2010-283&msource=2010283&tr=y&auid=6927129\">Spitzer has observed \u003c/a>the infrared emanations from a hundred or so Near Earth Asteroids: those that cross Earth's orbit in the course of their own elliptical routines. There are plans to observe 600 or more NEAs in the future—out of about 7000 currently known \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/\">Near Earth Objects \u003c/a>(which includes comets and meteoroids). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The observing program aims to give us a clearer focus on the individual characteristics of these flying mountains that Earth shares space with: the sizes, the composition, and even the age and origins of what is proving to be a diverse and rich population. Spitzer's infrared cameras see past the façade of mere visible light, which, at the distance of most NEOs, doesn't tell us much more than the amount of light they reflect. A big, dark asteroid and a small, light-colored one may reflect the same amount of light, giving those distant specks in the telescopic image the same appearance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But throwing in an infrared measurement of an asteroid's heat emissions can reveal much more: the temperature of an asteroid is governed by the amount of sunlight it absorbs, which is in turn governed by size, color, composition, and its distance from the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already Spitzer's initial 100 asteroid observations have revealed a wide variety of characteristics—maybe not unlike that handful of sand grains scrutinized under a microscope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorites, having fallen to Earth and been examined up close, have long revealed that their \"source mountains\" (their parent asteroids, from which they were broken away by collisions) are diverse in composition. We find stone meteorites, and meteorites of solid nickel-iron, sometimes embedded with crystalline gemstones of great beauty. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining the compositional data on NEOs gleaned from Spitzer with their orbital characteristics determined through ground-based observatories--such as Chabot's own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\">Asteroid Search program\u003c/a>—we are learning a great deal about the NEO neighborhood, and what exactly may be passing quietly in the night. It's all good information, giving us a better handle on how to protect our planet from possible impacts, and laying the groundwork for future missions of exploration to Earth-passing asteroids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/asteroids.jpg\">\u003cem>Close-ups of asteroids captured by robotic spacecraft.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear the word \"asteroid,\" what image is evoked in your mind? A confusion of tumbling, skittering mountains in space suitable for a breath-defying spaceship chase? Blue-white digital outlines of big rocks flying around a video screen, ready to be blasted into pixel dust by your torpedo cannon? Or perhaps, as some science fiction stories would have it, a tiny barren world complete with a breathable atmosphere and giant space worms living in deep crater caverns….\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, gotta love science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Sci-Fi is often more colorful than reality, are the facts about asteroids a bit more down to Earth (so to speak)? Big gray rocks, perhaps quite large, but otherwise less interesting even than the granite mountains of an Earthly place like Yosemite? Well…try scooping up a handful of sand; at first glance you may see only a pile of tawny-gray grains. Look more closely—with a magnifying glass or microscope—and a veritable treasure trove of colorful jewels is revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> is just such an instrument, and has revealed that asteroids may have more variety than once imagined. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spitzer recently ran out of the supply of coolant that kept its infrared cameras cold—at least, cold enough to sense the subtle heat radiation emitted by distant celestial objects. Now that Spitzer's instruments have \"warmed up\" to a balmy negative 406 degrees F, observers have shifted their attention to other objectives, including asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-283&cid=release_2010-283&msource=2010283&tr=y&auid=6927129\">Spitzer has observed \u003c/a>the infrared emanations from a hundred or so Near Earth Asteroids: those that cross Earth's orbit in the course of their own elliptical routines. There are plans to observe 600 or more NEAs in the future—out of about 7000 currently known \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/\">Near Earth Objects \u003c/a>(which includes comets and meteoroids). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The observing program aims to give us a clearer focus on the individual characteristics of these flying mountains that Earth shares space with: the sizes, the composition, and even the age and origins of what is proving to be a diverse and rich population. Spitzer's infrared cameras see past the façade of mere visible light, which, at the distance of most NEOs, doesn't tell us much more than the amount of light they reflect. A big, dark asteroid and a small, light-colored one may reflect the same amount of light, giving those distant specks in the telescopic image the same appearance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But throwing in an infrared measurement of an asteroid's heat emissions can reveal much more: the temperature of an asteroid is governed by the amount of sunlight it absorbs, which is in turn governed by size, color, composition, and its distance from the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already Spitzer's initial 100 asteroid observations have revealed a wide variety of characteristics—maybe not unlike that handful of sand grains scrutinized under a microscope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorites, having fallen to Earth and been examined up close, have long revealed that their \"source mountains\" (their parent asteroids, from which they were broken away by collisions) are diverse in composition. We find stone meteorites, and meteorites of solid nickel-iron, sometimes embedded with crystalline gemstones of great beauty. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining the compositional data on NEOs gleaned from Spitzer with their orbital characteristics determined through ground-based observatories--such as Chabot's own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\">Asteroid Search program\u003c/a>—we are learning a great deal about the NEO neighborhood, and what exactly may be passing quietly in the night. It's all good information, giving us a better handle on how to protect our planet from possible impacts, and laying the groundwork for future missions of exploration to Earth-passing asteroids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\">\u003cem>Planet Jupiter. Credit: NASA, ESA, A. Simon-Miller (GSFC), \u003cbr>I. de Pater, M. Wong (UC Berkeley)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It may sound like a very large political movement of some kind, or a counter-insurgency in some part of the world, but the Jupiter Opposition I'm speaking of is an astronomical event: the time when Earth passes between the Sun and Jupiter, making the Earth-Jupiter distance its smallest and placing Jupiter at the point in the sky exactly opposite from the Sun—hence the name, \"opposition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opposition is the best time to see a planet like Jupiter: it's at its largest visual size, it's nowhere near the glare of the Sun, and it's in the sky all night long. Score on three counts—how many things in life work out so that the best of all worlds occur at the same time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Opposition of Jupiter occurs about once each year, the timing governed mostly by Earth's relatively speedier orbit around the Sun. Earth takes one year to revolve, while Jupiter takes closer to 12 years. So, opposition actually happens every year plus one month; in the time Earth has taken to come back around to the previous point of opposition, Jupiter has moved along one twelfth of its orbit, so it takes Earth an extra month to \"catch up.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the date of the Opposition of Jupiter is September 21, at which time the planet will be only 3.95 Astronomical Units away—about 591 million kilometers (369 million miles). Sounds faraway—and it is—but Jupiter's size helps make up for this. With a diameter of 142,984 kilometers (over 11 times that of Earth), even at this distance there's a lot to see, even through a small telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember observing Jupiter through my first telescope—a 4-inch reflector. Jupiter's four \"Galilean\" moons are easy to see even through a telescope that small, but I could also make out, just barely, the parallel streaks across Jupiter's face that are formed by its cloud belts...ah, my young eyes then! At Chabot, we'll be observing Jupiter in the weeks ahead—come up and take a look through some very large telescopes, Friday and Saturday nights!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, Jupiter rises after 9:00 PM, but by mid-September it will rise closer to 7:30 PM. We should be picking it up toward the end of September, and then onward into the Autumn. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current Event from Jupiter: Another \"big whack\" observed, on August 20th 2010. Any planet is potentially subject to the occasional impact by a large object—an asteroid or a comet. \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/30jun_tunguska/\">Even Earth\u003c/a>. But, it appears, \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19354-jupiter-attacked-for-third-time-in-13-months.html\">Jupiter has been hit by comets and/or asteroids \u003c/a>rather frequently of late (three times in the last 13 months), leading some to suggest that this kind of thing may go on more often that at once thought. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as the recent clustering of the planets Venus, Mars, and Saturn ride off into the sunset to our west, we can now turn the other way and welcome the return of Jupiter, and maybe give our thanks to this huge debris-vacuuming gravity trap of our solar system that may have taken some cosmic bullets for us….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\">\u003cem>Planet Jupiter. Credit: NASA, ESA, A. Simon-Miller (GSFC), \u003cbr>I. de Pater, M. Wong (UC Berkeley)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It may sound like a very large political movement of some kind, or a counter-insurgency in some part of the world, but the Jupiter Opposition I'm speaking of is an astronomical event: the time when Earth passes between the Sun and Jupiter, making the Earth-Jupiter distance its smallest and placing Jupiter at the point in the sky exactly opposite from the Sun—hence the name, \"opposition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opposition is the best time to see a planet like Jupiter: it's at its largest visual size, it's nowhere near the glare of the Sun, and it's in the sky all night long. Score on three counts—how many things in life work out so that the best of all worlds occur at the same time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Opposition of Jupiter occurs about once each year, the timing governed mostly by Earth's relatively speedier orbit around the Sun. Earth takes one year to revolve, while Jupiter takes closer to 12 years. So, opposition actually happens every year plus one month; in the time Earth has taken to come back around to the previous point of opposition, Jupiter has moved along one twelfth of its orbit, so it takes Earth an extra month to \"catch up.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the date of the Opposition of Jupiter is September 21, at which time the planet will be only 3.95 Astronomical Units away—about 591 million kilometers (369 million miles). Sounds faraway—and it is—but Jupiter's size helps make up for this. With a diameter of 142,984 kilometers (over 11 times that of Earth), even at this distance there's a lot to see, even through a small telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember observing Jupiter through my first telescope—a 4-inch reflector. Jupiter's four \"Galilean\" moons are easy to see even through a telescope that small, but I could also make out, just barely, the parallel streaks across Jupiter's face that are formed by its cloud belts...ah, my young eyes then! At Chabot, we'll be observing Jupiter in the weeks ahead—come up and take a look through some very large telescopes, Friday and Saturday nights!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, Jupiter rises after 9:00 PM, but by mid-September it will rise closer to 7:30 PM. We should be picking it up toward the end of September, and then onward into the Autumn. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current Event from Jupiter: Another \"big whack\" observed, on August 20th 2010. Any planet is potentially subject to the occasional impact by a large object—an asteroid or a comet. \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/30jun_tunguska/\">Even Earth\u003c/a>. But, it appears, \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19354-jupiter-attacked-for-third-time-in-13-months.html\">Jupiter has been hit by comets and/or asteroids \u003c/a>rather frequently of late (three times in the last 13 months), leading some to suggest that this kind of thing may go on more often that at once thought. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as the recent clustering of the planets Venus, Mars, and Saturn ride off into the sunset to our west, we can now turn the other way and welcome the return of Jupiter, and maybe give our thanks to this huge debris-vacuuming gravity trap of our solar system that may have taken some cosmic bullets for us….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/milkyway.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-7504\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/milkyway.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003ca>\u003c/a>\u003cem> There are a variety of places to go stargazing in and around the Bay Area which provide magnificent views of the cosmos.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple weeks ago I spent the weekend geeking out with astronomy buffs and sci-fi fans at the first ever \u003ca href=\"http://seticon.com/\">SETIcon\u003c/a>. Organized by \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute\u003c/a>, the event was filled with a variety of fun and informative panels that re-kindled my love of astronomy. After the event, I had an insatiable desire to do some stargazing -- but where to go in the Bay Area?\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest misconceptions about astronomy is that you need to buy hundreds of dollars worth of equipment to enjoy the hobby. Fortunately this is a myth, and I am going to dispel it right here and right now! Whether you already have a telescope, are interested in building a telescope or are simply discovering a new hobby that can spark the imagination of family members from 5 to 95 years old, there are a variety of opportunities to enjoy the evening sky that are not far from your doorstep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are just a few (free!) options if you don’t have a telescope:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lawrencehallofscience.org\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a> in Berkeley organizes a bi-monthly stargazing event every 1st and 3rd Saturday night of the month, year-round. The next event will be on September 4th at 9 - 11pm. Starting September 18th stargazing will run from 8 - 10pm. For full details and cloudy weather cancellation notices, follow them on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/lhsstargazing\">@lhsstargazing\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://collegeofsanmateo.edu/astronomy/announcements.asp\">Jazz Under the Stars\u003c/a> at San Mateo Community College is fun, family friendly event that combines jazz music and stargazing. The next event will be on September 18th from 8 -11pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most counties have their own astronomy club: \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayastro.org/\">East Bay Astronomical Society\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfaa-astronomy.org/\">San Francisco Astronomical Society\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjaa.net/\">San Jose Astronomical Association\u003c/a> and San Mateo County Astronomical Society offer events every month to look up at the stars. Members are very friendly and eager to engage the community in stargazing. Check their websites for the latest details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re more serious about Astronomy and would like to spend a few nights stargazing in dark skies, the next major star party is\u003ca href=\"http://www.observers.org/CalStar/\"> CalStar\u003c/a>, from October 7 - 9th midway between San Francisco and Los Angeles near Lake San Antonio. This event is an excellent way to learn from dozens of amateur astronomers, look through telescopes larger than YOU and see a variety of celestial objects. This is my favorite kind of star party!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now if you really want to go all hard core on astronomy and gain serious nerd cred, there's a class to teach you how to make your own telescope. Believe it or not, this isn’t as hard as it seems, but it is time consuming. After a few months you’ll come out with a finished telescope that costs a fraction of what it would cost to buy. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/telescope-makers-workshop.htm\">Telescope Makers Workshop\u003c/a> at Chabot Space and Science Center meets Friday nights from 7-10pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what are you waiting for? Look up!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more science and DIY goodness 7 days a week \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/zazenergy\" target=\"_blank\">follow Laura\u003c/a> on twitter.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Related QUEST stories:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers\">Amateur Astronomers\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers\">SETI: The New Search For ET\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/milkyway.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-7504\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/milkyway.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003ca>\u003c/a>\u003cem> There are a variety of places to go stargazing in and around the Bay Area which provide magnificent views of the cosmos.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple weeks ago I spent the weekend geeking out with astronomy buffs and sci-fi fans at the first ever \u003ca href=\"http://seticon.com/\">SETIcon\u003c/a>. Organized by \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute\u003c/a>, the event was filled with a variety of fun and informative panels that re-kindled my love of astronomy. After the event, I had an insatiable desire to do some stargazing -- but where to go in the Bay Area?\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest misconceptions about astronomy is that you need to buy hundreds of dollars worth of equipment to enjoy the hobby. Fortunately this is a myth, and I am going to dispel it right here and right now! Whether you already have a telescope, are interested in building a telescope or are simply discovering a new hobby that can spark the imagination of family members from 5 to 95 years old, there are a variety of opportunities to enjoy the evening sky that are not far from your doorstep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are just a few (free!) options if you don’t have a telescope:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lawrencehallofscience.org\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a> in Berkeley organizes a bi-monthly stargazing event every 1st and 3rd Saturday night of the month, year-round. The next event will be on September 4th at 9 - 11pm. Starting September 18th stargazing will run from 8 - 10pm. For full details and cloudy weather cancellation notices, follow them on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/lhsstargazing\">@lhsstargazing\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/1833-leonid-shower-depiction.jpg\">\u003cem>An 1833 depiction of the Leonid Meteor Shower\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Whenever a sizeable \u003ca href=\"http://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors/\">meteor shower \u003c/a>comes around—such as the annual Perseid show, peaking on the night of August 12/13—my attention is drawn to the notion of space dust, and star stuff, and Earthly versus cosmic provenance for what may otherwise be considered, mundanely, dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year at this time, Earth plows through a belt of dust left behind by the periodic passage of comet \u003ca href=\"http://www.oarval.org/section3_16.htm\">Swift-Tuttle\u003c/a>, causing a significant bump in the number of meteors that might be seen. We usually think of shooting stars—meteors—as bits of dust or small pebbles that fly into Earth's atmosphere at high speed and are vaporized in a blaze of glory by their flight of friction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, it's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-causes-a-meteor-show\">Earth running into the dust specks\u003c/a>, not the other way around. It's a bit like a car on a freeway speeding through a cloud of insects, if you think of the windshield as the Earth's atmosphere and the smears and streaks of \"bug guts\" as the flashy demise of meteors. Earth's orbital speed is about 18 miles per second, which explains the fast and fiery trajectory of shooting stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the material in the meteor after its luminous tail fades? Well, what do you think? It's a trail of dust high in the atmosphere: eventually, it is pulled to Earth, like any other dust particles, and settles down around us, invisibly, to become part of the landscape, and part of the air we breathe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much meteor dust, as well as larger lumps of meteorite that strike the Earth's surface before completely burning up, is there? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not known absolutely how much meteoritic dust bathes our world every day, and estimates range widely depending on how the calculation is done, but one (maybe conservative) figure I found is 40,000 metric tonnes per year—about 110 metric tonnes per day. This estimate is for the total amount of material falling on Earth from space, be it in the form of the largest meteorites that occasionally collide with the ground or the continual \"rain\" of the tiniest micrometeorites that aren't even large enough to register a tail visible to our eyes. All of it. (And, as I said, only one estimate.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let the slicing and dicing of that number begin!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>40,000 metric tonnes is about the weight of one hundred fully loaded Boeing 747-400 jumbo jets, or about an eighth the weight of the Empire State Building, or about 48,000 1967-model Volkswagen Beetles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if that amount of material were distributed evenly around the world, how much of it would fall on, say, one typical city block? (I'll assume a city block is a tenth of a mile square—or 1/100 of a square mile.) Given Earth's total surface area of about 197 million square miles, and 100 city blocks in each square mile, that gives 19.7 billion city blocks. Dividing 40,000 metric tonnes by 19.7 billion city blocks yields an astounding…2 grams of material per city block…per year…. Conveniently, that's the weight of half a sugar cube, so is easy to visualize…but not so impressive a figure after all. Guess I won't be panning for meteor dust anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about over time? Assuming the same rate of meteor-dust fall, since the dawn of civilization my city block will have received 14 kilograms of the stuff—enough to fill a bucket or two…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, ultimately, ALL of the material that the Earth is composed of (all 5.97 billion trillion metric tonnes of it) originally \"fell to Earth\" from the protosolar nebula, which the entire Solar System formed from. (I had to throw that in to end this blog with something a little more impressive than a couple bucketfuls of dust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much meteor dust, as well as larger lumps of meteorite that strike the Earth's surface before completely burning up, is there? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not known absolutely how much meteoritic dust bathes our world every day, and estimates range widely depending on how the calculation is done, but one (maybe conservative) figure I found is 40,000 metric tonnes per year—about 110 metric tonnes per day. This estimate is for the total amount of material falling on Earth from space, be it in the form of the largest meteorites that occasionally collide with the ground or the continual \"rain\" of the tiniest micrometeorites that aren't even large enough to register a tail visible to our eyes. All of it. (And, as I said, only one estimate.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let the slicing and dicing of that number begin!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>40,000 metric tonnes is about the weight of one hundred fully loaded Boeing 747-400 jumbo jets, or about an eighth the weight of the Empire State Building, or about 48,000 1967-model Volkswagen Beetles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if that amount of material were distributed evenly around the world, how much of it would fall on, say, one typical city block? (I'll assume a city block is a tenth of a mile square—or 1/100 of a square mile.) Given Earth's total surface area of about 197 million square miles, and 100 city blocks in each square mile, that gives 19.7 billion city blocks. Dividing 40,000 metric tonnes by 19.7 billion city blocks yields an astounding…2 grams of material per city block…per year…. Conveniently, that's the weight of half a sugar cube, so is easy to visualize…but not so impressive a figure after all. Guess I won't be panning for meteor dust anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about over time? Assuming the same rate of meteor-dust fall, since the dawn of civilization my city block will have received 14 kilograms of the stuff—enough to fill a bucket or two…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, ultimately, ALL of the material that the Earth is composed of (all 5.97 billion trillion metric tonnes of it) originally \"fell to Earth\" from the protosolar nebula, which the entire Solar System formed from. (I had to throw that in to end this blog with something a little more impressive than a couple bucketfuls of dust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/msl09_quart.png\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>NASA's Mars Science Laboratory--artist concept\u003c/em>\u003c/span>They just keep getting bigger and better—and curiouser. The next generation Mars rover—The Mars Science Laboratory, \"Curiosity\"—is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-245&cid=release_2010-245&msource=o20100723\">well off the drawing board\u003c/a> and into its gestation phase…no longer just a gleam in the eye of robotics engineers and Marsologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1997 there was the grandmother of all Mars rovers, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder/\">Sojourner\u003c/a>—a high-tech breadbox on wheels that crawled about the immediate area of its landing site in Ares Vallis, at the downstream end of an outflow structure. Sojourner (the rover portion of the overall Pathfinder lander) took 3-D images, performed chemical analyses on rocks, and successfully tested the \"bounce around the landscape in an airbag\" concept of landing on another planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next up were Sojourner's successors—dare I say Prodigal Sons?—\u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/\">Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a>. A step up in stature, these self-sufficient science labs on wheels are about the size of small dinner tables with camera masts stretching 5 feet into the sky. Equipped with the almost prerequisite stereoscopic cameras, rock grinders, microscopic cameras, and a plethora of other instruments, these Mars Exploration Rovers far outlasted their original mission timelines—by years. Landing in 2004, Spirit only recently ceased transmission (temporarily or permanently is yet to be seen), and Opportunity is still roving, on its way to Endeavor Crater to see what it may see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now? \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/images/Dec4_E-3-generation-rovers.jpg\">It's bigger!\u003c/a> It's better! It's the new Mars Science Laboratory, Curiosity! The next rover mission is currently being assembled and tested, in preparation for a launch in the Fall of 2011 and arrival at Mars early in 2012. Weighing in at 1,875 pounds (Earth-weight) and with a camera-mast height of nearly 7 feet, Curiosity will carry the most extensive and advanced set of \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/\">instrumentation \u003c/a>and analysis capability of any lander yet sent to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's mission: to determine if the environment on Mars is, or ever was, capable of supporting microbial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past missions have been focused incrementally on making new discoveries about the once mysterious, and currently astonishing (and still mysterious), Mars. The first robots to venture forth to the Red Planet—\u003ca href=\"http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mars/mariner.html\">Mariner 4 and Mariner 9\u003c/a>, particularly—gave us our first close-up look at Mars' cratered desert surface, its thin atmosphere, and the global dust storms that it is famous for. Missions to follow include the twin \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/\">Viking \u003c/a>landers in the late 1970's that gave us our first views from the surface of another planet, and also performed chemical experiments to search for the telltale signs of life—though results on that score are inconclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Continuing exploration missions—\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mgs/\">Mars Global Surveyor\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/\">Mars Odyssey\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/index.html\">Mars Express\u003c/a>, and now the powerful \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>—have filled in many details of Mars' exquisite geography, water/ice processes, meteorology, and chemical composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The principal mission of the twins Spirit and Opportunity was to find evidence of past—or present—liquid water on Mars…the conclusion of which is that we're nearly certain that there was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it is the knowledge of past Martian seas, and possibly present submartian liquid water, that seems to make some almost taste the presence of microbial Martians, be they live or fossilized. Hence, the mission of the Mars Science Laboratory takes us on the next step of our journey to answer that age old question: is there life beyond Earth? Do tell….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/NASA_scaled_LCROSS_167848main_lcross_hires.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of the LCROSS spacecraft and its upper stage Centaur rocket. Image courtesy of NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for KQED News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NASA scientists in Mountain View made international headlines when they crashed a rocket into the moon and announced they had found water there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, they revealed that the water – which exists as ice and vapor – isn’t spread out in vast oceans, but rather is concentrated in oases, and that the lunar surface appears to contain a wealth of other materials, from mercury to magnesium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both discoveries could be instrumental in one day making it easier to set up a lunar colony, the researchers said, because of the high cost of transporting materials to the moon, which can exceed thousands of dollars per pound. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s water and much more,” said Anthony Colaprete, an astrophysicist at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. “The others, from a scientific standpoint and a resource standpoint may prove to be as important or more important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete is the principal investigator on the mission to find water on the moon, which is known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a> or the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite. Last year, the scientists shot an unmanned spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed its rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. In the nine months since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How wet is the moon? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As wet as the Sahara, perhaps wetter in some places”, said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, at the third annual Lunar Science Forum at NASA Ames, researchers discussed everything from the physics of the LCROSS impact to the complex chemistry of the moon. Among their findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-\tThe distribution of water on the moon is not uniform, but “chunky”, occurring in deposits in dark craters like the one LCROSS struck.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe range of chemicals found on the moon is wider than once thought and includes mercury, magnesium, sulfur dioxide and possibly, formaldehyde, along with sodium, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and methane.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe total amount of water in the target site and the plume observed by LCROSS: 26 gallons \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. “There’s a lot you can do with the moon. It’s fundamental to understanding our place in the solar system and we’ve always appreciated that and recent studies have accentuated it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s water and much more,” said Anthony Colaprete, an astrophysicist at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. “The others, from a scientific standpoint and a resource standpoint may prove to be as important or more important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colaprete is the principal investigator on the mission to find water on the moon, which is known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nasa-ames-rocket-to-the-moon\">LCROSS\u003c/a> or the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite. Last year, the scientists shot an unmanned spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and in October, they deliberately crashed its rocket at 6,000 mph into Cabeus, a cold, dark crater on the moon’s south pole that hasn’t seen sunlight in billions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact sent up a plume of lunar soil and debris several miles over the crater’s rim, exposing it to sunlight. Meanwhile, the spacecraft collected data for four crucial minutes, allowing scientists to analyze the chemical makeup of the ejected lunar soil, before it too crashed into the crater. In the nine months since then, the LCROSS team has been sifting through the information to glean clues about earth’s 4.5 billion year-old neighbor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How wet is the moon? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As wet as the Sahara, perhaps wetter in some places”, said Colaprete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, at the third annual Lunar Science Forum at NASA Ames, researchers discussed everything from the physics of the LCROSS impact to the complex chemistry of the moon. Among their findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-\tThe distribution of water on the moon is not uniform, but “chunky”, occurring in deposits in dark craters like the one LCROSS struck.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe range of chemicals found on the moon is wider than once thought and includes mercury, magnesium, sulfur dioxide and possibly, formaldehyde, along with sodium, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and methane.\u003cbr>\n-\tThe total amount of water in the target site and the plume observed by LCROSS: 26 gallons \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the water get there? According to Colaprete, it’s likely a combination of sources. One way it could have arrived is from solar wind depositing hydrogen into the lunar granules which contain oxygen atoms. Another way is from impacts by icy comets slamming into the moon, a theory supported by the observation of these other chemicals and hydrocarbons that also exist in comets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last manned lunar mission was Apollo 17 in 1972. In recent years, the U.S., along with Japan, China and India have launched various unmanned lunar mission. NASA is scheduled to launch two other lunar exploratory missions, GRAIL and LADEE in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to map the moon’s interior structure and further analyze the moon’s dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the next several decades, a new generation of astronauts may return to set up a lunar outpost, setting the stage for future missions to Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next 20 years, next 10 years, you’re going to see the moon continue to expand in its diversity, and its complexity and its interest, among the communities of both laypeople and professionals and that’s going to pull us there,” said Colaprete. “There’s a lot you can do with the moon. It’s fundamental to understanding our place in the solar system and we’ve always appreciated that and recent studies have accentuated it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Northern California Scientists Helping Lead Project To Build World's Biggest Telescope",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.tmt.org\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/tmt-2009-rev300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Thirty Meter Telescope would be built in Hawaii, atop Mauna Kea at around 13,000 feet. Artist’s interpretation courtesy of TMT Observatory Corporation.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the University of California are working with a team of international researchers on one of the most high-profile science projects of this decade: an effort to construct the largest optical telescope on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $986 million project is planned for the summit of Mauna Kea, on Hawaii’s Big Island, and will feature a primary mirror 98-feet in diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists working on the project hope to begin construction next year and complete it by 2018 or 2019. They say the facility, dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/8373845\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a>, will allow astronomers to observe with much more clarity some of the earliest stars and galaxies of the universe and investigate what they’re made of. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be able to look back at the baby pictures of the universe and trace how it developed,” said Michael Bolte, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucolick.org/\">University of California Observatories\u003c/a> and a member of the board of directors for the new telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope won approval last month from the University of Hawaii Board of Regents, which holds the lease to the site. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to exploring the farthest reaches of the universe, the telescope also will be able to routinely and easily produce images of the more than 450 planets that have been discovered orbiting stars outside of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the existence of these so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">exoplanets\u003c/a>” can only be inferred by measuring the gravitational tugging forces exerted by the stars they orbit. The telescope also could help determine if some of them have atmospheres similar to Earth’s – the precursor to finding life on another planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be one of the most important scientific facilities of the 21st century,” said Bolte, who is also a professor of astronomy at UC-Santa Cruz. “When we look back, it’s going to be the \u003ca href=\"http://atlas.ch/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> and the Thirty Meter Telescope and I’m not sure what else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is a joint effort of the University of California, the California Institute of Technology and the Association of Canadian Universities for Research in Astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sizable amount of its funding is coming from the Bay Area. The Betty and Gordon Moore Foundation, in Palo Alto, has pledged $200 million toward the telescope’s construction. The University of California and Caltech each plan to raise $50 million. And contributions are expected from the Canadian universities, as well as the governments of China, India and Japan. But 10 to 20 percent of the telescope’s budget still remains to be raised, said Bolte. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new telescope’s 98-foot (30 meter) mirror would be three times as big as the mirrors on the twin \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">Keck telescopes\u003c/a> in Hawaii, currently the biggest in the world, and also owned by the University of California and Caltech. The telescope would produce images three times as sharp as the 33-foot Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea, and would be able to look at objects that are nine times fainter. This would make it possible for scientists to better understand the origins of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The universe is 13.7 billion years old and we can see objects that are 13 billion years away, but all we get is fuzzy blobs,” said UC-Santa Cruz astronomer Garth Illingworth, chair of the telescope’s Science Advisory Committee. “We’d like to learn more about these stars and galaxies.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January of 2010, Illingworth and his team announced that they had observed \u003ca href=\"http://firstgalaxies.org/\">the most distant galaxies ever seen\u003c/a>. Looking back in time 13 billion years, they found galaxies that were just 600 or 700 million years from the Big Bang. Photographs of these galaxies, which appear as several tiny dots, were made by the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space-based telescopes like Hubble have an advantage over ground telescopes because they don’t have to contend with the blurring caused by the Earth’s atmosphere. But they’re more expensive and therefore, smaller. Hubble’s mirror is less than 8 feet in diameter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bigger ground-based telescopes can gather more light than small space-based telescopes. So they make objects that once were faint appear brighter. And the additional light gives researchers information on the chemical composition of objects like stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When astronomers understand what a star is made out of, they can better establish its age. And this allows them to plot out the history of the universe more accurately. What’s understood now is that the Big Bang was followed by a period of darkness that astronomers call the Dark Ages. But it’s not clear how long that period lasted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s controversy about the period before which there were no stars,” said Jerry Nelson, UC-Santa Cruz astronomer and project scientist for the telescope. “The idea is to establish bounds on this. The question is when do you get stars forming that burn holes through this opaque stuff?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to answering questions about the history of the universe, observers say the telescope could also eventually lead to new energy sources based on the nuclear fusion that fuels stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All those points of light are nuclear furnaces,” said bestselling San Francisco author Timothy Ferris, who wrote “Seeing in the Dark” and other books about astronomy and telescopes. “And they have something to teach us.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope’s mirror will be made out of 492 closely fit individual hexagonal glass mirrors. The Keck telescopes were the first to use these segmented mirrors to get around the problems created by gigantic individual mirrors. The Keck telescopes were so successful, said Illingworth, that UC and Caltech envisioned the Thirty Meter Telescope as a way to scale-up the Keck model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/7442223\">TMT Fly-Through\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/thirtymeter\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But big ground-based telescopes have their limitations. Though they can give astronomers more light to study, they can’t by virtue of their size alone make objects appear sharper. To reduce the blurring caused by the atmosphere, scientists use a series of techniques called adaptive optics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Adaptive optics is like putting glasses on a big telescope,” said Nelson. A telescope with \u003ca href=\"http://cfao.ucolick.org/pgallery/\">adaptive optics\u003c/a> not only sees sharper images of stars, it also sees more stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An expensive and technically complicated process, adaptive optics was used on telescopes for the first time to correct distortions on the Keck telescopes. The technique takes advantage of a layer of the atmosphere that starts about 50 miles above the Earth. This layer is made up of sodium atoms brought in by small meteorites that vaporize as they enter the atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists point an orange laser toward the sodium layer. The laser excites the sodium atoms, which become like artificial stars, radiating light back toward the telescope. The process allows researchers to correct for atmospheric turbulence, which causes phenomena such as the twinkle that we see around stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other telescopes in the range of the Thirty Meter Telescope are in the works. An 80-foot mirror called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmto.org/\">Giant Magellan Telescope\u003c/a> is being spearheaded by a group that includes the Carnegie Institution for Science in Pasadena, Harvard University, the universities of Texas and Arizona and the government of Korea. That telescope is scheduled to be completed in 2018. And Europe is working on the aptly named \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/e-elt.html\">Extremely Large Telescope\u003c/a>, which would have a 138-foot mirror. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re strongly complimentary,” said Bolte. “The Giant Magellan and the European telescope will be in the southern hemisphere, in Chile. So we’ll have access to the entire sky.” Having several of these instruments, he said, would make valuable telescope time more readily available to astronomers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Thirty Meter Telescope, which would be built at an elevation of about 13,000 feet, has not been without controversy. Environmentalists say its construction would harm the wekiu bug, a native species that lives atop high Hawaiian peaks. Some Native Hawaiians have come out in opposition, saying that the summit of Mauna Kea is sacred and should not have any more construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope that the Thirty Meter Telescope will provide answers for many current astronomy questions: What is the invisible matter that makes up 25 percent of universe? What is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">mysterious energy\u003c/a> that is making it expand faster and faster? But Bolte suspects that just as telescopes in the past surprised scientists by revealing that the planets orbit the Sun and that the universe is expanding, the new telescope’s contributions are impossible to fully predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you build a new telescope with significant new capabilities, you usually solve the problems of the day and find new things you didn’t even know were there,” Bolte said. “The Thirty Meter Telescope will be a bigger jump than any other jump we’ve had, so the new discoveries will be all the more unexpected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/8373845\">TMT Overview\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/thirtymeter\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCheck out these QUEST TV and Radio stories about other University of California astronomy projects\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-the-northern-lights\">Illuminating the Northern Lights\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">\u003cbr>\nExoplanets\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/seti-the-new-search-for-et\">SETI: The New Search for ET\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">The Planet Hunters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.9971411 -122.0581762\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.tmt.org\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/tmt-2009-rev300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Thirty Meter Telescope would be built in Hawaii, atop Mauna Kea at around 13,000 feet. Artist’s interpretation courtesy of TMT Observatory Corporation.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the University of California are working with a team of international researchers on one of the most high-profile science projects of this decade: an effort to construct the largest optical telescope on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $986 million project is planned for the summit of Mauna Kea, on Hawaii’s Big Island, and will feature a primary mirror 98-feet in diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists working on the project hope to begin construction next year and complete it by 2018 or 2019. They say the facility, dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/8373845\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a>, will allow astronomers to observe with much more clarity some of the earliest stars and galaxies of the universe and investigate what they’re made of. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be able to look back at the baby pictures of the universe and trace how it developed,” said Michael Bolte, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucolick.org/\">University of California Observatories\u003c/a> and a member of the board of directors for the new telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope won approval last month from the University of Hawaii Board of Regents, which holds the lease to the site. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to exploring the farthest reaches of the universe, the telescope also will be able to routinely and easily produce images of the more than 450 planets that have been discovered orbiting stars outside of our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the existence of these so-called “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">exoplanets\u003c/a>” can only be inferred by measuring the gravitational tugging forces exerted by the stars they orbit. The telescope also could help determine if some of them have atmospheres similar to Earth’s – the precursor to finding life on another planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be one of the most important scientific facilities of the 21st century,” said Bolte, who is also a professor of astronomy at UC-Santa Cruz. “When we look back, it’s going to be the \u003ca href=\"http://atlas.ch/\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> and the Thirty Meter Telescope and I’m not sure what else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is a joint effort of the University of California, the California Institute of Technology and the Association of Canadian Universities for Research in Astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sizable amount of its funding is coming from the Bay Area. The Betty and Gordon Moore Foundation, in Palo Alto, has pledged $200 million toward the telescope’s construction. The University of California and Caltech each plan to raise $50 million. And contributions are expected from the Canadian universities, as well as the governments of China, India and Japan. But 10 to 20 percent of the telescope’s budget still remains to be raised, said Bolte. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new telescope’s 98-foot (30 meter) mirror would be three times as big as the mirrors on the twin \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">Keck telescopes\u003c/a> in Hawaii, currently the biggest in the world, and also owned by the University of California and Caltech. The telescope would produce images three times as sharp as the 33-foot Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea, and would be able to look at objects that are nine times fainter. This would make it possible for scientists to better understand the origins of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The universe is 13.7 billion years old and we can see objects that are 13 billion years away, but all we get is fuzzy blobs,” said UC-Santa Cruz astronomer Garth Illingworth, chair of the telescope’s Science Advisory Committee. “We’d like to learn more about these stars and galaxies.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January of 2010, Illingworth and his team announced that they had observed \u003ca href=\"http://firstgalaxies.org/\">the most distant galaxies ever seen\u003c/a>. Looking back in time 13 billion years, they found galaxies that were just 600 or 700 million years from the Big Bang. Photographs of these galaxies, which appear as several tiny dots, were made by the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space-based telescopes like Hubble have an advantage over ground telescopes because they don’t have to contend with the blurring caused by the Earth’s atmosphere. But they’re more expensive and therefore, smaller. Hubble’s mirror is less than 8 feet in diameter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bigger ground-based telescopes can gather more light than small space-based telescopes. So they make objects that once were faint appear brighter. And the additional light gives researchers information on the chemical composition of objects like stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When astronomers understand what a star is made out of, they can better establish its age. And this allows them to plot out the history of the universe more accurately. What’s understood now is that the Big Bang was followed by a period of darkness that astronomers call the Dark Ages. But it’s not clear how long that period lasted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s controversy about the period before which there were no stars,” said Jerry Nelson, UC-Santa Cruz astronomer and project scientist for the telescope. “The idea is to establish bounds on this. The question is when do you get stars forming that burn holes through this opaque stuff?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to answering questions about the history of the universe, observers say the telescope could also eventually lead to new energy sources based on the nuclear fusion that fuels stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All those points of light are nuclear furnaces,” said bestselling San Francisco author Timothy Ferris, who wrote “Seeing in the Dark” and other books about astronomy and telescopes. “And they have something to teach us.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope’s mirror will be made out of 492 closely fit individual hexagonal glass mirrors. The Keck telescopes were the first to use these segmented mirrors to get around the problems created by gigantic individual mirrors. The Keck telescopes were so successful, said Illingworth, that UC and Caltech envisioned the Thirty Meter Telescope as a way to scale-up the Keck model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/7442223\">TMT Fly-Through\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/thirtymeter\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But big ground-based telescopes have their limitations. Though they can give astronomers more light to study, they can’t by virtue of their size alone make objects appear sharper. To reduce the blurring caused by the atmosphere, scientists use a series of techniques called adaptive optics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Adaptive optics is like putting glasses on a big telescope,” said Nelson. A telescope with \u003ca href=\"http://cfao.ucolick.org/pgallery/\">adaptive optics\u003c/a> not only sees sharper images of stars, it also sees more stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An expensive and technically complicated process, adaptive optics was used on telescopes for the first time to correct distortions on the Keck telescopes. The technique takes advantage of a layer of the atmosphere that starts about 50 miles above the Earth. This layer is made up of sodium atoms brought in by small meteorites that vaporize as they enter the atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists point an orange laser toward the sodium layer. The laser excites the sodium atoms, which become like artificial stars, radiating light back toward the telescope. The process allows researchers to correct for atmospheric turbulence, which causes phenomena such as the twinkle that we see around stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other telescopes in the range of the Thirty Meter Telescope are in the works. An 80-foot mirror called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmto.org/\">Giant Magellan Telescope\u003c/a> is being spearheaded by a group that includes the Carnegie Institution for Science in Pasadena, Harvard University, the universities of Texas and Arizona and the government of Korea. That telescope is scheduled to be completed in 2018. And Europe is working on the aptly named \u003ca href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/e-elt.html\">Extremely Large Telescope\u003c/a>, which would have a 138-foot mirror. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re strongly complimentary,” said Bolte. “The Giant Magellan and the European telescope will be in the southern hemisphere, in Chile. So we’ll have access to the entire sky.” Having several of these instruments, he said, would make valuable telescope time more readily available to astronomers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Thirty Meter Telescope, which would be built at an elevation of about 13,000 feet, has not been without controversy. Environmentalists say its construction would harm the wekiu bug, a native species that lives atop high Hawaiian peaks. Some Native Hawaiians have come out in opposition, saying that the summit of Mauna Kea is sacred and should not have any more construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope that the Thirty Meter Telescope will provide answers for many current astronomy questions: What is the invisible matter that makes up 25 percent of universe? What is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy\">mysterious energy\u003c/a> that is making it expand faster and faster? But Bolte suspects that just as telescopes in the past surprised scientists by revealing that the planets orbit the Sun and that the universe is expanding, the new telescope’s contributions are impossible to fully predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you build a new telescope with significant new capabilities, you usually solve the problems of the day and find new things you didn’t even know were there,” Bolte said. “The Thirty Meter Telescope will be a bigger jump than any other jump we’ve had, so the new discoveries will be all the more unexpected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/8373845\">TMT Overview\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/thirtymeter\">Thirty Meter Telescope\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCheck out these QUEST TV and Radio stories about other University of California astronomy projects\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-the-northern-lights\">Illuminating the Northern Lights\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">\u003cbr>\nExoplanets\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/seti-the-new-search-for-et\">SETI: The New Search for ET\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">The Planet Hunters\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Sun-on-horizon.jpg\">\u003cem>The Sun in the act of crossing the horizon.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I received an email from a man who wanted to know if there was any truth to the claim that, in the last few years, the tilt of Earth's axis had shifted by three degrees, and that there was a great cover-up to hide the fact from the populace. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inquirer wanted a scientific response—that he was a history major, and was having some difficulty trying to debunk the rumor with someone he knew. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that, no, I knew of no evidence to support the claim. To the contrary, \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/seasons.html\">Earth's North Pole \u003c/a>was still pointing less than a degree away from the trusty North Star, Polaris, as it had been, more or less, for hundreds of years, still serving as the same constant marker of north today as it had been for seafaring navigators long ago. Had Earth's axis shifted by three degrees—in any direction—Polaris would consequently have moved far enough of the mark of the Celestial Pole for all to see—those who cared to look closely, at any rate. Certainly not something that a cover-up could keep secret. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ossfoundation.us/projects/environment/global-warming/milankovitch-cycles\">Seasonal conditions, too, would be affected, for all to experience.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was thanked, and told that the explanation might be enough to assuage the concerns of the writer's acquaintance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day I got an email from the acquaintance—actually, brother—a man in Missouri. I was told firmly—though politely—that I must be wrong, for he had seen the evidence with his own eyes: after a lifetime of knowing the Sun rises precisely in the east, one morning not long ago, he suddenly observed the Sun to rise quite a distance to the north of east. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took the time to ask for a more detailed description of what the man had observed, and continued my explanation by talking about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/EducationResource/Universe/framed_e/lecture/ch03/ch03.html\">seasonal change\u003c/a> of the Sun's rising position caused by its annual trek northward and southward in the sky along the tilted plane of its path, the ecliptic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next email I got had a MapQuest map attached, with markers added. This man was certainly doing his homework. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The red star marker is my driveway; the white hand symbol is the nearby mountain where I saw the Sun rise. This is simply not possible unless there has been a major change in the Earth's position.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pulled out my protractor and slapped it to my computer screen, then wrote back, \"Looks like you observed the Sun to rise about 30 degrees to the north of east—which is about where it should rise around summer solstice, from your latitude,\" (just shy of 37 degrees north). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went on to say that next September 22nd—autumnal equinox—he should observe the Sun to rise exactly at the east point on the horizon, and on December 21st—winter solstice—it should rise a full 30 degrees to the south of east. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple more emails, my inquisitor's tack had come about somewhat, and he seemed as close as a native Missourian can be to admitting he might have been mistaken without actually seeing the crucial evidence for himself, yet (my father is a native Missourian, so I have some insight here; that's probably where I get it, too). He did say that he would check out where the Sun would rise in September, and decide then who was right--but he conceded that my explanation might turn out to be right. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What impressed me was the man's willingness to keep an open mind despite his apparent concrete convictions, and the earnest effort he made to test the explanation I had provided. I've been there, too: absolutely convinced that this or that was most certainly thus, having seen it for myself, only to find out that it wasn't my observation that was the problem, but my interpretation of what I observed, and perhaps the context I had placed it in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if science is nothing else, I feel, it is the frame of mind to question one's own interpretations of reality, and to poke and prod the perception to test what may be fact, and what may be misinterpretation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Sun-on-horizon.jpg\">\u003cem>The Sun in the act of crossing the horizon.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I received an email from a man who wanted to know if there was any truth to the claim that, in the last few years, the tilt of Earth's axis had shifted by three degrees, and that there was a great cover-up to hide the fact from the populace. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inquirer wanted a scientific response—that he was a history major, and was having some difficulty trying to debunk the rumor with someone he knew. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that, no, I knew of no evidence to support the claim. To the contrary, \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/seasons.html\">Earth's North Pole \u003c/a>was still pointing less than a degree away from the trusty North Star, Polaris, as it had been, more or less, for hundreds of years, still serving as the same constant marker of north today as it had been for seafaring navigators long ago. Had Earth's axis shifted by three degrees—in any direction—Polaris would consequently have moved far enough of the mark of the Celestial Pole for all to see—those who cared to look closely, at any rate. Certainly not something that a cover-up could keep secret. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ossfoundation.us/projects/environment/global-warming/milankovitch-cycles\">Seasonal conditions, too, would be affected, for all to experience.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was thanked, and told that the explanation might be enough to assuage the concerns of the writer's acquaintance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day I got an email from the acquaintance—actually, brother—a man in Missouri. I was told firmly—though politely—that I must be wrong, for he had seen the evidence with his own eyes: after a lifetime of knowing the Sun rises precisely in the east, one morning not long ago, he suddenly observed the Sun to rise quite a distance to the north of east. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took the time to ask for a more detailed description of what the man had observed, and continued my explanation by talking about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/EducationResource/Universe/framed_e/lecture/ch03/ch03.html\">seasonal change\u003c/a> of the Sun's rising position caused by its annual trek northward and southward in the sky along the tilted plane of its path, the ecliptic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next email I got had a MapQuest map attached, with markers added. This man was certainly doing his homework. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The red star marker is my driveway; the white hand symbol is the nearby mountain where I saw the Sun rise. This is simply not possible unless there has been a major change in the Earth's position.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pulled out my protractor and slapped it to my computer screen, then wrote back, \"Looks like you observed the Sun to rise about 30 degrees to the north of east—which is about where it should rise around summer solstice, from your latitude,\" (just shy of 37 degrees north). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went on to say that next September 22nd—autumnal equinox—he should observe the Sun to rise exactly at the east point on the horizon, and on December 21st—winter solstice—it should rise a full 30 degrees to the south of east. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple more emails, my inquisitor's tack had come about somewhat, and he seemed as close as a native Missourian can be to admitting he might have been mistaken without actually seeing the crucial evidence for himself, yet (my father is a native Missourian, so I have some insight here; that's probably where I get it, too). He did say that he would check out where the Sun would rise in September, and decide then who was right--but he conceded that my explanation might turn out to be right. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What impressed me was the man's willingness to keep an open mind despite his apparent concrete convictions, and the earnest effort he made to test the explanation I had provided. I've been there, too: absolutely convinced that this or that was most certainly thus, having seen it for myself, only to find out that it wasn't my observation that was the problem, but my interpretation of what I observed, and perhaps the context I had placed it in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if science is nothing else, I feel, it is the frame of mind to question one's own interpretations of reality, and to poke and prod the perception to test what may be fact, and what may be misinterpretation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/exoplanet.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of an Earthlike Exoplanet. Credit: ESO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nIt's been a little over a year since \u003ca href=\"http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler \u003c/a>telescope was launched into space. Its mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been 15 years since the first \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planet \u003c/a>(exoplanet: planet orbiting a star other than our Sun) was confirmed to exist. Since that time and until the launch of Kepler, subsequent detections have racked up the number by about one a month to well over 400. \u003cem>Planets\u003c/em>, see? Worlds! What would we name them if we knew them more intimately, as we do Jupiter and Neptune? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are they like, and how are we seeing them? Well—we don't exactly see them; we detect their presence by their affect on their parent stars: small wiggles and wobbles that their gravity and motion cause in their star, or tiny dips in star brightness when they pass in front of it (\"transit\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what they're like, so far we've detected mostly very large planets—gas giants, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—that are relatively close to their stars. \"\u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-10424263-17.html\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\" they've been called, for obvious reasons. The bigger the planet, the greater its gravitational or eclipsing effects; the closer the planet to its star, the shorter its orbital period and so the more frequently we can detect their influences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Kepler mission has a slightly different goal than finding Hot Jupiters. Using the \"transit method\" of looking for small drops in star brightness, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070424_hab_exoplanet.html\">Kepler is looking for \u003c/a>Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at Earth-like distances—in a nutshell, we're looking for environments similar to those of Earth, since Earth's environment is the one that we know supports life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drop in light caused by the transit of a small planet is much more difficult to detect, Kepler is located in space, outside of Earth's distorting atmosphere. And since Kepler is looking for transits that should occur only one time in many months, and which may last only hours, it must observe constantly over a long time, without \"blinking\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what has Kepler come up with so far? \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/kepler-spacecraft-finds-hundreds-possible-planets-100618.html\">NASA recently released data from Kepler\u003c/a> taken in the first 43 days of its science mission. How many candidates for exoplanethood, you ask? The report announced a total of 706 possible detections in that 43 days—although NASA has only released the data on 306 of the lower priority detections, holding back a balance of about 400 \"more interesting\" candidates for more detailed study. What has piqued their interest on these, I really want to know….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Kepler candidates are not a mix of Hot Jupiters; as the mission was designed for, these potential planets are smaller and with longer orbital periods. In the mix there are a number of Neptune-like possibilities, and a larger number further down the size scale closer to true Earth-like character. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in 15 years of observations made from Earth telescopes, a bit over 400 exoplanets. In Kepler's first 43 days of observation: 706. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, the numbers look cool, but I must point out that the 400 (actually closer to 460 as of June 2010) convenctional exoplanet detections are all confirmed to exist, while the 706 from Kepler have yet to be—but that's mostly a matter of time and followup. They may not all end up being confirmed; a number of them will likely turn out to be \"false positives\". But, I expect many of them will end up being confirmed--and Kepler has another couple of years of left before its mission ends. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many planets—and how many Earth-sized worlds—will end up being discovered between now and then? Maybe someone should start a Kepler exoplanet poll….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's been a little over a year since NASA's Kepler telescope was launched into space. It's mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets transiting their stars. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/exoplanet.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of an Earthlike Exoplanet. Credit: ESO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nIt's been a little over a year since \u003ca href=\"http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler \u003c/a>telescope was launched into space. Its mission: to stare unblinkingly at 156,000 stars in a patch of sky in the constellations Lyra and Cygnus on a quest to spot extrasolar planets. Results so far? As anticipated…astounding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been 15 years since the first \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">extrasolar planet \u003c/a>(exoplanet: planet orbiting a star other than our Sun) was confirmed to exist. Since that time and until the launch of Kepler, subsequent detections have racked up the number by about one a month to well over 400. \u003cem>Planets\u003c/em>, see? Worlds! What would we name them if we knew them more intimately, as we do Jupiter and Neptune? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are they like, and how are we seeing them? Well—we don't exactly see them; we detect their presence by their affect on their parent stars: small wiggles and wobbles that their gravity and motion cause in their star, or tiny dips in star brightness when they pass in front of it (\"transit\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what they're like, so far we've detected mostly very large planets—gas giants, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—that are relatively close to their stars. \"\u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-10424263-17.html\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\" they've been called, for obvious reasons. The bigger the planet, the greater its gravitational or eclipsing effects; the closer the planet to its star, the shorter its orbital period and so the more frequently we can detect their influences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Kepler mission has a slightly different goal than finding Hot Jupiters. Using the \"transit method\" of looking for small drops in star brightness, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070424_hab_exoplanet.html\">Kepler is looking for \u003c/a>Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars at Earth-like distances—in a nutshell, we're looking for environments similar to those of Earth, since Earth's environment is the one that we know supports life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the drop in light caused by the transit of a small planet is much more difficult to detect, Kepler is located in space, outside of Earth's distorting atmosphere. And since Kepler is looking for transits that should occur only one time in many months, and which may last only hours, it must observe constantly over a long time, without \"blinking\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what has Kepler come up with so far? \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/kepler-spacecraft-finds-hundreds-possible-planets-100618.html\">NASA recently released data from Kepler\u003c/a> taken in the first 43 days of its science mission. How many candidates for exoplanethood, you ask? The report announced a total of 706 possible detections in that 43 days—although NASA has only released the data on 306 of the lower priority detections, holding back a balance of about 400 \"more interesting\" candidates for more detailed study. What has piqued their interest on these, I really want to know….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Kepler candidates are not a mix of Hot Jupiters; as the mission was designed for, these potential planets are smaller and with longer orbital periods. In the mix there are a number of Neptune-like possibilities, and a larger number further down the size scale closer to true Earth-like character. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in 15 years of observations made from Earth telescopes, a bit over 400 exoplanets. In Kepler's first 43 days of observation: 706. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, the numbers look cool, but I must point out that the 400 (actually closer to 460 as of June 2010) convenctional exoplanet detections are all confirmed to exist, while the 706 from Kepler have yet to be—but that's mostly a matter of time and followup. They may not all end up being confirmed; a number of them will likely turn out to be \"false positives\". But, I expect many of them will end up being confirmed--and Kepler has another couple of years of left before its mission ends. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many planets—and how many Earth-sized worlds—will end up being discovered between now and then? Maybe someone should start a Kepler exoplanet poll….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/Copy-of-aug12conjunction.jpg\">\u003cem>August 12 2010 conjunction of Venus, Mars, Saturn, with Moon and Mercury\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't usually blog about things going on in the sky, unless those goings on are things we witness through telescopes or robotic space probes—things that can't be seen with the unaided eye. I thought I'd make an exception in this case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark your calendars for August 12th—and cross your fingers that the weather is clear that evening. Then, plan to be in a spot where you can have an unobstructed view of the western horizon. Check your calendar frequently to remind yourself, and when the date draws near, set your alarm clock….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, what I'm going on about here is an upcoming \"conjunction\" of objects that will be at its stunning best on this evening. The players: \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/venus.asp\">Venus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/mars.asp\">Mars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/saturn-BDrelling.asp\">Saturn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/transit_of_mercury.asp\">Mercury\u003c/a>, and our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/moon-ph082804.asp\">Moon\u003c/a>, performing together as an ensemble for a limited engagement, on the stage of the western horizon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now (as of mid June), Saturn (high in the south in Virgo), Mars (in the southwest in Leo, near the bright star Regulus), and Venus (that really stupendously bright thing that will give you second-hand sunburn if you're not careful--low on the western horizon, next to the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, in Gemini) are all strung out in a long, well-spaced line, as if queuing up for some great performance. But, as time goes forward, these three will gradually move closer and closer to each other, gathering toward the western twilight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around early to mid August, these three will be in a quite compact little group, at one point forming a nice little triangle. But on August 12, not only will they be in about their tightest grouping of this conjunction, they will be joined by the thin crescent of the Moon, just past the New phase, and that Mercurial planet—what else? Mercury—in one amazing gathering of luminaries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not the end of the world, or a time of great change—at least, not a time of great change CAUSED by the conjunction--but it is a rare and beautiful alignment of celestial bodies that we don't get to see more than once every few years. Hence, I'm blogging about it so you don't miss it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this celestial stage act were not reward enough for those who find beauty in nature's rare and wondrous events, August 12th is also the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower, the most reliable of the annual meteor showers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no excuses: make a plan, put together a nocturnal picnic, search a spot from where you can view the western horizon, and, if you can one, that's away from city lights as much as possible (to make it easier to see those meteors). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/SOFIA-Jupiter.gif\">\u003cem>Jupiter seen in infrared light through SOFIA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>After nearly a 14-year hiatus, NASA is once again conducting astronomical observations…from the stratosphere!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sofia\">SOFIA\u003c/a>—the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, a joint project between NASA and Germany—made its scientific debut in a \"first light\" flight on May 26th. That is, after a few years of test flights focused on the mechanical and aerodynamic engineering aspects of this 747-with-telescope, a science team acquired the observatory's first astronomical data. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of you may be thinking, NASA has an observatory built into an airplane? Really? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had the same thought, until a job opening came up on NASA's previous flying telescope, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/News/news_2008/01_14_08/images/KAO+SOFIA.jpg\">Kuiper Airborne Observatory\u003c/a>. It was 1989, I was freshly back from my Peace Corps tour in Africa, and I was looking for a job. My physics advisor told me of the job opening, and I quickly put together a resume and sent it in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was invited to an interview, then waited a couple weeks with no word from my would-be employer. Sooooo…I called their HR office to ask if the position had been filled. \"We have decided to offer you the position,\" the woman responded, \"and, can you start on Tuesday? And…do you think you would be able to go to New Zealand on Friday for training?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So my work on the KAO began with one of the job's best perks: I had to go wherever the observatory flew, and as it happened when I was hired, it was in New Zealand observing the southern skies….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was then, and the plane was a C-141A \"Starlifter\" (apt name!) and the telescope had a 1-meter mirror. This is now: SOFIA sports a 2.5 meter telescope in a 747SP. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was the first target for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu\">SOFIA science\u003c/a>? Amusingly, it was the same object that the KAO observed on its last flights, back in 1995: Jupiter. On the KAO flight, Jupiter was observed mostly as a \"calibration\" object to prep the scientific instrument for its principal target—and to serve as an \"ooo!\" and \"ahh!\" subject for the school kids who were \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/tguide/program3.html\">\"flying\" along with us via satellite-linked telepresence\u003c/a> (they were actually in their classrooms, in Hawaii and Texas). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SOFIA used its first-light debut to explore the outflow of heat from within Jupiter, through \"holes\" in its atmosphere (holes in the sense of places where heat energy is emerging in greatest abundance). Like Earth, Jupiter harbors within its mass heat trapped since its formation, around 5 billion years ago. On Earth, the heat leaks out slowly through the crust, but in greater amounts through volcanoes, thermal vents, geysers, and the like. On giant gaseous Jupiter, heat escapes through convection of its atmospheric gases—like when soup bubbles on the stove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/telescope/sofia_tele.html\">How's it done?\u003c/a> How do you fly a telescope on an airplane and keep it pointing on its target? In brief: shock absorbers, compressed air, electromagnetic motors, and tracking stars through a video camera. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA flies from its home base of Palmdale, California, near NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So my work on the KAO began with one of the job's best perks: I had to go wherever the observatory flew, and as it happened when I was hired, it was in New Zealand observing the southern skies….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was then, and the plane was a C-141A \"Starlifter\" (apt name!) and the telescope had a 1-meter mirror. This is now: SOFIA sports a 2.5 meter telescope in a 747SP. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was the first target for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu\">SOFIA science\u003c/a>? Amusingly, it was the same object that the KAO observed on its last flights, back in 1995: Jupiter. On the KAO flight, Jupiter was observed mostly as a \"calibration\" object to prep the scientific instrument for its principal target—and to serve as an \"ooo!\" and \"ahh!\" subject for the school kids who were \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/tguide/program3.html\">\"flying\" along with us via satellite-linked telepresence\u003c/a> (they were actually in their classrooms, in Hawaii and Texas). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SOFIA used its first-light debut to explore the outflow of heat from within Jupiter, through \"holes\" in its atmosphere (holes in the sense of places where heat energy is emerging in greatest abundance). Like Earth, Jupiter harbors within its mass heat trapped since its formation, around 5 billion years ago. On Earth, the heat leaks out slowly through the crust, but in greater amounts through volcanoes, thermal vents, geysers, and the like. On giant gaseous Jupiter, heat escapes through convection of its atmospheric gases—like when soup bubbles on the stove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/telescope/sofia_tele.html\">How's it done?\u003c/a> How do you fly a telescope on an airplane and keep it pointing on its target? In brief: shock absorbers, compressed air, electromagnetic motors, and tracking stars through a video camera. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA flies from its home base of Palmdale, California, near NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
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