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"disqusTitle": "MOON Spells "Water"",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/moon2-m3-chandrayaan1.jpg\">\u003cem> Map of Moon water; blue indicates higher concentrations of detected water molecules. Credit: NASA/Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Here it comes! A veritable tidal wave of discovery on Earth's Moon…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one short week, NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/\">LCROSS \u003c/a>(Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite) mission will quite literally come to an end—a fiery, spectacular end as it deliberately crashes into the lunar South Pole crater Cabeus A in hopes of kicking up enough material for us to detect the presence of water. If you want to see the action as it happens, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit/calendar/?date=10/9/2009#calendar\">come up to Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> on Friday morning, October 9, 3:00 AM to watch NASA's live simulcast and--weather and the gods of astronomy permitting--the view through Chabot's 36-inch telescope, \"Nellie.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, NASA has been sending a lot of acronyms—excuse me: spacecraft—to the Moon: \u003ca href=\"http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">LRO\u003c/a> with it's LROC, LEND, and LOLA instruments; \u003ca href=\"http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/\">LCROSS \u003c/a>(which I've heard some call \"LaCROSS,\" for the record) with its VIS, NIR, MIR, TLP, VSP, NSP—oh, the list goes on! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact of the matter is MOON spells \"Moon.\" Whether or not we do end up returning humans to the Moon in the next decade, which is partly what reconnaissance by LRO and LCROSS and their arrays of acro-instrumentation is for, there are still things to be learned about our nearest neighbor in space—and water is the word at present. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as LCROSS and its Centaur-booster-rocket-turned-lunar-clobbering-device follow their final fatal trajectory toward Cabeus A, its launch buddy LRO, now in an orbit around the Moon and beginning to send back scientific results and images, may have already detected telltale signs of the wet stuff—which on the Moon won't be wet, but frozen solid, of course; liquid water cannot persist in the Moon's airless environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LRO's LEND (Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector) instrument is designed to find signs of water molecules by measuring neutron radiation emanating from the lunar surface. The Moon is constantly bombarded by high energy cosmic radiation, which forms radioactive isotopes in the soil that in turn emit neutrons. By measuring the abundance and speed distribution of the neutrons, details of soil chemistry can be inferred. The presence of light atomic nuclei--in particular the lightest of all, hydrogen, a component of water—in the soil reduces the levels of neutron emission. That drop in neutron radiation is the telltale scientists are looking for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While LRO scientists want to make further measurements before concluding the presence water ice concentrations, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/24sep_moonwater.htm?list212670\">observations from three other spacecraft\u003c/a>—NASA's M3 instrument (Moon Mineralogy Mapper) aboard India's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft and the Cassini and EPOXI spacecraft—have mutually confirmed the presence of water and hydroxyl molecules (hydroxyl is a water molecule missing one of its two hydrogen atoms) in the soils of the Moon, across much wider expanses than the confines of dark polar crater floors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini and EPOXI made measurements as they flew past the Moon to their respective destinations (Saturn, and a comet), and measurements have been made by M3 from lunar orbit. The detection of water by these spacecraft \u003ca href=\"http://www.websilk.co.uk/images-misc/lunar-module500pxw.jpg\">doesn't mean seas of liquid\u003c/a> or glaciers of ice, or even blanketing layers of gaseous water vapor, but rather relatively small amounts of water and hydroxyl molecules attached to, or \"stuck to,\" other materials in the top few millimeters of soil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This thin \"confetti\" of water molecules appears to come and go with lunar daytime, forming during the cold, dark two-week-long lunar night and diminishing under the baking light of the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, right now, MOON spells water (M3 et al), water (LRO), and possibly more water (LCROSS, on October 9th)—at least, the evidence seems to be mounting! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Even before NASA's LCROSS spacecraft is set to hit the Moon and hopefully kick up a cloud containing water, evidence for the presence of water on the Moon is mounting.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/moon2-m3-chandrayaan1.jpg\">\u003cem> Map of Moon water; blue indicates higher concentrations of detected water molecules. Credit: NASA/Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Here it comes! A veritable tidal wave of discovery on Earth's Moon…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one short week, NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/\">LCROSS \u003c/a>(Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite) mission will quite literally come to an end—a fiery, spectacular end as it deliberately crashes into the lunar South Pole crater Cabeus A in hopes of kicking up enough material for us to detect the presence of water. If you want to see the action as it happens, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit/calendar/?date=10/9/2009#calendar\">come up to Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> on Friday morning, October 9, 3:00 AM to watch NASA's live simulcast and--weather and the gods of astronomy permitting--the view through Chabot's 36-inch telescope, \"Nellie.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, NASA has been sending a lot of acronyms—excuse me: spacecraft—to the Moon: \u003ca href=\"http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">LRO\u003c/a> with it's LROC, LEND, and LOLA instruments; \u003ca href=\"http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/\">LCROSS \u003c/a>(which I've heard some call \"LaCROSS,\" for the record) with its VIS, NIR, MIR, TLP, VSP, NSP—oh, the list goes on! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact of the matter is MOON spells \"Moon.\" Whether or not we do end up returning humans to the Moon in the next decade, which is partly what reconnaissance by LRO and LCROSS and their arrays of acro-instrumentation is for, there are still things to be learned about our nearest neighbor in space—and water is the word at present. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as LCROSS and its Centaur-booster-rocket-turned-lunar-clobbering-device follow their final fatal trajectory toward Cabeus A, its launch buddy LRO, now in an orbit around the Moon and beginning to send back scientific results and images, may have already detected telltale signs of the wet stuff—which on the Moon won't be wet, but frozen solid, of course; liquid water cannot persist in the Moon's airless environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LRO's LEND (Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector) instrument is designed to find signs of water molecules by measuring neutron radiation emanating from the lunar surface. The Moon is constantly bombarded by high energy cosmic radiation, which forms radioactive isotopes in the soil that in turn emit neutrons. By measuring the abundance and speed distribution of the neutrons, details of soil chemistry can be inferred. The presence of light atomic nuclei--in particular the lightest of all, hydrogen, a component of water—in the soil reduces the levels of neutron emission. That drop in neutron radiation is the telltale scientists are looking for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While LRO scientists want to make further measurements before concluding the presence water ice concentrations, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/24sep_moonwater.htm?list212670\">observations from three other spacecraft\u003c/a>—NASA's M3 instrument (Moon Mineralogy Mapper) aboard India's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft and the Cassini and EPOXI spacecraft—have mutually confirmed the presence of water and hydroxyl molecules (hydroxyl is a water molecule missing one of its two hydrogen atoms) in the soils of the Moon, across much wider expanses than the confines of dark polar crater floors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini and EPOXI made measurements as they flew past the Moon to their respective destinations (Saturn, and a comet), and measurements have been made by M3 from lunar orbit. The detection of water by these spacecraft \u003ca href=\"http://www.websilk.co.uk/images-misc/lunar-module500pxw.jpg\">doesn't mean seas of liquid\u003c/a> or glaciers of ice, or even blanketing layers of gaseous water vapor, but rather relatively small amounts of water and hydroxyl molecules attached to, or \"stuck to,\" other materials in the top few millimeters of soil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This thin \"confetti\" of water molecules appears to come and go with lunar daytime, forming during the cold, dark two-week-long lunar night and diminishing under the baking light of the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, right now, MOON spells water (M3 et al), water (LRO), and possibly more water (LCROSS, on October 9th)—at least, the evidence seems to be mounting! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Science Event Pick: LCROSS—Hitch-hiking to the Moon",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/lcross09.jpg\">\u003c/span>The \u003ca href=\"http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/\">LCROSS satellite\u003c/a>, launched on June 18th, is slowly making itself ready to smack into the moon in late October. A plume of dust 37 miles high will be produced, which may be visible from Earth (most likely Hawaii). The envy of the Mythbusters, this explosion is designed to find water in permanently shadowed areas of the moon. Much has been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/lcross/\">written\u003c/a> on LCROSS, from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/08/shooting-the-moon/\">historical perspectives\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/07/producers-notes-lcross-rocket-to-the-moon-revisited/\">cost containment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the impact grows closer, NASA is making an effort to talk about the locally driven mission. Many of the upcoming talks are suitable for any audience, from kids to adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=952\">Luna Philosophie: Hitch-hiking to the Moon\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Where\u003c/em>: Scribd, \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=539+Bryant+St.+%282nd+Floor%29,+San+Francisco,+California+94107&sll=37.789095,-122.415581&sspn=0.007783,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=37.7814,-122.39675&spn=0.007784,0.01929&z=16&iwloc=A\">539 Bryant St. (2nd Floor), San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Wednesday, 9/23 6-8 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost\u003c/em>: Free, RSVP to \u003ca href=\"mailto:Delia.L.Santiago@nasa.gov?subject=RSVP%20Luna%20Philosophie\">Delia.L.Santiago@nasa.gov\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Details\u003c/em>: Dr. Kim Ennico, LCROSS Payload Scientist and the LCROSS Payload Integration & Test Manager, will provide an overview of the NASA LCROSS mission and discuss how NASA has been expanding the concept of “participatory exploration” with LCROSS as an example. This will be a lively discussion.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=882\">Andrew Chaikin on LCROSS\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Where\u003c/em>: \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=10000+Skyline+Blvd%2C+Oakland%2C+CA+94619&hl=en&f=d\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Saturday, 9/26 3-430 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost\u003c/em>: Free with Museum Admission\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Details\u003c/em>: Author, speaker, and space journalist Andrew Chaikin joins Chabot visitors for a night of moon conversation and exploration. Using the detailed program Google Moon, which he helped to develop, Chaikin takes the visitor on a guided tour of the moon’s surface. Chaikin will also discuss the recent LCROSS mission and his extensive knowledge of the Apollo missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=840\">To the Moon: A Look at NASA’s Upcoming Lunar Impact Mission and the History of Moon Exploration\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhere: \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=10000+Skyline+Blvd%2C+Oakland%2C+CA+94619&hl=en&f=d\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Sunday, 9/27 2-4 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost\u003c/em>: Free with Museum Admission\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Details\u003c/em>: Take a trip to our nearest neighbor in space with renowned science journalist and space historian Andrew Chaikin. Relive the achievements of Apollo lunar astronauts and learn about the ambitious LCROSS mission, which will send a rocket crashing into the moon’s permanently shadowed regions to kick up huge plumes of debris in the hopes of uncovering deposits of ice. In addition, Exploratorium educators will give an entertaining and interactive overview of moon science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.780134 -122.396744\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/lcross09.jpg\">\u003c/span>The \u003ca href=\"http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/\">LCROSS satellite\u003c/a>, launched on June 18th, is slowly making itself ready to smack into the moon in late October. A plume of dust 37 miles high will be produced, which may be visible from Earth (most likely Hawaii). The envy of the Mythbusters, this explosion is designed to find water in permanently shadowed areas of the moon. Much has been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/lcross/\">written\u003c/a> on LCROSS, from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/08/shooting-the-moon/\">historical perspectives\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/07/producers-notes-lcross-rocket-to-the-moon-revisited/\">cost containment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the impact grows closer, NASA is making an effort to talk about the locally driven mission. Many of the upcoming talks are suitable for any audience, from kids to adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=952\">Luna Philosophie: Hitch-hiking to the Moon\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Where\u003c/em>: Scribd, \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=539+Bryant+St.+%282nd+Floor%29,+San+Francisco,+California+94107&sll=37.789095,-122.415581&sspn=0.007783,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=37.7814,-122.39675&spn=0.007784,0.01929&z=16&iwloc=A\">539 Bryant St. (2nd Floor), San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Wednesday, 9/23 6-8 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost\u003c/em>: Free, RSVP to \u003ca href=\"mailto:Delia.L.Santiago@nasa.gov?subject=RSVP%20Luna%20Philosophie\">Delia.L.Santiago@nasa.gov\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Details\u003c/em>: Dr. Kim Ennico, LCROSS Payload Scientist and the LCROSS Payload Integration & Test Manager, will provide an overview of the NASA LCROSS mission and discuss how NASA has been expanding the concept of “participatory exploration” with LCROSS as an example. This will be a lively discussion.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=882\">Andrew Chaikin on LCROSS\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Where\u003c/em>: \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=10000+Skyline+Blvd%2C+Oakland%2C+CA+94619&hl=en&f=d\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Saturday, 9/26 3-430 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost\u003c/em>: Free with Museum Admission\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Details\u003c/em>: Author, speaker, and space journalist Andrew Chaikin joins Chabot visitors for a night of moon conversation and exploration. Using the detailed program Google Moon, which he helped to develop, Chaikin takes the visitor on a guided tour of the moon’s surface. Chaikin will also discuss the recent LCROSS mission and his extensive knowledge of the Apollo missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=840\">To the Moon: A Look at NASA’s Upcoming Lunar Impact Mission and the History of Moon Exploration\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhere: \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=10000+Skyline+Blvd%2C+Oakland%2C+CA+94619&hl=en&f=d\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Sunday, 9/27 2-4 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost\u003c/em>: Free with Museum Admission\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Details\u003c/em>: Take a trip to our nearest neighbor in space with renowned science journalist and space historian Andrew Chaikin. Relive the achievements of Apollo lunar astronauts and learn about the ambitious LCROSS mission, which will send a rocket crashing into the moon’s permanently shadowed regions to kick up huge plumes of debris in the hopes of uncovering deposits of ice. In addition, Exploratorium educators will give an entertaining and interactive overview of moon science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.780134 -122.396744\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Crab Nebula: Awesome Beauty From Destruction",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/crabby.jpg\">\u003cem>The Crab Nebula as seen through Chabot Space & Science Center’s 8-inch refracting telescope, Leah. Image: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When asked what got me interested in astronomy, the stock answer I offer is my childhood experience going to Chabot Observatory and looking through the telescopes—and I'm sure that had a great deal to do with it. But, if I want to give an even shorter answer, I just say, \"Crab Nebula!\" and walk away…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr2005037a/\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>? Astronomy enthusiasts are very familiar with this celestial object, or at least become so very quickly after entering the world of space. It's a supernova remnant—a torn and tortured cloud of gases expanding outward into space, the aftermath of a supernova explosion that happened almost a thousand years ago in the constellation Taurus. In fact, as I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we know with such precision when this former star went supernova? The answer, as always in science, is careful observation! The explosion of the star was witnessed by Chinese and Japanese astronomers—and possibly \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/outside/chaco/nebula.html\">sky watchers of the American Southwest\u003c/a>—who carefully observed and recorded the event. The explosion took place on July 4th, 1054 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era\">CE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred years later, a century after the invention of the telescope, the Crab Nebula was discovered in the same spot—first in 1731 by John Bevis, then again by Charles Messier in 1758 (August 28, in fact—the date of this blog posting!). Messier ran across it while searching for Halley's Comet, and at first mistook it for a comet. This was the reason that he began compiling his famous \u003ca href=\"http://messier.obspm.fr/\">Messier catalog\u003c/a> of \"fuzzy\" objects: a wall of mug shots of unusual suspects that resembled, but were imposters of, comets. He began his catalog with Messier 1 (M1), the Crab Nebula. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messier 1 got its nickname of the Crab from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.maa.clell.de/Messier/E/More/m001_rosse.html\">drawing made by observer Lord Rosse in 1844\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nToday, the Crab Nebula is an expanding cloud of gas and some dust spanning 10 light years, or 60 trillion miles. The cloud is still expanding at a speed of about 1,800 kilometers per second—a speed that would get you to the Moon in just under 4 minutes! At its center is the collapsed remnant of the dead star's core, which has become the incredibly small and dense object known as a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/pulsars.html\">neutron star\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did the Crab Nebula spark my interest in astronomy? I have a specific memory of being at a summer camp and engaging in a craft activity where we cut out the pictures from a bunch of astronomy calendars and made frames and matting to display them in. I selected a few of my favorite images, which included the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m27.asp\">Dumbbell Nebula \u003c/a>(a planetary nebula), the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/veil_nebula.asp\">Veil Nebula\u003c/a> (another supernova remnant), and, of course, the Crab. Of all these stunning astrophotos, it was the Crab that stuck the longest in my mind and on my bedroom wall, and impelled me to get my first subscription to Astronomy Magazine, and eventually my first telescope. Sometimes, our lives are guided by stars….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/crabby.jpg\">\u003cem>The Crab Nebula as seen through Chabot Space & Science Center’s 8-inch refracting telescope, Leah. Image: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When asked what got me interested in astronomy, the stock answer I offer is my childhood experience going to Chabot Observatory and looking through the telescopes—and I'm sure that had a great deal to do with it. But, if I want to give an even shorter answer, I just say, \"Crab Nebula!\" and walk away…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr2005037a/\">Crab Nebula\u003c/a>? Astronomy enthusiasts are very familiar with this celestial object, or at least become so very quickly after entering the world of space. It's a supernova remnant—a torn and tortured cloud of gases expanding outward into space, the aftermath of a supernova explosion that happened almost a thousand years ago in the constellation Taurus. In fact, as I write this blog, the age of the Crab Nebula is exactly 955 years and 40 days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we know with such precision when this former star went supernova? The answer, as always in science, is careful observation! The explosion of the star was witnessed by Chinese and Japanese astronomers—and possibly \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/outside/chaco/nebula.html\">sky watchers of the American Southwest\u003c/a>—who carefully observed and recorded the event. The explosion took place on July 4th, 1054 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era\">CE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred years later, a century after the invention of the telescope, the Crab Nebula was discovered in the same spot—first in 1731 by John Bevis, then again by Charles Messier in 1758 (August 28, in fact—the date of this blog posting!). Messier ran across it while searching for Halley's Comet, and at first mistook it for a comet. This was the reason that he began compiling his famous \u003ca href=\"http://messier.obspm.fr/\">Messier catalog\u003c/a> of \"fuzzy\" objects: a wall of mug shots of unusual suspects that resembled, but were imposters of, comets. He began his catalog with Messier 1 (M1), the Crab Nebula. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messier 1 got its nickname of the Crab from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.maa.clell.de/Messier/E/More/m001_rosse.html\">drawing made by observer Lord Rosse in 1844\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nToday, the Crab Nebula is an expanding cloud of gas and some dust spanning 10 light years, or 60 trillion miles. The cloud is still expanding at a speed of about 1,800 kilometers per second—a speed that would get you to the Moon in just under 4 minutes! At its center is the collapsed remnant of the dead star's core, which has become the incredibly small and dense object known as a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/pulsars.html\">neutron star\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did the Crab Nebula spark my interest in astronomy? I have a specific memory of being at a summer camp and engaging in a craft activity where we cut out the pictures from a bunch of astronomy calendars and made frames and matting to display them in. I selected a few of my favorite images, which included the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/m27.asp\">Dumbbell Nebula \u003c/a>(a planetary nebula), the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/veil_nebula.asp\">Veil Nebula\u003c/a> (another supernova remnant), and, of course, the Crab. Of all these stunning astrophotos, it was the Crab that stuck the longest in my mind and on my bedroom wall, and impelled me to get my first subscription to Astronomy Magazine, and eventually my first telescope. Sometimes, our lives are guided by stars….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/lindbergcroft.jpg\">\u003cem>David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley\u003c/em>\u003c/span>2009 marks the double whammy for science historians and lovers: The celebration of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/05/the-international-year-of-astronomy/\">400th anniversary of Galileo first pointing the new invention of the telescope at the sky\u003c/a> and the 200th birthday of Charles Darwin and the 150th anniversary of \u003cem>On the Origin of Species\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you connect seemingly separate historical events? Team an astrophysicist and an evolutionary biologist of course. David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley will tie these great anniversaries in a unique lecture this weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting 14 billion years ago with the Big Bang, Steve will trace the evolution of the universe, from scorching hot gas forming galaxies to the continued birth and death of new stars. David will step in and discuss how the history of our special little planet is inexorably tied to material raining down from space. The water in our oceans, the formation of some organic molecules, and even mass extinctions on this planet have largely been determined by extraterrestrial events. And let's not forget Area 51 (that's a joke!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=858&year=2009&month=08\">Astronomy and Evolution: From the Death of the Dinosaurs to the Stardust in your Bones\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Saturday, August 15\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> 11AM - 12 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Where\u003c/em>: \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/map/maps/large_map.html\">100 Genetics & Plant Biology Building\u003c/a>, UC Berkeley Campus\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost\u003c/em>: Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.871754 -122.260760\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/lindbergcroft.jpg\">\u003cem>David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley\u003c/em>\u003c/span>2009 marks the double whammy for science historians and lovers: The celebration of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/05/the-international-year-of-astronomy/\">400th anniversary of Galileo first pointing the new invention of the telescope at the sky\u003c/a> and the 200th birthday of Charles Darwin and the 150th anniversary of \u003cem>On the Origin of Species\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you connect seemingly separate historical events? Team an astrophysicist and an evolutionary biologist of course. David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley will tie these great anniversaries in a unique lecture this weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting 14 billion years ago with the Big Bang, Steve will trace the evolution of the universe, from scorching hot gas forming galaxies to the continued birth and death of new stars. David will step in and discuss how the history of our special little planet is inexorably tied to material raining down from space. The water in our oceans, the formation of some organic molecules, and even mass extinctions on this planet have largely been determined by extraterrestrial events. And let's not forget Area 51 (that's a joke!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=858&year=2009&month=08\">Astronomy and Evolution: From the Death of the Dinosaurs to the Stardust in your Bones\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Saturday, August 15\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> 11AM - 12 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/090811-block-island-02.jpg\">\u003cem>Block Island—a half-ton meteorite found on Mars by NASA's \u003cbr>Opportunity rover.Image credit, NASA/MER Opportunity\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Ever been driving down a lonely desert highway when you suddenly glimpse something in the corner of your eye that makes you think, \"What was that?!\" You brake, tires screech, you spin the wheel and make a wild U-turn, cutting into the shoulder and leaving a rooster-tail of dust as you floor the gas to get back to what you thought you saw….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, dramatic desert car scene ended. That would be the Hollywood movie version of what NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity did recently, on the lonely desert highway that it's scouting on Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its determined long trek from \u003ca href=\"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/TRA_000873_1780\">Victoria Crater\u003c/a> to the larger \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/science/space/23rover.html\">Endeavour Crater\u003c/a> (a 12-mile span that Opportunity has completed about one fifth of over the past year), the rover passed by an X-box-sized block of iron that presented the appearance of a meteorite. It snapped a picture in passing, which was eventually transmitted to Earth and examined. By this time, Opportunity had already traveled about 180 meters beyond the block (dubbed \"Block Island\"). This is when the rover was commanded to backtrack all the way to the find (though it's doubtful it worked up a rooster tail). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon returning to Block Island—quite obviously an iron-nickel meteorite by appearance alone, but whose composition was confirmed by the rover's alpha particle X-ray spectrometer instrument—Opportunity took more pictures, including extreme close-ups with its microscope camera, which revealed surface patterns similar to those found on Earth iron-nickel meteorites that have been exposed to long-term weathering by wind and sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As interesting as stumbling upon a half-ton meteorite on the dusty plains of Mars' Meridiani Planum is, what this particular chunk of weathered iron is telling scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090811-mars-meteorite-opportunity.html\">sparks the imagination\u003c/a>. In a nutshell, given the thinness of Mars' current atmosphere, scientists wouldn't expect a meteorite of this size to survive impact intact, at the speed it would be going. One of the possible explanations for Block Island's rock-houndable state is that when it fell to Mars, Mars' atmosphere was substantially thicker than it is now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further examination of the meteorite may reveal clues as to how long ago it fell through Martian skies. Evidence that Mars' atmosphere was warmer and thicker in the distant past, as well as the possibility that there was liquid water on the surface, has been mounting over the years. The age of this meteorite-fall could shed more light on the history of Mars' environment. If it fell billions of years ago, Block Island would weigh in as more evidence to support our current suspicions. If, however, we find that it fell more recently, then this could indicate that the atmosphere was more substantial later in Mars' history than we thought. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine, if you will, a Mars that looks even more Earthlike than it does now: seas of water with waves rolling into shorelines, great clouds sending downpours of rain and snow onto mountains and plains, streams and rivers snaking through the landscape. Maybe, maybe, even some form of life? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that from a rock? Yes, rocks talk, if we listen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/090811-block-island-02.jpg\">\u003cem>Block Island—a half-ton meteorite found on Mars by NASA's \u003cbr>Opportunity rover.Image credit, NASA/MER Opportunity\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Ever been driving down a lonely desert highway when you suddenly glimpse something in the corner of your eye that makes you think, \"What was that?!\" You brake, tires screech, you spin the wheel and make a wild U-turn, cutting into the shoulder and leaving a rooster-tail of dust as you floor the gas to get back to what you thought you saw….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, dramatic desert car scene ended. That would be the Hollywood movie version of what NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity did recently, on the lonely desert highway that it's scouting on Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its determined long trek from \u003ca href=\"http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/TRA_000873_1780\">Victoria Crater\u003c/a> to the larger \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/science/space/23rover.html\">Endeavour Crater\u003c/a> (a 12-mile span that Opportunity has completed about one fifth of over the past year), the rover passed by an X-box-sized block of iron that presented the appearance of a meteorite. It snapped a picture in passing, which was eventually transmitted to Earth and examined. By this time, Opportunity had already traveled about 180 meters beyond the block (dubbed \"Block Island\"). This is when the rover was commanded to backtrack all the way to the find (though it's doubtful it worked up a rooster tail). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon returning to Block Island—quite obviously an iron-nickel meteorite by appearance alone, but whose composition was confirmed by the rover's alpha particle X-ray spectrometer instrument—Opportunity took more pictures, including extreme close-ups with its microscope camera, which revealed surface patterns similar to those found on Earth iron-nickel meteorites that have been exposed to long-term weathering by wind and sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As interesting as stumbling upon a half-ton meteorite on the dusty plains of Mars' Meridiani Planum is, what this particular chunk of weathered iron is telling scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090811-mars-meteorite-opportunity.html\">sparks the imagination\u003c/a>. In a nutshell, given the thinness of Mars' current atmosphere, scientists wouldn't expect a meteorite of this size to survive impact intact, at the speed it would be going. One of the possible explanations for Block Island's rock-houndable state is that when it fell to Mars, Mars' atmosphere was substantially thicker than it is now. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/jupiter_boom.jpg\">\u003cem>Hot spot created by impact on Jupiter, taken by NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii. Picture credit, NASA. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>An Earth-sized hole on Jupiter!\u003c/em> the email alerts, websites, and finally news channels were saying on Monday, July 20th. At Chabot, we were polled by at least two local news channels asking what had happened. So, what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidently, the aftermath of some kind of collision on Jupiter was \u003ca href=\"http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/amateur-astronomer-finds-new-earth-size-impact-mark-on-jupiter/?hp\">spotted by an amateur astronomer\u003c/a> in Australia that Monday morning. He spotted a dark marking near the planet's South Pole, and alerted NASA. NASA in turn turned its large infrared telescope in Hawaii onto the scene of the crash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There glowed the thermal footprint of the likely impact, the affected area \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/interactive/2009/jul/21/jupiter-asteroid-comet-hole\">roughly the size of the Earth\u003c/a>. Had this impact taken place on Earth instead, the results would have been catastrophic. Fortunately this was Jupiter, half a billion miles away and large enough to absorb the impact without lasting effects. (And, owing to the fact that Jupiter is a gaseous planet with no solid surface, it would quickly heal from the trauma, not unlike that liquid-metal Terminator from the second movie of the same name.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A significant event? Yes, in fact. But that's not all... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind 15 years to July 20th, 1994, the middle of the week during which twenty-something fragments of the broken \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/archive/sl9/sl9.html\">comet Shoemaker-Levy 9\u003c/a> were in fact colliding with Jupiter... An amazing coincidence? Yes; the two events likely have nothing to do with each other. So, then, a common event, if we're seeing two of them in the span of only 15 years? Well... not really.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the string of fragments of Shoemaker-Levy 9 hailed down on Jupiter, it was the first time in history that humans had observed actual impacts on a Solar System body (other than perhaps the Sun--but as it turns out comets hitting that huge target are not uncommon). The Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts, and the one on July 20th this year, left highly visible marks that lasted for days. The amateur astronomer who discovered the recent scar did so with a relatively small 14.5\" backyard telescope! So, if this sort of impact were a common event, even if the impacting comets or asteroids were never seen, the gashes they leave in Jupiter's atmosphere ought to be spotted from time to time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impacts—on Jupiter, Earth, and all the bodies of the Solar System—do occur, and the smaller the impacting object, the more frequently they happen. For a \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/target.html\">planet like Earth\u003c/a>, on average a chunk of rock a few meters across \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/25/asteroid-apophis-hit-or-miss/\">enters our atmosphere \u003c/a>about once a year, and often burns up completely or explodes before hitting the ground. A 50 meter object, again on average, is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/30jun_tunguska.htm\">strike Earth once in a century\u003c/a>. A one-kilometer object impact averages every few hundred thousand years, and a multi-kilometer sized asteroid or comet similar to the one that wiped out the dinosaurs and which would cause global catastrophe—well, the last one of that size struck ground 65 million years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Jupiter, being a larger target than Earth, having a much stronger gravitational pull, and being close to the asteroid belt—well, Jupiter's impact statistics should probably involve higher frequencies than Earth.\u003cbr>\nIn fact, impacts like the one on July 20th are happy events for us; every time Jupiter is hit by a large object, that's one less object in the Solar System that could potentially hit the Earth in the future. So, on July 20th, Jupiter took another bullet for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/jupiter_boom.jpg\">\u003cem>Hot spot created by impact on Jupiter, taken by NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii. Picture credit, NASA. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>An Earth-sized hole on Jupiter!\u003c/em> the email alerts, websites, and finally news channels were saying on Monday, July 20th. At Chabot, we were polled by at least two local news channels asking what had happened. So, what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidently, the aftermath of some kind of collision on Jupiter was \u003ca href=\"http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/amateur-astronomer-finds-new-earth-size-impact-mark-on-jupiter/?hp\">spotted by an amateur astronomer\u003c/a> in Australia that Monday morning. He spotted a dark marking near the planet's South Pole, and alerted NASA. NASA in turn turned its large infrared telescope in Hawaii onto the scene of the crash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There glowed the thermal footprint of the likely impact, the affected area \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/interactive/2009/jul/21/jupiter-asteroid-comet-hole\">roughly the size of the Earth\u003c/a>. Had this impact taken place on Earth instead, the results would have been catastrophic. Fortunately this was Jupiter, half a billion miles away and large enough to absorb the impact without lasting effects. (And, owing to the fact that Jupiter is a gaseous planet with no solid surface, it would quickly heal from the trauma, not unlike that liquid-metal Terminator from the second movie of the same name.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A significant event? Yes, in fact. But that's not all... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind 15 years to July 20th, 1994, the middle of the week during which twenty-something fragments of the broken \u003ca href=\"http://seds.org/archive/sl9/sl9.html\">comet Shoemaker-Levy 9\u003c/a> were in fact colliding with Jupiter... An amazing coincidence? Yes; the two events likely have nothing to do with each other. So, then, a common event, if we're seeing two of them in the span of only 15 years? Well... not really.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the string of fragments of Shoemaker-Levy 9 hailed down on Jupiter, it was the first time in history that humans had observed actual impacts on a Solar System body (other than perhaps the Sun--but as it turns out comets hitting that huge target are not uncommon). The Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts, and the one on July 20th this year, left highly visible marks that lasted for days. The amateur astronomer who discovered the recent scar did so with a relatively small 14.5\" backyard telescope! So, if this sort of impact were a common event, even if the impacting comets or asteroids were never seen, the gashes they leave in Jupiter's atmosphere ought to be spotted from time to time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impacts—on Jupiter, Earth, and all the bodies of the Solar System—do occur, and the smaller the impacting object, the more frequently they happen. For a \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/target.html\">planet like Earth\u003c/a>, on average a chunk of rock a few meters across \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/25/asteroid-apophis-hit-or-miss/\">enters our atmosphere \u003c/a>about once a year, and often burns up completely or explodes before hitting the ground. A 50 meter object, again on average, is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/30jun_tunguska.htm\">strike Earth once in a century\u003c/a>. A one-kilometer object impact averages every few hundred thousand years, and a multi-kilometer sized asteroid or comet similar to the one that wiped out the dinosaurs and which would cause global catastrophe—well, the last one of that size struck ground 65 million years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Jupiter, being a larger target than Earth, having a much stronger gravitational pull, and being close to the asteroid belt—well, Jupiter's impact statistics should probably involve higher frequencies than Earth.\u003cbr>\nIn fact, impacts like the one on July 20th are happy events for us; every time Jupiter is hit by a large object, that's one less object in the Solar System that could potentially hit the Earth in the future. So, on July 20th, Jupiter took another bullet for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/3drock.jpg\">\u003cem>3-D anaglyph technology was used in the generation of this photo of taken in 1997 by the Mars Pathfinder. Photo courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In 1952, movie makers, wincing in the face of an erosion of revenue lost to the onset of television, unveiled \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwana_Devil\">Bwana Devil\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, the first 3-D color film ever experienced by a mass audience. The film, based on the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fieldmuseum.org/exhibits/exhibit_sites/tsavo/default.htm\">Tsavo maneaters\u003c/a>, two lions that developed a taste for human flesh in Uganda in 1898\u003cem> \u003c/em>(think: \u003cem>The Ghost and the Darkness\u003c/em> minus good acting and subtlety), was lambasted almost universally by the critics. \u003cem>Time Magazine\u003c/em>'s Bosley Crowther denounced it as \"a clumsy try at an African adventure film, photographed in very poor color in what appear to be the California hills.\" \u003cem>The Saturday Review\u003c/em>'s Hollis Alpert wrote, \"It is the worst movie in my rather faltering memory, and my hangover from it was so painful that I immediately went to see a two-dimensional movie for relief.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the public flocked back to the theaters in droves. A spat of 3-D pictures followed, sucking in everyone from John Wayne to Alfred Hitchcock (despite his own tepid feelings toward 3-D), and J.R. Eyerman immortalized the fad in a series of iconic \u003ca href=\"http://www.timelifepictures.com/source/search/details_pop.aspx?iid=2905087&cdi=0\">black-and-white prints\u003c/a>. Ultimately, however, the phenomenon was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3-D films have come back with a bang, most recently with Harry Potter's domination of airwaves, subway ads, and bus station billboards in anticipation of \u003cem>The Half-Blood Prince\u003c/em>. Whether here to stay in film this time or another passing fad, 3-D technology will remain both a fascinating technology and valuable tool in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideas and techniques for generating a 3-D illusion from 2-D panels date as far back as the mid 1800s, and are grounded theoretically on \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax\">parallax\u003c/a>. Parallax is what you see when you look out sideways from the window of a car or bus, and you see trees and buildings in the foreground whizzing by much faster than the mountains in the background. If you trick your eyes into looking at two different images as opposed to just one, for example by crossing them, then you can exploit parallax and trick yourself into seeing depth in a 2-D picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping a person's eyes constantly crossed may be difficult for fixed images. For feature length films, it would be nearly impossible, but this is where those funky glasses come in. Modern films and almost all of the 1950s 3-D films rely on \u003cstrong>polarized light\u003c/strong>. Light waves may be visualized for many purposes by shaking the end of a jump rope. Shaking vertically makes vertical polarization, and shaking horizontally makes horizontal polarization. A polarized light projector, coupled with the appropriate glasses, ensures that one eye sees only horizontally polarized light while the other eye sees only vertically polarized light. Modern projectors employ the slight modification of using left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light, which allows people to maintain a 3-D viewing experience with tilted heads (try this the next time you visit a 3-D film!), but the basic concept is the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although not quite as effective, a 3-D illusion can be obtained with color filters. Red glasses hide red lines and accentuate blue lines, whereas blue glasses tend to do exactly the opposite. With a mixed pair of glasses you can see 3-D aspects of photos like the picture above with minimal eyestrain. This method, known as \u003cstrong>anaglyph\u003c/strong>, has gained tremendous popularity because of the relative cheapness of the glasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third method of 3-D viewing, known as \u003cstrong>lenticular\u003c/strong>, is also possible. With this method, a grating of narrow lenses is placed in front of a canvass, diverting light to create the 3D illusion. Although not as popular, this does have an advantage because you don't need special glasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of what happens to films, 3-D technology will continue to be a valuable resource in the sciences. 3-D vision has allowed planetary probes such as the Mars Pathfinder to see the surface of Mars almost as a real person would. Parallax is an important concept both for medical imaging and measuring the distances of nearby stars. Circularly and linearly polarized light are crucial elements in the technology that led to scientists being able to generate a Bose-Einstein condensate in 1995, and in the way we characterize electrons in metals and superconductors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/3drock.jpg\">\u003cem>3-D anaglyph technology was used in the generation of this photo of taken in 1997 by the Mars Pathfinder. Photo courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In 1952, movie makers, wincing in the face of an erosion of revenue lost to the onset of television, unveiled \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwana_Devil\">Bwana Devil\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, the first 3-D color film ever experienced by a mass audience. The film, based on the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fieldmuseum.org/exhibits/exhibit_sites/tsavo/default.htm\">Tsavo maneaters\u003c/a>, two lions that developed a taste for human flesh in Uganda in 1898\u003cem> \u003c/em>(think: \u003cem>The Ghost and the Darkness\u003c/em> minus good acting and subtlety), was lambasted almost universally by the critics. \u003cem>Time Magazine\u003c/em>'s Bosley Crowther denounced it as \"a clumsy try at an African adventure film, photographed in very poor color in what appear to be the California hills.\" \u003cem>The Saturday Review\u003c/em>'s Hollis Alpert wrote, \"It is the worst movie in my rather faltering memory, and my hangover from it was so painful that I immediately went to see a two-dimensional movie for relief.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the public flocked back to the theaters in droves. A spat of 3-D pictures followed, sucking in everyone from John Wayne to Alfred Hitchcock (despite his own tepid feelings toward 3-D), and J.R. Eyerman immortalized the fad in a series of iconic \u003ca href=\"http://www.timelifepictures.com/source/search/details_pop.aspx?iid=2905087&cdi=0\">black-and-white prints\u003c/a>. Ultimately, however, the phenomenon was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3-D films have come back with a bang, most recently with Harry Potter's domination of airwaves, subway ads, and bus station billboards in anticipation of \u003cem>The Half-Blood Prince\u003c/em>. Whether here to stay in film this time or another passing fad, 3-D technology will remain both a fascinating technology and valuable tool in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideas and techniques for generating a 3-D illusion from 2-D panels date as far back as the mid 1800s, and are grounded theoretically on \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax\">parallax\u003c/a>. Parallax is what you see when you look out sideways from the window of a car or bus, and you see trees and buildings in the foreground whizzing by much faster than the mountains in the background. If you trick your eyes into looking at two different images as opposed to just one, for example by crossing them, then you can exploit parallax and trick yourself into seeing depth in a 2-D picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping a person's eyes constantly crossed may be difficult for fixed images. For feature length films, it would be nearly impossible, but this is where those funky glasses come in. Modern films and almost all of the 1950s 3-D films rely on \u003cstrong>polarized light\u003c/strong>. Light waves may be visualized for many purposes by shaking the end of a jump rope. Shaking vertically makes vertical polarization, and shaking horizontally makes horizontal polarization. A polarized light projector, coupled with the appropriate glasses, ensures that one eye sees only horizontally polarized light while the other eye sees only vertically polarized light. Modern projectors employ the slight modification of using left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light, which allows people to maintain a 3-D viewing experience with tilted heads (try this the next time you visit a 3-D film!), but the basic concept is the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although not quite as effective, a 3-D illusion can be obtained with color filters. Red glasses hide red lines and accentuate blue lines, whereas blue glasses tend to do exactly the opposite. With a mixed pair of glasses you can see 3-D aspects of photos like the picture above with minimal eyestrain. This method, known as \u003cstrong>anaglyph\u003c/strong>, has gained tremendous popularity because of the relative cheapness of the glasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third method of 3-D viewing, known as \u003cstrong>lenticular\u003c/strong>, is also possible. With this method, a grating of narrow lenses is placed in front of a canvass, diverting light to create the 3D illusion. Although not as popular, this does have an advantage because you don't need special glasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of what happens to films, 3-D technology will continue to be a valuable resource in the sciences. 3-D vision has allowed planetary probes such as the Mars Pathfinder to see the surface of Mars almost as a real person would. Parallax is an important concept both for medical imaging and measuring the distances of nearby stars. Circularly and linearly polarized light are crucial elements in the technology that led to scientists being able to generate a Bose-Einstein condensate in 1995, and in the way we characterize electrons in metals and superconductors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/au.jpg\">\u003cem>Centuries ago the stars were believed to reside just beyond the planets of our solar system.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It never fails to astound me how big the Universe is—how far away even the nearest stars are, let alone other galaxies scattered from here to near infinity….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we know how far away celestial objects are? This shouldn't be taken for granted, as it's not as straightforward as sounding the depth of the ocean floor with sonar, or determining the range to an object by bouncing radio waves off it and timing the reflection. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, we have \"pinged” the nearest celestial objects with radar to determine their distances very accurately. Examples are the Moon and \u003ca href=\"http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~slowe/transit2004/science_dist_radar.html\">Venus\u003c/a>, where round-trip lightspeed travel is measured in seconds or minutes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before radar, the scale of the Solar System had to be determined geometrically, by observing events like Venus or Mercury \u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/venus0412.html\">transiting\u003c/a> the face of the Sun from different locations on Earth and triangulating. Even this technique requires telescopes, which we've had only four hundred years. Before that, figuring out distances to just about everything except the Moon was mostly guesswork. In fact, it wasn't too many centuries ago that the entire Universe was believed to be not much larger than the Solar System—the Sun and it's nine…excuse me…eight planets—as we know it today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the distance from Earth to the Sun was figured out, that length (the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-astronomical-unit-au.htm\">Astronomical Unit\u003c/a>”) in effect became a basic measuring rod for working out distances to everything else, by one means or another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Earth orbits the Sun, the direction from which we see stars shifts minutely, and we can observe a small change in a star's position compared to the more distant \"background” stars. You can see the same effect by holding a finger in front of your face and looking at it alternately with one eye, then the other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geometry of this observation is a simple \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/T/Trigonometric+Parallax\">triangle\u003c/a>, whose base is the distance between your eyeballs and whose legs are the lines from each eyeball to your finger. By knowing the length of the base, and observing the change in viewing angle against the background, the length of the legs (distance from your eyeballs) can be calculated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of Earth and a nearby star, the \"eyeballs” are the Earth at two ends of its orbit around the Sun (six months apart) and the \"finger” is the star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this measuring of distance by \"trigonometric parallax,\" as it's called, only works for the nearest stars, as the minute shift in the star's apparent position diminishes with distance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As astronomers learned more about the distance to nearby stars, they determined how to relate their temperature and mass to their actual brightness, and it became possible to estimate the distance of many stars by measuring their apparent brightness, with an understanding of how the brightness of light weakens with distance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the depths of space between us and galaxies far, far away, in which individual stars are indistinguishable from the overall galactic glow, we can turn to \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-type_ia_supernovae.php\">certain types of supernovae\u003c/a>: individual stars that temporarily shine brightly enough to be observed and measured. Like the flare of a match struck in the dark night, the brilliance of the flash reveals how far away the striker stands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have built up our knowledge of the Universe's vastness over the past couple centuries, working out the problem from the near to the far. Even as science and technology have made the world on which we live smaller, it has done exactly the opposite to the Universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Earth orbits the Sun, the direction from which we see stars shifts minutely, and we can observe a small change in a star's position compared to the more distant \"background” stars. You can see the same effect by holding a finger in front of your face and looking at it alternately with one eye, then the other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geometry of this observation is a simple \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/T/Trigonometric+Parallax\">triangle\u003c/a>, whose base is the distance between your eyeballs and whose legs are the lines from each eyeball to your finger. By knowing the length of the base, and observing the change in viewing angle against the background, the length of the legs (distance from your eyeballs) can be calculated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of Earth and a nearby star, the \"eyeballs” are the Earth at two ends of its orbit around the Sun (six months apart) and the \"finger” is the star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this measuring of distance by \"trigonometric parallax,\" as it's called, only works for the nearest stars, as the minute shift in the star's apparent position diminishes with distance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As astronomers learned more about the distance to nearby stars, they determined how to relate their temperature and mass to their actual brightness, and it became possible to estimate the distance of many stars by measuring their apparent brightness, with an understanding of how the brightness of light weakens with distance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the depths of space between us and galaxies far, far away, in which individual stars are indistinguishable from the overall galactic glow, we can turn to \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/de-type_ia_supernovae.php\">certain types of supernovae\u003c/a>: individual stars that temporarily shine brightly enough to be observed and measured. Like the flare of a match struck in the dark night, the brilliance of the flash reveals how far away the striker stands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have built up our knowledge of the Universe's vastness over the past couple centuries, working out the problem from the near to the far. Even as science and technology have made the world on which we live smaller, it has done exactly the opposite to the Universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/mars_conrad-jung_aug112003.gif\">\u003cem>Mars as seen through Chabot Space & Science Center’s 20-inch telescope near the 2003 close encounter. Credit: Conrad Jung/Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>If you take away no other message from this blog, just remember this: the planet Mars is NOT passing close to Earth this August and will NOT appear as large as the Full Moon. There; disclaimer delivered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As August approaches, the ghost of Mars returns to haunt us, in the form of emails and phone calls from people asking if it's true that Mars is about to get closer to Earth than it has been in a gazillion years—so close that it will look as big as the Full Moon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I say \"ghost\" because it simply isn't true, here in 2009. I say \"haunt\" because, six years ago, it was true—at least, partly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The time: August 27, 2003. The scene: Earth and Mars. The event: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/18jun_approachingmars.html\">Mars is coming into opposition\u003c/a>—the time when Earth passes directly between Mars and the Sun, and consequently Mars is closest to us and at the opposite point in the sky from the Sun—hence \"opposition.\" A routine encounter, one that happens about every 2.2 years. But what's different with this Mars opposition is the distance between Earth and Mars at closest approach: the two planets are closer together than they have been in a very long time: a bit less than 35 million miles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a very big deal, you may recall. We remember it very well at Chabot: On one of the evenings that weekend, we had 2000 people who came up to see Mars through our telescopes…. A close opposition is the best time to see a planet, and this was closer than average for Mars by maybe 10 million miles. (It was at another very close opposition of Mars when Percival Lowell made his famous \"Martian canals\" observations and \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=S08aAAAAYAAJ&dq=Percival+Lowell&printsec=frontcover&source=an&hl=en&ei=KWc5StrbMZDStQO02oz-Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#PPA192,M1\">Martian civilization hypothesis\u003c/a>, back in 1894.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time of the 2003 opposition, there were a lot of reports—emails, websites, blogs—flying around describing the event, in some cases with exaggeration. One exaggeration is the amount of time since the previous closest encounter with Earth. Different accounts suggested a thousand years, ten thousand years, even one hundred thousand years. Technically this may have been true, if one were calculating down to the inch. Practically speaking, however, the opposition in 1924 was almost as close, by a difference of only 12,000 miles (one and a half Earth diameters). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other (gross) exaggeration was a statement made that at opposition Mars would appear as large as the Full Moon. That would be spectacular! However, at some point a piece of information was lost from the original message: the part about needing to look at Mars through a telescope to achieve the advertised view. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final piece of information missing from that message—which gave birth to the annual Mars Hoax --was the year, 2003, omitted along the way and making every August 27th a day to view the splendor of Mars in all its glory. But, alas, the ghost of Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the record, the next extra-close opposition of Mars will occur on August 15th, 2050, when it will be only 200,000 miles farther than the 2003 near-miss….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/mars_conrad-jung_aug112003.gif\">\u003cem>Mars as seen through Chabot Space & Science Center’s 20-inch telescope near the 2003 close encounter. Credit: Conrad Jung/Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>If you take away no other message from this blog, just remember this: the planet Mars is NOT passing close to Earth this August and will NOT appear as large as the Full Moon. There; disclaimer delivered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As August approaches, the ghost of Mars returns to haunt us, in the form of emails and phone calls from people asking if it's true that Mars is about to get closer to Earth than it has been in a gazillion years—so close that it will look as big as the Full Moon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I say \"ghost\" because it simply isn't true, here in 2009. I say \"haunt\" because, six years ago, it was true—at least, partly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The time: August 27, 2003. The scene: Earth and Mars. The event: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/18jun_approachingmars.html\">Mars is coming into opposition\u003c/a>—the time when Earth passes directly between Mars and the Sun, and consequently Mars is closest to us and at the opposite point in the sky from the Sun—hence \"opposition.\" A routine encounter, one that happens about every 2.2 years. But what's different with this Mars opposition is the distance between Earth and Mars at closest approach: the two planets are closer together than they have been in a very long time: a bit less than 35 million miles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was a very big deal, you may recall. We remember it very well at Chabot: On one of the evenings that weekend, we had 2000 people who came up to see Mars through our telescopes…. A close opposition is the best time to see a planet, and this was closer than average for Mars by maybe 10 million miles. (It was at another very close opposition of Mars when Percival Lowell made his famous \"Martian canals\" observations and \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=S08aAAAAYAAJ&dq=Percival+Lowell&printsec=frontcover&source=an&hl=en&ei=KWc5StrbMZDStQO02oz-Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#PPA192,M1\">Martian civilization hypothesis\u003c/a>, back in 1894.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/google_mars.jpg\">\u003cem>Google Mars view from the slopes of the Olympus Mons caldera. Credit: Google Earth\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was sitting at my computer the other day, quietly exploring minute details of the surface of planet Mars, when I realized once again that in my lifetime planetary exploration has gone from telescopic-view-only to robotic rovers poking microscopes close up at Martian geology! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did I say quietly exploring the surface of Mars? Yes I did—and you can, too. First of all, if you're not familiar with \u003ca href=\"http://earth.google.com/\">Google Earth\u003c/a>, please go and google Google Earth and get your free download today (this is NOT a sales pitch!). A modestly powered computer with a decent graphics card is all you need to probe every nook and cranny of planet Earth, sometimes to the detail of spotting people walking in the streets…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a magic button on Google Earth (it looks like planet Saturn, for some reason) that instantly transports you to planet Mars—Google Mars, that is. It's a simple button click to explore Mars, Google Earth style. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This detailed digital Mars has been created with all of the data collected by the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/\">fleet of robots\u003c/a> we've sent—from Viking to Mars Global Surveyor to Mars Odyssey to Mars Express to Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and of course Pathfinder, Phoenix, and the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First on my itinerary was \u003ca href=\"http://www.olympusmons.com/\">Olympus Mons\u003c/a>, that extinct, Arizona-sized shield volcano that rises 15 miles above the average global terrain. Swooping into the San Francisco Bay-sized caldera, I got a sense of what it would be like to be there, standing on the caldera rim. There were even strips of super-high resolution imagery provided by MRO's HIRISE camera, allowing me to hover maybe a hundred feet above the ground and see rocks and piles of sand!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next on the list had to be that other famous gargantuan feature, \u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/valles_video\">Valles Marineris\u003c/a>, the \"Grand Canyon of Mars\" which, if it were moved to Earth, could stretch from Oakland, California to New York City—putting Grand Canyon National Park within a day's drive of anyone in the US…. Google Earth/Mars has a flight simulation mode that allows you to pilot an aircraft over and through (and into) the terrain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a kid in a science supply shop (okay, that's the kind of kid I was), next I hopped on up to the landing site of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/mars-northern-polar-ice-cap/\">NASA's Phoenix lander\u003c/a>, on the wide flat plains near the Northern Polar Ice Cap. Yup, those plains are really flat. To my delight, I found that someone had inserted a panoramic picture taken by the orbiting MRO spacecraft when it captured Phoenix descending through the atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Onward, planetary explorer…. I had to feel—not just see, but feel—what the landscapes that Spirit and Opportunity have been exploring for 5 years are like. On Spirit's side of the globe, Gusev Crater, I poked about the Columbia Hills, following in the tracks of the robot. Over at Opportunity's digs, I dropped into Victoria Crater, enveloping myself in \"Street View\"-style panoramas that almost set my feet down on Martian soil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I could go on telling you about my adventures on Mars for days—but since you can do it yourself now, I'll let you go to it. Have fun, and send back a postcard! (Which, by the way, you can do from Google Mars….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First on my itinerary was \u003ca href=\"http://www.olympusmons.com/\">Olympus Mons\u003c/a>, that extinct, Arizona-sized shield volcano that rises 15 miles above the average global terrain. Swooping into the San Francisco Bay-sized caldera, I got a sense of what it would be like to be there, standing on the caldera rim. There were even strips of super-high resolution imagery provided by MRO's HIRISE camera, allowing me to hover maybe a hundred feet above the ground and see rocks and piles of sand!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next on the list had to be that other famous gargantuan feature, \u003ca href=\"http://themis.asu.edu/valles_video\">Valles Marineris\u003c/a>, the \"Grand Canyon of Mars\" which, if it were moved to Earth, could stretch from Oakland, California to New York City—putting Grand Canyon National Park within a day's drive of anyone in the US…. Google Earth/Mars has a flight simulation mode that allows you to pilot an aircraft over and through (and into) the terrain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a kid in a science supply shop (okay, that's the kind of kid I was), next I hopped on up to the landing site of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/mars-northern-polar-ice-cap/\">NASA's Phoenix lander\u003c/a>, on the wide flat plains near the Northern Polar Ice Cap. Yup, those plains are really flat. To my delight, I found that someone had inserted a panoramic picture taken by the orbiting MRO spacecraft when it captured Phoenix descending through the atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Onward, planetary explorer…. I had to feel—not just see, but feel—what the landscapes that Spirit and Opportunity have been exploring for 5 years are like. On Spirit's side of the globe, Gusev Crater, I poked about the Columbia Hills, following in the tracks of the robot. Over at Opportunity's digs, I dropped into Victoria Crater, enveloping myself in \"Street View\"-style panoramas that almost set my feet down on Martian soil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I could go on telling you about my adventures on Mars for days—but since you can do it yourself now, I'll let you go to it. Have fun, and send back a postcard! (Which, by the way, you can do from Google Mars….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/crashing-landing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/radio3-33_moon300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Credit: NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the \u003ca href=\"http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">LCROSS\u003c/a> satellite, nicknamed Centaur, smacks into the south pole of the moon in late October, it is expected to produce a plume of dust 37 miles high, which may be visible from Earth with a good backyard telescope. It will be visible in an arc from Hawaii to Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you'd like to catch the impact, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland is hosting a Shooting the Moon star party on the night of impact. \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/planetarium/\" target=\"_blank\">Morrison Planetarium\u003c/a> in San Francisco may host a star-gazing event, as well, but it hasn't been announced yet. And you could check in on other observatories in the Bay Area, as well: Lick observatory in the Santa Cruz mountains, Foothill observatory in Los Altos Hills, Sonoma State observatory in Rohnert Park, and the Fremont Peak observatory in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of them will be open to the public; for instance, Foothill Observatory will be closed to the public, because they’ve been asked to take photographs of the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know anyone with a 10-inch telescope (that's the diameter of the lens), you can bet that telescope will be lined up to look skyward when the LCROSS probe hits the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the impact goes well, then the plume above the moon's surface could hover there for hours. It will make its own crater on the moon about 6 feet deep and 30 yards wide, so the plume of dust will not be visible to the naked eye, or even through binoculars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exact date, time and even the exact location of the impact have not yet been determined. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Keep your eye on NASA's site\u003c/a> for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one aside: This impact will not hurt the moon, or send it off its orbit. That may seem apparent to many people, but NASA Ames officials say those are the most-asked questions about the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/29/reporters-notes-crash-landing/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/crashing-landing\">Listen to the Crash Landing\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.414208 -122.06224\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the impact goes well, then the plume above the moon's surface could hover there for hours. It will make its own crater on the moon about 6 feet deep and 30 yards wide, so the plume of dust will not be visible to the naked eye, or even through binoculars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exact date, time and even the exact location of the impact have not yet been determined. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Keep your eye on NASA's site\u003c/a> for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one aside: This impact will not hurt the moon, or send it off its orbit. That may seem apparent to many people, but NASA Ames officials say those are the most-asked questions about the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/29/reporters-notes-crash-landing/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/crashing-landing\">Listen to the Crash Landing\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.414208 -122.06224\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
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