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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This episode was originally published October 12, 2024. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode of Close All Tabs, host Morgan Sung takes us through the evolution of online campaigning—from the early days of dial-up modems to today’s Twitch streams. We’ll revisit iconic moments like “the Dean scream” and “Pokemon Go to the polls,” examine how memes became a legitimate political force, and discuss why Kamala Harris and Donald Trump are turning to podcasters and streamers to reach voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to give us feedback on the show? Shoot us an email at \u003ca href=\"mailto:CloseAllTabs@KQED.org\">CloseAllTabs@KQED.org\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/closealltabspod/\">Follow us on Instagram\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=KQINC3046144283\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So this year, the 2024 presidential candidates are taking a nontraditional approach to media appearances. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>All The Smoke:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Welcome back to all the smoke. We got a very special guest today. Very excited to sit down and talk to our biggest guest. Yeah, I wouldn’t lie about that.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s Kamala Harris’s iconic laugh on the sports podcast. All the smoke. The vice president was also recently on the massively popular and often very raunchy podcast Call Her Daddy, where she talks about reproductive rights. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Kamala Harris:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I was the first vice president or president to ever go to a reproductive health care clinic. Ever. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Alex Cooper \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Really? \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Kamala Harris\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yes. Yes. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Alex Cooper \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I didn’t know that. But I guess that makes sense. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Former President Donald Trump has also been making the rounds this year on non-mainstream media. Like back in June, he was on YouTuber turned podcaster Logan Paul’s show, where he brought T-shirts with his own face on them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is uh \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Logan Paul \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is this your mugshot? Oh my you’re a gangster! \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, Elvis had one. Frank Sinatra had one.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then Trump went on comedian Cobain’s podcast and quizzed him about the details of his drug use. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is cocaine a stronger up? \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Theo Von: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. Yeah, yeah. Cocaine will make you…\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So you you way up with cocaine more than anything else, you can think of. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Theo Von: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cocaine will turn you into a damn owl homie. You know what I’m saying? \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the wildest appearance was when he live streamed with influencer Aidn Ross. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, today is going to be the most important stream I’ve ever done, first of all. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, you’re right in the living room of Mar a Lago. You’re the first. Just about. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thank you. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And we’ll have a little fun today. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Let’s do it. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And my son Barron says hello. He’s a great young guy, but he’s a big fan of yours. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aidan Ross is a very controversial streamer who’s known for collabing with a white supremacist and for getting banned from Twitch for hate speech. Twitch is the most popular platform for streamers, and now he’s one of the most followed streamers on Kik, which is an alternative platform with fewer rules. At the end of this extremely random collab, Aidan Ross gifts Trump a red, white and blue Tesla cybertruck and plastered on the side is the photo of Trump after his first assassination attempt. Blood on his face fist raised. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, I can. Wow. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can’t miss it. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s an Elon. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That is an Elon. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wow. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shout out to Mr. Musk. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s beautiful. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A presidential candidate showing up to chat with his teenage son’s favorite podcasters would have seemed like a fever dream in elections past. But it didn’t happen out of the blue. It’s part of a calculated effort by Trump’s team to capitalize on our current reality, where social media posts, memes and influencers all have the power to make or break a campaign. So how did we get here? Come with me on a little dive into the history of elections and the internet. This is Close All Tabs, a special series from KQED. I’m Morgan Sung. I’m a tech journalist, you’re chronically online friend, and your guide to the weirdest and most fascinating corners of the Internet. Together, we’re diving into election memes, disinformation campaigns, political influencers, and will open as many browser tabs as it takes, all to better understand how the digital world affects our real lives. Let’s get into it. We’re going all the way back to the olden days of the internet, the 1990s. So to start, we’re going to open a new tab. What’s the first campaign website? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The year is 1996. This is like the bronze age of the Internet. And it’s like we’re seeing the earliest forms of human writing, except these are websites. Incumbent President Bill Clinton and his VP, Al Gore, launch their website, which features a slideshow and a message banner running across the bottom of the page. It was considered so cutting edge that they held a press conference just to show people how to use it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Al Gore: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m proud to officially unveil the Clinton Gore 96 homepage: www.cg96.org. For those of you who want to put it in your bookmarks. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a lot of text and very few interactive elements. You can sign up for email updates and download principal bumper stickers, but it’s basically just a brochure. The Republican opponents, Bob Dole and Jack Kemp, also launched their site, which is actually still online today. Theirs was a little more interactive, like they even had a Bob Dole themed crossword puzzle, but it was still a one way megaphone. The campaign could broadcast its message, but there is no real way for voters to answer back. Fast forward to 2003. Howard Dean, the Democratic governor of Vermont, becomes what Politico calls, “the father of all web campaigns.” So Dean’s team launches the first ever presidential campaign blog, including comments from visitors. They organize events on meetup.com, and they focus on capturing very small donations from everyday voters. They pull this off by turning fundraising into a game. So for every fundraising event, there’s a clip art image of a baseball bat on the website. And you’ve seen this before, as they get closer to their goal, the bat fills up like a thermometer. People love watching the bat. And all of this makes supporters feel like they’re directly involved with the campaign. The campaign raises millions of dollars and develops a very online, very devoted network of supporters. But unfortunately, today, Howard Dean’s campaign is really remembered, for one thing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Howard Dean: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You know something? You know something. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On January 19th, 2004, he gives a speech at the Val Air Ballroom in Iowa about their strong showing in the caucuses. The crowd is amped. But let’s just say Howard Dean gets a little bit too excited.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Howard Dean:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re going to California and Texas and New York, and then we’re going to Washington, D.C. to take back the White House. Yeah! \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That sound becomes known as the Dean scream, and it’s considered to be one of the first political memes to go viral. It’s so infamous that it may have actually ruined Dean’s chances as a candidate. He ends up flopping in the primaries and drops out of the race early.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Howard Dean\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah! \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But one thing they can never take away from Dean is his status as a digital campaign pioneer. He created the blueprint that other campaigns would follow, including one that would become a genuine revolution in political organizing. Barack Obama’s presidential campaign. Okay. New Tab. Obama Internet First Campaign. Okay. So if the early 90s are the Bronze Age, 2008 is the renaissance and social media is our printing press. Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are all brand new. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I remember President Obama was one of the first candidates to start doing YouTube lives and they started uploading clips of him just like playing basketball and just talking to the camera and fireside chats. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rahaf Harfoush is a digital anthropologist who researches how emerging technology like AI influences communication. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And now, in 2024, this seems so basic and beyond the bare minimum. But back then, he was really the first candidate to treat YouTube seriously and to understand the power of connecting directly with voters without the intermediary of the press. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in 2008, Raha volunteered on Obama’s digital media team, which she wrote about in her book. Yes, we did. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The thing that really stood out to me was the fact that the campaign understood very early on that social media was a two way street. So a lot of the resources that were being provided for people was the infrastructure for people to be able to take information and go out and organize in their own communities. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rahaf says the campaign was incredibly effective when it came to mobilizing volunteers online. They built a social network of volunteers called MYBO, which stands for My Barack Obama. And it was like a sophisticated, revamped version of Howard Dean’s website. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that was where you could download all sorts of assets like how to register your friends and family to vote, how to talk to people about specific issues, how to organize a successful meeting, scripts for talking to your neighbors and talking to your friends, little icons for your profile. And then on Facebook, I remember being very amused because I would see like small dog owners for Obama. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was just so interesting to see how people were organizing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can you think of other ways that this 2008 campaign laid the groundwork for the kind of campaigning that we’re seeing today? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It changed political campaign strategy permanently in a lot of different ways. The visual representation and design people really have started to elevate thinking about politicians as a brand. So like the color palette, the font, the language, the mood. It looked interesting and it looked cool. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right? And it created this like such an iconic image of Obama. I mean, I still remember that red, white and blue Hope poster that was everywhere. Everyone wanted a copy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, I have one in my I have one, a signed one in my living room downstairs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oh My God. Wow. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that’s that’s the thing. I can’t think of any other. Well, maybe the the MAGA hat now that has become as iconic, but other than that, like political artifacts, political campaign artifacts are not usually that prevalent in mainstream culture, I would say, so. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It really reminded me of like tour merch, you know? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like creating this like megastar where everyone wanted a piece of like their merch. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think branding really changed the way that politicians talked about themselves and positioned themselves in the market of political ideas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Going into the 2012 election, the Obama brand is stronger than ever. He uses Twitter to announce his reelection campaign. He doesn’t. Amy on Reddit. His administration is super active on Tumblr. Celebrities and musicians are showing up for him. It’s all part of this calculated effort to maintain the brand. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And there were some clips that his team was really clever in circulating Obama. I remember there was like a clip that went viral back then where it was like he was in an interview and there was a fly flying around and he just like. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Barack Obama: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nice. Now, where were we? That was pretty impressive wasn’t it? I got it. I got the sucker. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And everyone was like, What? You know, and him taking the three point shot and like, yeah, it was just they just gave him, I think, a really cool factor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mitt Romney, who is known for being profoundly uncool, does not stand a chance in this new digital arena. Back in 2008, the Obama campaign developed these super effective, targeted email campaigns. And by 2012, they’re even better. They get incredibly good at analytics and understanding individual people. Rahaf explains this concept of hyper segmentation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which is not just categorizing people by gender, region or, you know, interest, but really being able to say, again, you know, you’re a person who has a dog who’s interested in health care and you are a teacher and you have two kids, and this is going to be the special communication that’s going to arrive to you via email via text messaging. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And this makes voters feel heard by the campaign. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The idea that voters could identify the issue that was important to them, then they would receive customized texts about each issue that mattered to them. That at the time was like revolutionary. It was cutting edge analytics. So I remember thinking, oh this is going to make every person feel like the campaign is speaking directly to them about issues that they care about. And so 2008 was really about social media. It set the stage for that conversation. And then, you know, 2012 was about micro segmentation. And then 2016 was really about, you know, algorithmic preferences. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By 2016, social media algorithms are starting to really shape what we see online and in terms of digital campaigning. That’s when shit hits the fan. We’ll hear about that and more after this break. Okay. We’ve arrived at 2016. It’s time for another tab. Did memes ruin the 2016 election? Okay, so we’ve had the Bronze Age, the Renaissance. That brings us to the Industrial Revolution, which is fitting because this era is all about the mass production of memes. Let me set the scene for you. Vine that short form video app is still around. Everyone is playing Pokemon Go. Hamilton Fever is still white hot. And in politics, digital campaigning becomes less about building a top down organizing system like Obama created. It’s more about harnessing collective action from increasingly influential Internet communities. And in 2016 memes play a huge part in the election. If you want to get exposure, memes are the way to do it. But it’s not like campaign strategists intentionally thrust their candidates into meme culture. Instead, meme culture happens to them. Ted Cruz’s campaign is derailed by memes comparing him to the Zodiac Killer. Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders both amass armies of chronically online supporters who incessantly post memes skewering their opponents. And Hillary Clinton keeps accidentally going viral on Vine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Hillary Clinton:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m just chillin in Cedar Rapids. I don’t know who created Pokemon Go. But I’m trying to figure out how we get them to have Pokémon Go To The Polls. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It’s this kind of virality that makes 2016 so memorable. Of course, people were using the internet before this time, but internet culture was seen as an almost underground subculture — but now, this subculture starts to trickle into the mainstream. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You know, academic researchers what they kept saying was like 2016, 2017, that’s when like, normal people were really logged on to the Internet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is Aidan Walker. He’s an Internet researcher and content creator who’s written for academic journals and also the website Know Your Meme. He’s something of an anthropologist of memes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And I think that’s sort of a moment where we start to see sort of the news being downstream of memes. You know, something will happen on Twitter. Often it’s a Trump tweet and then the next day CNN has to cover it. And that’s kind of driving the national story. And so 2016, I think, is a year where we see more organizing online. But the organizing is kind of there maybe not because some digital Karl Rove had some brilliant strategy to put it there, but just because so much of the conversation was moving there, the normal people, the normal voters were there. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By normal people, Aidan means those who hadn’t previously been active participants in online communities. They were online, but they only really interacted with people they knew in real life. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think it’s also an age of means that aren’t just one offs. So in 2016, there’s a lot of like meme systems, I might say like meme families, and these will be like, you know, 100, 200 memes where you’re kind of taking the same character or the same face and just putting it in new settings, new environments. You know, maybe you put the face onto one of the candidates. You use the face to represent a certain type of identity or perspective or voter. And these sort of big meme vocabularies, they become a way of expressing a lot of different stuff. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So one of the defining moments, I guess, the defining takeaways of 2016 was the use of like weaponized memes. Can you explain like, why meme make such good propaganda? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So memes make good propaganda kind of in the way that any kind of art makes a good piece of propaganda. You know, you can be convincing someone at the same time as you’re entertaining them or making them laugh, which is always really powerful. But I also think memes can do really good visual rhetoric and then means are also, you know, very quick to make, very quick to share. You don’t necessarily have to attach your name to them. So people tend to say things that are a little more unhinged, a little more controversial. And then memes also, I think, invite users in to participate in the propaganda. So like when I’m liking a NUMTOT me, you know, I don’t just feel like I’m being lectured at about urban policy. I feel like I’m part of it.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NUMTOT, which stands for New Urbanist Memes for Transit oriented Teens is a public transportation themed Facebook group. Back in 2016, Facebook groups were one of the epicenters of meme culture. A lot of them followed a very similar naming structure like “Classical Studies Memes for Hellenistic Teens” or “Law School Memes for Edgy T14s.” One of the biggest overtly political Facebook groups at the time is a group called “Bernie Sanders Dank Meme Stash.” The group started with just 5000 members in January that year, and by May had over 400,000 just churning out memes criticizing Ted Cruz, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And I think it some of that has to do with that closeness. Like I think numtat a lot of these Facebook groups, in order to get into it you had to apply and I don’t think there was a very rigorous selection process. I vaguely remember just kind of being like a form that was like, why are you interested in transit? I think I said something like, I like trains, you know? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They let me in. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These meme armies exist on both ends of the political spectrum. So Bernie Sanders supporters rally behind him and “Bernie Sanders Dank Meme Stash” and other meme groups. Trump supporters start a subreddit called “The Donald”, and at its height, it has over 790,000 subscribers. The group is so active that Reddit actually changes its algorithm because the site’s front page turns into just pro-Trump content. Reddit eventually banned “The Donald” in 2020 over the group’s harassment of others. Trump is also very popular on the anonymous image board “4chan”, which is known for its extreme content. The Facebook groups “The Donald”, “4chan”, these are all relatively niche Internet communities that are generally siloed from those normal people that Aidan talked about. But they’re all so active and so effective at mobilizing that their content breaks into mainstream Internet culture and starts showing up all over those normal people’s feeds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So it was a lot of kind of very closed off communities that were probably numerically pretty small, but sort of had very committed posters. And so in a way, it’s sort of organizing the people who are most into something who have the most passion. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most well-known meme that takes off on 4chan is Pepe the Frog, who’s a relatively innocent web comic character created by cartoonist Matt Furie. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He’s green. He has large eyes, you know, exaggerated features, and he’s sad in general. And he kind of got taken on as this avatar of posters on 4chan. And I think at first he kind of represented kind of being lonely, feeling maybe too chronically online. But then in maybe a weird parallel to kind of how NUMTOT begins as just train memes and then the density of people talking ends up turning into political activism. This Pepe meme, which my theory about it is that it’s sort of about, you know, loneliness, feeling, whatever, ended up kind of representing all this resentment that people had as well on that platform. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People make countless memes of Pepe and on 4chan and other spaces. Trolls depict him with racist imagery or make him say really bigoted things. He becomes associated with white supremacy and the Alt Right. And after Trump retweets memes of himself as Pepe, alright Pepe means skyrocket. The Anti-Defamation League even describes Pepe as a hate symbol. And even though Pepe isn’t always used in a hateful context, today, he’s still associated with the Alt Right movement. But Pepe is only one example of the 2016 election’s lasting effect on internet culture today. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">2016 I think, shaped internet culture more after the fact than during it, in that people responded to 2016 and Trump and also to Brexit as well by sort of saying this was an election in which memes definitely played a role in which the Internet and the social media platforms more broadly played a role with Cambridge Analytica and all that sort of stuff. So I think it was a moment where people kind of realized the power that was there. And in terms of how that impacted meme culture, I think it gave people a kind of awareness and self-consciousness, you know, that their posting mattered. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that sets the stage for 2020, which calls for a new tab. 2020 Election Pandemic Online. Okay. Bronze Age. Renaissance. Industrial Revolution. We’re in the modern age now. Before we get into Covid era campaigning, I want to note that between 2016 and 2020, Internet culture evolves drastically, means are weirder and develop a cynical, surreal undertone. Social media is way more divisive and more reactionary. Far right conservatives, emboldened by Trump’s presidency, are constantly clashing with so-called resistance libs. The mainstream liberal accounts that gained huge followings after the 2016 election and MeToo movement. And the United States feels like it’s at the precipice of a diplomatic crisis every time now President Trump tweets. Also, people are genuinely concerned that kids are eating tie pods. And then the pandemic happens. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s interesting because you feel I always feel like there’s this kind of logical progression that’s happening and then Covid occurs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So that, everybody is suddenly online a lot more. And I think had Covid not happened, a lot of things would be different, but internet culture would definitely be different. So 2020, and internet culture, in a way is a lot like 2016 and 2017. The normal people are online, but there’s also a kind of more fringe, more committed posters and smaller core communities that are able to influence kind of this mainstream narrative. And my perspective on 2020 is that the three major posting groups are kind of like, you know, resistance libs on Twitter who are definitely producing a lot of memes. And there’s, I think, a proximity between sort of mainstream resistance type people and kind of the normal conventional wisdom of non online people. And then there’s sort of left wing people like “Bernie Sanders Dank Meme Stash”, like Facebook group people and NUMTOT people. And then there’s sort of the right wing internet. And in 2020, I think you’re already seeing this increased separation between these three groups that now we definitely have with kind of Truth Social or Twitter under Elon it’s kind of their own zone. And algorithmically, I think even on the platforms that are still common, everyone like TikTok, there is more of a separation between these groups. But in 2020, everyone’s still in the same pot, I think. And so we’re seeing a lot of crossover, a lot of interplay, and I think a lot of opportunity for people to sort of influence the cumulative product of that pot, whatever the political soup is, with their own kind of hyper specific stuff. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hyper specific stuff like Gritty, the Philadelphia Fliers, chaotic orange mascot who’s depicted as Trump’s mortal enemy after Pennsylvania Goes Blue. And then post-election, the Bernie and Mittens meme, that image of the senator at Biden’s inauguration masked huddled up in a folding chair wearing these huge handknit mittens.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On one level, it’s sort of a silly joke, but on another level it reflects some kind of like a poetic truth about the way these people feel to us or what we want them to be. So, like Bernie with mittens is kind of this like, funny grandpa thing. He looked very grumpy and it sort of reflected this sense that I think some people who are kind of Bernie people maybe had about the inauguration. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And he kind of stood in for that emotion. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right. It was the whole settle for Biden thing was huge. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And I’m remembering, too, that you say Covid era, he was socially distanced. That’s why he’s like alone, because he’s in a chair. It’s like at least six feet apart from everyone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. And so you mentioned Tiktok. For a long time, memes were pretty image based. They’re pretty static. We had like Vine, but, you know, it wasn’t it wasn’t as common to as like replicate trends as it is on TikTok. So how did TikTok blowing up influence political discourse and political memes in 2020? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So TikTok for me isn’t just a social media platform, but it’s the kind of suite of editing tools that’s attached to it. And so I think TikTok suddenly allowed people not just literally to post and watch videos, but to make videos that were pretty sophisticated and pretty interesting as easily as they could, you know, copy and paste images and text into an image macro format. And so TikTok, I think, really, in a way, it made the Internet a little more normal and it makes it very accessible to people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The live streaming platform Twitch was another way that all kinds of people were getting online and broadcasting themselves, especially during that time when so many of us were indoors online. And Aidan notes this shift in the way that politicians and political commentators are communicating with their audiences. Streamers like Hasan Piker become staple political pundits for Gen Z. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There always was YouTubers who are out there, you know, making these videos, speaking directly to camera. And I think there is a certain intimacy to that kind of form. And so I think this sort of new class of political content creators start to rise by, in a way, doing the tactics that other types of influencers do, building these strong parasocial relationships, but also by, you know, definitely doing the infotainment thing. And for me, the big difference between past types of video person talking about you political media and like Twitch and Tik Tok is people often sort of want the Twitch people and the Tik Tok people to use a very informal register and kind of make it so politics isn’t the thing. You know, you feel like you have to put on your suit and tie or you have to like use the SAT words. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And speaking of Twitch, another huge moment of 2020 and Internet culture was AOC’s Among Us stream where she streams with not just political influencers, but also like like huge creators who were mostly like gaming centered or like just talking centered but never touched politics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Among Us Stream:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Is that is that weird? To just call you AOC? \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>AOC:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">No. No. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Among Us Stream:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What’s your preferance. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>AOC: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You guys can call me AOC. Mike Pence can’t call me AOC, but you guys can definitely call me AOC. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Among Us Stream: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All right. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Among Us Stream: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Okay. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like what? Like, why was that so impactful? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That was really impact. I regret, actually, that I wasn’t able to log on to that. I heard about it afterwards. I was upset that I didn’t get to go. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was very fun because every time they brought someone on, I was like corpse husband. Like I was like, who? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s historic you’re on the live wow! \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I know. It was crazy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. So I feel like that matters because, like I’m saying, you often feel like politics is like a suit and tie thing. You’re like, Congresswoman Ocasio-Cortez and now suddenly she’s out here chilling out that Twitch stream, you know? And it makes you feel as if you’re being listened to, that your hobbies are being recognized as I think gamers, you know, rightly or wrongly, sometimes feel like they’re looked down upon by mainstream polite society or it’s seen as frivolous. And now that politicians are engaging with you here and kind of saying, oh this is a worthwhile thing to do with your time, you know, your lifestyle, the way you live, kind of recognizing that and being there with people in that zone is a way of recognizing them and making them feel seen and valued, which I think is a big thing we want from politicians. In addition to, you know, policy. People care about feeling recognized, about feeling like the story of them their lives is told. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This direct connection between politicians and online communities is showing up even stronger today in the 2024 election. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think this year really is about reaching out to people, being in the places where they spend time, which more and more often is online. You know, if the Aidn Ross listeners are going to vote for Trump, then I think they’re more likely to turn out if they feel that Trump is like in the zone, you know, taking them seriously. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When I talk to Rahaf, the digital anthropologist, she pointed out that our social media feeds today are so individualized — it’s like they all exist in different realities. Aidan made a similar point. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I would describe it by thinking structurally about the platforms. So I think you have more separation between sort of where people who would vote Democrat are posting and where people who would vote for Trump are posting. I think they’re seeing less of each other. And so that’s certainly something that’s impacting the election. I think 2016, 2020, it was we were all in one pot together. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We were all yelling at each other. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yelling at each other. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Right. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And now, I mean, especially with Twitter, like I still go on and you kind of can’t go on Twitter without like seeing five crypto scans and, you know, various whatever, that kind of guy. But I find myself, you know, spending more time on Tiktok, spending more time on Instagram and kind of being in these places where everybody, you know, would agree with me. And you could say that there’s negative things to that like echo chamber. But I think it’s also positive in that it makes me feel more like I belong online. And I think a lot of people have that experience and get that sense of with these memes about the campaign feeling like they’re included, like they’re being listened to. And it also, I think, allows it to ferment and kind of get stronger and, you know, kind of the the pure, you know, shot of, you know, brat summer energy is there. Because the Internet, I think is very separated by kind of partizan group, here’s this sense among posters that, you know, this is our platform or Tiktok is for us, you know, or when the Tiktok ban happened, there are a lot of people who said it’s because, you know, we’re very pro-Palestine on this platform. But however well, Tiktok or whatever platform works for your side, I think it’s working just as well for the other side and sort of studying conspiracy theories, looking into memes and stuff. It’s clear that these same dynamics of viral spread of, you know, really intense in-group feeling and kind of closed communities serve every cause of the spectrum, regardless of how good or bad or fringe or mainstream it is. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Okay. So we had talked earlier about how so much of the Internet is so siloed now by political party or by, you know, political leanings. But what are your predictions for how this will affect the internet going forward? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So I think in a way, the most powerful force will be parasocial relationships. And I would imagine that twitch streamers and content creators are going to be more politicized than they are right now. In part, because they’ll maybe find themselves inside of these silos where sort of intense political feeling and pressure will build and they’ll be pushed towards it or because, you know, they’ll literally be seen as the thought leaders, as the, you know, charismatic figures. And I think we will see a Twitch streamer president maybe within our lifetimes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Omg I fear it but I can’t wait for it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, it’ll be amazing. He’ll just be like, chat, is this real? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I know the press conferences will be so fun. I mean, like, yeah, I can’t wait til we’re emoting in press conferences. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. State of the Union Livestream. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oh god. Yeah. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that wraps up our deep dive for today. We’ve traced our way from the very first campaign websites all the way to candidates colliding with streamers. As the line between online and offline realities gets fuzzier, will the boundary between influencer and candidate also start to blur. Let’s just get through this election first, shall we? For now, it’s time to close all of these tabs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Close All Tabs\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is a production of KQED Studios, and is reported and hosted by me, Morgan Sung. Our managing producer is Chris Egusa. Our producer is Maya Cueva. Jen Chien edited the series and is KQED’s director of podcasts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Original music and sound design by Chris Egusa. Additional music by APM. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Audience engagement support from Maha Sanad. Katie Sprenger is our Podcast Operations Manager. Holly Kernan is our Chief Content Officer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A special shout out to the team at \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Political Breakdown\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for letting us share our episodes on their feed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’d love to hear what you think of the series! Hit us up at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"mailto:podcasts@kqed.org\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">podcasts@kqed.org\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, that’s podcasts with an “s.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thanks for listening! \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "Welcome to Close All Tabs, a special KQED podcast series exploring the intersection of internet culture and politics. In episode, host Morgan Sung takes us through the evolution of online campaigning—from the early days of dial-up modems to today’s Twitch streams. We’ll revisit iconic moments like “the Dean scream” and “Pokemon Go to the polls,” examine how memes became a legitimate political force, and discuss why Kamala Harris and Donald Trump are turning to podcasters and streamers to reach voters.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This episode was originally published October 12, 2024. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode of Close All Tabs, host Morgan Sung takes us through the evolution of online campaigning—from the early days of dial-up modems to today’s Twitch streams. We’ll revisit iconic moments like “the Dean scream” and “Pokemon Go to the polls,” examine how memes became a legitimate political force, and discuss why Kamala Harris and Donald Trump are turning to podcasters and streamers to reach voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to give us feedback on the show? Shoot us an email at \u003ca href=\"mailto:CloseAllTabs@KQED.org\">CloseAllTabs@KQED.org\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/closealltabspod/\">Follow us on Instagram\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=KQINC3046144283\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-content post-body\">\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So this year, the 2024 presidential candidates are taking a nontraditional approach to media appearances. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>All The Smoke:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Welcome back to all the smoke. We got a very special guest today. Very excited to sit down and talk to our biggest guest. Yeah, I wouldn’t lie about that.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s Kamala Harris’s iconic laugh on the sports podcast. All the smoke. The vice president was also recently on the massively popular and often very raunchy podcast Call Her Daddy, where she talks about reproductive rights. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Kamala Harris:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I was the first vice president or president to ever go to a reproductive health care clinic. Ever. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Alex Cooper \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Really? \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Kamala Harris\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yes. Yes. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Alex Cooper \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I didn’t know that. But I guess that makes sense. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Former President Donald Trump has also been making the rounds this year on non-mainstream media. Like back in June, he was on YouTuber turned podcaster Logan Paul’s show, where he brought T-shirts with his own face on them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is uh \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Logan Paul \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is this your mugshot? Oh my you’re a gangster! \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, Elvis had one. Frank Sinatra had one.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then Trump went on comedian Cobain’s podcast and quizzed him about the details of his drug use. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is cocaine a stronger up? \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Theo Von: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. Yeah, yeah. Cocaine will make you…\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So you you way up with cocaine more than anything else, you can think of. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Theo Von: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cocaine will turn you into a damn owl homie. You know what I’m saying? \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the wildest appearance was when he live streamed with influencer Aidn Ross. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, today is going to be the most important stream I’ve ever done, first of all. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, you’re right in the living room of Mar a Lago. You’re the first. Just about. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thank you. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And we’ll have a little fun today. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Let’s do it. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And my son Barron says hello. He’s a great young guy, but he’s a big fan of yours. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aidan Ross is a very controversial streamer who’s known for collabing with a white supremacist and for getting banned from Twitch for hate speech. Twitch is the most popular platform for streamers, and now he’s one of the most followed streamers on Kik, which is an alternative platform with fewer rules. At the end of this extremely random collab, Aidan Ross gifts Trump a red, white and blue Tesla cybertruck and plastered on the side is the photo of Trump after his first assassination attempt. Blood on his face fist raised. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, I can. Wow. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can’t miss it. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s an Elon. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That is an Elon. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wow. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Adin Ross:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shout out to Mr. Musk. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Donald Trump: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s beautiful. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A presidential candidate showing up to chat with his teenage son’s favorite podcasters would have seemed like a fever dream in elections past. But it didn’t happen out of the blue. It’s part of a calculated effort by Trump’s team to capitalize on our current reality, where social media posts, memes and influencers all have the power to make or break a campaign. So how did we get here? Come with me on a little dive into the history of elections and the internet. This is Close All Tabs, a special series from KQED. I’m Morgan Sung. I’m a tech journalist, you’re chronically online friend, and your guide to the weirdest and most fascinating corners of the Internet. Together, we’re diving into election memes, disinformation campaigns, political influencers, and will open as many browser tabs as it takes, all to better understand how the digital world affects our real lives. Let’s get into it. We’re going all the way back to the olden days of the internet, the 1990s. So to start, we’re going to open a new tab. What’s the first campaign website? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The year is 1996. This is like the bronze age of the Internet. And it’s like we’re seeing the earliest forms of human writing, except these are websites. Incumbent President Bill Clinton and his VP, Al Gore, launch their website, which features a slideshow and a message banner running across the bottom of the page. It was considered so cutting edge that they held a press conference just to show people how to use it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Al Gore: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m proud to officially unveil the Clinton Gore 96 homepage: www.cg96.org. For those of you who want to put it in your bookmarks. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a lot of text and very few interactive elements. You can sign up for email updates and download principal bumper stickers, but it’s basically just a brochure. The Republican opponents, Bob Dole and Jack Kemp, also launched their site, which is actually still online today. Theirs was a little more interactive, like they even had a Bob Dole themed crossword puzzle, but it was still a one way megaphone. The campaign could broadcast its message, but there is no real way for voters to answer back. Fast forward to 2003. Howard Dean, the Democratic governor of Vermont, becomes what Politico calls, “the father of all web campaigns.” So Dean’s team launches the first ever presidential campaign blog, including comments from visitors. They organize events on meetup.com, and they focus on capturing very small donations from everyday voters. They pull this off by turning fundraising into a game. So for every fundraising event, there’s a clip art image of a baseball bat on the website. And you’ve seen this before, as they get closer to their goal, the bat fills up like a thermometer. People love watching the bat. And all of this makes supporters feel like they’re directly involved with the campaign. The campaign raises millions of dollars and develops a very online, very devoted network of supporters. But unfortunately, today, Howard Dean’s campaign is really remembered, for one thing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Howard Dean: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You know something? You know something. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On January 19th, 2004, he gives a speech at the Val Air Ballroom in Iowa about their strong showing in the caucuses. The crowd is amped. But let’s just say Howard Dean gets a little bit too excited.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Howard Dean:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re going to California and Texas and New York, and then we’re going to Washington, D.C. to take back the White House. Yeah! \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That sound becomes known as the Dean scream, and it’s considered to be one of the first political memes to go viral. It’s so infamous that it may have actually ruined Dean’s chances as a candidate. He ends up flopping in the primaries and drops out of the race early.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Howard Dean\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah! \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But one thing they can never take away from Dean is his status as a digital campaign pioneer. He created the blueprint that other campaigns would follow, including one that would become a genuine revolution in political organizing. Barack Obama’s presidential campaign. Okay. New Tab. Obama Internet First Campaign. Okay. So if the early 90s are the Bronze Age, 2008 is the renaissance and social media is our printing press. Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are all brand new. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I remember President Obama was one of the first candidates to start doing YouTube lives and they started uploading clips of him just like playing basketball and just talking to the camera and fireside chats. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rahaf Harfoush is a digital anthropologist who researches how emerging technology like AI influences communication. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And now, in 2024, this seems so basic and beyond the bare minimum. But back then, he was really the first candidate to treat YouTube seriously and to understand the power of connecting directly with voters without the intermediary of the press. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in 2008, Raha volunteered on Obama’s digital media team, which she wrote about in her book. Yes, we did. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The thing that really stood out to me was the fact that the campaign understood very early on that social media was a two way street. So a lot of the resources that were being provided for people was the infrastructure for people to be able to take information and go out and organize in their own communities. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rahaf says the campaign was incredibly effective when it came to mobilizing volunteers online. They built a social network of volunteers called MYBO, which stands for My Barack Obama. And it was like a sophisticated, revamped version of Howard Dean’s website. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that was where you could download all sorts of assets like how to register your friends and family to vote, how to talk to people about specific issues, how to organize a successful meeting, scripts for talking to your neighbors and talking to your friends, little icons for your profile. And then on Facebook, I remember being very amused because I would see like small dog owners for Obama. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was just so interesting to see how people were organizing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can you think of other ways that this 2008 campaign laid the groundwork for the kind of campaigning that we’re seeing today? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It changed political campaign strategy permanently in a lot of different ways. The visual representation and design people really have started to elevate thinking about politicians as a brand. So like the color palette, the font, the language, the mood. It looked interesting and it looked cool. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right? And it created this like such an iconic image of Obama. I mean, I still remember that red, white and blue Hope poster that was everywhere. Everyone wanted a copy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, I have one in my I have one, a signed one in my living room downstairs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oh My God. Wow. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But that’s that’s the thing. I can’t think of any other. Well, maybe the the MAGA hat now that has become as iconic, but other than that, like political artifacts, political campaign artifacts are not usually that prevalent in mainstream culture, I would say, so. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It really reminded me of like tour merch, you know? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like creating this like megastar where everyone wanted a piece of like their merch. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think branding really changed the way that politicians talked about themselves and positioned themselves in the market of political ideas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Going into the 2012 election, the Obama brand is stronger than ever. He uses Twitter to announce his reelection campaign. He doesn’t. Amy on Reddit. His administration is super active on Tumblr. Celebrities and musicians are showing up for him. It’s all part of this calculated effort to maintain the brand. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And there were some clips that his team was really clever in circulating Obama. I remember there was like a clip that went viral back then where it was like he was in an interview and there was a fly flying around and he just like. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Barack Obama: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nice. Now, where were we? That was pretty impressive wasn’t it? I got it. I got the sucker. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And everyone was like, What? You know, and him taking the three point shot and like, yeah, it was just they just gave him, I think, a really cool factor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mitt Romney, who is known for being profoundly uncool, does not stand a chance in this new digital arena. Back in 2008, the Obama campaign developed these super effective, targeted email campaigns. And by 2012, they’re even better. They get incredibly good at analytics and understanding individual people. Rahaf explains this concept of hyper segmentation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which is not just categorizing people by gender, region or, you know, interest, but really being able to say, again, you know, you’re a person who has a dog who’s interested in health care and you are a teacher and you have two kids, and this is going to be the special communication that’s going to arrive to you via email via text messaging. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And this makes voters feel heard by the campaign. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rahaf Harfoush: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The idea that voters could identify the issue that was important to them, then they would receive customized texts about each issue that mattered to them. That at the time was like revolutionary. It was cutting edge analytics. So I remember thinking, oh this is going to make every person feel like the campaign is speaking directly to them about issues that they care about. And so 2008 was really about social media. It set the stage for that conversation. And then, you know, 2012 was about micro segmentation. And then 2016 was really about, you know, algorithmic preferences. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By 2016, social media algorithms are starting to really shape what we see online and in terms of digital campaigning. That’s when shit hits the fan. We’ll hear about that and more after this break. Okay. We’ve arrived at 2016. It’s time for another tab. Did memes ruin the 2016 election? Okay, so we’ve had the Bronze Age, the Renaissance. That brings us to the Industrial Revolution, which is fitting because this era is all about the mass production of memes. Let me set the scene for you. Vine that short form video app is still around. Everyone is playing Pokemon Go. Hamilton Fever is still white hot. And in politics, digital campaigning becomes less about building a top down organizing system like Obama created. It’s more about harnessing collective action from increasingly influential Internet communities. And in 2016 memes play a huge part in the election. If you want to get exposure, memes are the way to do it. But it’s not like campaign strategists intentionally thrust their candidates into meme culture. Instead, meme culture happens to them. Ted Cruz’s campaign is derailed by memes comparing him to the Zodiac Killer. Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders both amass armies of chronically online supporters who incessantly post memes skewering their opponents. And Hillary Clinton keeps accidentally going viral on Vine. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Hillary Clinton:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m just chillin in Cedar Rapids. I don’t know who created Pokemon Go. But I’m trying to figure out how we get them to have Pokémon Go To The Polls. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It’s this kind of virality that makes 2016 so memorable. Of course, people were using the internet before this time, but internet culture was seen as an almost underground subculture — but now, this subculture starts to trickle into the mainstream. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You know, academic researchers what they kept saying was like 2016, 2017, that’s when like, normal people were really logged on to the Internet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is Aidan Walker. He’s an Internet researcher and content creator who’s written for academic journals and also the website Know Your Meme. He’s something of an anthropologist of memes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And I think that’s sort of a moment where we start to see sort of the news being downstream of memes. You know, something will happen on Twitter. Often it’s a Trump tweet and then the next day CNN has to cover it. And that’s kind of driving the national story. And so 2016, I think, is a year where we see more organizing online. But the organizing is kind of there maybe not because some digital Karl Rove had some brilliant strategy to put it there, but just because so much of the conversation was moving there, the normal people, the normal voters were there. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By normal people, Aidan means those who hadn’t previously been active participants in online communities. They were online, but they only really interacted with people they knew in real life. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think it’s also an age of means that aren’t just one offs. So in 2016, there’s a lot of like meme systems, I might say like meme families, and these will be like, you know, 100, 200 memes where you’re kind of taking the same character or the same face and just putting it in new settings, new environments. You know, maybe you put the face onto one of the candidates. You use the face to represent a certain type of identity or perspective or voter. And these sort of big meme vocabularies, they become a way of expressing a lot of different stuff. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So one of the defining moments, I guess, the defining takeaways of 2016 was the use of like weaponized memes. Can you explain like, why meme make such good propaganda? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So memes make good propaganda kind of in the way that any kind of art makes a good piece of propaganda. You know, you can be convincing someone at the same time as you’re entertaining them or making them laugh, which is always really powerful. But I also think memes can do really good visual rhetoric and then means are also, you know, very quick to make, very quick to share. You don’t necessarily have to attach your name to them. So people tend to say things that are a little more unhinged, a little more controversial. And then memes also, I think, invite users in to participate in the propaganda. So like when I’m liking a NUMTOT me, you know, I don’t just feel like I’m being lectured at about urban policy. I feel like I’m part of it.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NUMTOT, which stands for New Urbanist Memes for Transit oriented Teens is a public transportation themed Facebook group. Back in 2016, Facebook groups were one of the epicenters of meme culture. A lot of them followed a very similar naming structure like “Classical Studies Memes for Hellenistic Teens” or “Law School Memes for Edgy T14s.” One of the biggest overtly political Facebook groups at the time is a group called “Bernie Sanders Dank Meme Stash.” The group started with just 5000 members in January that year, and by May had over 400,000 just churning out memes criticizing Ted Cruz, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And I think it some of that has to do with that closeness. Like I think numtat a lot of these Facebook groups, in order to get into it you had to apply and I don’t think there was a very rigorous selection process. I vaguely remember just kind of being like a form that was like, why are you interested in transit? I think I said something like, I like trains, you know? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They let me in. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These meme armies exist on both ends of the political spectrum. So Bernie Sanders supporters rally behind him and “Bernie Sanders Dank Meme Stash” and other meme groups. Trump supporters start a subreddit called “The Donald”, and at its height, it has over 790,000 subscribers. The group is so active that Reddit actually changes its algorithm because the site’s front page turns into just pro-Trump content. Reddit eventually banned “The Donald” in 2020 over the group’s harassment of others. Trump is also very popular on the anonymous image board “4chan”, which is known for its extreme content. The Facebook groups “The Donald”, “4chan”, these are all relatively niche Internet communities that are generally siloed from those normal people that Aidan talked about. But they’re all so active and so effective at mobilizing that their content breaks into mainstream Internet culture and starts showing up all over those normal people’s feeds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So it was a lot of kind of very closed off communities that were probably numerically pretty small, but sort of had very committed posters. And so in a way, it’s sort of organizing the people who are most into something who have the most passion. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most well-known meme that takes off on 4chan is Pepe the Frog, who’s a relatively innocent web comic character created by cartoonist Matt Furie. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He’s green. He has large eyes, you know, exaggerated features, and he’s sad in general. And he kind of got taken on as this avatar of posters on 4chan. And I think at first he kind of represented kind of being lonely, feeling maybe too chronically online. But then in maybe a weird parallel to kind of how NUMTOT begins as just train memes and then the density of people talking ends up turning into political activism. This Pepe meme, which my theory about it is that it’s sort of about, you know, loneliness, feeling, whatever, ended up kind of representing all this resentment that people had as well on that platform. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People make countless memes of Pepe and on 4chan and other spaces. Trolls depict him with racist imagery or make him say really bigoted things. He becomes associated with white supremacy and the Alt Right. And after Trump retweets memes of himself as Pepe, alright Pepe means skyrocket. The Anti-Defamation League even describes Pepe as a hate symbol. And even though Pepe isn’t always used in a hateful context, today, he’s still associated with the Alt Right movement. But Pepe is only one example of the 2016 election’s lasting effect on internet culture today. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">2016 I think, shaped internet culture more after the fact than during it, in that people responded to 2016 and Trump and also to Brexit as well by sort of saying this was an election in which memes definitely played a role in which the Internet and the social media platforms more broadly played a role with Cambridge Analytica and all that sort of stuff. So I think it was a moment where people kind of realized the power that was there. And in terms of how that impacted meme culture, I think it gave people a kind of awareness and self-consciousness, you know, that their posting mattered. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that sets the stage for 2020, which calls for a new tab. 2020 Election Pandemic Online. Okay. Bronze Age. Renaissance. Industrial Revolution. We’re in the modern age now. Before we get into Covid era campaigning, I want to note that between 2016 and 2020, Internet culture evolves drastically, means are weirder and develop a cynical, surreal undertone. Social media is way more divisive and more reactionary. Far right conservatives, emboldened by Trump’s presidency, are constantly clashing with so-called resistance libs. The mainstream liberal accounts that gained huge followings after the 2016 election and MeToo movement. And the United States feels like it’s at the precipice of a diplomatic crisis every time now President Trump tweets. Also, people are genuinely concerned that kids are eating tie pods. And then the pandemic happens. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s interesting because you feel I always feel like there’s this kind of logical progression that’s happening and then Covid occurs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So that, everybody is suddenly online a lot more. And I think had Covid not happened, a lot of things would be different, but internet culture would definitely be different. So 2020, and internet culture, in a way is a lot like 2016 and 2017. The normal people are online, but there’s also a kind of more fringe, more committed posters and smaller core communities that are able to influence kind of this mainstream narrative. And my perspective on 2020 is that the three major posting groups are kind of like, you know, resistance libs on Twitter who are definitely producing a lot of memes. And there’s, I think, a proximity between sort of mainstream resistance type people and kind of the normal conventional wisdom of non online people. And then there’s sort of left wing people like “Bernie Sanders Dank Meme Stash”, like Facebook group people and NUMTOT people. And then there’s sort of the right wing internet. And in 2020, I think you’re already seeing this increased separation between these three groups that now we definitely have with kind of Truth Social or Twitter under Elon it’s kind of their own zone. And algorithmically, I think even on the platforms that are still common, everyone like TikTok, there is more of a separation between these groups. But in 2020, everyone’s still in the same pot, I think. And so we’re seeing a lot of crossover, a lot of interplay, and I think a lot of opportunity for people to sort of influence the cumulative product of that pot, whatever the political soup is, with their own kind of hyper specific stuff. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hyper specific stuff like Gritty, the Philadelphia Fliers, chaotic orange mascot who’s depicted as Trump’s mortal enemy after Pennsylvania Goes Blue. And then post-election, the Bernie and Mittens meme, that image of the senator at Biden’s inauguration masked huddled up in a folding chair wearing these huge handknit mittens.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On one level, it’s sort of a silly joke, but on another level it reflects some kind of like a poetic truth about the way these people feel to us or what we want them to be. So, like Bernie with mittens is kind of this like, funny grandpa thing. He looked very grumpy and it sort of reflected this sense that I think some people who are kind of Bernie people maybe had about the inauguration. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And he kind of stood in for that emotion. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right. It was the whole settle for Biden thing was huge. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And I’m remembering, too, that you say Covid era, he was socially distanced. That’s why he’s like alone, because he’s in a chair. It’s like at least six feet apart from everyone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. And so you mentioned Tiktok. For a long time, memes were pretty image based. They’re pretty static. We had like Vine, but, you know, it wasn’t it wasn’t as common to as like replicate trends as it is on TikTok. So how did TikTok blowing up influence political discourse and political memes in 2020? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So TikTok for me isn’t just a social media platform, but it’s the kind of suite of editing tools that’s attached to it. And so I think TikTok suddenly allowed people not just literally to post and watch videos, but to make videos that were pretty sophisticated and pretty interesting as easily as they could, you know, copy and paste images and text into an image macro format. And so TikTok, I think, really, in a way, it made the Internet a little more normal and it makes it very accessible to people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The live streaming platform Twitch was another way that all kinds of people were getting online and broadcasting themselves, especially during that time when so many of us were indoors online. And Aidan notes this shift in the way that politicians and political commentators are communicating with their audiences. Streamers like Hasan Piker become staple political pundits for Gen Z. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There always was YouTubers who are out there, you know, making these videos, speaking directly to camera. And I think there is a certain intimacy to that kind of form. And so I think this sort of new class of political content creators start to rise by, in a way, doing the tactics that other types of influencers do, building these strong parasocial relationships, but also by, you know, definitely doing the infotainment thing. And for me, the big difference between past types of video person talking about you political media and like Twitch and Tik Tok is people often sort of want the Twitch people and the Tik Tok people to use a very informal register and kind of make it so politics isn’t the thing. You know, you feel like you have to put on your suit and tie or you have to like use the SAT words. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And speaking of Twitch, another huge moment of 2020 and Internet culture was AOC’s Among Us stream where she streams with not just political influencers, but also like like huge creators who were mostly like gaming centered or like just talking centered but never touched politics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Among Us Stream:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Is that is that weird? To just call you AOC? \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>AOC:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">No. No. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Among Us Stream:\u003c/i>\u003c/b> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What’s your preferance. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>AOC: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You guys can call me AOC. Mike Pence can’t call me AOC, but you guys can definitely call me AOC. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Among Us Stream: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All right. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ci>Among Us Stream: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Okay. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like what? Like, why was that so impactful? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That was really impact. I regret, actually, that I wasn’t able to log on to that. I heard about it afterwards. I was upset that I didn’t get to go. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was very fun because every time they brought someone on, I was like corpse husband. Like I was like, who? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s historic you’re on the live wow! \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I know. It was crazy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. So I feel like that matters because, like I’m saying, you often feel like politics is like a suit and tie thing. You’re like, Congresswoman Ocasio-Cortez and now suddenly she’s out here chilling out that Twitch stream, you know? And it makes you feel as if you’re being listened to, that your hobbies are being recognized as I think gamers, you know, rightly or wrongly, sometimes feel like they’re looked down upon by mainstream polite society or it’s seen as frivolous. And now that politicians are engaging with you here and kind of saying, oh this is a worthwhile thing to do with your time, you know, your lifestyle, the way you live, kind of recognizing that and being there with people in that zone is a way of recognizing them and making them feel seen and valued, which I think is a big thing we want from politicians. In addition to, you know, policy. People care about feeling recognized, about feeling like the story of them their lives is told. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This direct connection between politicians and online communities is showing up even stronger today in the 2024 election. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think this year really is about reaching out to people, being in the places where they spend time, which more and more often is online. You know, if the Aidn Ross listeners are going to vote for Trump, then I think they’re more likely to turn out if they feel that Trump is like in the zone, you know, taking them seriously. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When I talk to Rahaf, the digital anthropologist, she pointed out that our social media feeds today are so individualized — it’s like they all exist in different realities. Aidan made a similar point. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I would describe it by thinking structurally about the platforms. So I think you have more separation between sort of where people who would vote Democrat are posting and where people who would vote for Trump are posting. I think they’re seeing less of each other. And so that’s certainly something that’s impacting the election. I think 2016, 2020, it was we were all in one pot together. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We were all yelling at each other. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yelling at each other. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Right. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And now, I mean, especially with Twitter, like I still go on and you kind of can’t go on Twitter without like seeing five crypto scans and, you know, various whatever, that kind of guy. But I find myself, you know, spending more time on Tiktok, spending more time on Instagram and kind of being in these places where everybody, you know, would agree with me. And you could say that there’s negative things to that like echo chamber. But I think it’s also positive in that it makes me feel more like I belong online. And I think a lot of people have that experience and get that sense of with these memes about the campaign feeling like they’re included, like they’re being listened to. And it also, I think, allows it to ferment and kind of get stronger and, you know, kind of the the pure, you know, shot of, you know, brat summer energy is there. Because the Internet, I think is very separated by kind of partizan group, here’s this sense among posters that, you know, this is our platform or Tiktok is for us, you know, or when the Tiktok ban happened, there are a lot of people who said it’s because, you know, we’re very pro-Palestine on this platform. But however well, Tiktok or whatever platform works for your side, I think it’s working just as well for the other side and sort of studying conspiracy theories, looking into memes and stuff. It’s clear that these same dynamics of viral spread of, you know, really intense in-group feeling and kind of closed communities serve every cause of the spectrum, regardless of how good or bad or fringe or mainstream it is. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Okay. So we had talked earlier about how so much of the Internet is so siloed now by political party or by, you know, political leanings. But what are your predictions for how this will affect the internet going forward? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So I think in a way, the most powerful force will be parasocial relationships. And I would imagine that twitch streamers and content creators are going to be more politicized than they are right now. In part, because they’ll maybe find themselves inside of these silos where sort of intense political feeling and pressure will build and they’ll be pushed towards it or because, you know, they’ll literally be seen as the thought leaders, as the, you know, charismatic figures. And I think we will see a Twitch streamer president maybe within our lifetimes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Omg I fear it but I can’t wait for it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, it’ll be amazing. He’ll just be like, chat, is this real? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I know the press conferences will be so fun. I mean, like, yeah, I can’t wait til we’re emoting in press conferences. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. State of the Union Livestream. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oh god. Yeah. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aidan Walker: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And that wraps up our deep dive for today. We’ve traced our way from the very first campaign websites all the way to candidates colliding with streamers. As the line between online and offline realities gets fuzzier, will the boundary between influencer and candidate also start to blur. Let’s just get through this election first, shall we? For now, it’s time to close all of these tabs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Morgan Sung: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Close All Tabs\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is a production of KQED Studios, and is reported and hosted by me, Morgan Sung. Our managing producer is Chris Egusa. Our producer is Maya Cueva. Jen Chien edited the series and is KQED’s director of podcasts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Original music and sound design by Chris Egusa. Additional music by APM. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Audience engagement support from Maha Sanad. Katie Sprenger is our Podcast Operations Manager. Holly Kernan is our Chief Content Officer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A special shout out to the team at \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Political Breakdown\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for letting us share our episodes on their feed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’d love to hear what you think of the series! Hit us up at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"mailto:podcasts@kqed.org\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">podcasts@kqed.org\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, that’s podcasts with an “s.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thanks for listening! \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>"
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-francisco\">San Francisco\u003c/a> Fire Marshal Ken Cofflin is proposing new safety regulations for electric vehicle charging stations as concerns grow over lithium-ion battery explosions during charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2024, the San Francisco Fire Department recorded approximately 15 incidents involving lithium-ion battery explosions across the city — not just in electric cars but also in scooters, bikes and even a \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/sffdpio/status/1839375192273162481?s=12&t=9Xd5t52h703PlyNOIm4Eag\">leaf-blower\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cofflin, who will present his proposal to the San Francisco Fire Commission on Wednesday, is urging the city to mandate advanced sprinkler systems for parking spaces equipped with electric vehicle charging stations to address the heightened fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While existing codes already require fire-sprinkler protection, Cofflin’s proposal calls for increasing the water flow capacity of these systems, improving their ability to handle the fire risks from lithium-ion battery incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his presentation notes, Cofflin emphasizes the need to update charging station standards, describing lithium-ion batteries and EV charging as “a potential high fire hazard condition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also wrote that electric vehicles that charge in enclosed spaces, like parking garages, “significantly increase fire-life safety hazards to building occupants, structure, adjacent vehicles, and First Responders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cofflin’s proposal comes at a crucial time, following the city receiving a $15 million federal grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Charging and Fueling Infrastructure Grant Program, aimed at expanding and improving access to EV charging stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_12020242 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/04/GettyImages-1383559813-1020x660.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sf.gov/news--san-francisco-wins-15-million-grant-meet-growing-demand-ev-charging-throughout-city\">press release\u003c/a> last week, the Office of the Mayor announced plans to expand the city’s current number of total charging ports by 30%, aiming to install 300 new charging stations citywide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lithium-ion batteries, when overheated or defective, are prone to exploding, causing a potential range of fires. A class-action \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/56388292/Desparrois_v_Chervon_North_America,_Inc\">lawsuit \u003c/a>was filed this week against Chevron, a global provider of power tools, due to 100 reports of thermal incidents involving the company’s lithium-ion batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Monterey Bay County, a state of emergency was declared Tuesday night due to the Vistra Energy battery power storage facility \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12022725/massive-fire-monterey-county-battery-plant-spews-toxic-smoke-forces-evacuations\">fire \u003c/a>in Moss Landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant, which is the largest lithium-ion battery storage facility in the world, could not be directly extinguished by crews, as lithium-ion battery fires burn at abnormally high temperatures and are difficult to put out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle charging purposes aren’t nearly as large or powerful as those in the Vistra Energy facility, their properties still pose a challenge for firefighters and other first responders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cofflin acknowledged this, highlighting the difficulty of “extinguishment of an inaccessible fire due to extreme temperatures and concealed batteries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Fire Department Captain Jonathan Baxter also stressed the potential hazards surrounding lithium-ion batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While these batteries offer efficient power, mishandling, improper use, charging, or storage can lead to overheating, fires, and even explosions,” he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baxter said that overcharging, storing the batteries in direct sunlight and tears in the charging cables can all increase the risk of fire hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As lithium-ion batteries become more prevalent in our daily lives, it’s crucial to prioritize safety,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>State Sen. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/scott-wiener\">Scott Wiener (\u003c/a>D-San Francisco) unveiled his plans on Wednesday for\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53\"> a bill\u003c/a> that would create safety guardrails around the development of artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This bill would establish safeguards for the development of AI frontier models, and that would build state capacity for the use of AI,” the draft language now in place declares. Wiener plans to deliver a more detailed bill in about a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 53 is the latest salvo from the senate budget chair, whose\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101906887/californias-controversial-bill-to-regulate-ai\"> first bill\u003c/a> threatening to regulate large language model developers was\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12007087/california-blinks-governor-newsom-vetoes-ai-bill-aimed-at-catastrophic-harms\"> vetoed\u003c/a> by Gov. Gavin Newsom last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We immediately got to work talking to both supporters and critics of that bill, trying to figure out if there’s a path forward, if we can build more support,” Wiener told KQED. “The goal here is to produce good policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener’s previous AI safety bill,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12000892/ai-safety-testing-bill-heads-for-a-floor-vote-in-sacramento-taking-heavy-fire-from-silicon-valley\"> SB-1947\u003c/a>, drew international attention and controversy because it proposed establishing the toughest safety-testing standards in the United States for the largest generative AI models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_12007087 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/GettyImages-2171266139-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of Newsom’s veto message, his office announced the establishment of an AI working group, which includes experts at Stanford and UC Berkeley. Wiener said his legislation could incorporate the work of Newsom’s \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/2024-12/20241211_Joint_CA_AI_Update.pdf\">AI group\u003c/a>, although its first policy recommendations are not expected until this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t wait until the summer to introduce a bill,” Wiener said. “But once those recommendations come out, we’re going to be taking a close look at them, and we could potentially include some or all of those recommendations in our bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s office did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener said he still has the support of Amazon’s Anthropic, based in San Francisco, which helped to redraft SB 1047 to allay concerns from some in Silicon Valley that regulating AI could chill innovation in the still-nascent field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthropic declined to comment for this story. Wiener said his office is talking to other tech companies as well but declined to name them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Legislature is on record that it is able and willing to grapple with catastrophic AI risks,” said Wiener, the chair of the Senate Budget Committee. “The governor disagreed, and I respect his decision, even though I disagree with him. But the governor also made very clear in his detailed veto message that he recognizes this is an issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We immediately got to work talking to both supporters and critics of that bill, trying to figure out if there’s a path forward, if we can build more support,” Wiener told KQED. “The goal here is to produce good policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener’s previous AI safety bill,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12000892/ai-safety-testing-bill-heads-for-a-floor-vote-in-sacramento-taking-heavy-fire-from-silicon-valley\"> SB-1947\u003c/a>, drew international attention and controversy because it proposed establishing the toughest safety-testing standards in the United States for the largest generative AI models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of Newsom’s veto message, his office announced the establishment of an AI working group, which includes experts at Stanford and UC Berkeley. Wiener said his legislation could incorporate the work of Newsom’s \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/2024-12/20241211_Joint_CA_AI_Update.pdf\">AI group\u003c/a>, although its first policy recommendations are not expected until this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t wait until the summer to introduce a bill,” Wiener said. “But once those recommendations come out, we’re going to be taking a close look at them, and we could potentially include some or all of those recommendations in our bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s office did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener said he still has the support of Amazon’s Anthropic, based in San Francisco, which helped to redraft SB 1047 to allay concerns from some in Silicon Valley that regulating AI could chill innovation in the still-nascent field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthropic declined to comment for this story. Wiener said his office is talking to other tech companies as well but declined to name them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Legislature is on record that it is able and willing to grapple with catastrophic AI risks,” said Wiener, the chair of the Senate Budget Committee. “The governor disagreed, and I respect his decision, even though I disagree with him. But the governor also made very clear in his detailed veto message that he recognizes this is an issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Google made a big splash \u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/technology/research/google-willow-quantum-chip/\">unveiling Willow, a quantum chip\u003c/a> that, among other things, needs just five minutes to solve a problem that would take conventional supercomputers around 10 septillion years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a 1 followed by 25 zeros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of quantum computing as turbo-charged computing. The classical computer in your laptop or phone uses binary bits to process information — either a 0 or a 1, either on or off. Everything a computer does, whether simple or complex, is the result of billions of zeros and ones working together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quantum bit, or qubit, sits in a state of possibility between a 0 and a 1. A qubit exists in a superposition, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics where a quantum system exists in multiple states at the same time. When measured, it collapses to either 0 or 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an interaction between two qubits is engineered — what quantum experts refer to as “entanglement” — the qubits consider interconnected possibilities simultaneously, processing information in ways standard computers simply can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019338\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019338\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the floor of the Q2B conference at the Santa Clara Convention Center on December 10, 2024. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We just built a fabulous new quantum chip, and we used it to do two interesting computations with it,” said Hartmut Neven, the founder of \u003ca href=\"https://quantumai.google/\">Google Quantum AI\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, there’s not a long list of practical applications for quantum computing, but when you want to crunch a lot of data fast, quantum computing might be the tool companies use. Especially if corporations want to develop new drugs, car batteries or nuclear reactors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers who work for a living should care because one day, quantum computing is going to break out of the lab and into your daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neven made the big announcement about Willow at the \u003ca href=\"https://q2b.qcware.com/2024-conferences/silicon-valley/\">Q2B\u003c/a> conference in Santa Clara last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1995370 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/20240506_EVFile-9_qed-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a sigh of relief in the community overall that certain things that were theoretically predicted, like how to do error correction, and that’s a technical term for an important technique you need … it was, in theory, always understood that this should work,” Neven said. “But we showed it for the first time in practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quantum researchers KQED spoke to at the conference applauded Google’s announcement, and not just because it pushes quantum computing forward. Venture capital investment in quantum computing research has dropped in the last two years due in part to the growing interest and investment in AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the European quantum computer manufacturer \u003ca href=\"https://www.meetiqm.com/newsroom/press-releases/state-of-quantum-report-2024#:~:text=A%2050%25%20drop%20occurred%20in,%241.2%20billion%20in%202023%20globally\">IQM\u003c/a>, there’s been a 50% drop in venture capital invested into quantum startups in two years — from $2.2 billion in 2022 to around $1.2 billion in 2023. The hope is that Willow restores interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that Google is doing this work, along with others like IBM, is really wonderful for the industry,” said David Rivas, chief technology officer of Berkeley-based Rigetti Computing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not to say the world needs to choose between the two technologies. Quantum experts see scientists using Generative AI and quantum in tandem — if not now, then sometime in the near future. Quantum computing could help AI tackle higher-dimensional, probabilistic and optimization-heavy challenges like, for instance, delivering a short list of possible treatments for diseases AI could focus on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are two different technologies. Both will turn out to be the most transformational of our time,” Neven said. “But there are many things that AI or machine learning can do that quantum mechanics would be much better suited to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Google made a big splash \u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/technology/research/google-willow-quantum-chip/\">unveiling Willow, a quantum chip\u003c/a> that, among other things, needs just five minutes to solve a problem that would take conventional supercomputers around 10 septillion years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a 1 followed by 25 zeros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of quantum computing as turbo-charged computing. The classical computer in your laptop or phone uses binary bits to process information — either a 0 or a 1, either on or off. Everything a computer does, whether simple or complex, is the result of billions of zeros and ones working together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quantum bit, or qubit, sits in a state of possibility between a 0 and a 1. A qubit exists in a superposition, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics where a quantum system exists in multiple states at the same time. When measured, it collapses to either 0 or 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an interaction between two qubits is engineered — what quantum experts refer to as “entanglement” — the qubits consider interconnected possibilities simultaneously, processing information in ways standard computers simply can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019338\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019338\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/QuantumAI-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the floor of the Q2B conference at the Santa Clara Convention Center on December 10, 2024. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We just built a fabulous new quantum chip, and we used it to do two interesting computations with it,” said Hartmut Neven, the founder of \u003ca href=\"https://quantumai.google/\">Google Quantum AI\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, there’s not a long list of practical applications for quantum computing, but when you want to crunch a lot of data fast, quantum computing might be the tool companies use. Especially if corporations want to develop new drugs, car batteries or nuclear reactors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers who work for a living should care because one day, quantum computing is going to break out of the lab and into your daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neven made the big announcement about Willow at the \u003ca href=\"https://q2b.qcware.com/2024-conferences/silicon-valley/\">Q2B\u003c/a> conference in Santa Clara last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a sigh of relief in the community overall that certain things that were theoretically predicted, like how to do error correction, and that’s a technical term for an important technique you need … it was, in theory, always understood that this should work,” Neven said. “But we showed it for the first time in practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quantum researchers KQED spoke to at the conference applauded Google’s announcement, and not just because it pushes quantum computing forward. Venture capital investment in quantum computing research has dropped in the last two years due in part to the growing interest and investment in AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the European quantum computer manufacturer \u003ca href=\"https://www.meetiqm.com/newsroom/press-releases/state-of-quantum-report-2024#:~:text=A%2050%25%20drop%20occurred%20in,%241.2%20billion%20in%202023%20globally\">IQM\u003c/a>, there’s been a 50% drop in venture capital invested into quantum startups in two years — from $2.2 billion in 2022 to around $1.2 billion in 2023. The hope is that Willow restores interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that Google is doing this work, along with others like IBM, is really wonderful for the industry,” said David Rivas, chief technology officer of Berkeley-based Rigetti Computing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not to say the world needs to choose between the two technologies. Quantum experts see scientists using Generative AI and quantum in tandem — if not now, then sometime in the near future. Quantum computing could help AI tackle higher-dimensional, probabilistic and optimization-heavy challenges like, for instance, delivering a short list of possible treatments for diseases AI could focus on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are two different technologies. Both will turn out to be the most transformational of our time,” Neven said. “But there are many things that AI or machine learning can do that quantum mechanics would be much better suited to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A hack this month on the world’s largest archive of the internet — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1151702292/how-do-you-create-an-internet-archive-of-all-human-knowledge\">whose mission\u003c/a> is to provide “universal access to all knowledge” — has compromised millions of users’ information and forced a temporary shutdown of its services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attack on the Internet Archive leaked identifying information from more than 31 million user accounts, including patron email addresses and encrypted passwords, according to the website \u003ca href=\"https://haveibeenpwned.com/\">Have I Been Pwnd\u003c/a>, which tracks accounts that may be compromised in a data breach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"more on cybersecurity\" tag=\"cybersecurity\"]The Internet Archive, a nonprofit based in San Francisco that operates on a shoestring budget, provides free access to its enormous digitized library of websites, current and past software applications and print materials. The organization said its vast cache of archival material “is safe” following the breach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IA said that it took down the entire site temporarily to “access and improve our security.” By Friday, most of its services were back online, including its archive tool of websites, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1151702292/how-do-you-create-an-internet-archive-of-all-human-knowledge\">the Wayback Machine\u003c/a>. The IA said it was working “around the clock” and through the weekend to restore the rest of its services securely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In coming days, more services will resume, some starting in read-only mode as full restoration will take more time,” read a blog entry from IA founder \u003ca href=\"https://blog.archive.org/2024/10/18/internet-archive-services-update-2024-10-17/\">Brewster Kahle posted Friday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the attack surfaced on Oct. 9, with visitors to archive.org sharing screenshots showing that the website’s JavaScript had been defaced with a message that the Internet Archive had been breached:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]“Have you ever felt like the Internet Archive runs on sticks and is constantly on the verge of suffering a catastrophic security breach? It just happened. See 31 million of you on [Have I Been Pwnd],” read the JavaScript alert that momentarily appeared on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking a cautious, deliberate approach to rebuild and strengthen our defenses. Our priority is ensuring the Internet Archive comes online stronger and more secure,” Kahle said in his blog post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted other recent cyberattacks on libraries — the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bl.uk/cyber-incident/\">British Library\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-public-library-still-reeling-from-may-cyberattack/\">Seattle Public Library\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-library-ransomware-recovery-1.7126412\">Toronto Public Library\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-public-library-investigation-cyberattack-1.7353097\">Calgary Public Library\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope these attacks are not indicative of a trend,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, the Internet Archive saw its first attack since its founding in 1996, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/10/18/internet-archive-hack-wayback/\">Kahle told\u003cem> The Washington Post\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, and intermittent outages have followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/03/30/823797545/authors-publishers-condemn-the-national-emergency-library-as-piracy\">2020\u003c/a>, the Internet Archive has been dogged by lawsuits over its digitization of \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/internet-archive-loses-hachette-books-case-appeal/\">copyrighted books\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/internet-archive-major-label-music-lawsuit-1235105273/\">music\u003c/a>. Kahle told the \u003cem>Post \u003c/em>the costly fines from the lawsuits could amount to a death blow for the archive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit has yet to share further updates on the breach of sensitive information. NPR has reached out to the Internet Archive for more details about the attack and how its patrons were affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A hack this month on the world’s largest archive of the internet — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1151702292/how-do-you-create-an-internet-archive-of-all-human-knowledge\">whose mission\u003c/a> is to provide “universal access to all knowledge” — has compromised millions of users’ information and forced a temporary shutdown of its services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attack on the Internet Archive leaked identifying information from more than 31 million user accounts, including patron email addresses and encrypted passwords, according to the website \u003ca href=\"https://haveibeenpwned.com/\">Have I Been Pwnd\u003c/a>, which tracks accounts that may be compromised in a data breach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Internet Archive, a nonprofit based in San Francisco that operates on a shoestring budget, provides free access to its enormous digitized library of websites, current and past software applications and print materials. The organization said its vast cache of archival material “is safe” following the breach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IA said that it took down the entire site temporarily to “access and improve our security.” By Friday, most of its services were back online, including its archive tool of websites, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/1151702292/how-do-you-create-an-internet-archive-of-all-human-knowledge\">the Wayback Machine\u003c/a>. The IA said it was working “around the clock” and through the weekend to restore the rest of its services securely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In coming days, more services will resume, some starting in read-only mode as full restoration will take more time,” read a blog entry from IA founder \u003ca href=\"https://blog.archive.org/2024/10/18/internet-archive-services-update-2024-10-17/\">Brewster Kahle posted Friday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the attack surfaced on Oct. 9, with visitors to archive.org sharing screenshots showing that the website’s JavaScript had been defaced with a message that the Internet Archive had been breached:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Have you ever felt like the Internet Archive runs on sticks and is constantly on the verge of suffering a catastrophic security breach? It just happened. See 31 million of you on [Have I Been Pwnd],” read the JavaScript alert that momentarily appeared on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking a cautious, deliberate approach to rebuild and strengthen our defenses. Our priority is ensuring the Internet Archive comes online stronger and more secure,” Kahle said in his blog post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted other recent cyberattacks on libraries — the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bl.uk/cyber-incident/\">British Library\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-public-library-still-reeling-from-may-cyberattack/\">Seattle Public Library\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-library-ransomware-recovery-1.7126412\">Toronto Public Library\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-public-library-investigation-cyberattack-1.7353097\">Calgary Public Library\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope these attacks are not indicative of a trend,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, the Internet Archive saw its first attack since its founding in 1996, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/10/18/internet-archive-hack-wayback/\">Kahle told\u003cem> The Washington Post\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, and intermittent outages have followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/03/30/823797545/authors-publishers-condemn-the-national-emergency-library-as-piracy\">2020\u003c/a>, the Internet Archive has been dogged by lawsuits over its digitization of \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/internet-archive-loses-hachette-books-case-appeal/\">copyrighted books\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/internet-archive-major-label-music-lawsuit-1235105273/\">music\u003c/a>. Kahle told the \u003cem>Post \u003c/em>the costly fines from the lawsuits could amount to a death blow for the archive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit has yet to share further updates on the breach of sensitive information. NPR has reached out to the Internet Archive for more details about the attack and how its patrons were affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Investigate Tesla After Deadly 'Full Self-Driving' Crash",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. government’s road safety agency is investigating Tesla’s “Full Self-Driving” system after getting reports of crashes in low-visibility conditions, including one that killed a pedestrian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said in documents that it opened the probe on Thursday after the company reported four crashes when Teslas encountered sun glare, fog and airborne dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the pedestrian’s death, another crash involved an injury, the agency said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators will look into the ability of “Full Self-Driving” to “detect and respond appropriately to reduced roadway visibility conditions, and if so, the contributing circumstances for these crashes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation covers roughly 2.4 million Teslas from the 2016 through 2024 model years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A message was left early Friday seeking comment from Tesla, which has repeatedly said the system cannot drive itself and human drivers must be ready to intervene at all times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Tesla held an event at a Hollywood studio to unveil a fully autonomous robotaxi without a steering wheel or pedals. Musk, who has promised autonomous vehicles before, said the company plans to have autonomous Models Y and 3 running without human drivers next year. Robotaxis without steering wheels would be available in 2026, starting in California and Texas, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11997842\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11997842\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elon Musk at an event on June 19, 2024, in Cannes, France. \u003ccite>(Marc Piasecki/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The investigation’s impact on Tesla’s self-driving ambitions isn’t clear. NHTSA would have to approve any robotaxi without pedals or a steering wheel, and it’s unlikely that would happen while the investigation is in progress. However, if the company tries to deploy autonomous vehicles in its existing models, that likely would fall to state regulations. There are no federal regulations specifically focused on autonomous vehicles, although they must meet broader safety rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NHTSA also said it would look into whether any other similar crashes involving “Full Self-Driving” have happened in low visibility conditions, and it will seek information from the company on whether any updates affected the system’s performance in those conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In particular, this review will assess the timing, purpose and capabilities of any such updates, as well as Tesla’s assessment of their safety impact,” the documents said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Related Coverage' tag='tesla']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla reported the four crashes to NHTSA under an order from the agency covering all automakers. An agency database said the pedestrian was killed in Rimrock, Arizona, in November of 2023 after being hit by a 2021 Tesla Model Y. Rimrock is about 100 miles north of Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arizona Department of Public Safety said in a statement that the crash happened just after 5 p.m. Nov. 27 on Interstate 17. Two vehicles collided on the freeway, blocking the left lane. A Toyota 4Runner stopped, and two people got out to help with traffic control. A red Tesla Model Y then hit the 4Runner and one of the people who exited from it. A 71-year-old woman from Mesa, Arizona, was pronounced dead at the scene. Further details weren’t immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla has twice recalled “Full Self-Driving” under pressure from NHTSA, which in July sought information from law enforcement and the company after a Tesla using the system struck and killed a motorcyclist near Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recalls were issued because the system was programmed to run stop signs at slow speeds and because the system disobeyed other traffic laws. Both problems were to be fixed with online software updates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have said that Tesla’s system, which uses only cameras to spot hazards, doesn’t have proper sensors to be fully self-driving. Nearly all other companies working on autonomous vehicles use radar and laser sensors in addition to cameras to see better in the dark or poor visibility conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has said that humans drive with only eyesight, so cars should be able to drive with just cameras. He has called lidar (light detection and ranging), which uses lasers to detect objects, a “fool’s errand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11872864\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11872864\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Tesla Fremont Factory on May 12, 2020, in Fremont, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “Full Self-Driving” recalls arrived after a three-year investigation into Tesla’s less-sophisticated Autopilot system crashing into emergency and other vehicles parked on highways, many with warning lights flashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That investigation was closed last April after the agency pressured Tesla into recalling its vehicles to bolster a weak system that made sure drivers were paying attention. A few weeks after the recall, NHTSA began investigating whether the recall was working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NHTSA began its Autopilot crash investigation in 2021 after receiving 11 reports that Teslas that were using Autopilot struck parked emergency vehicles. In documents explaining why the investigation was ended, NHTSA said it ultimately found 467 crashes involving Autopilot, resulting in 54 injuries and 14 deaths. Autopilot is a fancy version of cruise control, while “Full Self-Driving” has been billed by Musk as capable of driving without human intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation that was opened Thursday enters new territory for NHTSA, which previously had viewed Tesla’s systems as assisting drivers rather than driving themselves. With the new probe, the agency focuses on the capabilities of “Full Self-Driving” rather than simply ensuring drivers are paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Brooks, executive director of the nonprofit Center for Auto Safety, said the previous investigation of Autopilot didn’t look at why the Teslas weren’t seeing and stopping for emergency vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before, they were kind of putting the onus on the driver rather than the car,” he said. “Here they’re saying these systems are not capable of appropriately detecting safety hazards whether the drivers are paying attention or not.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. government’s road safety agency is investigating Tesla’s “Full Self-Driving” system after getting reports of crashes in low-visibility conditions, including one that killed a pedestrian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said in documents that it opened the probe on Thursday after the company reported four crashes when Teslas encountered sun glare, fog and airborne dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the pedestrian’s death, another crash involved an injury, the agency said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators will look into the ability of “Full Self-Driving” to “detect and respond appropriately to reduced roadway visibility conditions, and if so, the contributing circumstances for these crashes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation covers roughly 2.4 million Teslas from the 2016 through 2024 model years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A message was left early Friday seeking comment from Tesla, which has repeatedly said the system cannot drive itself and human drivers must be ready to intervene at all times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Tesla held an event at a Hollywood studio to unveil a fully autonomous robotaxi without a steering wheel or pedals. Musk, who has promised autonomous vehicles before, said the company plans to have autonomous Models Y and 3 running without human drivers next year. Robotaxis without steering wheels would be available in 2026, starting in California and Texas, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11997842\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11997842\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/07/GettyImages-2158244120.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elon Musk at an event on June 19, 2024, in Cannes, France. \u003ccite>(Marc Piasecki/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The investigation’s impact on Tesla’s self-driving ambitions isn’t clear. NHTSA would have to approve any robotaxi without pedals or a steering wheel, and it’s unlikely that would happen while the investigation is in progress. However, if the company tries to deploy autonomous vehicles in its existing models, that likely would fall to state regulations. There are no federal regulations specifically focused on autonomous vehicles, although they must meet broader safety rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NHTSA also said it would look into whether any other similar crashes involving “Full Self-Driving” have happened in low visibility conditions, and it will seek information from the company on whether any updates affected the system’s performance in those conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In particular, this review will assess the timing, purpose and capabilities of any such updates, as well as Tesla’s assessment of their safety impact,” the documents said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla reported the four crashes to NHTSA under an order from the agency covering all automakers. An agency database said the pedestrian was killed in Rimrock, Arizona, in November of 2023 after being hit by a 2021 Tesla Model Y. Rimrock is about 100 miles north of Phoenix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arizona Department of Public Safety said in a statement that the crash happened just after 5 p.m. Nov. 27 on Interstate 17. Two vehicles collided on the freeway, blocking the left lane. A Toyota 4Runner stopped, and two people got out to help with traffic control. A red Tesla Model Y then hit the 4Runner and one of the people who exited from it. A 71-year-old woman from Mesa, Arizona, was pronounced dead at the scene. Further details weren’t immediately available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla has twice recalled “Full Self-Driving” under pressure from NHTSA, which in July sought information from law enforcement and the company after a Tesla using the system struck and killed a motorcyclist near Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recalls were issued because the system was programmed to run stop signs at slow speeds and because the system disobeyed other traffic laws. Both problems were to be fixed with online software updates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have said that Tesla’s system, which uses only cameras to spot hazards, doesn’t have proper sensors to be fully self-driving. Nearly all other companies working on autonomous vehicles use radar and laser sensors in addition to cameras to see better in the dark or poor visibility conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has said that humans drive with only eyesight, so cars should be able to drive with just cameras. He has called lidar (light detection and ranging), which uses lasers to detect objects, a “fool’s errand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11872864\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11872864\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/05/1920_GettyImages-1224454538-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Tesla Fremont Factory on May 12, 2020, in Fremont, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “Full Self-Driving” recalls arrived after a three-year investigation into Tesla’s less-sophisticated Autopilot system crashing into emergency and other vehicles parked on highways, many with warning lights flashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That investigation was closed last April after the agency pressured Tesla into recalling its vehicles to bolster a weak system that made sure drivers were paying attention. A few weeks after the recall, NHTSA began investigating whether the recall was working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NHTSA began its Autopilot crash investigation in 2021 after receiving 11 reports that Teslas that were using Autopilot struck parked emergency vehicles. In documents explaining why the investigation was ended, NHTSA said it ultimately found 467 crashes involving Autopilot, resulting in 54 injuries and 14 deaths. Autopilot is a fancy version of cruise control, while “Full Self-Driving” has been billed by Musk as capable of driving without human intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation that was opened Thursday enters new territory for NHTSA, which previously had viewed Tesla’s systems as assisting drivers rather than driving themselves. With the new probe, the agency focuses on the capabilities of “Full Self-Driving” rather than simply ensuring drivers are paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Brooks, executive director of the nonprofit Center for Auto Safety, said the previous investigation of Autopilot didn’t look at why the Teslas weren’t seeing and stopping for emergency vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before, they were kind of putting the onus on the driver rather than the car,” he said. “Here they’re saying these systems are not capable of appropriately detecting safety hazards whether the drivers are paying attention or not.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/california\">California\u003c/a> and New York are leading the charge of more than a dozen states suing\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tiktok\"> TikTok\u003c/a>, accusing the social media giant of designing addictive features to keep kids hooked on the platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 81-page, heavily redacted complaint filed by California Attorney General Rob Bonta in Santa Clara County on Tuesday alleges that TikTok violated California’s Unfair Competition Law and False Advertising Law by collecting the personal information of young users. It also claims that the company’s scheme of purported safety features and tools misled the public about the app’s dangers and instead promoted harmful content to children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta and New York Attorney General Letitia Brown co-led the coalition of attorneys general from 13 states and the District of Columbia, with each filing its own lawsuit alleging that TikTok violated consumer laws and damaged the mental health of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta’s office started investigating TikTok’s potential harms in 2022. California filed a similar lawsuit against Facebook’s parent company, Meta, last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a Tuesday press conference at the San Francisco Public Library, Bonta called youth addiction “a key and central pillar to TikTok’s business model.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They specifically prey on young people’s vulnerabilities and their developing brains,” Bonta said. “They have an algorithm that’s designed to suck our kids in and keep them on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12008466\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12008466\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1498\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-1536x1150.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Rob Bonta is leading a multi-state lawsuit against TikTok, accusing the company of exploiting and harming young users. Bonta filed the suit in Santa Clara County Superior Court and announced the action at San Francisco’s main library on Tuesday. \u003ccite>(Dan Kitwood/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bonta outlined several features of the app that state regulators say harm the mental health of young people — especially girls — including beauty filters, infinite scrolling, push notifications and likes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The use of these features, which are manipulative and harmful, is intentional,” Bonta said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok spokesperson Jason Grosse told KQED the company strongly disagrees with the claims made by Bonta, which he called “inaccurate and misleading.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re proud of and remain deeply committed to the work we’ve done to protect teens, and we will continue to update and improve our product,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grosse noted that the lawsuit followed more than two years of negotiations with the 12 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly disappointing they have taken this step rather than work with us on constructive solutions to industry-wide challenges,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11999273 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/08/TikTokGetty-1020x706.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok faced Congressional scrutiny last year when CEO Shou Zi Chew was grilled by lawmakers about the safety and security of the immensely popular app. Chew testified that while the vast majority of TikTok users are over 18, the company has invested in measures to protect young people who use the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok also faces legal threats at the federal level. In April, President Joe Biden signed into law legislation to ban or force a sale of TikTok by ByteDance, the app’s parent company. TikTok has 16 million users in California and an outsized influence in Silicon Valley, where it expanded its offices in San Jose earlier this year. According to California’s complaint, San Jose and neighboring Mountain View are “the hub” for the app’s Trust and Safety Team, which protects user data and is intended to specialize in youth safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2022 Pew Research Center \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/08/10/teens-social-media-and-technology-2022/\">report\u003c/a> found that 67% of U.S. teens ages 13-17 use TikTok, and 16% of all teens said they use the app almost constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2024/10/428581/preteens-more-screen-time-tied-depression-anxiety-later\">UCSF study\u003c/a> published Monday found that for preteens, longer screen time increases the likelihood that nine- and 10-year-olds will develop symptoms of mental illness. The lead author, Dr. Jason Nagata, an associate professor of pediatrics at UCSF, pointed out that even though the minimum age requirement for social media use, including TikTok, is 13, the study found that two-thirds of the students had social media accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Robust age verification is not currently present, and many kids are able to lie about their age and get TikTok accounts,” Nagata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study also found that the impact on mental health also varied by race, with Black and Asian youth reporting weaker associations between screen time use and mental health than their white peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is also possible that through social media, minority groups — whether it’s racial or ethnic minorities or even LGBT youth — may be able to connect with others on social media, even if they don’t have that community in their immediate in-person environment,” Nagata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/lesleymcclurg\">Leslie McClurg\u003c/a> contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/california\">California\u003c/a> and New York are leading the charge of more than a dozen states suing\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tiktok\"> TikTok\u003c/a>, accusing the social media giant of designing addictive features to keep kids hooked on the platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 81-page, heavily redacted complaint filed by California Attorney General Rob Bonta in Santa Clara County on Tuesday alleges that TikTok violated California’s Unfair Competition Law and False Advertising Law by collecting the personal information of young users. It also claims that the company’s scheme of purported safety features and tools misled the public about the app’s dangers and instead promoted harmful content to children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta and New York Attorney General Letitia Brown co-led the coalition of attorneys general from 13 states and the District of Columbia, with each filing its own lawsuit alleging that TikTok violated consumer laws and damaged the mental health of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta’s office started investigating TikTok’s potential harms in 2022. California filed a similar lawsuit against Facebook’s parent company, Meta, last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a Tuesday press conference at the San Francisco Public Library, Bonta called youth addiction “a key and central pillar to TikTok’s business model.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They specifically prey on young people’s vulnerabilities and their developing brains,” Bonta said. “They have an algorithm that’s designed to suck our kids in and keep them on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12008466\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12008466\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1498\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-1536x1150.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/TikTokGetty-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Rob Bonta is leading a multi-state lawsuit against TikTok, accusing the company of exploiting and harming young users. Bonta filed the suit in Santa Clara County Superior Court and announced the action at San Francisco’s main library on Tuesday. \u003ccite>(Dan Kitwood/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bonta outlined several features of the app that state regulators say harm the mental health of young people — especially girls — including beauty filters, infinite scrolling, push notifications and likes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The use of these features, which are manipulative and harmful, is intentional,” Bonta said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok spokesperson Jason Grosse told KQED the company strongly disagrees with the claims made by Bonta, which he called “inaccurate and misleading.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re proud of and remain deeply committed to the work we’ve done to protect teens, and we will continue to update and improve our product,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grosse noted that the lawsuit followed more than two years of negotiations with the 12 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly disappointing they have taken this step rather than work with us on constructive solutions to industry-wide challenges,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok faced Congressional scrutiny last year when CEO Shou Zi Chew was grilled by lawmakers about the safety and security of the immensely popular app. Chew testified that while the vast majority of TikTok users are over 18, the company has invested in measures to protect young people who use the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok also faces legal threats at the federal level. In April, President Joe Biden signed into law legislation to ban or force a sale of TikTok by ByteDance, the app’s parent company. TikTok has 16 million users in California and an outsized influence in Silicon Valley, where it expanded its offices in San Jose earlier this year. According to California’s complaint, San Jose and neighboring Mountain View are “the hub” for the app’s Trust and Safety Team, which protects user data and is intended to specialize in youth safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2022 Pew Research Center \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/08/10/teens-social-media-and-technology-2022/\">report\u003c/a> found that 67% of U.S. teens ages 13-17 use TikTok, and 16% of all teens said they use the app almost constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2024/10/428581/preteens-more-screen-time-tied-depression-anxiety-later\">UCSF study\u003c/a> published Monday found that for preteens, longer screen time increases the likelihood that nine- and 10-year-olds will develop symptoms of mental illness. The lead author, Dr. Jason Nagata, an associate professor of pediatrics at UCSF, pointed out that even though the minimum age requirement for social media use, including TikTok, is 13, the study found that two-thirds of the students had social media accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Robust age verification is not currently present, and many kids are able to lie about their age and get TikTok accounts,” Nagata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study also found that the impact on mental health also varied by race, with Black and Asian youth reporting weaker associations between screen time use and mental health than their white peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is also possible that through social media, minority groups — whether it’s racial or ethnic minorities or even LGBT youth — may be able to connect with others on social media, even if they don’t have that community in their immediate in-person environment,” Nagata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/lesleymcclurg\">Leslie McClurg\u003c/a> contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Taylor Swift Endorses Kamala Harris — and Raises Fears of AI Election Misinformation",
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"content": "\u003cp>Taylor Swift’s much-anticipated \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13964057/taylor-swift-endorses-kamala-harris-for-president-after-debate\">endorsement of Vice President Kamala Harris\u003c/a> also called out an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/ai\">AI\u003c/a>-generated image of the pop superstar shared by former President Donald Trump. In doing so, she added her voice to a chorus of concerns over the technology and its potential for election-related misinformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image \u003ca href=\"https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112984762512136574\">reposted by Trump\u003c/a> last month on Truth Social, his right-wing social media platform, shows Swift posing Uncle Sam-style and saying she “wants YOU” to vote for Trump. The former president added a message: “I accept!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Tuesday’s debate, Swift expressed alarm over the doctored image in \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/C_wtAOKOW1z/\">her Instagram post\u003c/a> endorsing Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recently I was made aware that AI of ‘me’ falsely endorsing Donald Trump’s presidential run was posted to his site. It really conjured up my fears around AI and the dangers of spreading misinformation,” she wrote. “It brought me to the conclusion that I need to be very transparent about my actual plans for this election as a voter. The simplest way to combat misinformation is with the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13963687/taylor-swift-fans-election-kamala-harris-trump-swifties\">Swift’s fans\u003c/a> were outraged by the photo — and some called on her to denounce it sooner — one AI expert says that a less partisan and provocative use of AI could pose a bigger threat to election integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas Hansen, a co-founder of the Berkeley-based AI knowledge nonprofit CivAI, said two kinds of AI content are at play in the election: inflammatory posts, like the one of Swift, as well as a post on social media site, X from Elon Musk that shows Harris donning a red suit with a communist hammer and sickle symbol, and other content that’s aimed less at angering voters and more at affecting their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New Hampshire, for example, some voters received robocalls ahead of the March primary election using an assumed AI-generated voice resembling that of President Joe Biden. The calls told voters to “save their vote” for the November general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_12000310 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/08/240815-CITYATTORNEYDEEPFAKES-06-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was discouraging people from turning out to the primary in New Hampshire, and that’s not inflammatory, but it can be substantially more effective,” Hansen said. “I think a lot of the highest impact things that we’ll see before and during the election are of that type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show what AI is capable of, CivAI has been modeling other ways that it could be used to impact voting in the run-up to election day. Hansen said that could look like doctored news articles that resemble real publications publicizing a fake suspected shooting near a polling place or misinformation telling voters that they can avoid paying to park at a polling place by showing up to a certain location during a very tight time frame, “close to when polls close and not a legitimate place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s more likely that voters will be tricked by this kind of AI-generated content than by deepfakes of the candidates or celebrities like Swift, according to Hansen, who expects to see production of this kind of content ramp up — especially in swing states and targeting swing voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another CivAI model shows how AI might use highly personalized content to target voters. One of its demos uses LinkedIn to find out a person’s top concerns and writes them an email about a fake, plausible-sounding tax or regulation supposedly proposed by a candidate on one of those issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen tried it out on his sister, a freelance artist. The email to her said Biden planned to impose additional taxes on freelancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s so targeted and so specific that a lot of people just wouldn’t think that’s possible to do right now at any sort of automated level,” Hansen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Mehta Stein, the executive director of the nonpartisan watchdog group Common Cause, said that conspiracy theorists who believe election fraud is rampant could also use AI to mimic the sophisticated systems that elections officials run to detect duplicate voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can use AI to mimic that work, but with none of the controls and none of the safeguards” that elections officials use, he said. “You can create hugely erroneous lists of voters that you want to challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflammatory content is also still a concern, especially as high-performing AI tools become more accessible. About a month ago, X added a beta version of Grok 2.0 for its premium members, which is an AI image generation feature using a tool from Black Forest Labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first extremely easily available image generation tool that’s high quality,” Hansen told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_12002254 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/08/ScottWienerAP1-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though many people can detect such deepfakes, some are tougher to spot, he said — like one photo posted on X of Trump giving a thumbs up, surrounded by people wearing shirts that say “Walz’s for Trump.” It was captioned, “The *entire* Tim Walz Family just endorsed Donald J. TRUMP for President 2024!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/walz-family-nebraska-trump-elelction-2f2e29586b0e9ebe094ff2cf546e1ae4\">\u003cem>Associated Press\u003c/em>\u003c/a> confirmed that some distant cousins of the Democratic vice presidential nominee did pose for a separate photo in Trump shirts, the image that showed Trump surrounded by supposed Walz relatives was AI-generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen said that even as someone with a lot of experience detecting deepfake images, this one didn’t have any of the normal “tells,” like messed up hands or background blurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he said these images are often debunked and mostly sow division, he “expect[s] that we’ll see a large increase in the volume of those sorts of debates as a result of how accessible Grok is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stein said the most significant risk could be how this content affects voters’ trust in politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The danger is not that 10,000 voters will be deceived by a deepfake and change who they’re voting for,” though it’s possible, he said. “The danger is that 10 million voters who are awash in disinformation between now and Election Day throw up their hands and say, ‘Forget it, I’m not voting at all.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bigger impact of the fake photos of Swift might be her response itself — since her post pointing people to vote.gov, the site has received more than 337,000 visits as of Wednesday afternoon, \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/elenammoore/status/1833936170301960507?s=46&t=7BBzFwo6eYLzJIVfAlumEQ\">according to \u003cem>NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Taylor Swift’s much-anticipated \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13964057/taylor-swift-endorses-kamala-harris-for-president-after-debate\">endorsement of Vice President Kamala Harris\u003c/a> also called out an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/ai\">AI\u003c/a>-generated image of the pop superstar shared by former President Donald Trump. In doing so, she added her voice to a chorus of concerns over the technology and its potential for election-related misinformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image \u003ca href=\"https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112984762512136574\">reposted by Trump\u003c/a> last month on Truth Social, his right-wing social media platform, shows Swift posing Uncle Sam-style and saying she “wants YOU” to vote for Trump. The former president added a message: “I accept!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Tuesday’s debate, Swift expressed alarm over the doctored image in \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/C_wtAOKOW1z/\">her Instagram post\u003c/a> endorsing Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recently I was made aware that AI of ‘me’ falsely endorsing Donald Trump’s presidential run was posted to his site. It really conjured up my fears around AI and the dangers of spreading misinformation,” she wrote. “It brought me to the conclusion that I need to be very transparent about my actual plans for this election as a voter. The simplest way to combat misinformation is with the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13963687/taylor-swift-fans-election-kamala-harris-trump-swifties\">Swift’s fans\u003c/a> were outraged by the photo — and some called on her to denounce it sooner — one AI expert says that a less partisan and provocative use of AI could pose a bigger threat to election integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas Hansen, a co-founder of the Berkeley-based AI knowledge nonprofit CivAI, said two kinds of AI content are at play in the election: inflammatory posts, like the one of Swift, as well as a post on social media site, X from Elon Musk that shows Harris donning a red suit with a communist hammer and sickle symbol, and other content that’s aimed less at angering voters and more at affecting their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New Hampshire, for example, some voters received robocalls ahead of the March primary election using an assumed AI-generated voice resembling that of President Joe Biden. The calls told voters to “save their vote” for the November general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was discouraging people from turning out to the primary in New Hampshire, and that’s not inflammatory, but it can be substantially more effective,” Hansen said. “I think a lot of the highest impact things that we’ll see before and during the election are of that type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show what AI is capable of, CivAI has been modeling other ways that it could be used to impact voting in the run-up to election day. Hansen said that could look like doctored news articles that resemble real publications publicizing a fake suspected shooting near a polling place or misinformation telling voters that they can avoid paying to park at a polling place by showing up to a certain location during a very tight time frame, “close to when polls close and not a legitimate place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s more likely that voters will be tricked by this kind of AI-generated content than by deepfakes of the candidates or celebrities like Swift, according to Hansen, who expects to see production of this kind of content ramp up — especially in swing states and targeting swing voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another CivAI model shows how AI might use highly personalized content to target voters. One of its demos uses LinkedIn to find out a person’s top concerns and writes them an email about a fake, plausible-sounding tax or regulation supposedly proposed by a candidate on one of those issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen tried it out on his sister, a freelance artist. The email to her said Biden planned to impose additional taxes on freelancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s so targeted and so specific that a lot of people just wouldn’t think that’s possible to do right now at any sort of automated level,” Hansen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Mehta Stein, the executive director of the nonpartisan watchdog group Common Cause, said that conspiracy theorists who believe election fraud is rampant could also use AI to mimic the sophisticated systems that elections officials run to detect duplicate voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can use AI to mimic that work, but with none of the controls and none of the safeguards” that elections officials use, he said. “You can create hugely erroneous lists of voters that you want to challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflammatory content is also still a concern, especially as high-performing AI tools become more accessible. About a month ago, X added a beta version of Grok 2.0 for its premium members, which is an AI image generation feature using a tool from Black Forest Labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first extremely easily available image generation tool that’s high quality,” Hansen told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though many people can detect such deepfakes, some are tougher to spot, he said — like one photo posted on X of Trump giving a thumbs up, surrounded by people wearing shirts that say “Walz’s for Trump.” It was captioned, “The *entire* Tim Walz Family just endorsed Donald J. TRUMP for President 2024!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/walz-family-nebraska-trump-elelction-2f2e29586b0e9ebe094ff2cf546e1ae4\">\u003cem>Associated Press\u003c/em>\u003c/a> confirmed that some distant cousins of the Democratic vice presidential nominee did pose for a separate photo in Trump shirts, the image that showed Trump surrounded by supposed Walz relatives was AI-generated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen said that even as someone with a lot of experience detecting deepfake images, this one didn’t have any of the normal “tells,” like messed up hands or background blurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he said these images are often debunked and mostly sow division, he “expect[s] that we’ll see a large increase in the volume of those sorts of debates as a result of how accessible Grok is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stein said the most significant risk could be how this content affects voters’ trust in politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The danger is not that 10,000 voters will be deceived by a deepfake and change who they’re voting for,” though it’s possible, he said. “The danger is that 10 million voters who are awash in disinformation between now and Election Day throw up their hands and say, ‘Forget it, I’m not voting at all.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bigger impact of the fake photos of Swift might be her response itself — since her post pointing people to vote.gov, the site has received more than 337,000 visits as of Wednesday afternoon, \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/elenammoore/status/1833936170301960507?s=46&t=7BBzFwo6eYLzJIVfAlumEQ\">according to \u003cem>NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A study published on Thursday asserts \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tiktok\">TikTok’s\u003c/a> algorithms promote Chinese Communist Party narratives and suppress content critical of those narratives, a claim the embattled company forcefully denied to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titled “\u003ca href=\"https://networkcontagion.us/reports/the-ccps-digital-charm-offensive/\">The CCP’s Digital Charm Offensive\u003c/a>,” the study by the Rutgers University-based Network Contagion Research Institute argues that much of the pro-China content originates from state-linked entities. ByteDance, a Chinese technology company, owns TikTok.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Institute co-founder Joel Finkelstein wrote that includes media outlets and influencers, such as travel vloggers who post toothlessly about Chinese regions like Xinxiang, where the government has \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/against-their-will-the-situation-in-xinjiang\">imprisoned\u003c/a> more than 1 million Uyghurs and other mostly Muslim minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This manipulation is not just about content availability; it extends to psychological manipulation, particularly affecting Gen Z users,” Finkelstein wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While American teenagers do not typically make geo-political decisions, Finkelstein argued a positively skewed view of China shaped by manipulation “undermines critical thinking and democratic discourse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCRI said in its report that “our findings, which, while not definitive proof of state orchestration, present compelling and strong circumstantial evidence of TikTok’s covert content manipulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TikTok has repeatedly said the Chinese government has no influence over its U.S. app, and proving otherwise would be difficult — something that the Department of Justice has acknowledged in \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/legislation-that-could-force-a-tiktok-ban-revived-as-part-of-house-foreign-aid-package\">discussions\u003c/a> over a law that could ban the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=news_11998860 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/08/XSFGetty-1020x598.jpg']\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCRI’s report could add to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.techpolicy.press/transcript-tiktok-ceo-testifies-to-congress/\">surge of concern\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C. Other research outfits \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/17/technology/israel-hamas-war-meta-tiktok-social-media.html\">have urged\u003c/a> TikTok to give them better access to data to study things like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/tiktok-risks-pushing-children-towards-harmful-content/\">mental health\u003c/a> of young users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to understand how social media works from the outside is difficult and getting more difficult because social media is tightening their grip on access,” said Hany Farid of UC Berkeley’s School of Information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://networkcontagion.us/reports/12-21-23-a-tik-tok-in-timebomb-how-tiktoks-global-platform-anomalies-align-with-the-chinese-communist-partys-geostrategic-objectives/\">NCRI analysis\u003c/a> published in December looked at the volume of posts with certain hashtags — like “Uyghur,” “Xinjiang,” “Tibet” and “Tiananmen” — across TikTok, Instagram and YouTube. That report found anomalies in TikTok content based on its alignment with the interests of the Chinese government. For example, researchers wrote, hashtags about Tibet, Hong Kong protests and the Uyghur population appeared to be underrepresented on TikTok compared with Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCRI claims that following the first report’s publication, TikTok disabled its hashtag measurement functionality in a move that made it impossible for the researchers to replicate their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=news_11965403 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231019-GazaRally-011-BL-qut-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For its new report, NCRI researchers turned to “user journey” data, setting up 24 “sock puppet” accounts to mimic the new-to-the-platform experience of 16-year-old Americans. The accounts searched for each of four target keywords — Uyghur, Xinjiang, Tibet and Tiananmen — on TikTok, YouTube and Instagram, clicked on the first post that appeared and scrolled through subsequent videos fed by the algorithm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also said they saw evidence of hashtag/keyword “hijacking,” attaching trending hashtags for topics considered highly sensitive or provocative by the Chinese government to unrelated posts in an attempt to muddy the waters and drown out genuine content. The researchers wrote, “60.3% of all content served by TikTok’s search algorithm was flagged as irrelevant in contrast to <5% for Instagram and YouTube, demonstrating the CCP influencing tactic of hashtag/keyword hijacking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, a TikTok spokesperson dismissed NCRI’s study. The spokesperson said many TikTokers use unrelated hashtags to drive traffic to their content and that it’s a practice common across all social media platforms. All platforms algorithmically promote engagement, so if a video is proving popular, TikTok’s algorithm is designed to elevate it, not bury it, the spokesperson added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This non-peer reviewed, flawed experiment was clearly engineered to reach a false, predetermined conclusion,” he wrote. “Creating fake accounts that interact with the app in a prescribed manner does not reflect real users’ experience, just as this so-called study does not reflect facts or reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A study published on Thursday asserts \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tiktok\">TikTok’s\u003c/a> algorithms promote Chinese Communist Party narratives and suppress content critical of those narratives, a claim the embattled company forcefully denied to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titled “\u003ca href=\"https://networkcontagion.us/reports/the-ccps-digital-charm-offensive/\">The CCP’s Digital Charm Offensive\u003c/a>,” the study by the Rutgers University-based Network Contagion Research Institute argues that much of the pro-China content originates from state-linked entities. ByteDance, a Chinese technology company, owns TikTok.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Institute co-founder Joel Finkelstein wrote that includes media outlets and influencers, such as travel vloggers who post toothlessly about Chinese regions like Xinxiang, where the government has \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/against-their-will-the-situation-in-xinjiang\">imprisoned\u003c/a> more than 1 million Uyghurs and other mostly Muslim minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This manipulation is not just about content availability; it extends to psychological manipulation, particularly affecting Gen Z users,” Finkelstein wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCRI’s report could add to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.techpolicy.press/transcript-tiktok-ceo-testifies-to-congress/\">surge of concern\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C. Other research outfits \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/17/technology/israel-hamas-war-meta-tiktok-social-media.html\">have urged\u003c/a> TikTok to give them better access to data to study things like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/tiktok-risks-pushing-children-towards-harmful-content/\">mental health\u003c/a> of young users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to understand how social media works from the outside is difficult and getting more difficult because social media is tightening their grip on access,” said Hany Farid of UC Berkeley’s School of Information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://networkcontagion.us/reports/12-21-23-a-tik-tok-in-timebomb-how-tiktoks-global-platform-anomalies-align-with-the-chinese-communist-partys-geostrategic-objectives/\">NCRI analysis\u003c/a> published in December looked at the volume of posts with certain hashtags — like “Uyghur,” “Xinjiang,” “Tibet” and “Tiananmen” — across TikTok, Instagram and YouTube. That report found anomalies in TikTok content based on its alignment with the interests of the Chinese government. For example, researchers wrote, hashtags about Tibet, Hong Kong protests and the Uyghur population appeared to be underrepresented on TikTok compared with Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCRI claims that following the first report’s publication, TikTok disabled its hashtag measurement functionality in a move that made it impossible for the researchers to replicate their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For its new report, NCRI researchers turned to “user journey” data, setting up 24 “sock puppet” accounts to mimic the new-to-the-platform experience of 16-year-old Americans. The accounts searched for each of four target keywords — Uyghur, Xinjiang, Tibet and Tiananmen — on TikTok, YouTube and Instagram, clicked on the first post that appeared and scrolled through subsequent videos fed by the algorithm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also said they saw evidence of hashtag/keyword “hijacking,” attaching trending hashtags for topics considered highly sensitive or provocative by the Chinese government to unrelated posts in an attempt to muddy the waters and drown out genuine content. The researchers wrote, “60.3% of all content served by TikTok’s search algorithm was flagged as irrelevant in contrast to <5% for Instagram and YouTube, demonstrating the CCP influencing tactic of hashtag/keyword hijacking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, a TikTok spokesperson dismissed NCRI’s study. The spokesperson said many TikTokers use unrelated hashtags to drive traffic to their content and that it’s a practice common across all social media platforms. All platforms algorithmically promote engagement, so if a video is proving popular, TikTok’s algorithm is designed to elevate it, not bury it, the spokesperson added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This non-peer reviewed, flawed experiment was clearly engineered to reach a false, predetermined conclusion,” he wrote. “Creating fake accounts that interact with the app in a prescribed manner does not reflect real users’ experience, just as this so-called study does not reflect facts or reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of the largest credit unions in the Bay Area and nationwide has been trying to restore its systems, after a ransomware attack first reported Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Patelco Credit Union, which is based in Dublin and serves half a million members, has shut down some day-to-day banking services, namely electronic transactions, like Zelle, direct deposit, balance inquiries, and payments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.patelco.org/securityupdate\">update\u003c/a> posted Tuesday on its site: “Please know that any incoming direct deposit(s) will be credited to your account and processed before any withdrawals (e.g., checks, cash withdrawals). Currently, you can access the funds from your direct deposit by writing a check, using an ATM card to get cash or make a purchase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers can still make cash withdrawals at ATMs. Dwight Moore, who’s been banking with Patelco for 25 years, said he was able to get cash on Monday, but he couldn’t see his balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make me worry,” he said. “Patelco has been good since I’ve been banking with them, so this is shocking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patelco has sought help from a third-party cybersecurity firm to investigate the data breach. How many union members were affected and how long it would take before systems are fully restored is unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I talked to people on the phone, because I called their customer service line, they weren’t able to give me any sort of information regarding what my balance was,” said Alex Ellis, who’s banked with Patelco for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellis, who lives in Oregon with her husband, said her grandfather opened an account for her when she was a kid. But the stress she has experienced over the past few days could lead her to leave Patelco altogether, as the attack took place just before the beginning of the month when payments like rent are typically due.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very fortunate that our landlords seem to be working with us and [are] understanding of the situation,” she said. “I’m very interested to kind of see how they finish handling stuff, because it will definitely help determine what I end up deciding to do in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ransomware attacks typically target institutions — like schools, health care systems and local governments (like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandca.gov/news/ransomware-substitute-notice\">City of Oakland\u003c/a>) — where large tranches of personal information are stored — or hackers presume the victim is willing to spend a lot of money to get the institution up and running again quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436414/the-crippling-ransomware-attack-on-kqed-the-inside-story\">KQED was hacked in 2018\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ransomware incidents have been on the rise. In 2023, they went up by 68 percent, according to the ThreatDown State of Malware \u003ca href=\"https://try.threatdown.com/2024-state-of-malware/\">report\u003c/a> published by Malwarebytes, a cybersecurity company based in Santa Clara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis Hake, a San Francisco-based senior director of cybersecurity services at the Venable law firm and an adjunct professor in cyber risk management at UC Berkeley, is a leading author of early cybersecurity legislation in Congress. He shared his insights on the Patelco case with Rachael Myrow, senior editor of KQED’s Silicon Valley news desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s an excerpt of their conversation, edited for clarity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>RACHAEL MYROW: Tell us more about ransomware attacks. How do they work exactly?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DAVIS HAKE: Adversaries will start with a phishing attack, which is an impersonation, to try and get someone through email to click on a link, which gives them access to the account. The adversaries then work through low-level attacks to escalate their ability to get closer and closer to critical parts of a business. And then, once they’re there, they’ll deploy malware, which locks down a system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a type of attack that locks down critical parts of a business. And what attackers were really trying to do here is they’re trying to put pressure on the business to pay an extortion in order to restore services. Unfortunately, we’ve seen these types of attacks become more popular among criminals. Folks may remember the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/28/534679950/petya-ransomware-hits-at-least-65-countries-microsoft-traces-it-to-tax-software\">“NotPetya”\u003c/a> ransomware attacks of 2017. After that time period, these types of attacks started growing in success. And over the pandemic, when we saw a shift to work from home, as well as major disruptions to health care systems, these attacks really took off and have been a major issue since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Financial institutions know they’re big targets for hackers. So, what processes do they have in place to prevent these attacks?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Security controls, such as multi-factor authentication, can help limit the adversary getting access to larger accounts. Having backups in place is critical, obviously, so you can restore without paying an extortion.[aside postID=\"news_11982634,news_11973657,mindshift_63353\" label=\"Related Stories\"] But a larger issue for ransomware victims is social pressure that extortionists put on the victim. Like in this case [of Patelco], there’s enormous social pressure to fix it. [That’s] what will oftentimes drive payment and extortion, which we always want to try and avoid. So, in this case, working on developing an incident response plan ahead of time and then following that plan ensures that you have business processes in place to account for disruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What do we know, if anything, about the ransomware attack that hit Patelco?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know the specifics of this case other than what’s been reported publicly. But for any individual, they should treat this just like a data breach. It’s critical to look into things like changing your passwords, which is always a good idea. Looking at other bank accounts, being alert for fraud that may be associated with the email that you use for banking, and then also to think about how this may impact your ability, if you’re a small business, to pay your vendors or your employees. Plan ahead for what this disruption might mean to your business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the city of Oakland was hit last year, it took a long time for some services to come back. But I know that they prioritized critical services coming in first. So, you know, general cyber hygiene is what you can take advantage of for your own self.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How can the rest of us prepare ourselves to avoid or limit the damage from future attacks of this nature? Should we also be thinking in terms of distributed banking, making sure that we don’t pay everything from the same account?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly. So, thinking through; what is your own backup plan? How can you ensure resiliency to your services? This is actually what we teach folks experiencing ransomware incidents. The idea is to make sure that your business, and the critical functions of that business can keep on operating, even when disrupted. And [that’s] even in a case where it may take weeks for services to come back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>KQED’s Caroline Smith contributed to this report.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the largest credit unions in the Bay Area and nationwide has been trying to restore its systems, after a ransomware attack first reported Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Patelco Credit Union, which is based in Dublin and serves half a million members, has shut down some day-to-day banking services, namely electronic transactions, like Zelle, direct deposit, balance inquiries, and payments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.patelco.org/securityupdate\">update\u003c/a> posted Tuesday on its site: “Please know that any incoming direct deposit(s) will be credited to your account and processed before any withdrawals (e.g., checks, cash withdrawals). Currently, you can access the funds from your direct deposit by writing a check, using an ATM card to get cash or make a purchase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers can still make cash withdrawals at ATMs. Dwight Moore, who’s been banking with Patelco for 25 years, said he was able to get cash on Monday, but he couldn’t see his balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make me worry,” he said. “Patelco has been good since I’ve been banking with them, so this is shocking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patelco has sought help from a third-party cybersecurity firm to investigate the data breach. How many union members were affected and how long it would take before systems are fully restored is unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I talked to people on the phone, because I called their customer service line, they weren’t able to give me any sort of information regarding what my balance was,” said Alex Ellis, who’s banked with Patelco for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellis, who lives in Oregon with her husband, said her grandfather opened an account for her when she was a kid. But the stress she has experienced over the past few days could lead her to leave Patelco altogether, as the attack took place just before the beginning of the month when payments like rent are typically due.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very fortunate that our landlords seem to be working with us and [are] understanding of the situation,” she said. “I’m very interested to kind of see how they finish handling stuff, because it will definitely help determine what I end up deciding to do in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ransomware attacks typically target institutions — like schools, health care systems and local governments (like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandca.gov/news/ransomware-substitute-notice\">City of Oakland\u003c/a>) — where large tranches of personal information are stored — or hackers presume the victim is willing to spend a lot of money to get the institution up and running again quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436414/the-crippling-ransomware-attack-on-kqed-the-inside-story\">KQED was hacked in 2018\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ransomware incidents have been on the rise. In 2023, they went up by 68 percent, according to the ThreatDown State of Malware \u003ca href=\"https://try.threatdown.com/2024-state-of-malware/\">report\u003c/a> published by Malwarebytes, a cybersecurity company based in Santa Clara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis Hake, a San Francisco-based senior director of cybersecurity services at the Venable law firm and an adjunct professor in cyber risk management at UC Berkeley, is a leading author of early cybersecurity legislation in Congress. He shared his insights on the Patelco case with Rachael Myrow, senior editor of KQED’s Silicon Valley news desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s an excerpt of their conversation, edited for clarity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>RACHAEL MYROW: Tell us more about ransomware attacks. How do they work exactly?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DAVIS HAKE: Adversaries will start with a phishing attack, which is an impersonation, to try and get someone through email to click on a link, which gives them access to the account. The adversaries then work through low-level attacks to escalate their ability to get closer and closer to critical parts of a business. And then, once they’re there, they’ll deploy malware, which locks down a system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a type of attack that locks down critical parts of a business. And what attackers were really trying to do here is they’re trying to put pressure on the business to pay an extortion in order to restore services. Unfortunately, we’ve seen these types of attacks become more popular among criminals. Folks may remember the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/28/534679950/petya-ransomware-hits-at-least-65-countries-microsoft-traces-it-to-tax-software\">“NotPetya”\u003c/a> ransomware attacks of 2017. After that time period, these types of attacks started growing in success. And over the pandemic, when we saw a shift to work from home, as well as major disruptions to health care systems, these attacks really took off and have been a major issue since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Financial institutions know they’re big targets for hackers. So, what processes do they have in place to prevent these attacks?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Security controls, such as multi-factor authentication, can help limit the adversary getting access to larger accounts. Having backups in place is critical, obviously, so you can restore without paying an extortion.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> But a larger issue for ransomware victims is social pressure that extortionists put on the victim. Like in this case [of Patelco], there’s enormous social pressure to fix it. [That’s] what will oftentimes drive payment and extortion, which we always want to try and avoid. So, in this case, working on developing an incident response plan ahead of time and then following that plan ensures that you have business processes in place to account for disruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What do we know, if anything, about the ransomware attack that hit Patelco?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know the specifics of this case other than what’s been reported publicly. But for any individual, they should treat this just like a data breach. It’s critical to look into things like changing your passwords, which is always a good idea. Looking at other bank accounts, being alert for fraud that may be associated with the email that you use for banking, and then also to think about how this may impact your ability, if you’re a small business, to pay your vendors or your employees. Plan ahead for what this disruption might mean to your business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the city of Oakland was hit last year, it took a long time for some services to come back. But I know that they prioritized critical services coming in first. So, you know, general cyber hygiene is what you can take advantage of for your own self.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How can the rest of us prepare ourselves to avoid or limit the damage from future attacks of this nature? Should we also be thinking in terms of distributed banking, making sure that we don’t pay everything from the same account?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly. So, thinking through; what is your own backup plan? How can you ensure resiliency to your services? This is actually what we teach folks experiencing ransomware incidents. The idea is to make sure that your business, and the critical functions of that business can keep on operating, even when disrupted. And [that’s] even in a case where it may take weeks for services to come back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>While the federal government appears content to sit back and wait, more than 40 U.S. states are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/artificial-intelligence-2024-legislation\">considering hundreds of AI regulation bills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, with its status as a tech-forward state and huge economy, has a chance to lead the way. So much so, in fact, that the European Union is trying to coordinate with the state on AI laws. The EU opened an office in San Francisco in 2022 and dispatched a tech envoy, Gerard de Graaf, to better communicate about laws and regulations around AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are living through what de Graaf calls “the year of AI.” De Graaf and deputy head of the EU office in San Francisco Joanna Smolinska told CalMatters that if California lawmakers pass AI regulation in the coming months, the state can emerge as a standard bearer for the regulation of AI in the United States. In other words: California’s laws could influence the future of AI as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, de Graaf \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/euinsf/status/1782583754227089819?s=46&t=Wgm0bsQsE3C1xGwJEnt30w\">traveled to Sacramento\u003c/a> to speak with several state lawmakers key to AI regulation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Assemblymember Rebecca Bauer-Kahan, a San Ramon Democrat, is author of a bill that \u003ca href=\"https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/ca_202320240ab2930?slug=CA_202320240AB2930\">requires businesses and state agencies report results of AI model tests\u003c/a> in an effort to prohibit automated discrimination.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Democratic state Sen. Scott Wiener from San Francisco is author of a \u003ca href=\"https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/ca_202320240sb1047?slug=CA_202320240SB1047\">bill to regulate generative AI\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Assemblymember Buffy Wicks, an East Bay Democrat, is author of a bill that would require online platforms put \u003ca href=\"https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/ca_202320240ab3211?slug=CA_202320240AB3211\">watermarks on images and videos generated by AI\u003c/a> — sometimes referred to as “deepfakes” — ahead of elections this fall.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And state Sen. Tom Umberg, chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, who was referred to \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/newsletters/california-playbook/2024/04/15/meet-californias-chief-gatekeeper-for-ai-rules-00152184\">by Politico\u003c/a> as “California’s chief gatekeeper for AI rules.”\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The meeting to discuss the bills was at least the sixth trip de Graaf or other EU officials made to Sacramento in two months. EU officials who helped write the AI Act and EU Commission Vice President Josep Fontelles also made trips to Sacramento and Silicon Valley in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, EU leaders ended a years-long process with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/\">passage of the AI Act\u003c/a>, which regulates use of artificial intelligence in 27 nations. It bans emotion recognition at school and in the workplace, prohibits \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/11/22/1063605/china-announced-a-new-social-credit-law-what-does-it-mean/\">social credit scores\u003c/a> such as the kind used in China to reward or punish certain kinds of behavior and some instances of predictive policing. The AI Act applies high risk labels for AI in health care, hiring, and issuing government benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some notable differences between the EU law and what California lawmakers are considering. The AI Act addresses how law enforcement agencies can use AI, while Bauer-Kahan’s bill does not, and Wicks’ watermarking bill could end up stronger than AI Act requirements. But the California bills and the AI Act both take a risk-based approach to regulation, both advise continued testing and assessment of forms of AI deemed high risk, and both call for watermarking generative AI outputs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take these three bills together, you’re probably at 70%–80% of what we cover in the AI Act,” de Graaf said. “It’s a very solid relationship that we both benefit from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meeting, de Graaf said they discussed draft AI bills, AI bias and risk assessments, advanced AI models, the state of watermarking images and videos made by AI, and which issues to prioritize. The San Francisco office works under the authority of the EU delegation in Washington, D.C., to promote EU tech policy and strengthen cooperation with influential tech and policy figures in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artificial intelligence can make predictions about people including what movies they want to watch on Netflix or the next words in a sentence, but without high standards and continuous testing, AI that makes critical decisions about people’s lives can automate discrimination. AI has a history of harming people of color, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/face-recognition-software-led-to-his-arrest-it-was-dead-wrong/\">police use of face recognition\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://themarkup.org/locked-out/2021/01/11/the-obscure-yet-powerful-tenant-screening-industry-is-finally-getting-some-scrutiny\">deciding whether to grant an apartment\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://themarkup.org/denied/2021/08/25/the-secret-bias-hidden-in-mortgage-approval-algorithms\">home mortgage application\u003c/a>. The technology has a demonstrated ability to adversely affect the lives of most people, including women, people with disabilities, the young, the old, and \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/economy/technology/2024/03/california-ai-purchasing-guidelines/\">people who apply for government benefits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11983391/meet-the-o-c-state-senator-guiding-californias-ai-regulations\">interview with KQED\u003c/a>, Umberg talked about the importance of striking a balance, insisting “We could get this wrong.” Too little regulation could lead to catastrophic consequences for society, and too much could “strangle the AI industry” that calls California home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coordination between California and EU officials attempts to combine regulatory initiatives in two uniquely influential markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11987807\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1568px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11987807\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1568\" height=\"1045\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy.jpg 1568w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gerard de Graaf, senior envoy for digital to the US and head of the European Union office in San Francisco. Photo via Graaf’s X account. \u003ccite>(Illustration by Adriana Heldiz/CalMatters/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The majority of the top AI companies are \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com.au/news/innovation/ai-50-the-top-artificial-intelligence-startups/\">based in California\u003c/a>, and according to startup tracker Crunchbase, for the past eight months, companies in \u003ca href=\"https://news.crunchbase.com/ai/sf-bay-area-leads-tech-startup-funding\">the San Francisco Bay Area raised more AI investment money than the rest of the world combined\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The General Data Protection Regulation, better known as GDPR, is the European Union’s best known legislation for privacy protection. It also led to coinage of the term “the Brussels effect,” when enforcement of a single law leads to outsized influence in other countries. In this case, the EU law forced tech companies to adopt stricter user protections if they wanted access to the region’s 450 million residents. That law went into effect in 2018, the same year that California passed a similar law. \u003ca href=\"https://techpolicy.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/CTP_state-tech-policy-2023.pdf\">More than a dozen U.S. states followed suit (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-defining-ai\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defining AI\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Coordination is necessary, de Graaf said, because technology is a global industry and it’s important to avoid policy that makes it complicated for businesses to comply with rules around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first steps to working together is a shared definition of how to define artificial intelligence so you agree on what technology is covered under a law. De Graaf said his office worked with Bauer-Kahan and Umberg on how to define AI “because if you have very different definitions to start with then convergence or harmonization is almost impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the recent passage of the AI Act, the absence of federal action, and the complexity of regulating AI, the Senate Judiciary staff lawyers held numerous meetings with EU officials and staff, Umberg told CalMatters in a statement. The definition of AI used by the California Senate Judiciary committee is informed by a number of voices including federal agencies, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the EU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I strongly believe that we can learn from each other’s work and responsibly regulate AI without harming innovation in this dynamic and quickly-changing environment” Umberg told CalMatters in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trio of bills discussed with de Graaf in April passed their respective houses this week. He suspects questions from California lawmakers will get more specific as bills move closer to adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billSearchClient.xhtml?session_year=20232024&keyword=artificial%20intelligence&house=Both&author=All&lawCode=All\"> proposed more than 100 bills\u003c/a> to regulate AI in the current legislative session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what is now the imperative for the Legislature is to whittle the bills down to a more manageable number,” he said. “I mean, there’s over 50 so that we focused particularly on the bills to these Assembly members or senators themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-state-agency-also-seeks-to-protect-californians-privacy\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">State agency also seeks to protect Californians’ privacy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Elected officials and their staff aren’t the only ones speaking with EU officials. The California Privacy Protection Agency — a state agency made to protect people’s privacy and \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/economy/technology/2024/04/data-broker-registry/\">require businesses comply with data deletion requests\u003c/a> — also speaks regularly with EU officials, including de Graaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11979306,news_11976097,news_11986133\"]Most states with privacy protection laws rely on state attorneys general for enforcement. California is the only state with an independent agency with enforcement authority to audit businesses, levy fines, or bring businesses to court, said agency executive director Ashkan Soltanti, because key elements of the EU’s privacy protection law influenced the formation of California’s privacy law. De Graaf and Soltani testified about similarities between definitions of AI in California and the EU in \u003ca href=\"https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/hearings/257521?t=3&f=0036d9e555a8bb5dbad0926ac136f3b7\">an assembly privacy committee hearing in February\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The roots of the agency were inspired at great length by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),” Soltani said. “There’s an interest and a goal, and in fact \u003ca href=\"https://thecpra.org/#1798.199.40(i)\">our statute directs us\u003c/a> to, where possible, make sure that our approach is harmonious with frameworks in other jurisdictions, not just states but internationally as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soltani was hired when the agency was created in 2021. He told CalMatters international coordination is a big part of the job. After hiring staff and attorneys, one of his first orders of business was joining the Global Privacy Assembly, a group of 140 data privacy authorities from around the world. California is the only U.S. state that is a member of the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alignment is important for setting the rules of the road for businesses but also for consumers to protect themselves and their communities in a digital world where borders blur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t think whether they’re doing business with a California company or a European company or an Asian company, particularly if it’s all in English, they just think they’re interacting online, so having consistent frameworks for protection ultimately benefits consumers,” Soltani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like California lawmakers, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/economy/technology/2024/03/california-ai-rules-business/\">the California Privacy Protection Agency is in the process of writing rules for how businesses use AI\u003c/a> and protections for consumers, students and workers. And like the AI Act, draft rules call for impact assessments. Its five-member board will consider passing rules into law in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last day of the legislative calendar year for California lawmakers to pass a bill into law is Aug. 31.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While the federal government appears content to sit back and wait, more than 40 U.S. states are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/artificial-intelligence-2024-legislation\">considering hundreds of AI regulation bills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, with its status as a tech-forward state and huge economy, has a chance to lead the way. So much so, in fact, that the European Union is trying to coordinate with the state on AI laws. The EU opened an office in San Francisco in 2022 and dispatched a tech envoy, Gerard de Graaf, to better communicate about laws and regulations around AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are living through what de Graaf calls “the year of AI.” De Graaf and deputy head of the EU office in San Francisco Joanna Smolinska told CalMatters that if California lawmakers pass AI regulation in the coming months, the state can emerge as a standard bearer for the regulation of AI in the United States. In other words: California’s laws could influence the future of AI as we know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, de Graaf \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/euinsf/status/1782583754227089819?s=46&t=Wgm0bsQsE3C1xGwJEnt30w\">traveled to Sacramento\u003c/a> to speak with several state lawmakers key to AI regulation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Assemblymember Rebecca Bauer-Kahan, a San Ramon Democrat, is author of a bill that \u003ca href=\"https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/ca_202320240ab2930?slug=CA_202320240AB2930\">requires businesses and state agencies report results of AI model tests\u003c/a> in an effort to prohibit automated discrimination.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Democratic state Sen. Scott Wiener from San Francisco is author of a \u003ca href=\"https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/ca_202320240sb1047?slug=CA_202320240SB1047\">bill to regulate generative AI\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Assemblymember Buffy Wicks, an East Bay Democrat, is author of a bill that would require online platforms put \u003ca href=\"https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/ca_202320240ab3211?slug=CA_202320240AB3211\">watermarks on images and videos generated by AI\u003c/a> — sometimes referred to as “deepfakes” — ahead of elections this fall.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And state Sen. Tom Umberg, chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, who was referred to \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/newsletters/california-playbook/2024/04/15/meet-californias-chief-gatekeeper-for-ai-rules-00152184\">by Politico\u003c/a> as “California’s chief gatekeeper for AI rules.”\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The meeting to discuss the bills was at least the sixth trip de Graaf or other EU officials made to Sacramento in two months. EU officials who helped write the AI Act and EU Commission Vice President Josep Fontelles also made trips to Sacramento and Silicon Valley in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, EU leaders ended a years-long process with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/\">passage of the AI Act\u003c/a>, which regulates use of artificial intelligence in 27 nations. It bans emotion recognition at school and in the workplace, prohibits \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/11/22/1063605/china-announced-a-new-social-credit-law-what-does-it-mean/\">social credit scores\u003c/a> such as the kind used in China to reward or punish certain kinds of behavior and some instances of predictive policing. The AI Act applies high risk labels for AI in health care, hiring, and issuing government benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some notable differences between the EU law and what California lawmakers are considering. The AI Act addresses how law enforcement agencies can use AI, while Bauer-Kahan’s bill does not, and Wicks’ watermarking bill could end up stronger than AI Act requirements. But the California bills and the AI Act both take a risk-based approach to regulation, both advise continued testing and assessment of forms of AI deemed high risk, and both call for watermarking generative AI outputs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take these three bills together, you’re probably at 70%–80% of what we cover in the AI Act,” de Graaf said. “It’s a very solid relationship that we both benefit from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meeting, de Graaf said they discussed draft AI bills, AI bias and risk assessments, advanced AI models, the state of watermarking images and videos made by AI, and which issues to prioritize. The San Francisco office works under the authority of the EU delegation in Washington, D.C., to promote EU tech policy and strengthen cooperation with influential tech and policy figures in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artificial intelligence can make predictions about people including what movies they want to watch on Netflix or the next words in a sentence, but without high standards and continuous testing, AI that makes critical decisions about people’s lives can automate discrimination. AI has a history of harming people of color, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/face-recognition-software-led-to-his-arrest-it-was-dead-wrong/\">police use of face recognition\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://themarkup.org/locked-out/2021/01/11/the-obscure-yet-powerful-tenant-screening-industry-is-finally-getting-some-scrutiny\">deciding whether to grant an apartment\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://themarkup.org/denied/2021/08/25/the-secret-bias-hidden-in-mortgage-approval-algorithms\">home mortgage application\u003c/a>. The technology has a demonstrated ability to adversely affect the lives of most people, including women, people with disabilities, the young, the old, and \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/economy/technology/2024/03/california-ai-purchasing-guidelines/\">people who apply for government benefits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11983391/meet-the-o-c-state-senator-guiding-californias-ai-regulations\">interview with KQED\u003c/a>, Umberg talked about the importance of striking a balance, insisting “We could get this wrong.” Too little regulation could lead to catastrophic consequences for society, and too much could “strangle the AI industry” that calls California home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coordination between California and EU officials attempts to combine regulatory initiatives in two uniquely influential markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11987807\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1568px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11987807\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1568\" height=\"1045\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy.jpg 1568w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/Gerard-de-Graaf_AH_CM_01-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gerard de Graaf, senior envoy for digital to the US and head of the European Union office in San Francisco. Photo via Graaf’s X account. \u003ccite>(Illustration by Adriana Heldiz/CalMatters/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The majority of the top AI companies are \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com.au/news/innovation/ai-50-the-top-artificial-intelligence-startups/\">based in California\u003c/a>, and according to startup tracker Crunchbase, for the past eight months, companies in \u003ca href=\"https://news.crunchbase.com/ai/sf-bay-area-leads-tech-startup-funding\">the San Francisco Bay Area raised more AI investment money than the rest of the world combined\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The General Data Protection Regulation, better known as GDPR, is the European Union’s best known legislation for privacy protection. It also led to coinage of the term “the Brussels effect,” when enforcement of a single law leads to outsized influence in other countries. In this case, the EU law forced tech companies to adopt stricter user protections if they wanted access to the region’s 450 million residents. That law went into effect in 2018, the same year that California passed a similar law. \u003ca href=\"https://techpolicy.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/CTP_state-tech-policy-2023.pdf\">More than a dozen U.S. states followed suit (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-defining-ai\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defining AI\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Coordination is necessary, de Graaf said, because technology is a global industry and it’s important to avoid policy that makes it complicated for businesses to comply with rules around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first steps to working together is a shared definition of how to define artificial intelligence so you agree on what technology is covered under a law. De Graaf said his office worked with Bauer-Kahan and Umberg on how to define AI “because if you have very different definitions to start with then convergence or harmonization is almost impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the recent passage of the AI Act, the absence of federal action, and the complexity of regulating AI, the Senate Judiciary staff lawyers held numerous meetings with EU officials and staff, Umberg told CalMatters in a statement. The definition of AI used by the California Senate Judiciary committee is informed by a number of voices including federal agencies, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the EU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I strongly believe that we can learn from each other’s work and responsibly regulate AI without harming innovation in this dynamic and quickly-changing environment” Umberg told CalMatters in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trio of bills discussed with de Graaf in April passed their respective houses this week. He suspects questions from California lawmakers will get more specific as bills move closer to adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billSearchClient.xhtml?session_year=20232024&keyword=artificial%20intelligence&house=Both&author=All&lawCode=All\"> proposed more than 100 bills\u003c/a> to regulate AI in the current legislative session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what is now the imperative for the Legislature is to whittle the bills down to a more manageable number,” he said. “I mean, there’s over 50 so that we focused particularly on the bills to these Assembly members or senators themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-state-agency-also-seeks-to-protect-californians-privacy\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">State agency also seeks to protect Californians’ privacy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Elected officials and their staff aren’t the only ones speaking with EU officials. The California Privacy Protection Agency — a state agency made to protect people’s privacy and \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/economy/technology/2024/04/data-broker-registry/\">require businesses comply with data deletion requests\u003c/a> — also speaks regularly with EU officials, including de Graaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Most states with privacy protection laws rely on state attorneys general for enforcement. California is the only state with an independent agency with enforcement authority to audit businesses, levy fines, or bring businesses to court, said agency executive director Ashkan Soltanti, because key elements of the EU’s privacy protection law influenced the formation of California’s privacy law. De Graaf and Soltani testified about similarities between definitions of AI in California and the EU in \u003ca href=\"https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/hearings/257521?t=3&f=0036d9e555a8bb5dbad0926ac136f3b7\">an assembly privacy committee hearing in February\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The roots of the agency were inspired at great length by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),” Soltani said. “There’s an interest and a goal, and in fact \u003ca href=\"https://thecpra.org/#1798.199.40(i)\">our statute directs us\u003c/a> to, where possible, make sure that our approach is harmonious with frameworks in other jurisdictions, not just states but internationally as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soltani was hired when the agency was created in 2021. He told CalMatters international coordination is a big part of the job. After hiring staff and attorneys, one of his first orders of business was joining the Global Privacy Assembly, a group of 140 data privacy authorities from around the world. California is the only U.S. state that is a member of the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alignment is important for setting the rules of the road for businesses but also for consumers to protect themselves and their communities in a digital world where borders blur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t think whether they’re doing business with a California company or a European company or an Asian company, particularly if it’s all in English, they just think they’re interacting online, so having consistent frameworks for protection ultimately benefits consumers,” Soltani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like California lawmakers, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/economy/technology/2024/03/california-ai-rules-business/\">the California Privacy Protection Agency is in the process of writing rules for how businesses use AI\u003c/a> and protections for consumers, students and workers. And like the AI Act, draft rules call for impact assessments. Its five-member board will consider passing rules into law in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last day of the legislative calendar year for California lawmakers to pass a bill into law is Aug. 31.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A few days ahead of its annual conference, the Latinas in Tech headquarters in Moraga is flush with tote bags, T-shirts and other swag emblazoned with the word “jefa,” female boss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jefa is an attitude, making sure you get what you deserve and are delivering excellent work,” said Rocío van Nierop, co-founder and CEO of Latinas in Tech, which helps with networking and career growth in the U.S. and six other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A focus of this year’s conference, which starts Thursday in San Francisco, isn’t just about pushing Latinas to feel like bosses — but to become them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization’s latest annual survey data indicates a troubling trend: 64% of its members feel stuck in low-level positions, even though most of those have enough experience to advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that Latinas face numerous biases in the tech industry — such as being seen as uncommitted or less competent after having children or coming off as “feisty” instead of authoritative when they speak up, said Joan Williams, director of the Center for WorkLife Law and professor at the University of California, Hastings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Williams, women overall receive different treatment than men — who are often promoted based on potential, whereas women have to show more accomplishments. Research has also found that managers tend to give men more high-profile assignments that lead to promotions than they do to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11986375\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11986375\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"Two Latina women sit on stage with microphones in a large room.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocío van Nierop, CEO of Latinas in Tech, talks with Ellen Ochoa, the first Latina in space and former NASA director, at the Latinas in Tech Summit 2023. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Priscilla Reyes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Van Nierop said many of Latinas in Tech’s 33,000 members have experienced those findings firsthand. According to the annual survey, only 17% reported receiving a promotion with a raise in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entering the industry is hard enough, van Nierop said. Latinas only make up about \u003ca href=\"https://www.devry.edu/newsroom/news/2022/current-realities-of-latinos-in-tech-careers.html#:~:text=They%20remain%20highly%20underrepresented%20in,of%20the%20U.S.%20tech%20workforce.\">2\u003c/a>% of the tech workforce, and the number hasn’t budged in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we need is hiring managers that are from our community, and there are people that are qualified,” van Nierop said. “People hire people that they get to know in their networks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11972955,news_11958548\" label=\"Related Stories\"]Latinas in Tech member Ivonne Mondragon has recruited workers for tech companies, including Meta, the parent company of Facebook, and now Qcells, a solar panel maker. She wants to see a much bigger pipeline of Latinas entering tech, and that process needs to start when they are in high school or college, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Regardless of what company I’ve been with, the talent for the need is just not there. It’s really a numbers game,” Mondragon said. “Speaking for Latinas, we’re starting to get into tech more. But if we knew about it earlier on, at an early age, it would definitely allow for more success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Vasquez, 30, grew up in San Jose knowing the tech industry was in her backyard, but she didn’t know anyone who worked in tech. A few years into her career in marketing, she decided to give tech a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found a job at a medical technology startup, then some big names came calling. The first was Meta, the parent company of Facebook, then LinkedIn, and then Google. Then, in January 2023, Google laid her off amid a wave of job cuts. It took her a year to land a new role as a marketing manager, this time as a contractor for Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During her year of unemployment, she applied for leadership roles — and was routinely rejected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really thought about whether being in the tech space was worth it and something I still wanted,” she said. “I was seeing just how difficult it was for me to land more senior roles that were aligned with the years of experience and the skill sets that I have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she’s back in the workforce, she said she feels more confident about asking for opportunities to move into management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This time around, I’m asking for a lot more direct feedback from my manager,” she said. “I definitely want to remain in the tech space. It’s something that I still find joy in and that I have a true passion for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland resident Joanne da Luz had been teaching high school math at a charter school for over a decade when she decided to pivot to a career in tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That desire came from a similar place to her desire to teach — to empower kids of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted to be the person that looks like you if you want to pursue this,” she said. “Tech opens up so much access and opportunity, especially in the Bay Area. It can change your world financially. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She earned her MBA from Mills College in 2013 and thought she would easily land a job in educational or financial tech. She was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought, okay, I’m a Latina, I’m a first (generation college graduate), I’m a catch for a tech company,” da Luz said. “I couldn’t even get a ‘hello.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting hired, “was way more difficult than I ever could have anticipated. It was because I didn’t have a network.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She withstood rejection after rejection until some of her classmates from Mills hired her to work at their edtech startup. She loved her work as a product manager but then was laid off — a pattern that repeated itself several times. Finally, in 2022, she landed a role as a senior product manager at Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years later, in March, da Luz was laid off again. But, this time, she has a much stronger network she has made through past jobs and through organizations, like Latinas in Tech, which she has been a part of for several years. She looks forward to attending the conference this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a little dose of fun and of being around people that look like you and sound like you are trying to do the same things,” da Luz said. “It just keeps me going to try to continue to access the opportunities in the tech industry.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few days ahead of its annual conference, the Latinas in Tech headquarters in Moraga is flush with tote bags, T-shirts and other swag emblazoned with the word “jefa,” female boss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jefa is an attitude, making sure you get what you deserve and are delivering excellent work,” said Rocío van Nierop, co-founder and CEO of Latinas in Tech, which helps with networking and career growth in the U.S. and six other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A focus of this year’s conference, which starts Thursday in San Francisco, isn’t just about pushing Latinas to feel like bosses — but to become them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization’s latest annual survey data indicates a troubling trend: 64% of its members feel stuck in low-level positions, even though most of those have enough experience to advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that Latinas face numerous biases in the tech industry — such as being seen as uncommitted or less competent after having children or coming off as “feisty” instead of authoritative when they speak up, said Joan Williams, director of the Center for WorkLife Law and professor at the University of California, Hastings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Williams, women overall receive different treatment than men — who are often promoted based on potential, whereas women have to show more accomplishments. Research has also found that managers tend to give men more high-profile assignments that lead to promotions than they do to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11986375\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11986375\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"Two Latina women sit on stage with microphones in a large room.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/LIT-SUMMIT-2023-ROCIO-W_-ELLEN-OCHOA-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocío van Nierop, CEO of Latinas in Tech, talks with Ellen Ochoa, the first Latina in space and former NASA director, at the Latinas in Tech Summit 2023. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Priscilla Reyes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Van Nierop said many of Latinas in Tech’s 33,000 members have experienced those findings firsthand. According to the annual survey, only 17% reported receiving a promotion with a raise in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entering the industry is hard enough, van Nierop said. Latinas only make up about \u003ca href=\"https://www.devry.edu/newsroom/news/2022/current-realities-of-latinos-in-tech-careers.html#:~:text=They%20remain%20highly%20underrepresented%20in,of%20the%20U.S.%20tech%20workforce.\">2\u003c/a>% of the tech workforce, and the number hasn’t budged in five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we need is hiring managers that are from our community, and there are people that are qualified,” van Nierop said. “People hire people that they get to know in their networks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Latinas in Tech member Ivonne Mondragon has recruited workers for tech companies, including Meta, the parent company of Facebook, and now Qcells, a solar panel maker. She wants to see a much bigger pipeline of Latinas entering tech, and that process needs to start when they are in high school or college, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Regardless of what company I’ve been with, the talent for the need is just not there. It’s really a numbers game,” Mondragon said. “Speaking for Latinas, we’re starting to get into tech more. But if we knew about it earlier on, at an early age, it would definitely allow for more success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Vasquez, 30, grew up in San Jose knowing the tech industry was in her backyard, but she didn’t know anyone who worked in tech. A few years into her career in marketing, she decided to give tech a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found a job at a medical technology startup, then some big names came calling. The first was Meta, the parent company of Facebook, then LinkedIn, and then Google. Then, in January 2023, Google laid her off amid a wave of job cuts. It took her a year to land a new role as a marketing manager, this time as a contractor for Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During her year of unemployment, she applied for leadership roles — and was routinely rejected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really thought about whether being in the tech space was worth it and something I still wanted,” she said. “I was seeing just how difficult it was for me to land more senior roles that were aligned with the years of experience and the skill sets that I have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she’s back in the workforce, she said she feels more confident about asking for opportunities to move into management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This time around, I’m asking for a lot more direct feedback from my manager,” she said. “I definitely want to remain in the tech space. It’s something that I still find joy in and that I have a true passion for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland resident Joanne da Luz had been teaching high school math at a charter school for over a decade when she decided to pivot to a career in tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That desire came from a similar place to her desire to teach — to empower kids of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted to be the person that looks like you if you want to pursue this,” she said. “Tech opens up so much access and opportunity, especially in the Bay Area. It can change your world financially. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She earned her MBA from Mills College in 2013 and thought she would easily land a job in educational or financial tech. She was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought, okay, I’m a Latina, I’m a first (generation college graduate), I’m a catch for a tech company,” da Luz said. “I couldn’t even get a ‘hello.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting hired, “was way more difficult than I ever could have anticipated. It was because I didn’t have a network.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She withstood rejection after rejection until some of her classmates from Mills hired her to work at their edtech startup. She loved her work as a product manager but then was laid off — a pattern that repeated itself several times. Finally, in 2022, she landed a role as a senior product manager at Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years later, in March, da Luz was laid off again. But, this time, she has a much stronger network she has made through past jobs and through organizations, like Latinas in Tech, which she has been a part of for several years. She looks forward to attending the conference this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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