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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has been warning since the outbreak began about the risks of buying products “off the street,” and Friday’s update highlighted the risks of the black market. Sometimes young consumers don’t even realize that they’re buying unregulated or illicit products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“THC-based products were most often acquired from informal sources such as down the street from friends or from a dealer,” said Jennifer Layden of the Illinois Department of Public Health at the press briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the country, law enforcement is trying to crack down on black market dealers. In Wisconsin earlier this month, two brothers were \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/US/wisconsin-brothers-accused-running-illegal-thc-vape-cartridge/story?id=65558903\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arrested\u003c/a> for allegedly running a large THC vape ring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And earlier this week, police in Waynesboro, Va., arrested three men and recovered more than 1,000 vape cartridges that were labeled as containing a 90% THC oil mixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re labeled Dank Vapes,” Capt. Mike Martin of the Waynesboro Police Department says. “They appear commercially packaged, and there are a variety of different flavors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mixture appears as “a standard-looking brownish oil. … It has the consistency of … maybe, like a motor oil,” Martin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen a haul like this,” Martin says. He estimates they recovered about $35,000 worth of vaping product. “They were selling these [on] the street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One difficultly in unraveling this outbreak is that many of the patients around the country who have gotten sick acknowledge using both THC and nicotine vaping products and have used a wide variety of brands and products. In fact, the 86 patients in Wisconsin and Illinois reported using 234 different products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, investigators now seem more focused on the role THC may be playing in this outbreak, since the majority of the people who have become ill around the country reported using THC or both THC and nicotine, according to a CDC \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6839e1.htm?s_cid=mm6839e1_w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> published Friday. And the CDC updated its warning against vaping to emphasize the risk of THC products: “CDC recommends people consider refraining from using e-cigarette, or vaping, products, particularly those containing THC,” the CDC’s Anne Schuchat said during a telebriefing Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who are unsuspecting, black market products like Dank Vapes can be deceptive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dank Vapes sounds like a cool name, it sounds like a cool product and it looks like legitimate packaging,” says Jeffrey Kahn, who operates a medical marijuana dispensary in Washington, D.C. But, he says, unlike the regulated products he sells, you don’t necessarily know what’s in black market products. “If one or two or hundreds of people are unscrupulously filling them with dangerous material, then people could suffer,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Many+Vaping+Illnesses+Linked+To+Black+Market+%27Dank+Vapes%27+Or+Other+THC+Products&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jay Jenkins says he hesitated when a buddy suggested they vape CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll relax you,” the friend assured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vapor that Jenkins inhaled didn’t relax him. After two puffs, he ended up in a coma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because what he was vaping didn’t have any CBD, the suddenly popular compound extracted from the cannabis plant that marketers say can treat a range of ailments without getting users high. Instead, the oil was spiked with a powerful street drug. That is why it is highly recommendable that you buy CBD vape products like the \u003ca href=\"https://freshbros.com/runtz-purple-skywalker-indica\">purple runtz strain\u003c/a> vape pens from a licensed CBD store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"vaping\" label=\"Vaping and Health\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some operators are cashing in on the CBD craze by substituting cheap and illegal synthetic marijuana for natural CBD in vapes and edibles such as gummy bears, an Associated Press investigation has found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice has sent dozens of people like Jenkins to emergency rooms over the last two years. Yet people behind spiked products have operated with impunity, in part because the business has boomed so fast that regulators haven’t caught up while drug enforcement agents have higher priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/f317c5c9682e4c5cb125d56f9fe6b737\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commissioned laboratory testing of the vape oil\u003c/a> Jenkins used plus 29 other vape products sold as CBD around the country, with a focus on brands that authorities or users flagged as suspect. Ten of the 30 contained types of synthetic marijuana — drugs commonly known as K2 or spice that have no known medical benefits — while others had no CBD at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them was Green Machine, a pod compatible with Juul electronic cigarettes that reporters bought in California, Florida and Maryland. Four of those seven pods contained illegal synthetic marijuana, but which chemical varied by flavor and even location of purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s Russian roulette,” said James Neal-Kababick, director of Flora Research Laboratories, which tested the products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaping in general has come under increased scrutiny in recent weeks because \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11773042/cdc-says-number-of-possible-cases-of-vaping-related-lung-illness-has-doubled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hundreds of users have developed mysterious lung illnesses\u003c/a>, and several have died. The AP’s investigation focused on yet another set of cases, in which psychoactive chemicals are added to products presented as CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of AP’s lab testing echo what authorities have found, according to a survey of law enforcement agencies in all 50 states. At least 128 samples out of more than 350 tested by government labs in nine states, nearly all in the South, had synthetic marijuana in products marketed as CBD. Gummy bears and other edibles accounted for 36 of the hits, while nearly all others were vape products. Mississippi authorities also found fentanyl, the powerful opioid involved in about 30,000 overdose deaths last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11774534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11774534\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-800x542.jpg\" alt=\"A neon sign advertising Juul e-cigarettes is displayed in a window of a tobacco store on June 25, 2019 in San Francisco. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted unanimously, 11-0, to be the first city in the United States to ban e-cigarettes, nicotine pods and devices that have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.\" width=\"800\" height=\"542\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-1020x691.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-1200x813.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A neon sign advertising Juul e-cigarettes is displayed in a window of a tobacco store on June 25, 2019 in San Francisco. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted unanimously, 11-0, to be the first city in the United States to ban e-cigarettes, nicotine pods and devices that have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reporters then bought brands that law enforcement testing or online discussions identified as spiked. Because testing by both authorities and AP focused on suspect products, the results are not representative of the overall market, which includes hundreds of products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have started to see the market grow and there are some fly-by-night companies trying to make a quick buck,” said Marielle Weintraub, president of the U.S. Hemp Authority, an industry group that certifies CBD cosmetics and dietary supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthetic marijuana is a concern, according to Weintraub, but she said the industry has many reputable companies. When products turn up spiked, the people or companies behind them often blame counterfeiting or contamination in the supply and distribution chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CBD, short for cannabidiol, is one of many chemicals found in cannabis, a plant known more commonly as marijuana. Most CBD is made from hemp, a cannabis variety cultivated for fiber or other uses. Unlike its more famous cousin THC, cannabidiol doesn’t get users high. Sales of CBD have been driven in part by unproven claims that it can reduce pain, calm anxiety, increase focus and even prevent disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved one CBD-based medicine for treating seizures associated with two rare and severe forms of epilepsy, but says it cannot be added to food, drinks or dietary supplements. The agency is now clarifying its regulations, but aside from warning manufacturers against making unproven health claims, it has done little to stop the sale of spiked products. That’s the job of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, but its agents are focused on opioids and other narcotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now there are CBD candies and beverages, lotions and creams, and even treats for pets. Suburban yoga studios, big-name pharmacies and Neiman Marcus department stores carry beauty products. Kim Kardashian West had a CBD-themed baby shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s hard for consumers to know how much CBD they are really getting, if any at all. As with many products, federal and state regulators rarely test what’s inside — for the most part, quality control is left to manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a financial incentive to cut corners. One website advertises synthetic marijuana for as little as $25 per pound — the same amount of natural CBD costs hundreds or even thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘You Only Live Once’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jay Jenkins had just wrapped up his freshman year at The Citadel, a South Carolina military college, when boredom led him to try what he thought was CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was May 2018 and he said his friend bought a cartridge of blueberry flavored CBD vape oil called Yolo! — the acronym for “you only live once” — from the 7 to 11 Market, an austere, white board-and-batten building in Lexington, South Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the car, Jenkins tried it first. Things “got hazy,” then terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jenkins said the nerves in his mouth felt like they were “multiplied by 10.” Vivid images including a circle engulfed by darkness and filled with colorful triangles filled his mind. Before he drifted out of consciousness, he realized he couldn’t move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought that I actually was already dead,” Jenkins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His friend raced to the hospital where Jenkins suffered acute respiratory failure and drifted into a coma, his medical records show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jenkins came out of the coma and was released the next day. Hospital staff sealed the Yolo cartridge in a biohazard bag and handed it back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Jay Jenkins, suffered acute respiratory failure after vaping a spiked product\"]“I thought that I actually was already dead.”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lab testing AP commissioned this summer found a type of synthetic marijuana that has been blamed for at least 11 deaths in Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal authorities never identified who made Yolo, which sickened not just Jenkins but also at least 33 people in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to documents filed in a California court by a former company bookkeeper, a business called Mathco Health Corporation sold Yolo products to a distributor with the same address as the 7 to 11 Market where Jenkins stopped. Two other former employees told AP that Yolo was a Mathco product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mathco CEO Katarina Maloney said in an interview at company headquarters in Carlsbad, California, that Yolo was handled by her former business partner and she did not want to discuss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney also said Mathco does not “engage in the manufacture, distribution or sale of any illegal products.” She said the Yolo products in Utah “were not purchased from us” and the company can’t control what happens to products once they are shipped. AP-commissioned testing of two CBD vape cartridges marketed under Maloney’s Hemp Hookahzz brand found no synthetic marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an employment complaint filed in court records, the former bookkeeper said Maloney’s former business partner, Janell Thompson, was the “exclusive salesperson” of Yolo. Reached by phone and asked about Yolo, Thompson hung up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want to speak with somebody you can talk to my attorney,” Thompson later texted without providing a name or contact information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a reporter visited the 7 to 11 Market in May, Yolo was no longer for sale. Asked for something similar, the clerk suggested a cartridge labeled Funky Monkey and then turned to a cabinet behind the counter and offered two unlabeled vials\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are better. These are the owner’s. This is our top seller,” she said, referring to them as 7 to 11 CBD. “These here, you can only get here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing showed that all three contained synthetic marijuana. The store owner did not respond to messages seeking comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What’s in ‘Jungle Juice’?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The people behind spiked vapes leave few clues about who makes them or what’s inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Packaging doesn’t identify the companies and their brands have little online presence. Newcomers can simply design a label and outsource production to a wholesaler that deals in bulk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opaque system of manufacturing and distribution hampers criminal investigations and leaves victims of spiked products with little recourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP bought and tested Green Machine pods in flavors including mint, mango, blueberry and jungle juice. Four of the seven pods were spiked and only two had CBD higher than a trace level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11774526\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11774526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-800x519.jpg\" alt=\"A vaping store in Los Angeles on Sept. 6, 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-800x519.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-1020x661.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-1200x778.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vaping store in Los Angeles on Sept. 6, 2019. \u003ccite>(Mark Ralston/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mint and mango pods bought in downtown Los Angeles contained one type of synthetic marijuana. But while mint and mango pods sold by a vape shop in Maryland were not spiked, a “jungle juice” flavored pod was. It had yet a different synthetic marijuana compound — one health authorities blame for poisoning people in the U.S. and New Zealand. A blueberry flavored pod sold in Florida also was spiked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green Machine’s packaging says it’s made with industrial hemp, but there’s no information about who is behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a reporter returned to CBD Supply MD in a Baltimore suburb to discuss testing results, co-owner Keith Manley said he was aware of online chatter that Green Machine might be spiked. He then had an employee pull all remaining Green Machine pods from store shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through interviews and documents, AP tracked Green Machine pods that reporters bought to a warehouse in Philadelphia and then a Manhattan smoke shop and the entrepreneur behind the counter, Rajinder Singh, who said he is Green Machine’s first distributor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singh, who is currently on probation for a federal synthetic marijuana conviction, said he purchased Green Machine pods with cash or in exchange for merchandise such as hookah pipes from a man he knew as “Bob” who drove a van down from Massachusetts. To substantiate his account, he provided a phone number associated with a man who died in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singh pleaded guilty in 2017 to federal charges he sold a smokable “potpourri” that he knew contained synthetic marijuana. He said that experience taught him a lesson and blamed counterfeit products for the synthetic marijuana detected in Green Machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“100 percent, what you tested is a duplicated product,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Emerging Hazard’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The American Association of Poison Control Centers considers CBD an “emerging hazard” due to the potential for mislabeling and contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One case last year involved an 8-year-old boy from Washington who was hospitalized after taking CBD oil his parents ordered online in hopes it would help his seizures, according to a case study in the journal Clinical Toxicology published in May. Instead, synthetic marijuana sent him to the hospital with symptoms including delirium and a rapid heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other clusters of illnesses happened in Mississippi and around military bases in North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labeling of many CBD products has been documented as inaccurate. A 2017 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found 70% of CBD products were mislabeled. Researchers used an independent lab to test 84 products from 31 companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fake or spiked CBD is enough of a concern that leaders of the U.S. Hemp Authority industry group developed a certification program for CBD skin and health products. Vapes are not covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local and state authorities have limited ability to pursue problem products to their roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several Georgia high school students passed out from vaping last year, authorities began scrutinizing local tobacco shops. One of the CBD vape brands they targeted was called Magic Puff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug enforcement team in Savannah and surrounding Chatham County arrested a shop owner and two employees. But they couldn’t follow the investigation further because it appeared the products were being manufactured elsewhere, possibly overseas. The team’s assistant deputy director, Gene Harley, said they provided a report to federal drug agents who handle such cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magic Puff was still on shelves at a Florida store this summer, and AP testing showed blueberry and strawberry cartridges contained synthetic marijuana. Preliminary results also suggested the presence of a toxin produced by a fungus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Michelle Peace, forensic scientist at Virginia Commonwealth University\"]“As long as it remains unregulated like it currently is you just give a really wide space for nefarious activity to continue.”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because CBD is the active ingredient in an FDA-approved drug, the FDA is responsible for regulating its sale in the U.S. But if CBD products are found to contain narcotics, the agency considers the investigation a job for the DEA, an FDA spokesman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DEA says it is focused on drugs responsible for killing thousands of Americans like fentanyl and methamphetamines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are going to be bigger priorities on enforcement,” DEA spokeswoman Mary Brandenberger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts such as Michelle Peace, a forensic scientist at Virginia Commonwealth University who has found synthetic marijuana in her own testing of CBD vapes, said the federal government should act quickly to protect the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as it remains unregulated like it currently is,” Peace said, “you just give a really wide space for nefarious activity to continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Contact AP’s investigative team at Investigative@ap.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mohr reported from Carlsbad, California; Panama City, Florida; and Jackson, Mississippi. Contributing to this report were Allen Breed in Lexington and Ninety Six, South Carolina; Juliet Linderman in New York, Philadelphia and Towson, Maryland; Reese Dunklin in Dallas; Krysta Fauria in Carlsbad and Los Angeles; Carla K. Johnson in Seattle; Justin Pritchard in Washington and Los Angeles; Rhonda Shafner in New York; Ted Warren in Grants Pass, Oregon; and Mitch Weiss in Lexington, South Carolina.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>People experiencing problems with a product labeled as CBD can reach a local poison control center by calling 1-800-222-1222.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Some are cashing in on the CBD craze by substituting cheap and illegal synthetic marijuana for natural CBD in vapes and edibles such as gummy bears, an Associated Press investigation has found.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jay Jenkins says he hesitated when a buddy suggested they vape CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll relax you,” the friend assured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vapor that Jenkins inhaled didn’t relax him. After two puffs, he ended up in a coma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because what he was vaping didn’t have any CBD, the suddenly popular compound extracted from the cannabis plant that marketers say can treat a range of ailments without getting users high. Instead, the oil was spiked with a powerful street drug. That is why it is highly recommendable that you buy CBD vape products like the \u003ca href=\"https://freshbros.com/runtz-purple-skywalker-indica\">purple runtz strain\u003c/a> vape pens from a licensed CBD store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some operators are cashing in on the CBD craze by substituting cheap and illegal synthetic marijuana for natural CBD in vapes and edibles such as gummy bears, an Associated Press investigation has found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice has sent dozens of people like Jenkins to emergency rooms over the last two years. Yet people behind spiked products have operated with impunity, in part because the business has boomed so fast that regulators haven’t caught up while drug enforcement agents have higher priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/f317c5c9682e4c5cb125d56f9fe6b737\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commissioned laboratory testing of the vape oil\u003c/a> Jenkins used plus 29 other vape products sold as CBD around the country, with a focus on brands that authorities or users flagged as suspect. Ten of the 30 contained types of synthetic marijuana — drugs commonly known as K2 or spice that have no known medical benefits — while others had no CBD at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them was Green Machine, a pod compatible with Juul electronic cigarettes that reporters bought in California, Florida and Maryland. Four of those seven pods contained illegal synthetic marijuana, but which chemical varied by flavor and even location of purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s Russian roulette,” said James Neal-Kababick, director of Flora Research Laboratories, which tested the products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaping in general has come under increased scrutiny in recent weeks because \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11773042/cdc-says-number-of-possible-cases-of-vaping-related-lung-illness-has-doubled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hundreds of users have developed mysterious lung illnesses\u003c/a>, and several have died. The AP’s investigation focused on yet another set of cases, in which psychoactive chemicals are added to products presented as CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of AP’s lab testing echo what authorities have found, according to a survey of law enforcement agencies in all 50 states. At least 128 samples out of more than 350 tested by government labs in nine states, nearly all in the South, had synthetic marijuana in products marketed as CBD. Gummy bears and other edibles accounted for 36 of the hits, while nearly all others were vape products. Mississippi authorities also found fentanyl, the powerful opioid involved in about 30,000 overdose deaths last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11774534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11774534\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-800x542.jpg\" alt=\"A neon sign advertising Juul e-cigarettes is displayed in a window of a tobacco store on June 25, 2019 in San Francisco. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted unanimously, 11-0, to be the first city in the United States to ban e-cigarettes, nicotine pods and devices that have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.\" width=\"800\" height=\"542\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-1020x691.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2-1200x813.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/juul-san-francisco-1920-2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A neon sign advertising Juul e-cigarettes is displayed in a window of a tobacco store on June 25, 2019 in San Francisco. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted unanimously, 11-0, to be the first city in the United States to ban e-cigarettes, nicotine pods and devices that have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reporters then bought brands that law enforcement testing or online discussions identified as spiked. Because testing by both authorities and AP focused on suspect products, the results are not representative of the overall market, which includes hundreds of products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have started to see the market grow and there are some fly-by-night companies trying to make a quick buck,” said Marielle Weintraub, president of the U.S. Hemp Authority, an industry group that certifies CBD cosmetics and dietary supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthetic marijuana is a concern, according to Weintraub, but she said the industry has many reputable companies. When products turn up spiked, the people or companies behind them often blame counterfeiting or contamination in the supply and distribution chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CBD, short for cannabidiol, is one of many chemicals found in cannabis, a plant known more commonly as marijuana. Most CBD is made from hemp, a cannabis variety cultivated for fiber or other uses. Unlike its more famous cousin THC, cannabidiol doesn’t get users high. Sales of CBD have been driven in part by unproven claims that it can reduce pain, calm anxiety, increase focus and even prevent disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved one CBD-based medicine for treating seizures associated with two rare and severe forms of epilepsy, but says it cannot be added to food, drinks or dietary supplements. The agency is now clarifying its regulations, but aside from warning manufacturers against making unproven health claims, it has done little to stop the sale of spiked products. That’s the job of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, but its agents are focused on opioids and other narcotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now there are CBD candies and beverages, lotions and creams, and even treats for pets. Suburban yoga studios, big-name pharmacies and Neiman Marcus department stores carry beauty products. Kim Kardashian West had a CBD-themed baby shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s hard for consumers to know how much CBD they are really getting, if any at all. As with many products, federal and state regulators rarely test what’s inside — for the most part, quality control is left to manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a financial incentive to cut corners. One website advertises synthetic marijuana for as little as $25 per pound — the same amount of natural CBD costs hundreds or even thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘You Only Live Once’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jay Jenkins had just wrapped up his freshman year at The Citadel, a South Carolina military college, when boredom led him to try what he thought was CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was May 2018 and he said his friend bought a cartridge of blueberry flavored CBD vape oil called Yolo! — the acronym for “you only live once” — from the 7 to 11 Market, an austere, white board-and-batten building in Lexington, South Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the car, Jenkins tried it first. Things “got hazy,” then terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jenkins said the nerves in his mouth felt like they were “multiplied by 10.” Vivid images including a circle engulfed by darkness and filled with colorful triangles filled his mind. Before he drifted out of consciousness, he realized he couldn’t move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought that I actually was already dead,” Jenkins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His friend raced to the hospital where Jenkins suffered acute respiratory failure and drifted into a coma, his medical records show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jenkins came out of the coma and was released the next day. Hospital staff sealed the Yolo cartridge in a biohazard bag and handed it back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lab testing AP commissioned this summer found a type of synthetic marijuana that has been blamed for at least 11 deaths in Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal authorities never identified who made Yolo, which sickened not just Jenkins but also at least 33 people in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to documents filed in a California court by a former company bookkeeper, a business called Mathco Health Corporation sold Yolo products to a distributor with the same address as the 7 to 11 Market where Jenkins stopped. Two other former employees told AP that Yolo was a Mathco product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mathco CEO Katarina Maloney said in an interview at company headquarters in Carlsbad, California, that Yolo was handled by her former business partner and she did not want to discuss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloney also said Mathco does not “engage in the manufacture, distribution or sale of any illegal products.” She said the Yolo products in Utah “were not purchased from us” and the company can’t control what happens to products once they are shipped. AP-commissioned testing of two CBD vape cartridges marketed under Maloney’s Hemp Hookahzz brand found no synthetic marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an employment complaint filed in court records, the former bookkeeper said Maloney’s former business partner, Janell Thompson, was the “exclusive salesperson” of Yolo. Reached by phone and asked about Yolo, Thompson hung up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want to speak with somebody you can talk to my attorney,” Thompson later texted without providing a name or contact information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a reporter visited the 7 to 11 Market in May, Yolo was no longer for sale. Asked for something similar, the clerk suggested a cartridge labeled Funky Monkey and then turned to a cabinet behind the counter and offered two unlabeled vials\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are better. These are the owner’s. This is our top seller,” she said, referring to them as 7 to 11 CBD. “These here, you can only get here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing showed that all three contained synthetic marijuana. The store owner did not respond to messages seeking comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What’s in ‘Jungle Juice’?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The people behind spiked vapes leave few clues about who makes them or what’s inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Packaging doesn’t identify the companies and their brands have little online presence. Newcomers can simply design a label and outsource production to a wholesaler that deals in bulk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opaque system of manufacturing and distribution hampers criminal investigations and leaves victims of spiked products with little recourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP bought and tested Green Machine pods in flavors including mint, mango, blueberry and jungle juice. Four of the seven pods were spiked and only two had CBD higher than a trace level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11774526\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11774526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-800x519.jpg\" alt=\"A vaping store in Los Angeles on Sept. 6, 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-800x519.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-1020x661.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920-1200x778.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/vape-store-los-angeles-1920.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vaping store in Los Angeles on Sept. 6, 2019. \u003ccite>(Mark Ralston/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mint and mango pods bought in downtown Los Angeles contained one type of synthetic marijuana. But while mint and mango pods sold by a vape shop in Maryland were not spiked, a “jungle juice” flavored pod was. It had yet a different synthetic marijuana compound — one health authorities blame for poisoning people in the U.S. and New Zealand. A blueberry flavored pod sold in Florida also was spiked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green Machine’s packaging says it’s made with industrial hemp, but there’s no information about who is behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a reporter returned to CBD Supply MD in a Baltimore suburb to discuss testing results, co-owner Keith Manley said he was aware of online chatter that Green Machine might be spiked. He then had an employee pull all remaining Green Machine pods from store shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through interviews and documents, AP tracked Green Machine pods that reporters bought to a warehouse in Philadelphia and then a Manhattan smoke shop and the entrepreneur behind the counter, Rajinder Singh, who said he is Green Machine’s first distributor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singh, who is currently on probation for a federal synthetic marijuana conviction, said he purchased Green Machine pods with cash or in exchange for merchandise such as hookah pipes from a man he knew as “Bob” who drove a van down from Massachusetts. To substantiate his account, he provided a phone number associated with a man who died in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singh pleaded guilty in 2017 to federal charges he sold a smokable “potpourri” that he knew contained synthetic marijuana. He said that experience taught him a lesson and blamed counterfeit products for the synthetic marijuana detected in Green Machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“100 percent, what you tested is a duplicated product,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Emerging Hazard’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The American Association of Poison Control Centers considers CBD an “emerging hazard” due to the potential for mislabeling and contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One case last year involved an 8-year-old boy from Washington who was hospitalized after taking CBD oil his parents ordered online in hopes it would help his seizures, according to a case study in the journal Clinical Toxicology published in May. Instead, synthetic marijuana sent him to the hospital with symptoms including delirium and a rapid heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other clusters of illnesses happened in Mississippi and around military bases in North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labeling of many CBD products has been documented as inaccurate. A 2017 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found 70% of CBD products were mislabeled. Researchers used an independent lab to test 84 products from 31 companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fake or spiked CBD is enough of a concern that leaders of the U.S. Hemp Authority industry group developed a certification program for CBD skin and health products. Vapes are not covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local and state authorities have limited ability to pursue problem products to their roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several Georgia high school students passed out from vaping last year, authorities began scrutinizing local tobacco shops. One of the CBD vape brands they targeted was called Magic Puff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug enforcement team in Savannah and surrounding Chatham County arrested a shop owner and two employees. But they couldn’t follow the investigation further because it appeared the products were being manufactured elsewhere, possibly overseas. The team’s assistant deputy director, Gene Harley, said they provided a report to federal drug agents who handle such cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magic Puff was still on shelves at a Florida store this summer, and AP testing showed blueberry and strawberry cartridges contained synthetic marijuana. Preliminary results also suggested the presence of a toxin produced by a fungus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "“As long as it remains unregulated like it currently is you just give a really wide space for nefarious activity to continue.”",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because CBD is the active ingredient in an FDA-approved drug, the FDA is responsible for regulating its sale in the U.S. But if CBD products are found to contain narcotics, the agency considers the investigation a job for the DEA, an FDA spokesman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DEA says it is focused on drugs responsible for killing thousands of Americans like fentanyl and methamphetamines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are going to be bigger priorities on enforcement,” DEA spokeswoman Mary Brandenberger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts such as Michelle Peace, a forensic scientist at Virginia Commonwealth University who has found synthetic marijuana in her own testing of CBD vapes, said the federal government should act quickly to protect the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as it remains unregulated like it currently is,” Peace said, “you just give a really wide space for nefarious activity to continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Contact AP’s investigative team at Investigative@ap.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mohr reported from Carlsbad, California; Panama City, Florida; and Jackson, Mississippi. Contributing to this report were Allen Breed in Lexington and Ninety Six, South Carolina; Juliet Linderman in New York, Philadelphia and Towson, Maryland; Reese Dunklin in Dallas; Krysta Fauria in Carlsbad and Los Angeles; Carla K. Johnson in Seattle; Justin Pritchard in Washington and Los Angeles; Rhonda Shafner in New York; Ted Warren in Grants Pass, Oregon; and Mitch Weiss in Lexington, South Carolina.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>People experiencing problems with a product labeled as CBD can reach a local poison control center by calling 1-800-222-1222.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One day after the FDA slammed Juul for illegally touting its products as safer than cigarettes, California health officials said they identified 62 potential cases of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fiorevapecancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severe lung disease linked to vaping\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least six of those cases are right here in the Bay Area, home of San Francisco-based Juul Labs Inc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note: Just because the company name includes the safe, clinical-sounding word \"labs\" does not mean this is a medical endeavor trying to get you to kick smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multibillion-dollar investment in Juul by tobacco behemoth Altria (formerly Philip Morris) should have been a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11734249/delicious-fruity-flavors-not-for-kids-promise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tipoff\u003c/a> that these guys are OK with incorporating death as part of the overall business plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One day after the FDA slammed Juul for illegally touting its products as safer than cigarettes, California health officials said they identified 62 potential cases of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fiorevapecancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severe lung disease linked to vaping\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least six of those cases are right here in the Bay Area, home of San Francisco-based Juul Labs Inc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note: Just because the company name includes the safe, clinical-sounding word \"labs\" does not mean this is a medical endeavor trying to get you to kick smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The multibillion-dollar investment in Juul by tobacco behemoth Altria (formerly Philip Morris) should have been a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11734249/delicious-fruity-flavors-not-for-kids-promise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tipoff\u003c/a> that these guys are OK with incorporating death as part of the overall business plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Unveil Weed Breathalyzer, Launching Debate Over Next Steps",
"title": "Scientists Unveil Weed Breathalyzer, Launching Debate Over Next Steps",
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"content": "\u003cp>The alcohol Breathalyzer came to life slowly, over the course of decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the 1930s through the 1960s, scientists, lawmakers, police and the public quarreled over the veracity of the numbers spit out by the device, the appropriate legal limit for drivers and whether they could trust a \u003ca href=\"https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/drunk-driving-and-the-pre-history-of-breathalyzers-1474504117\">machine over a cop's testimony\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the same debate is playing out over cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As 33 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis in some form, Breathalyzer-type devices that could theoretically aid police enforcement have \u003ca href=\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/weed-breathalyzers-are-on-the-way/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun appearing\u003c/a> in various stages of development. But legal experts and scientists say there's a long way to go before those devices can actually detect a driver's impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation=\"Alexander Star, University of Pittsburgh\"]'If we have a suitable industrial partner, then the device by itself would be quite ready in a few months.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a team of researchers at the University of Pittsburgh announced the latest tool to detect THC — delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive component in cannabis — in breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university's Star Lab, led by Alexander Star, began developing the box-shaped device in 2016, amid a wave of cannabis legalization across the United States. Star, a chemistry professor, partnered with Ervin Sejdic, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the same university, to build the prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device uses carbon nanotubes, which are 1/100,000 the size of human hair, to recognize the presence of THC, even when other substances are in the breath, such as alcohol. The THC molecule binds to the surface of the tubes, altering their electrical properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Nanotechnology sensors can detect THC at levels comparable to or better than mass spectrometry, which is considered the gold standard for THC detection,\" according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.engineering.pitt.edu/News/2019/Star-THC-Breathalyzer/\">the news release\u003c/a> from the university's Swanson School of Engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the device is nearly ready for mass production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11772415\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1684px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567720806580.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11772415 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1684\" height=\"1094\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678.jpg 1684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678-800x520.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678-1020x663.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678-1200x780.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1684px) 100vw, 1684px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Pittsburgh researchers developed a prototype device that can measure the amount of THC in a person's breath. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of University of Pittsburgh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If we have a suitable industrial partner,\" Star told \u003cem>Here & Now'\u003c/em>s Jeremy Hobson, \"then the device by itself would be quite ready in a few months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remaining steps, he says, include testing the prototype and correlating the device's output to the driver's level of impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With alcohol, you can figure out impairment by measuring the amount of alcohol in someone's blood, which you can determine from a Breathalyzer using the \"blood to breath\" — or \"partition\" — ratio. Make that translation from breath to blood to brain, and you can get a relatively accurate sense of how drunk someone is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So when it comes to these marijuana breath tests, that's the million-dollar question right now,\" says Chris Halsor, a Denver lawyer who focuses on issues around legal cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there a ratio that links the amount of THC in someone's breath to the amount in the person's blood — and then to exactly how stoned that person is?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, says Sejdic. The correlation \"is basically missing, from a scientific point of view.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sejdic and Star have figured out how to set a threshold on their device to detect only a certain amount of THC, which they say will help avoid flagging cannabis use from several days prior. But without a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between that amount and the driver's level of impairment, the device may not be particularly useful to police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that hurdle, there's the legal question of what level is safe for driving, which may be hard to answer. It took American courts several decades to settle on today's blood-alcohol concentration limit of 0.08%. States have already set \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.ghsa.org_sites_default_files_2019-2D04_marijuanalaws-5Fapr2019-5F0.pdf&d=DwMF-g&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=la2dQ1CjYh8_S5hqCXFrCN9q6fGEVmllKII03V5OuXk&m=kuUTA4q1MKTuKFftc030Z40bz067W9zu6TNorAnhKEY&s=wh3bMKXSlY4D4i2mVF-HGhNgzP_wVeA-bm_hPZqRBFM&e=\">various legal guidelines\u003c/a>, though some scientists argue that none of them are backed by hard science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsor, who has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/30/523004450/scientists-still-seek-a-reliable-dui-test-for-marijuana\">taught police about marijuana DUIs for years\u003c/a>, says some officers whom he works with are hesitant about the devices. They worry that a cop with less training might use one as a crutch \"instead of actually evaluating the individuals and looking at how they're performing physically, mentally and cognitively,\" Halsor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He advocates for a more hands-on approach: training officers to understand and detect marijuana usage without blood or breath tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not to say that five years from now we won't have some great device,\" Halsor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, for now, to say that he's skeptical would be an understatement. And he says he's especially concerned about a lack of human testing as a result of federal regulations around cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related stories\" tag=\"cannabis\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star and Sejdic understand that challenge. They say it took six months to even get started on their research because they had to get permission from the Drug Enforcement Administration to work with THC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a kind of both ethical and legal issue,\" Sejdic says. \"Given that the marijuana is still a Schedule I substance, it's difficult to actually carry out any research related to this substance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthroughs that would make this kind of device effective might happen first in Canada, Halsor says. The country's decision to legalize cannabis last year \"now opens the door to research being able to be conducted unencumbered,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the University of Pittsburgh researchers are hopeful that the U.S. might get the ball rolling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think there will be some push even for the federal government to actually allow researchers to look and correlate these levels of smoking and impairment,\" Sejdic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the government and the legal system catch up, they say, creating an accurate Breathalyzer-type device itself is the first step toward enforcing those \"Drive High, Get A DUI\" roadside signs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Unveil+Weed+Breathalyzer%2C+Launching+Debate+Over+Next+Steps&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have developed the latest tool to detect THC — the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis — in a person's breath.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The alcohol Breathalyzer came to life slowly, over the course of decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the 1930s through the 1960s, scientists, lawmakers, police and the public quarreled over the veracity of the numbers spit out by the device, the appropriate legal limit for drivers and whether they could trust a \u003ca href=\"https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/drunk-driving-and-the-pre-history-of-breathalyzers-1474504117\">machine over a cop's testimony\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the same debate is playing out over cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As 33 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis in some form, Breathalyzer-type devices that could theoretically aid police enforcement have \u003ca href=\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/weed-breathalyzers-are-on-the-way/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun appearing\u003c/a> in various stages of development. But legal experts and scientists say there's a long way to go before those devices can actually detect a driver's impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a team of researchers at the University of Pittsburgh announced the latest tool to detect THC — delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive component in cannabis — in breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university's Star Lab, led by Alexander Star, began developing the box-shaped device in 2016, amid a wave of cannabis legalization across the United States. Star, a chemistry professor, partnered with Ervin Sejdic, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the same university, to build the prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device uses carbon nanotubes, which are 1/100,000 the size of human hair, to recognize the presence of THC, even when other substances are in the breath, such as alcohol. The THC molecule binds to the surface of the tubes, altering their electrical properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Nanotechnology sensors can detect THC at levels comparable to or better than mass spectrometry, which is considered the gold standard for THC detection,\" according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.engineering.pitt.edu/News/2019/Star-THC-Breathalyzer/\">the news release\u003c/a> from the university's Swanson School of Engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the device is nearly ready for mass production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11772415\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1684px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567720806580.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11772415 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1684\" height=\"1094\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678.jpg 1684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678-800x520.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678-1020x663.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/thc_breathalyzer_prototype-647246cd2e16be72764f3993b20352ceeb2eddef-e1567721060678-1200x780.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1684px) 100vw, 1684px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Pittsburgh researchers developed a prototype device that can measure the amount of THC in a person's breath. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of University of Pittsburgh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If we have a suitable industrial partner,\" Star told \u003cem>Here & Now'\u003c/em>s Jeremy Hobson, \"then the device by itself would be quite ready in a few months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remaining steps, he says, include testing the prototype and correlating the device's output to the driver's level of impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With alcohol, you can figure out impairment by measuring the amount of alcohol in someone's blood, which you can determine from a Breathalyzer using the \"blood to breath\" — or \"partition\" — ratio. Make that translation from breath to blood to brain, and you can get a relatively accurate sense of how drunk someone is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So when it comes to these marijuana breath tests, that's the million-dollar question right now,\" says Chris Halsor, a Denver lawyer who focuses on issues around legal cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there a ratio that links the amount of THC in someone's breath to the amount in the person's blood — and then to exactly how stoned that person is?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, says Sejdic. The correlation \"is basically missing, from a scientific point of view.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sejdic and Star have figured out how to set a threshold on their device to detect only a certain amount of THC, which they say will help avoid flagging cannabis use from several days prior. But without a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between that amount and the driver's level of impairment, the device may not be particularly useful to police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that hurdle, there's the legal question of what level is safe for driving, which may be hard to answer. It took American courts several decades to settle on today's blood-alcohol concentration limit of 0.08%. States have already set \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.ghsa.org_sites_default_files_2019-2D04_marijuanalaws-5Fapr2019-5F0.pdf&d=DwMF-g&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=la2dQ1CjYh8_S5hqCXFrCN9q6fGEVmllKII03V5OuXk&m=kuUTA4q1MKTuKFftc030Z40bz067W9zu6TNorAnhKEY&s=wh3bMKXSlY4D4i2mVF-HGhNgzP_wVeA-bm_hPZqRBFM&e=\">various legal guidelines\u003c/a>, though some scientists argue that none of them are backed by hard science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsor, who has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/30/523004450/scientists-still-seek-a-reliable-dui-test-for-marijuana\">taught police about marijuana DUIs for years\u003c/a>, says some officers whom he works with are hesitant about the devices. They worry that a cop with less training might use one as a crutch \"instead of actually evaluating the individuals and looking at how they're performing physically, mentally and cognitively,\" Halsor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He advocates for a more hands-on approach: training officers to understand and detect marijuana usage without blood or breath tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not to say that five years from now we won't have some great device,\" Halsor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, for now, to say that he's skeptical would be an understatement. And he says he's especially concerned about a lack of human testing as a result of federal regulations around cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star and Sejdic understand that challenge. They say it took six months to even get started on their research because they had to get permission from the Drug Enforcement Administration to work with THC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a kind of both ethical and legal issue,\" Sejdic says. \"Given that the marijuana is still a Schedule I substance, it's difficult to actually carry out any research related to this substance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthroughs that would make this kind of device effective might happen first in Canada, Halsor says. The country's decision to legalize cannabis last year \"now opens the door to research being able to be conducted unencumbered,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the University of Pittsburgh researchers are hopeful that the U.S. might get the ball rolling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think there will be some push even for the federal government to actually allow researchers to look and correlate these levels of smoking and impairment,\" Sejdic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the government and the legal system catch up, they say, creating an accurate Breathalyzer-type device itself is the first step toward enforcing those \"Drive High, Get A DUI\" roadside signs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Unveil+Weed+Breathalyzer%2C+Launching+Debate+Over+Next+Steps&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Chocolate Can Throw Off Marijuana Potency Tests, Researchers Say",
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"content": "\u003cp>How much marijuana is really in that pot brownie? Chocolate can throw off potency tests so labels aren’t always accurate, and now scientists are trying to figure out why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In states where marijuana is legal, pot comes in cookies, mints, gummies, protein bars — even pretzels. These commercial products are labeled with the amount of high-inducing THC. That helps medical marijuana patients get the desired dose and other consumers attune their buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But something about chocolate, chemists say, seems to interfere with potency testing. A chocolate labeled as 10 milligrams of THC could have far more and send someone to the emergency room with hallucinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest research on chocolate, to be presented at a San Diego meeting this week, is one example of chemistry’s growing role in the marijuana industry. Besides chocolate’s quirks, chemists are working on extending shelf life, mimicking marijuana’s earthy aroma and making products safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marijuana business is at a crossroads in its push for legitimacy. The federal government still considers marijuana illegal, yet more than 30 U.S. states allow it for at least medical use. Even in those states, there are no recognized standard methods for testing products for safety and quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemists working for marijuana companies and testing labs are developing those standards and some are legally protecting their ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scores of cannabis-related inventions have received U.S. patents, said Boston attorney Vincent Capuano, who holds a doctorate in organic chemistry. Inventors have patented ways of putting cannabis into milk, coffee pods, ice pops and chewing gum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11770220\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11770220\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-800x483.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-800x483.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-1020x615.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-1200x724.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edibles \u003ccite>( Ethan Miller / Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of flash and hipness, snake oil and marketing. But there’s still a lot of real chemical advance happening,” Capuano said of the industry. “It’s right in center field for chemists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marijuana contains hundreds of chemicals, including cannabinoids such as THC and CBD, a trendy ingredient with unproven health claims. Some pose challenges when they’re processed. Chocolate is a good example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The chocolate itself is affecting our ability to measure the cannabinoids within it,” said David Dawson, chemist and lead researcher at CW Analytical Laboratories in Oakland, which tests marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more chocolate in the vial, the less accurate the test results, he found. He thinks some of the THC is clinging to the fat in chocolate, effectively hiding from the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson’s research is on the agenda at the American Chemical Society meeting in San Diego. The conference includes 20 presentations about marijuana’s technical challenges, said Markus Roggen, a Vancouver, British Columbia-based chemist organizing the program. That’s a big change from a few years ago when presenters didn’t get much beyond the basics such as: “This is THC. This is CBD.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some in the marijuana industry hold “a mythical belief in the goddess of cannabis,” Roggen said, but chemists view marijuana more objectively. For its part, the industry is learning to accept the “new guard of scientists with a different approach to the plant,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another focus of research is a group of chemicals called terpenes that give the marijuana plant its pungent aroma. Many terpenes get lost or changed in the process of making a THC or CBD extract. But users want a certain smell and taste, said chemist Jeffrey Raber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raber heads the Werc Shop, a Los Angeles company that mixes terpenes from lavender, oranges, black pepper and other plants to mimic the flavor and scent of cannabis varieties. The mashups are sold to companies who add them to oils, tinctures and foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monica Vialpando, a San Francisco chemist, is working to prevent drinks with CBD and THC oils from separating into unappealing layers while sitting on the shelf. The oils don’t dissolve in water, a problem for companies trying to create new drinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fighting against the true nature of the THC,” said Vialpando, who came to cannabis from the pharmaceutical industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"weed, cannabis, pot\" label=\"More Cannabis Stories.\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemists solve the problem by increasing the surface area of the oil particles and adding ingredients, called surfactants and emulsifiers, to prevent separation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said consumers should be skeptical of outrageous claims for edibles and beverages, including that all the THC or CBD in a product will be absorbed. Some potency will always be lost in the digestive system before it hits the bloodstream, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now, exactly what happens in the human body with most of these products is unclear, Vialpando said, because there’s been very little safety testing of cannabis emulsions in animals, much less in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ottawa, Ontario, a Canadian government lab is working on a sensor to help police identify stoned drivers. The goal is to detect cannabinoid molecules in saliva or breath droplets, using light and nanoparticles. Still years away from roadside use, the technology might someday also be used by marijuana growers to determine the peak time to harvest, said chemist Li-Lin Tay, who leads the work for National Research Council of Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do his work with chocolate, Dawson grinds a THC-infused chocolate bar in a commercial food processor, weighs samples, adds solvent to the material (“It starts looking like chocolate milk,” he says), before measuring the THC potency. He’s tested cocoa powder, baking chocolate and white chocolate to try to determine what ingredients are hiding the THC during testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will lead to better testing standards and safer products, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need good ‘capital S’ science,” he said.\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How much marijuana is really in that pot brownie? Chocolate can throw off potency tests so labels aren’t always accurate, and now scientists are trying to figure out why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In states where marijuana is legal, pot comes in cookies, mints, gummies, protein bars — even pretzels. These commercial products are labeled with the amount of high-inducing THC. That helps medical marijuana patients get the desired dose and other consumers attune their buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But something about chocolate, chemists say, seems to interfere with potency testing. A chocolate labeled as 10 milligrams of THC could have far more and send someone to the emergency room with hallucinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest research on chocolate, to be presented at a San Diego meeting this week, is one example of chemistry’s growing role in the marijuana industry. Besides chocolate’s quirks, chemists are working on extending shelf life, mimicking marijuana’s earthy aroma and making products safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marijuana business is at a crossroads in its push for legitimacy. The federal government still considers marijuana illegal, yet more than 30 U.S. states allow it for at least medical use. Even in those states, there are no recognized standard methods for testing products for safety and quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemists working for marijuana companies and testing labs are developing those standards and some are legally protecting their ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scores of cannabis-related inventions have received U.S. patents, said Boston attorney Vincent Capuano, who holds a doctorate in organic chemistry. Inventors have patented ways of putting cannabis into milk, coffee pods, ice pops and chewing gum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11770220\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11770220\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-800x483.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-800x483.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-1020x615.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut-1200x724.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/RS38748_GettyImages-805234916-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edibles \u003ccite>( Ethan Miller / Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of flash and hipness, snake oil and marketing. But there’s still a lot of real chemical advance happening,” Capuano said of the industry. “It’s right in center field for chemists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marijuana contains hundreds of chemicals, including cannabinoids such as THC and CBD, a trendy ingredient with unproven health claims. Some pose challenges when they’re processed. Chocolate is a good example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The chocolate itself is affecting our ability to measure the cannabinoids within it,” said David Dawson, chemist and lead researcher at CW Analytical Laboratories in Oakland, which tests marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more chocolate in the vial, the less accurate the test results, he found. He thinks some of the THC is clinging to the fat in chocolate, effectively hiding from the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson’s research is on the agenda at the American Chemical Society meeting in San Diego. The conference includes 20 presentations about marijuana’s technical challenges, said Markus Roggen, a Vancouver, British Columbia-based chemist organizing the program. That’s a big change from a few years ago when presenters didn’t get much beyond the basics such as: “This is THC. This is CBD.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some in the marijuana industry hold “a mythical belief in the goddess of cannabis,” Roggen said, but chemists view marijuana more objectively. For its part, the industry is learning to accept the “new guard of scientists with a different approach to the plant,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another focus of research is a group of chemicals called terpenes that give the marijuana plant its pungent aroma. Many terpenes get lost or changed in the process of making a THC or CBD extract. But users want a certain smell and taste, said chemist Jeffrey Raber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raber heads the Werc Shop, a Los Angeles company that mixes terpenes from lavender, oranges, black pepper and other plants to mimic the flavor and scent of cannabis varieties. The mashups are sold to companies who add them to oils, tinctures and foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monica Vialpando, a San Francisco chemist, is working to prevent drinks with CBD and THC oils from separating into unappealing layers while sitting on the shelf. The oils don’t dissolve in water, a problem for companies trying to create new drinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fighting against the true nature of the THC,” said Vialpando, who came to cannabis from the pharmaceutical industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemists solve the problem by increasing the surface area of the oil particles and adding ingredients, called surfactants and emulsifiers, to prevent separation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said consumers should be skeptical of outrageous claims for edibles and beverages, including that all the THC or CBD in a product will be absorbed. Some potency will always be lost in the digestive system before it hits the bloodstream, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now, exactly what happens in the human body with most of these products is unclear, Vialpando said, because there’s been very little safety testing of cannabis emulsions in animals, much less in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ottawa, Ontario, a Canadian government lab is working on a sensor to help police identify stoned drivers. The goal is to detect cannabinoid molecules in saliva or breath droplets, using light and nanoparticles. Still years away from roadside use, the technology might someday also be used by marijuana growers to determine the peak time to harvest, said chemist Li-Lin Tay, who leads the work for National Research Council of Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do his work with chocolate, Dawson grinds a THC-infused chocolate bar in a commercial food processor, weighs samples, adds solvent to the material (“It starts looking like chocolate milk,” he says), before measuring the THC potency. He’s tested cocoa powder, baking chocolate and white chocolate to try to determine what ingredients are hiding the THC during testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will lead to better testing standards and safer products, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need good ‘capital S’ science,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Says Its Cannabis Revenue Has Fallen Short Of Estimates, Despite Gains",
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"content": "\u003cp>California's cannabis excise tax generated only $74.2 million in the second quarter of 2019, the state says, announcing numbers that are short of projections that were set months ago. It's the latest sign that the country's largest marijuana market has struggled to take off since sales of recreational pot became legal last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second-quarter figure reflected a gain over the $63.1 million excise revenue from the first three months of 2019. But earlier this year, the results prompted Gov. Gavin Newsom to revise his office's estimates of how much money the state would net from its cannabis industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In January, Gov. Gavin Newsom's proposed budget forecast $355 million and $514 million in excise tax revenues for fiscal years 2019 and 2020, respectively,\" as member station Capital Public Radio \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2019/05/15/cannabis-tax-revenue-in-california-could-be-hundreds-of-millions-of-dollars-below-projections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Newsom's budget lowered its expectations for the cannabis excise tax, to $288 million in the current fiscal year and to $359 million in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to other states, California's legal cannabis market has stumbled rather than soared. When California moved from a loosely regulated medical marijuana system to a fully regulated retail system in 2018, it watched legal sales drop to $2.5 billion, from around $3 billion the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After adjusting for population, the Golden State raised the second-least amount of revenue from cannabis taxes during the second quarter among states with legal sales, ahead of only Massachusetts,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"https://itep.org/why-californias-cannabis-market-may-not-tell-you-much-about-legalization-in-your-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result was a departure from the spikes seen in states such as Colorado, Washington and Oregon after those states legalized recreational markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What had happened was that those markets typically doubled in the first year,\" says Tom Adams, of the cannabis industry research firm BDS Analytics. In those three states, he adds, they \"posted 50 to 90 percent compound annual growth for three years straight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what's holding California back, Adams says licensed stores can be hard to find, because many local areas have refused to allow retailers to open. And then there are the tax and regulatory costs: In addition to requiring wholesale distribution, California imposes a number of levies on the cannabis industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's typically 9% to 11% retail sales tax\" in California, Adams says. But local city and county governments can impose their own taxes on cannabis products, and those rates vary widely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11747711,news_11769070,news_11767522' label='related stories']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California also imposes a 15% excise tax, along with a cultivation tax of $9.25 that growers must pay for each ounce of dried cannabis flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the decision to levy a set tax that's based on weight rather than on a fluctuating market price, Adams says that if \"instead of going with a percentage of revenue tax you go with a per ounce tax, that gets painful really quickly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confronted with high taxes in the legal market and new requirements for getting an annual medical marijuana card, many cannabis users in California have turned to the illegal market. The number of medicinal customers has shrunk drastically in the past year, Adams notes. And he says the state's rules about keeping inventories separate for recreational and medicinal sales have either increased costs or prompted some retailers to abandon the medical market altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the state excise tax, California's cultivation tax pulled in $22.6 million and its state sales tax totaled $47.4 million, for a total cannabis revenue boost of $144.2 million for the second quarter, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdtfa.ca.gov/news/19-19.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Tax and Fee Administration\u003c/a> reported this week. The state's figures do not include taxes collected at the local level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the market's challenges, BDS Analytics \u003ca href=\"https://shop.bdsanalytics.com/collections/reports/products/california-lessons-from-the-worlds-largest-cannabis-market\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released a report\u003c/a> earlier this month that predicts California's legal cannabis sales will grow by 23% in 2019 to $3.1 billion, and will rise to $7.2 billion in 2024. But the firm also believes that even five years from now, the illicit market will still account for 53% of all cannabis sales in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the firm says, \"States with more supportive regulatory regimes are expecting illicit sales to make up less than 30%\" of all sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Says+Its+Cannabis+Revenue+Has+Fallen+Short+Of+Estimates%2C+Despite+Gains&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The tepid results have prompted Gov. Gavin Newsom to revise his office's estimates of how much money the state will net from its cannabis industry.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California's cannabis excise tax generated only $74.2 million in the second quarter of 2019, the state says, announcing numbers that are short of projections that were set months ago. It's the latest sign that the country's largest marijuana market has struggled to take off since sales of recreational pot became legal last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second-quarter figure reflected a gain over the $63.1 million excise revenue from the first three months of 2019. But earlier this year, the results prompted Gov. Gavin Newsom to revise his office's estimates of how much money the state would net from its cannabis industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In January, Gov. Gavin Newsom's proposed budget forecast $355 million and $514 million in excise tax revenues for fiscal years 2019 and 2020, respectively,\" as member station Capital Public Radio \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2019/05/15/cannabis-tax-revenue-in-california-could-be-hundreds-of-millions-of-dollars-below-projections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Newsom's budget lowered its expectations for the cannabis excise tax, to $288 million in the current fiscal year and to $359 million in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to other states, California's legal cannabis market has stumbled rather than soared. When California moved from a loosely regulated medical marijuana system to a fully regulated retail system in 2018, it watched legal sales drop to $2.5 billion, from around $3 billion the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After adjusting for population, the Golden State raised the second-least amount of revenue from cannabis taxes during the second quarter among states with legal sales, ahead of only Massachusetts,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"https://itep.org/why-californias-cannabis-market-may-not-tell-you-much-about-legalization-in-your-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result was a departure from the spikes seen in states such as Colorado, Washington and Oregon after those states legalized recreational markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What had happened was that those markets typically doubled in the first year,\" says Tom Adams, of the cannabis industry research firm BDS Analytics. In those three states, he adds, they \"posted 50 to 90 percent compound annual growth for three years straight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what's holding California back, Adams says licensed stores can be hard to find, because many local areas have refused to allow retailers to open. And then there are the tax and regulatory costs: In addition to requiring wholesale distribution, California imposes a number of levies on the cannabis industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's typically 9% to 11% retail sales tax\" in California, Adams says. But local city and county governments can impose their own taxes on cannabis products, and those rates vary widely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California also imposes a 15% excise tax, along with a cultivation tax of $9.25 that growers must pay for each ounce of dried cannabis flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the decision to levy a set tax that's based on weight rather than on a fluctuating market price, Adams says that if \"instead of going with a percentage of revenue tax you go with a per ounce tax, that gets painful really quickly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confronted with high taxes in the legal market and new requirements for getting an annual medical marijuana card, many cannabis users in California have turned to the illegal market. The number of medicinal customers has shrunk drastically in the past year, Adams notes. And he says the state's rules about keeping inventories separate for recreational and medicinal sales have either increased costs or prompted some retailers to abandon the medical market altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the state excise tax, California's cultivation tax pulled in $22.6 million and its state sales tax totaled $47.4 million, for a total cannabis revenue boost of $144.2 million for the second quarter, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdtfa.ca.gov/news/19-19.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Tax and Fee Administration\u003c/a> reported this week. The state's figures do not include taxes collected at the local level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the market's challenges, BDS Analytics \u003ca href=\"https://shop.bdsanalytics.com/collections/reports/products/california-lessons-from-the-worlds-largest-cannabis-market\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released a report\u003c/a> earlier this month that predicts California's legal cannabis sales will grow by 23% in 2019 to $3.1 billion, and will rise to $7.2 billion in 2024. But the firm also believes that even five years from now, the illicit market will still account for 53% of all cannabis sales in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the firm says, \"States with more supportive regulatory regimes are expecting illicit sales to make up less than 30%\" of all sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Says+Its+Cannabis+Revenue+Has+Fallen+Short+Of+Estimates%2C+Despite+Gains&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the past few months, doctors in Kings County, in California's Central Valley, saw a small but higher than normal number of patients with lung disease. At first, patients presented with characteristics of pneumonia or bronchitis, like weakness or shortness of breath. But when placed on standard antibiotic treatment, they did not improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After their health further deteriorated, doctors determined that patients instead had a condition called acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the cause was something surprising, said Kings County public health officer Dr. Milton Teske.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"cannabis\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only connecting factor that tied them all together was a history of vaping THC or CBD or some combination of that,\" Teske said, referring to compounds in marijuana. THC is the psychoactive component of cannabis, while CBD, or cannabidiol, is a component being promoted to ease various conditions, from anxiety to epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More significantly, all the vaping products were purchased on the street from unlicensed vendors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current rash of illnesses have not just happened in the Central Valley, where there was a cluster of eight cases, but also around the state. Officials at the California Department of Public Health have identified 21 cases statewide of what could potentially be \"acute lung disease.\" These cases are also linked to vaping illicit cannabis products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Department of Public Health could not provide information about patient demographics, Dr. Teske said the eight patients in his region were young and previously healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teske said some cases were so severe that patients were intubated and placed on a ventilator in the intensive care unit of their hospital. Patients improved after high doses of intravenous steroids. Teske said without hospitalization, however, some of the cases would have been fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, a spokesman for the Department of Public Health wrote that the agency is \"working with local public health departments, other state departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to gather more information on patients, and on products and substances used.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department is urging people to avoid vaping cannabis products sold by unlicensed vendors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>When is it wrong to show cigarette smoking on television, but OK to depict people smoking cannabis products, particularly in programming popular among young teenagers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Netflix recently announced it would curb depictions of cigarette smoking in original programming intended for general audiences, after a \u003ca href=\"https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/tobacco-pop-culture/while-you-were-streaming-smoking-demand\">Truth Initiative study\u003c/a> showed its monster summer hit, \u003cem>Stranger Things, \u003c/em>featured more tobacco use than any other program on streaming, broadcast or cable. There's tobacco in every single episode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tobacco advertising has been banned on TV and in the movies for decades; when it comes to characters smoking cigarettes onscreen, restrictions are largely self-imposed. The Walt Disney Company is one of the few studios with a comprehensive and public policy about \u003ca href=\"https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/wp-content/uploads/Smoking-in-Movies.pdf\">depicting tobacco use in movies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"marijuana\" label=\"Coverage of Marijuana in California\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about smoking pot? The Netflix show \u003cem>On My Block\u003c/em> is rated TV-14, for audiences, aged 14 and older — exactly the same rating as \u003cem>Stranger Things\u003c/em>. The very first scene of \u003cem>On My Block\u003c/em>, about high school students in Los Angeles, features kids doing bong hits at a party. There's a loveable, pot-smoking grandma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Netflix romantic comedy, \u003cem>Always Be My Maybe\u003c/em> is rated PG-13. One of its main characters smokes weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This troubles Stanton Glantz, a professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, who for years has studied the cardiovascular effects of tobacco smoke, and the effects of tobacco marketing — direct and indirect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rating a film for 14 year olds that's promoting substance abuse — it's like the peak of risk,\" he says. Glantz says although pot is widely regarded as holistic and harmless, compared to cigarettes, that's not accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Marijuana is not harmless,\" he says. \"Secondhand marijuana smoke has the same kind of adverse effects on your blood vessels that smoking a cigarette does. Chemically it's not all that different from cigarette smoke, except that the psychoactive agent is different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study has shown a correlation between kids' exposure to cigarettes in the media and their later use of tobacco, Glantz says. There aren't as many similar studies about pot, although some have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008330/\">begun to emerge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as pot legalization gains momentum, using it is becoming normalized in popular culture. A couple of years ago, Netflix showed up at a pop-up event at a West Hollywood dispensary and provided \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/aug/25/netflix-marijuana-strains-original-shows\">weed varieties based on some of its most popular shows.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, cannabis — as opposed to tobacco — can help make a certain kind of company seem cool, says \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> opinion writer Alyssa Rosenberg. \"Marijuana has sort of a better lobbying message right now than tobacco does,\" she observes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Stanton Glantz, professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco']'Netflix ought to be adopting a policy that, you know, is not only based on the bombproof science we have on tobacco, but brings common sense into the discussion for these other exposures.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rosenberg points out that for much of the 20th century, Big Tobacco actively — and successfully — promoted cigarettes in movies and on TV. \"They were planting stories about how Paul Newman was learning to light two cigarettes at a time for a role,\" she says. \"They supplied green rooms [with cigarettes]. They focused on trying to get stars to smoke on-air during tapings of \u003cem>The Merv Griffin Show\u003c/em>. They tried to push fashion editorials to show models smoking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Rosenberg says, it's perhaps disingenuous for filmmakers or studios to argue, as Netflix does today, that smoking onscreen is an artistic expression when much of it, historically, came out of marketing departments — product placement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glantz worries that kind of product placement might happen again with weed, once it becomes widely commercialized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And Netflix ought to be adopting a policy that, you know, is not only based on the bombproof science we have on tobacco,\" he says, \"but brings common sense into the discussion for these other exposures.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Netflix isn't the only company with a role to play here. Other leading streaming companies haven't made public any policies about the onscreen use of tobacco or cannabis.Netflix, Hulu and Amazon did not respond to NPR's requests for comment in regards to such policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But earlier this month, attorneys general from 43 states and territories \u003ca href=\"https://www.naag.org/assets/redesign/files/2019-08-06%20NAAG%20Letter%20to%20Producers%20--.pdf\">signed a letter sent\u003c/a> to streaming companies, asking for better practices when it comes to showing tobacco use on screen. Some public health experts think pot should be next on the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When is it wrong to show cigarette smoking on television, but OK to depict people smoking cannabis products, particularly in programming popular among young teenagers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Netflix recently announced it would curb depictions of cigarette smoking in original programming intended for general audiences, after a \u003ca href=\"https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/tobacco-pop-culture/while-you-were-streaming-smoking-demand\">Truth Initiative study\u003c/a> showed its monster summer hit, \u003cem>Stranger Things, \u003c/em>featured more tobacco use than any other program on streaming, broadcast or cable. There's tobacco in every single episode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tobacco advertising has been banned on TV and in the movies for decades; when it comes to characters smoking cigarettes onscreen, restrictions are largely self-imposed. The Walt Disney Company is one of the few studios with a comprehensive and public policy about \u003ca href=\"https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/wp-content/uploads/Smoking-in-Movies.pdf\">depicting tobacco use in movies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about smoking pot? The Netflix show \u003cem>On My Block\u003c/em> is rated TV-14, for audiences, aged 14 and older — exactly the same rating as \u003cem>Stranger Things\u003c/em>. The very first scene of \u003cem>On My Block\u003c/em>, about high school students in Los Angeles, features kids doing bong hits at a party. There's a loveable, pot-smoking grandma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Netflix romantic comedy, \u003cem>Always Be My Maybe\u003c/em> is rated PG-13. One of its main characters smokes weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This troubles Stanton Glantz, a professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, who for years has studied the cardiovascular effects of tobacco smoke, and the effects of tobacco marketing — direct and indirect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rating a film for 14 year olds that's promoting substance abuse — it's like the peak of risk,\" he says. Glantz says although pot is widely regarded as holistic and harmless, compared to cigarettes, that's not accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Marijuana is not harmless,\" he says. \"Secondhand marijuana smoke has the same kind of adverse effects on your blood vessels that smoking a cigarette does. Chemically it's not all that different from cigarette smoke, except that the psychoactive agent is different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study has shown a correlation between kids' exposure to cigarettes in the media and their later use of tobacco, Glantz says. There aren't as many similar studies about pot, although some have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008330/\">begun to emerge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as pot legalization gains momentum, using it is becoming normalized in popular culture. A couple of years ago, Netflix showed up at a pop-up event at a West Hollywood dispensary and provided \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/aug/25/netflix-marijuana-strains-original-shows\">weed varieties based on some of its most popular shows.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, cannabis — as opposed to tobacco — can help make a certain kind of company seem cool, says \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> opinion writer Alyssa Rosenberg. \"Marijuana has sort of a better lobbying message right now than tobacco does,\" she observes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rosenberg points out that for much of the 20th century, Big Tobacco actively — and successfully — promoted cigarettes in movies and on TV. \"They were planting stories about how Paul Newman was learning to light two cigarettes at a time for a role,\" she says. \"They supplied green rooms [with cigarettes]. They focused on trying to get stars to smoke on-air during tapings of \u003cem>The Merv Griffin Show\u003c/em>. They tried to push fashion editorials to show models smoking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Rosenberg says, it's perhaps disingenuous for filmmakers or studios to argue, as Netflix does today, that smoking onscreen is an artistic expression when much of it, historically, came out of marketing departments — product placement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glantz worries that kind of product placement might happen again with weed, once it becomes widely commercialized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And Netflix ought to be adopting a policy that, you know, is not only based on the bombproof science we have on tobacco,\" he says, \"but brings common sense into the discussion for these other exposures.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Netflix isn't the only company with a role to play here. Other leading streaming companies haven't made public any policies about the onscreen use of tobacco or cannabis.Netflix, Hulu and Amazon did not respond to NPR's requests for comment in regards to such policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But earlier this month, attorneys general from 43 states and territories \u003ca href=\"https://www.naag.org/assets/redesign/files/2019-08-06%20NAAG%20Letter%20to%20Producers%20--.pdf\">signed a letter sent\u003c/a> to streaming companies, asking for better practices when it comes to showing tobacco use on screen. Some public health experts think pot should be next on the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Netflix+Curbs+Tobacco+Use+Onscreen%2C+But+Not+Pot.+What%27s+Up+With+That%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "California's Largest Legal Weed Farms Face Conflict From Winemakers",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Santa Rita Hills, nestled in Santa Barbara County, are ideal for pinot noir, a notoriously finicky grape. That's why Kathy Joseph came here to plant Fiddlestix Vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag=\"marijuana\" label=\"More Coverage of Marijuana in California\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plants are over 20 years old, which comes through in the wines we make. The topography is just right; the proximity to the ocean is incredible,\" Joseph says. \"Difficult to find a pinot noir district this good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighboring grape vines extend to the west as far as the eye can see. In the other direction, there's a new neighbor in town. This spring, a cannabis farmer started building hoop houses on the 100-acre parcel. So far, a quarter of the land is growing pot. Joseph has seen plenty of vegetable farms there before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've lived together with other vegetables, lettuces and cauliflower, and broccoli and snap peas, and walnuts very happily,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this new crop is different. In June, Joseph learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis. Unlike food crops, cannabis can't be sold if there's any trace of fungicide or pesticide in it,\u003ca href=\"https://bcc.ca.gov/about_us/documents/17-261_required_testing_chart.pdf\"> according to state law\u003c/a>. So while the county investigates, she's using a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Joseph looks out over the recently planted cannabis farm from her ATV. Her pinot noir grapevines are growing to her right.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767540\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Joseph looks out over the recently planted cannabis farm from her ATV. Her pinot noir grapevines are growing to her right. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We may lose crop because we can't protect it,\" Joseph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph, and other Santa Barbara County\u003ca href=\"https://www.concernedcarpinterians.com/uploads/1/2/4/0/124047528/press_release__hoops_litigation_.pdf\"> residents in the southern city of Carpinteria\u003c/a>, say the county has been excessively permissive toward cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767541\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Vintner Kathy Joseph has learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis, forcing her to use a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767541\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vintner Kathy Joseph has learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis, forcing her to use a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I have nothing against cannabis. It existed whether it was legal or not legal, and this just allows it to be controlled a little bit more responsibly,\" Joseph says. \"But that isn't what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB64\"> passed Proposition 64 in 2016\u003c/a> with 57% of voters in favor of legalizing recreational marijuana, but regulation of cannabis cultivation was left largely up to the counties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of California's counties decided to ban recreational cannabis cultivation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.counties.org/county-cannabis-ordinances\">according to local ordinances\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the counties that do permit cannabis cultivation, Santa Barbara has issued the most legal permits in the state. Proposition 64 banned licenses for over\u003ca href=\"https://static.cdfa.ca.gov/MCCP/document/2017%201228%20Licensing%20Workshop%20Presentation.pdf\"> 1 acre of land until 2023\u003c/a>, but farmers can still \"stack\" licenses or combine small permits for neighboring plots of land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"800\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/ca-cannabis-permits-20190808/\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what the cannabis farmer neighboring Fiddlestix Vineyard did. John De Friel has nearly 100 separate permits for neighboring plots of land, creating two of the largest legal pot farms in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says conflicts with other farmers are as old as agriculture itself. He's just the latest newcomer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just farmers learning to farm next to each other, which is not new for California,\" De Friel says of his Raw Garden farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of his operation, there is a warehouse full of shipping container-sized refrigerators. Here, he and his team examine and crossbreed thousands of seeds in pursuit of the perfect cannabis plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our focus really has been just asking what can this plant do?\" De Friel says. \"How many different traits are there to make measurements on? How do we make the best measurements?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes the same scientific and strategic approach to most things. For example, when California legalized recreational pot, he called each of the Santa Barbara County supervisors and went to 65 planning meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Fiddlestix Vineyard sits right next to John De Friel's cannabis farm's hoop houses.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767542\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fiddlestix Vineyard sits right next to John De Friel's cannabis farm's hoop houses. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We participated in the political process, we went to public meetings, we gave feedback,\" De Friel says, \"We exercised our First Amendment right to the freedom of speech.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county listened to De Friel and other cannabis farmers and passed one of the most\u003ca href=\"http://cannabis.countyofsb.org/\"> cultivation-friendly ordinances\u003c/a> in the state. Up until July, Santa Barbara didn't have a cap on the number of acres that could be cultivated countywide. County Supervisor Das Williams says the county aimed to bring as much cannabis farming as possible into the legal sector. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe we were a little too permissive at first,\" Williams says. \"Now we're getting to be more restrictive.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other traditional California agriculture is also facing challenges living side by side with the new crop. In Carpinteria, avocado farmers are facing a similar dilemma as north county winemakers. Scott Van Der Kar has an avocado, lemon and cherimoya farm and can't spray the pesticides he has been using for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Van Der Kar shows the scarring caused by avocado thrips after he couldn't spray his usual pesticides.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Van Der Kar shows the scarring caused by avocado thrips after he couldn't spray his usual pesticides. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Trying to accommodate the cannabis growers is really difficult for us, the growers who have been here who have a food crop,\" Van Der Kar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cannabis isn't a new crop to California or Santa Barbara County, it's just newly regulated and newly taxable. Peter Rupert teaches economics at UC Santa Barbara and studies the economics of cannabis. His findings suggest the county's wine is\u003ca href=\"https://www.sbcountywines.com/uploads/2/2/1/6/22166752/2018.pdf\"> valued at about $120 million\u003c/a>, while its cannabis is worth about $180 million, but on a tiny\u003ca href=\"https://efp.ucsb.edu/Cannabis/implan_InitialAssessment.pdf\"> fraction of the land\u003c/a>. He says the county is positioning itself to earn significant tax dollars from cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Growing here in California is easy,\" Rupert says. \"My guess is once they open interstate commerce in cannabis, you know California will really take over.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But farmers and winemakers like Kathy Joseph say they hope the budding industry won't hurt traditional crops in the meantime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Santa Rita Hills, nestled in Santa Barbara County, are ideal for pinot noir, a notoriously finicky grape. That's why Kathy Joseph came here to plant Fiddlestix Vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plants are over 20 years old, which comes through in the wines we make. The topography is just right; the proximity to the ocean is incredible,\" Joseph says. \"Difficult to find a pinot noir district this good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighboring grape vines extend to the west as far as the eye can see. In the other direction, there's a new neighbor in town. This spring, a cannabis farmer started building hoop houses on the 100-acre parcel. So far, a quarter of the land is growing pot. Joseph has seen plenty of vegetable farms there before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've lived together with other vegetables, lettuces and cauliflower, and broccoli and snap peas, and walnuts very happily,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this new crop is different. In June, Joseph learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis. Unlike food crops, cannabis can't be sold if there's any trace of fungicide or pesticide in it,\u003ca href=\"https://bcc.ca.gov/about_us/documents/17-261_required_testing_chart.pdf\"> according to state law\u003c/a>. So while the county investigates, she's using a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Joseph looks out over the recently planted cannabis farm from her ATV. Her pinot noir grapevines are growing to her right.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767540\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Joseph looks out over the recently planted cannabis farm from her ATV. Her pinot noir grapevines are growing to her right. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We may lose crop because we can't protect it,\" Joseph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph, and other Santa Barbara County\u003ca href=\"https://www.concernedcarpinterians.com/uploads/1/2/4/0/124047528/press_release__hoops_litigation_.pdf\"> residents in the southern city of Carpinteria\u003c/a>, say the county has been excessively permissive toward cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767541\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Vintner Kathy Joseph has learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis, forcing her to use a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767541\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/kathy-joseph2-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vintner Kathy Joseph has learned that the fungicide she has been spraying on her grapes for decades could be drifting onto the cannabis, forcing her to use a more expensive and far less effective spray on the grapevines that are nearest to the cannabis farm. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I have nothing against cannabis. It existed whether it was legal or not legal, and this just allows it to be controlled a little bit more responsibly,\" Joseph says. \"But that isn't what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB64\"> passed Proposition 64 in 2016\u003c/a> with 57% of voters in favor of legalizing recreational marijuana, but regulation of cannabis cultivation was left largely up to the counties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of California's counties decided to ban recreational cannabis cultivation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.counties.org/county-cannabis-ordinances\">according to local ordinances\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the counties that do permit cannabis cultivation, Santa Barbara has issued the most legal permits in the state. Proposition 64 banned licenses for over\u003ca href=\"https://static.cdfa.ca.gov/MCCP/document/2017%201228%20Licensing%20Workshop%20Presentation.pdf\"> 1 acre of land until 2023\u003c/a>, but farmers can still \"stack\" licenses or combine small permits for neighboring plots of land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"800\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/ca-cannabis-permits-20190808/\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what the cannabis farmer neighboring Fiddlestix Vineyard did. John De Friel has nearly 100 separate permits for neighboring plots of land, creating two of the largest legal pot farms in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says conflicts with other farmers are as old as agriculture itself. He's just the latest newcomer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just farmers learning to farm next to each other, which is not new for California,\" De Friel says of his Raw Garden farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of his operation, there is a warehouse full of shipping container-sized refrigerators. Here, he and his team examine and crossbreed thousands of seeds in pursuit of the perfect cannabis plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our focus really has been just asking what can this plant do?\" De Friel says. \"How many different traits are there to make measurements on? How do we make the best measurements?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes the same scientific and strategic approach to most things. For example, when California legalized recreational pot, he called each of the Santa Barbara County supervisors and went to 65 planning meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Fiddlestix Vineyard sits right next to John De Friel's cannabis farm's hoop houses.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767542\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/fiddlestix-vineyards-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fiddlestix Vineyard sits right next to John De Friel's cannabis farm's hoop houses. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We participated in the political process, we went to public meetings, we gave feedback,\" De Friel says, \"We exercised our First Amendment right to the freedom of speech.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county listened to De Friel and other cannabis farmers and passed one of the most\u003ca href=\"http://cannabis.countyofsb.org/\"> cultivation-friendly ordinances\u003c/a> in the state. Up until July, Santa Barbara didn't have a cap on the number of acres that could be cultivated countywide. County Supervisor Das Williams says the county aimed to bring as much cannabis farming as possible into the legal sector. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe we were a little too permissive at first,\" Williams says. \"Now we're getting to be more restrictive.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other traditional California agriculture is also facing challenges living side by side with the new crop. In Carpinteria, avocado farmers are facing a similar dilemma as north county winemakers. Scott Van Der Kar has an avocado, lemon and cherimoya farm and can't spray the pesticides he has been using for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11767544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Van Der Kar shows the scarring caused by avocado thrips after he couldn't spray his usual pesticides.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11767544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/08/scott-van-der-kar-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Van Der Kar shows the scarring caused by avocado thrips after he couldn't spray his usual pesticides. \u003ccite>(Claire Heddles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Trying to accommodate the cannabis growers is really difficult for us, the growers who have been here who have a food crop,\" Van Der Kar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cannabis isn't a new crop to California or Santa Barbara County, it's just newly regulated and newly taxable. Peter Rupert teaches economics at UC Santa Barbara and studies the economics of cannabis. His findings suggest the county's wine is\u003ca href=\"https://www.sbcountywines.com/uploads/2/2/1/6/22166752/2018.pdf\"> valued at about $120 million\u003c/a>, while its cannabis is worth about $180 million, but on a tiny\u003ca href=\"https://efp.ucsb.edu/Cannabis/implan_InitialAssessment.pdf\"> fraction of the land\u003c/a>. He says the county is positioning itself to earn significant tax dollars from cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Growing here in California is easy,\" Rupert says. \"My guess is once they open interstate commerce in cannabis, you know California will really take over.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But farmers and winemakers like Kathy Joseph say they hope the budding industry won't hurt traditional crops in the meantime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by POLITICO California Pro on 7/17/2019\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s marijuana legalization was supposed to provide economic justice to communities most affected by drug laws in the past, but Native American tribes that have suffered say the state is unfairly shutting them out of its nascent cannabis trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribes want the state to establish compacts, similar to gaming deals, that would allow them to sell cannabis grown on tribal lands to the broader California market. Under such arrangements, tribes would agree to regulations similar to those established under Proposition 64 and provide tax revenue to the state for products sold off-reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tribal leaders say they’ve been ignored by Gov. Gavin Newsom’s administration despite months of trying to get the state to engage on cannabis compacts. Their frustration spilled over last month at a state workshop in Los Angeles where the California Native American Cannabis Association gave an hour-long presentation criticizing the state that ended with Bureau of Cannabis Control Chief Lori Ajax visibly angry.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘When you have the governor making a statement about apologizing for all the grief or all the tragedy, our point is, OK, well, put your money where your mouth is.’\u003ccite>Dave Vialpando, executive director of C-NACA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Can’t we bypass those years of going at each other over these issues and just come to the good agreement where the state recognizes the tribe’s sovereignty for what they can do on the reservation and still have a productive, healthy market? Apparently not,” said tribal attorney Mark Levitan during the presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high for some 35 tribes interested in starting cannabis businesses to get back to the negotiation table. Because Proposition 64, which voters approved in 2016, was silent on how the state would interact with tribes in the legal marketplace, they’ve had to watch from the sidelines as the multibillion-dollar cannabis market rapidly develops without them. Many of these tribes rank among the communities with the highest rates of unemployment and drug abuse in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As sovereign nations, tribes are able to regulate, grow and sell cannabis on reservation lands. However, to sell products off reservation, they currently have to sign a partial waiver of sovereign immunity that would give state agencies like the Bureau of Cannabis Control and California Department of Food and Agriculture complete regulatory control on tribal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, none of California’s tribes have agreed to that arrangement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s already so much that has been taken and making that compromise and giving [sovereignty] up is what is deeply problematic for people who are marginalized,” said Ariel Clark, a cannabis businesses attorney who is half Native American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Rob Bonta, D-Oakland, has carried legislation in each of the previous three years that would have allowed tribes to enter regulatory cannabis agreements negotiated by the governor and approved by the Legislature. The most recent bill, AB 924, gained the support of the cannabis industry after tribal leaders agreed to implement regulations and taxes mirroring the state’s. But it subsequently fell apart after Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration stood firm that tribes waive their sovereignty to allow for state oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barriers were significant enough that Bonta opted against pursuing another bill this year, according to his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Native American Cannabis Association, or C-NACA, thought it would have better luck going directly to Newsom because he championed Prop 64, and has tried to improve the state’s relationship with tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related stories\" tag=\"prop-64\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom made national news last month when he \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2019/06/18/newsom-to-deliver-californias-formal-apology-to-native-americans-along-with-a-national-first-1065879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued a formal apology\u003c/a> to California tribes for the state’s history of violence against Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the group says the governor’s office has not responded to multiple letters it sent asking for meetings to negotiate agreements. After Newsom’s formal apology, C-NACA responded by saying that actions speak louder than words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Vialpando, executive director of C-NACA, said the apparent lack of interest in engaging with tribes on a potential economic opportunity seems hypocritical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have the governor making a statement about apologizing for all the grief or all the tragedy, our point is, OK, well, put your money where your mouth is,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribal leaders and advocates have pointed to neighboring states as examples of how California could create a successful regulatory partnership with tribes. Washington, Oregon and Nevada have all passed legislation that empowers them to sign individual compacts with each tribe that allow for sharing of regulatory responsibilities on reservations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, tribes agree to impose regulations and tax levels that at a minimum mirror those of the state. Tribal and state regulators also collaborate on enforcement, while the state can run background checks on non-tribal investors and partners. In return, tribes have access to the general Washington market and tax revenue goes to reservation coffers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a unique relationship that you have with the tribes. They’re not a traditional stakeholder, they are governments,” said Brett Cain, the tribal liaison for the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board. “They just happen to reside within Washington state and you have to treat it as a unique relationship and respect their sovereignty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the perspective of California regulators and lawmakers, it’s unclear if the systems used by other states for negotiating tribal cannabis agreements can work here. That’s because the strict set of criteria laid out for legal business under Prop 64 — which covers everything from water usage to labor peace agreements — would offer little wiggle room in the negotiation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>C-NACA and its member tribes have started to look toward inter-reservation commerce as an alternative to entering the California market and as a tool to put pressure on the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levitan said tribes would create healthy nation-to-nation markets where they will develop their own regulatory standards and open dispensaries that sell products to consumers who travel to reservations. None of the income, including from retail sales to California residents, would be subject to state taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you keep telling the tribes we’ll deal with you next year when we have time, we’ll deal with you next year when we have more time, this is the inevitable result,” Levitan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For members of small tribes often located in California’s most rural areas, the promise made to voters that legalization would create social equity for individuals and communities impacted by drug prohibition laws would be broken if Native Americans are excluded from the picture. Reports show Native Americans have the highest rate of substance dependence or abuse among ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Almaraz, a member of the Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians, a tribe of about 130 people located in the Riverside County mountains, said that cannabis cultivation offers the best opportunity for the tribe to support itself in the future. His tribe is one of almost 50 that doesn’t participate in gaming and struggles to make ends meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a lot more third-world situations right here in California than you know, and it is in tribes,” he said. “Without the money from casinos, it would not be possible to live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.politicopro.com/state-policy/california?cid=promkt_19q2_cal_kq\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">POLITICO California Pro\u003c/a> is a subscription platform providing access to original reporting, analysis and tools on the political and policy developments impacting California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 POLITICO LLC.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by POLITICO California Pro on 7/17/2019\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s marijuana legalization was supposed to provide economic justice to communities most affected by drug laws in the past, but Native American tribes that have suffered say the state is unfairly shutting them out of its nascent cannabis trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribes want the state to establish compacts, similar to gaming deals, that would allow them to sell cannabis grown on tribal lands to the broader California market. Under such arrangements, tribes would agree to regulations similar to those established under Proposition 64 and provide tax revenue to the state for products sold off-reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tribal leaders say they’ve been ignored by Gov. Gavin Newsom’s administration despite months of trying to get the state to engage on cannabis compacts. Their frustration spilled over last month at a state workshop in Los Angeles where the California Native American Cannabis Association gave an hour-long presentation criticizing the state that ended with Bureau of Cannabis Control Chief Lori Ajax visibly angry.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘When you have the governor making a statement about apologizing for all the grief or all the tragedy, our point is, OK, well, put your money where your mouth is.’\u003ccite>Dave Vialpando, executive director of C-NACA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Can’t we bypass those years of going at each other over these issues and just come to the good agreement where the state recognizes the tribe’s sovereignty for what they can do on the reservation and still have a productive, healthy market? Apparently not,” said tribal attorney Mark Levitan during the presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high for some 35 tribes interested in starting cannabis businesses to get back to the negotiation table. Because Proposition 64, which voters approved in 2016, was silent on how the state would interact with tribes in the legal marketplace, they’ve had to watch from the sidelines as the multibillion-dollar cannabis market rapidly develops without them. Many of these tribes rank among the communities with the highest rates of unemployment and drug abuse in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As sovereign nations, tribes are able to regulate, grow and sell cannabis on reservation lands. However, to sell products off reservation, they currently have to sign a partial waiver of sovereign immunity that would give state agencies like the Bureau of Cannabis Control and California Department of Food and Agriculture complete regulatory control on tribal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, none of California’s tribes have agreed to that arrangement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s already so much that has been taken and making that compromise and giving [sovereignty] up is what is deeply problematic for people who are marginalized,” said Ariel Clark, a cannabis businesses attorney who is half Native American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Rob Bonta, D-Oakland, has carried legislation in each of the previous three years that would have allowed tribes to enter regulatory cannabis agreements negotiated by the governor and approved by the Legislature. The most recent bill, AB 924, gained the support of the cannabis industry after tribal leaders agreed to implement regulations and taxes mirroring the state’s. But it subsequently fell apart after Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration stood firm that tribes waive their sovereignty to allow for state oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barriers were significant enough that Bonta opted against pursuing another bill this year, according to his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Native American Cannabis Association, or C-NACA, thought it would have better luck going directly to Newsom because he championed Prop 64, and has tried to improve the state’s relationship with tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom made national news last month when he \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/california/story/2019/06/18/newsom-to-deliver-californias-formal-apology-to-native-americans-along-with-a-national-first-1065879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued a formal apology\u003c/a> to California tribes for the state’s history of violence against Native Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the group says the governor’s office has not responded to multiple letters it sent asking for meetings to negotiate agreements. After Newsom’s formal apology, C-NACA responded by saying that actions speak louder than words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Vialpando, executive director of C-NACA, said the apparent lack of interest in engaging with tribes on a potential economic opportunity seems hypocritical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have the governor making a statement about apologizing for all the grief or all the tragedy, our point is, OK, well, put your money where your mouth is,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribal leaders and advocates have pointed to neighboring states as examples of how California could create a successful regulatory partnership with tribes. Washington, Oregon and Nevada have all passed legislation that empowers them to sign individual compacts with each tribe that allow for sharing of regulatory responsibilities on reservations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, tribes agree to impose regulations and tax levels that at a minimum mirror those of the state. Tribal and state regulators also collaborate on enforcement, while the state can run background checks on non-tribal investors and partners. In return, tribes have access to the general Washington market and tax revenue goes to reservation coffers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a unique relationship that you have with the tribes. They’re not a traditional stakeholder, they are governments,” said Brett Cain, the tribal liaison for the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board. “They just happen to reside within Washington state and you have to treat it as a unique relationship and respect their sovereignty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the perspective of California regulators and lawmakers, it’s unclear if the systems used by other states for negotiating tribal cannabis agreements can work here. That’s because the strict set of criteria laid out for legal business under Prop 64 — which covers everything from water usage to labor peace agreements — would offer little wiggle room in the negotiation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>C-NACA and its member tribes have started to look toward inter-reservation commerce as an alternative to entering the California market and as a tool to put pressure on the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levitan said tribes would create healthy nation-to-nation markets where they will develop their own regulatory standards and open dispensaries that sell products to consumers who travel to reservations. None of the income, including from retail sales to California residents, would be subject to state taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you keep telling the tribes we’ll deal with you next year when we have time, we’ll deal with you next year when we have more time, this is the inevitable result,” Levitan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For members of small tribes often located in California’s most rural areas, the promise made to voters that legalization would create social equity for individuals and communities impacted by drug prohibition laws would be broken if Native Americans are excluded from the picture. Reports show Native Americans have the highest rate of substance dependence or abuse among ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Almaraz, a member of the Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians, a tribe of about 130 people located in the Riverside County mountains, said that cannabis cultivation offers the best opportunity for the tribe to support itself in the future. His tribe is one of almost 50 that doesn’t participate in gaming and struggles to make ends meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a lot more third-world situations right here in California than you know, and it is in tribes,” he said. “Without the money from casinos, it would not be possible to live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.politicopro.com/state-policy/california?cid=promkt_19q2_cal_kq\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">POLITICO California Pro\u003c/a> is a subscription platform providing access to original reporting, analysis and tools on the political and policy developments impacting California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 POLITICO LLC.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration held its first public hearing on CBD last Friday. The cannabis extract has quickly grown into a billion-dollar industry, and the FDA expects the results will help officials determine how to regulate CBD products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The compound can be extracted from marijuana or from hemp. It’s promoted as a way to ease anxiety and inflammation — and it doesn’t get people high because it doesn’t contain THC, the psychoactive component of the cannabis plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are using oils with cannabidiol, or CBD, to help with everything from menstrual cramps to insomnia. While the hype around CBD has gotten ahead of the science, there are a growing number of small studies that do point to some health benefits. But the FDA has concerns over how these products are marketed, and is seeking more data about their safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11668789' label='A calming aid']“Questions remain regarding the safety considerations raised by the widespread use of these products,” FDA officials wrote in a Federal Register notice about the hearing. “These questions could impact the approaches we consider taking in regulating the development and marketing of products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many players in the CBD industry are eager for the agency to step in and set some clear rules, because there’s been a cloud of uncertainty over the legality of marketing and selling CBD products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2018 farm bill lifted longtime restrictions on hemp, meaning that hemp would no longer be regulated as a controlled substance. The hemp industry saw this as a green light to move ahead in promoting CBD products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the farm bill passed last year, we were beyond thrilled. This ended a multi-decade prohibition on hemp,” says Jonathan Miller who serves as general counsel to the U.S. Hemp Roundtable, a coalition of dozens of hemp companies. “It was a historic moment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the FDA quickly stepped in to make it clear that it has regulatory authority over CBD. The agency has said, for example, that cannabidiol products cannot be sold as dietary supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Ziva Cooper, research director for the UCLA Cannabis Research Initiative']‘We’re really in the infancy of understanding the physiological effects of cannabadiol right now.’[/pullquote] So the industry is asking for a more definitive set of rules, and the FDA hearing was a first step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really need the FDA to join in and help us lay a path toward a regulated legal product,” Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the FDA has a lot of questions for his industry, and researchers who study cannabis say there’s still a lot to learn about cannabidiol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really in the infancy of understanding the physiological effects of cannabadiol right now,” says Ziva Cooper, research director for the UCLA Cannabis Research Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooper says there are important questions to answer, such as: What doses are safe? And what happens when people use it for long periods of time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has already approved one drug made of purified CBD, called Epidiolex, which is used to treat two rare and serious forms of epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need a doctor’s prescription to get this medication, and it contains a much higher dose of CBD than what people typically get from the oils sold online or in dispensaries or markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='marijuana' label='More on Cannabis regulation']Clinical trials of Epidiolex found that the high dose of CBD was generally safe but that it did cause side effects in some people, including lethargy and gastrointestinal distress. The FDA also pointed to concerns about possible liver injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a potentially serious risk that can be managed when the product is taken under medical supervision in accordance with the FDA approved labeling for the product,” agency regulators wrote in the Federal Register notice. “But it is less clear how this risk might be managed if this substance is used far more widely, without medical supervision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One potential strategy to regulate CBD may be to set a threshold. High-dose products could be restricted and require a prescription, while low-dose products similar to many of the CBD oils currently on the market would be widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hemp industry has signaled its support for this approach. The lower dose products could be sold “over-the-counter in natural food stores, drugstores and grocery stores,” says Miller of the U.S. Hemp Roundtable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has set no timeline to regulate CBD products, and its evaluation is likely to continue over the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>As more states legalize cannabis, the number of people buying and using the drug has spiked — and the strains they have access to have become increasingly more potent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related\" tag=\"marijuana\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That concerns scientists who study marijuana and its effects on the body, as well as emergency room doctors who say they’re starting to see more patients with weed-associated issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 26 million Americans, ages 12 and older, said they used marijuana in 2017, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHFFR2017/NSDUHFFR2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Survey on Drug Use and Health\u003c/a>. It’s not clear how many users have had serious health issues from potent weed, and there’s a lot that’s still unknown about the potential risks. But scientists are starting to learn more about some of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potency of weed depends on the amount of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, the main compound responsible for the drug’s psychoactive effects. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26903403\">One study\u003c/a> of pot products seized by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration found the potency increased from about 4% THC in 1995 to about 12% in 2014. By 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30671616\">another study\u003c/a> showed, the potency of illicit drug samples had gone up to 17.1% THC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an increase of more than 300% from 1995 to about 2017,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcleanhospital.org/biography/staci-gruber\">Staci Gruber\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.drstacigruber.com/mind\">Marijuana Investigations for Neuroscientific Discovery\u003c/a> (MIND) program at the Harvard-affiliated McLean Hospital in Belmont, Mass. “I would say that’s a considerable increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some products with concentrated forms of cannabis, like hash and hash oil, can have as much as 80% to 90% THC, she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most people are aware of the phenomenon that ‘this is not your grand daddy’s weed,’ Gruber says. “I hear this all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But people might not be aware of the potential health risks of highly potent weed. “The negative effects of cannabis have primarily been isolated and localized to THC,” says Gruber. “So it stands to reason that higher levels of THC may in fact confer a greater risk for negative outcome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general, people think, ‘Oh, I don’t have to worry about marijuana. It’s a safe drug,’ ” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/directors-page/biography-dr-nora-volkow\">Nora Volkow\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. “The notion that it is a completely safe drug is incorrect when you start to address the consequences of this very high content of 9-THC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pot’s paradoxical effects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>THC can have opposite effects on our bodies at high and low doses, Volkow says. Take anxiety levels, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When someone takes marijuana at a low [THC] content to relax and to stone out, actually, it decreases your anxiety,” she says. But high concentrations can cause panic attacks, and if someone consumes high-enough levels of THC, “you become full-blown psychotic and paranoid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weed can have a similar paradoxical effect on the vascular system. Volkow says, “If you take low-content THC, it will increase your blood flow, but high content [THC] can produce massive vasoconstriction — it decreases the flow through the vessels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at low concentrations, THC can be used to treat nausea in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. But Volkow says that “patients that consume high-content THC chronically came to the emergency department with a syndrome where they couldn’t stop vomiting and with intense abdominal pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a condition called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The typical patient uses about 10 times per day … and they come in with really difficult to treat nausea and vomiting,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/EmergencyMedicine/Faculty/Faculty-Anschutz%20Medical%20Campus/Pages/monte.aspx\">Andrew Monte\u003c/a>, an associate professor of emergency medicine and medical toxicology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. “Some people have died from this … so that is concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know exactly how high levels of THC can trigger the syndrome, but the only known treatment is stopping cannabis use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the number of people who’ve had the syndrome is small, Monte says he and his colleagues have documented a rise in the number of cases at emergency rooms in Colorado since marijuana was legalized there five years ago. \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2729208/acute-illness-associated-cannabis-use-route-exposure-observational-study\">A study\u003c/a> by Monte and his team found that cyclical vomiting cases made up about 18% of inhaled cannabis-related cases at his ER.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also found that statewide, the overall number of ER cases associated with cannabis use has gone up. And Monte says his ER has “seen an approximately three-fold increase in emergency department visits just by frequency. It doesn’t mean we’re getting overwhelmed by these visits due to cannabis, it’s just that means that there are more patients overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people show up at his emergency department because of “intoxication” from too much marijuana, either straight or mixed with other drugs, Monte says. The bulk of these cases are due to inhaled cannabis, though edibles are associated with more psychiatric visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing an increase in psychosis and hallucinations, as well as anxiety and even depression and suicidality,” Monte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the increased potency of marijuana plays a role in all these cases. “Whenever you have a higher dose of one of these types of drugs, the patient is at a higher risk of having an adverse drug event. If the concentration is so much higher … it’s much easier to overshoot the low-level high that they’re looking for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is at equal risk, Monte adds. “Many many people use cannabis safely,” he says. “The vast majority don’t end up in our emergency department.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Different risks for users\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people are more vulnerable than others to the potential negative effects of high THC cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adolescent and young adults who use the drug recreationally are especially susceptible because their brains are still developing and are sensitive to drugs in general, says Gruber of the MIND program. In a recent review of \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2372732216684851\">existing studies\u003c/a>, she found that marijuana use among adolescents affects cognition — especially memory and executive functions, which determine mental flexibility and ability to change behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical marijuana users can face unexpected and unwelcome effects from potent weed. “It’s very important for people to understand that they may not get the response they anticipated,” Gruber notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies done on the medical benefits of marijuana usually involve very low doses of THC, says Monte, who adds that those doses “are far lower than what people are getting in a dispensary right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Dooks, a 51-year-old based in the Boston area turned to marijuana after an ankle surgery last year. “I thought that medical marijuana might be a good alternative to opioids for pain management,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the advice at a dispensary, David began using a variety of weed with 56.5% THC and says it only “exacerbated the nerve pain.” After experimenting with a few other strains, he says, what worked for him was one with low (0.9%) THC, which eased his nerve pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Start low, go slow’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether people are using recreationally or medically, patients should educate themselves as much as possible and be cautious while using, Monte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkow adds that avoiding higher THC products and using infrequently can also help reduce risk. “Anyone who has had a bad experience, whether it’s psychological or biological, they should stay away from this drug,” she notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gruber encourages users to ask for as much information as possible before buying. “You have to know what’s in your weed,” she says. “Whether or not it’s conventional flower that you’re smoking or vaping, an edible or tincture, it’s very important to know what’s in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the old saying, “start low, go slow,” is a good rule of thumb, she adds. “You can always add, but you can never take it away. Once it’s in, it’s in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Highly+Potent+Weed+Has+Swept+The+Market%2C+Raising+Concerns+About+Health+Risks+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As more states legalize cannabis, the number of people buying and using the drug has spiked — and the strains they have access to have become increasingly more potent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That concerns scientists who study marijuana and its effects on the body, as well as emergency room doctors who say they’re starting to see more patients with weed-associated issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 26 million Americans, ages 12 and older, said they used marijuana in 2017, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHFFR2017/NSDUHFFR2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Survey on Drug Use and Health\u003c/a>. It’s not clear how many users have had serious health issues from potent weed, and there’s a lot that’s still unknown about the potential risks. But scientists are starting to learn more about some of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potency of weed depends on the amount of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, the main compound responsible for the drug’s psychoactive effects. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26903403\">One study\u003c/a> of pot products seized by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration found the potency increased from about 4% THC in 1995 to about 12% in 2014. By 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30671616\">another study\u003c/a> showed, the potency of illicit drug samples had gone up to 17.1% THC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s an increase of more than 300% from 1995 to about 2017,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcleanhospital.org/biography/staci-gruber\">Staci Gruber\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.drstacigruber.com/mind\">Marijuana Investigations for Neuroscientific Discovery\u003c/a> (MIND) program at the Harvard-affiliated McLean Hospital in Belmont, Mass. “I would say that’s a considerable increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some products with concentrated forms of cannabis, like hash and hash oil, can have as much as 80% to 90% THC, she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think most people are aware of the phenomenon that ‘this is not your grand daddy’s weed,’ Gruber says. “I hear this all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But people might not be aware of the potential health risks of highly potent weed. “The negative effects of cannabis have primarily been isolated and localized to THC,” says Gruber. “So it stands to reason that higher levels of THC may in fact confer a greater risk for negative outcome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general, people think, ‘Oh, I don’t have to worry about marijuana. It’s a safe drug,’ ” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/directors-page/biography-dr-nora-volkow\">Nora Volkow\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. “The notion that it is a completely safe drug is incorrect when you start to address the consequences of this very high content of 9-THC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pot’s paradoxical effects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>THC can have opposite effects on our bodies at high and low doses, Volkow says. Take anxiety levels, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When someone takes marijuana at a low [THC] content to relax and to stone out, actually, it decreases your anxiety,” she says. But high concentrations can cause panic attacks, and if someone consumes high-enough levels of THC, “you become full-blown psychotic and paranoid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weed can have a similar paradoxical effect on the vascular system. Volkow says, “If you take low-content THC, it will increase your blood flow, but high content [THC] can produce massive vasoconstriction — it decreases the flow through the vessels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at low concentrations, THC can be used to treat nausea in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. But Volkow says that “patients that consume high-content THC chronically came to the emergency department with a syndrome where they couldn’t stop vomiting and with intense abdominal pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a condition called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The typical patient uses about 10 times per day … and they come in with really difficult to treat nausea and vomiting,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/EmergencyMedicine/Faculty/Faculty-Anschutz%20Medical%20Campus/Pages/monte.aspx\">Andrew Monte\u003c/a>, an associate professor of emergency medicine and medical toxicology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. “Some people have died from this … so that is concerning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know exactly how high levels of THC can trigger the syndrome, but the only known treatment is stopping cannabis use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the number of people who’ve had the syndrome is small, Monte says he and his colleagues have documented a rise in the number of cases at emergency rooms in Colorado since marijuana was legalized there five years ago. \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2729208/acute-illness-associated-cannabis-use-route-exposure-observational-study\">A study\u003c/a> by Monte and his team found that cyclical vomiting cases made up about 18% of inhaled cannabis-related cases at his ER.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also found that statewide, the overall number of ER cases associated with cannabis use has gone up. And Monte says his ER has “seen an approximately three-fold increase in emergency department visits just by frequency. It doesn’t mean we’re getting overwhelmed by these visits due to cannabis, it’s just that means that there are more patients overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people show up at his emergency department because of “intoxication” from too much marijuana, either straight or mixed with other drugs, Monte says. The bulk of these cases are due to inhaled cannabis, though edibles are associated with more psychiatric visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing an increase in psychosis and hallucinations, as well as anxiety and even depression and suicidality,” Monte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the increased potency of marijuana plays a role in all these cases. “Whenever you have a higher dose of one of these types of drugs, the patient is at a higher risk of having an adverse drug event. If the concentration is so much higher … it’s much easier to overshoot the low-level high that they’re looking for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is at equal risk, Monte adds. “Many many people use cannabis safely,” he says. “The vast majority don’t end up in our emergency department.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Different risks for users\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people are more vulnerable than others to the potential negative effects of high THC cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adolescent and young adults who use the drug recreationally are especially susceptible because their brains are still developing and are sensitive to drugs in general, says Gruber of the MIND program. In a recent review of \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2372732216684851\">existing studies\u003c/a>, she found that marijuana use among adolescents affects cognition — especially memory and executive functions, which determine mental flexibility and ability to change behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical marijuana users can face unexpected and unwelcome effects from potent weed. “It’s very important for people to understand that they may not get the response they anticipated,” Gruber notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies done on the medical benefits of marijuana usually involve very low doses of THC, says Monte, who adds that those doses “are far lower than what people are getting in a dispensary right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Dooks, a 51-year-old based in the Boston area turned to marijuana after an ankle surgery last year. “I thought that medical marijuana might be a good alternative to opioids for pain management,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the advice at a dispensary, David began using a variety of weed with 56.5% THC and says it only “exacerbated the nerve pain.” After experimenting with a few other strains, he says, what worked for him was one with low (0.9%) THC, which eased his nerve pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Start low, go slow’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether people are using recreationally or medically, patients should educate themselves as much as possible and be cautious while using, Monte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkow adds that avoiding higher THC products and using infrequently can also help reduce risk. “Anyone who has had a bad experience, whether it’s psychological or biological, they should stay away from this drug,” she notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gruber encourages users to ask for as much information as possible before buying. “You have to know what’s in your weed,” she says. “Whether or not it’s conventional flower that you’re smoking or vaping, an edible or tincture, it’s very important to know what’s in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the old saying, “start low, go slow,” is a good rule of thumb, she adds. “You can always add, but you can never take it away. Once it’s in, it’s in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Highly+Potent+Weed+Has+Swept+The+Market%2C+Raising+Concerns+About+Health+Risks+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
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