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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>CA State Superintendent Tony Thurmond\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California’s public schools are dealing with unprecedented issues exacerbated by the pandemic: staffing shortages, low literacy, absenteeism and a mental health crisis among students. Tony Thurmond, the state superintendent of instruction, joins us to discuss the future of education in California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Future of Autonomous Vehicles\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Driverless cars are already moving along densely packed San Francisco streets. What does it mean for human drivers and street safety? We look at what’s happening. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guests:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ellie Casson, Waymo head of city policy and government affairs\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prof. William Riggs, director of USF’s Autonomous Vehicles and the City Initiative\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Generative AI\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Generative artificial intelligence is being called a paradigm shift for humanity — a change that will affect our work, our relationships and our knowledge. So what to make of it? Emily Chang, host and executive producer at Bloomberg Originals and author of \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brotopia\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, tries to help us make sense of it all. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Something Beautiful\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since 1985, Point Isabel Dog Park has been a haven for Bay Area dog owners who want to let their dogs enjoy nature off-leash. The park, which sits on Richmond’s shoreline, encompasses roughly 50 acres and is this week’s look at Something Beautiful. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Facebook and Instagram will block all news articles in California if state lawmakers pass a bill meant to funnel money from the tech platforms to media organizations, a Meta spokesman threatened on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB886\">California Journalism Preservation Act\u003c/a> would essentially tax the advertising profits platforms make from distributing news articles. Under the measure, some 70% of the money collected from the so-called “usage fee” would support newsrooms throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill’s sponsor, Assemblywoman Buffy Wicks, a Democrat who represents Oakland, argues the measure could provide a “lifeline” to local news organizations that have seen advertising revenue plunge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As news consumption has moved online, community news outlets have been downsized and closing at an alarming rate,” Wicks said at a hearing on the bill earlier this month, pointing out that more than 100 California news organizations have gone under in the past decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Meta warns the legislation would make the company block the sharing of news articles in California on Facebook and Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, the company argued, would mostly assist out-of-state sites “under the guise” of helping news publishers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the Journalism Preservation Act passes, we will be forced to remove news from Facebook and Instagram, rather than pay into a slush fund that primarily benefits big, out-of-state media companies under the guise of aiding California publishers,” Andy Stone, a spokesman for Meta, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/andymstone/status/1663951770052067338?s=20\">said\u003c/a> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked how exactly the act would force Meta to stop distributing news articles, Stone said: “It’s pay or remove the news. Our hand is being forced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Coffey, executive vice president of the News Media Alliance trade group, criticized Meta for threatening to block articles in the state, saying the ailing news industry would benefit from having tech platforms pay their fair share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Meta’s threat to take down news is undemocratic and unbecoming. We have seen [this] in their playbook before,” Coffey said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Threats in California echo Big Tech’s warnings in Washington and overseas\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Facebook and Google have developed something of a predictable response to efforts attempting to make them pay the media industry for articles: Threatening to stop carrying news in protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11951940\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11951940\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut.jpg\" alt='A building with glass windows and a huge multicolored logo reads, \"Google.\"' width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google headquarters on Sept. 2, 2015, in Mountain View. According to figures provided to NPR by Insider Intelligence, services owned by Meta or Google have collected nearly 70% of digital advertising revenue made in 2023. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aren’t empty threats; Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/02/18/968921926/facebook-takes-a-hard-line-against-proposed-australian-law\">briefly blocked\u003c/a> news articles in Australia over a similar measure that required tech companies to pay publishers for news content. Google said it would pull its search engine from the country before a compromise was struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers in Washington floated a plan last year with the goal of helping news outlets negotiate with tech companies, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/technology/facebook-owner-meta-remove-news-its-platform-if-congress-passes-media-bill-2022-12-05/#:~:text=WASHINGTON%2C%20Dec%205%20(Reuters),O)%20Google%20and%20Facebook.\">Facebook said\u003c/a> it would yank news from the platform nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Danielle Coffey, executive vice president, News Media Alliance\"]‘Meta’s threat to take down news is undemocratic and unbecoming. We have seen [this] in their playbook before.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canada is getting a taste of it, too. There, the tech giants \u003ca href=\"https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2023/05/30/business-would-be-over-canadas-news-publishers-say-ban-by-google-and-facebook-would-devastate-them.html\">say\u003c/a> they’re ready to pull the plug on news content if a similar measure is enacted. As a test, Google has \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-blocks-news-results-in-some-canadian-searches-a0577c75\">even blocked news articles\u003c/a> from searches for some users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for Google declined to comment on the California bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tech companies and publishers squabble over legislation, many news publishers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/28/1172599212/web-buzzfeed-vice-gawker-facebook-twitter-media-news\">have started pivoting away\u003c/a> from social media altogether and placing the focus on newsletters, podcasts and subscription-driven models.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>40,000 newsroom jobs lost, as ad revenue nosedives\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The media industry has been hemorrhaging jobs for years. Some 40,000 newsroom jobs disappeared between 2008 and 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/07/13/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-fallen-26-since-2008/\">the Pew Research Center has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while many factors have contributed to the news industry’s woes, a significant blow has been delivered by the tech industry’s dominance over online advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to figures provided to NPR by Insider Intelligence, services owned by Meta or Google have collected nearly 70% of digital advertising revenue made in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, Facebook and Google eventually buckled and reached deals with news publishers. Bill Grueskin, a professor at the Columbia University School of Journalism who has studied the Australian law, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/australia-pressured-google-and-facebook-to-pay-for-journalism-is-america-next.php\">found that\u003c/a> it generated nearly $150 million for news organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11951941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11951941\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517.jpg\" alt=\"A computer tablet screen glows with a blue and white social media logo for the company Facebook. People are blurred in the background at a cafe setting.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Journalism Preservation Act would essentially tax the advertising profits that platforms like Facebook and Instagram make from distributing news articles. Under the measure, some 70% of the money collected from the so-called ‘usage fee’ would support newsrooms throughout the state. Facebook has threatened to pull news stories from its platform altogether should the bill succeed. \u003ccite>(Ted Aljibe/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Australian Broadcasting Corporation \u003ca href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-03/abc-to-add-more-than-50-journalists-in-regional-australia/100673862\">was able to hire\u003c/a> 50 new journalist in underserved parts of the country as a result of the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the first state to attempt to replicate the Australian model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts who study the news industry say while the Australian news landscape is distinct from the U.S., given how concentrated it is — Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp. controls more than half of the market — many other states will be watching how the showdown in Sacramento plays out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are now in a no-holds-barred battle for revenue, with many news companies, emboldened by the settlement in Australia, becoming quite vocal and aggressive in arguing this case,” said John Wihbey, journalism professor at Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California bill is set to receive a vote on the California assembly floor on Thursday. It is expected to pass and move to the state Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Critics worry the bill will hurt, not help news outlets\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In California, struggling publishers have come out strongly in favor of the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Put plainly, Big Tech is bleeding publishers dry without contributing any resources to creating high-quality content,” Troy Masters, the publisher of Los Angeles Blade, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/article275859591.html\">wrote on Tuesday\u003c/a> in the Sacramento Bee. “This is not a theoretical problem. News deserts are a reality across California at a time when misinformation is at an all-time high, causing Americans’ trust in democracy and our institutions to erode at alarming rates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet others fear the California legislation could have unintended consequences that end up hurting the news outlets it aims to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, media analyst and publisher Ken Doctor has argued that bad actors with sites peddling misinformation could game the system and end up getting funding. Other worries: The bill would supercharge lurid, clickbait-y headlines from sites angling to get a slice of the new pot of money, or channel money to hedge-fund owners that have cut newsrooms in pursuit of profits.[aside postID=news_11931727 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/06/RS43524_GettyImages-1178141588-qut-1020x680.jpg']“I applaud [that] the legislators’ want to help the local news business,” Doctor \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/newsletter/2023-05-11/could-charging-big-tech-a-journalism-usage-fee-help-save-local-news-essential-california\">told\u003c/a> The Los Angeles Times. “But I think what they really need is a much deeper and wider understanding of the mechanics and nuances of how that business works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Media scholar Amanda Lotz, who teaches at the Queensland University of Technology, told NPR that “the business model for journalism is collapsing broadly,” but she said it’s not fair to only blame Big Tech companies for the media industry’s struggles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wihbey at Northeastern University agrees, but he said if California can force Big Tech to the bargaining table with news publishers, it could — even in a small way — prop up a local news market under siege.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Such deals will not ‘save the news’ industry, but they could contribute a new, reliable stream to support news,” he said. “I hope that social platform companies can see it in their interest to support the underlying democratic societies that, after all, are the bedrock of their commercial markets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Facebook and Instagram will block all news articles in California if state lawmakers pass a bill meant to funnel money from the tech platforms to media organizations, a Meta spokesman threatened on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB886\">California Journalism Preservation Act\u003c/a> would essentially tax the advertising profits platforms make from distributing news articles. Under the measure, some 70% of the money collected from the so-called “usage fee” would support newsrooms throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill’s sponsor, Assemblywoman Buffy Wicks, a Democrat who represents Oakland, argues the measure could provide a “lifeline” to local news organizations that have seen advertising revenue plunge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As news consumption has moved online, community news outlets have been downsized and closing at an alarming rate,” Wicks said at a hearing on the bill earlier this month, pointing out that more than 100 California news organizations have gone under in the past decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Meta warns the legislation would make the company block the sharing of news articles in California on Facebook and Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, the company argued, would mostly assist out-of-state sites “under the guise” of helping news publishers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the Journalism Preservation Act passes, we will be forced to remove news from Facebook and Instagram, rather than pay into a slush fund that primarily benefits big, out-of-state media companies under the guise of aiding California publishers,” Andy Stone, a spokesman for Meta, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/andymstone/status/1663951770052067338?s=20\">said\u003c/a> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked how exactly the act would force Meta to stop distributing news articles, Stone said: “It’s pay or remove the news. Our hand is being forced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Coffey, executive vice president of the News Media Alliance trade group, criticized Meta for threatening to block articles in the state, saying the ailing news industry would benefit from having tech platforms pay their fair share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Meta’s threat to take down news is undemocratic and unbecoming. We have seen [this] in their playbook before,” Coffey said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Threats in California echo Big Tech’s warnings in Washington and overseas\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Facebook and Google have developed something of a predictable response to efforts attempting to make them pay the media industry for articles: Threatening to stop carrying news in protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11951940\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11951940\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut.jpg\" alt='A building with glass windows and a huge multicolored logo reads, \"Google.\"' width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS26525_GettyImages-486234008-qut-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google headquarters on Sept. 2, 2015, in Mountain View. According to figures provided to NPR by Insider Intelligence, services owned by Meta or Google have collected nearly 70% of digital advertising revenue made in 2023. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aren’t empty threats; Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/02/18/968921926/facebook-takes-a-hard-line-against-proposed-australian-law\">briefly blocked\u003c/a> news articles in Australia over a similar measure that required tech companies to pay publishers for news content. Google said it would pull its search engine from the country before a compromise was struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers in Washington floated a plan last year with the goal of helping news outlets negotiate with tech companies, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/technology/facebook-owner-meta-remove-news-its-platform-if-congress-passes-media-bill-2022-12-05/#:~:text=WASHINGTON%2C%20Dec%205%20(Reuters),O)%20Google%20and%20Facebook.\">Facebook said\u003c/a> it would yank news from the platform nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canada is getting a taste of it, too. There, the tech giants \u003ca href=\"https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2023/05/30/business-would-be-over-canadas-news-publishers-say-ban-by-google-and-facebook-would-devastate-them.html\">say\u003c/a> they’re ready to pull the plug on news content if a similar measure is enacted. As a test, Google has \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-blocks-news-results-in-some-canadian-searches-a0577c75\">even blocked news articles\u003c/a> from searches for some users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for Google declined to comment on the California bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tech companies and publishers squabble over legislation, many news publishers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/28/1172599212/web-buzzfeed-vice-gawker-facebook-twitter-media-news\">have started pivoting away\u003c/a> from social media altogether and placing the focus on newsletters, podcasts and subscription-driven models.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>40,000 newsroom jobs lost, as ad revenue nosedives\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The media industry has been hemorrhaging jobs for years. Some 40,000 newsroom jobs disappeared between 2008 and 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/07/13/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-fallen-26-since-2008/\">the Pew Research Center has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while many factors have contributed to the news industry’s woes, a significant blow has been delivered by the tech industry’s dominance over online advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to figures provided to NPR by Insider Intelligence, services owned by Meta or Google have collected nearly 70% of digital advertising revenue made in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, Facebook and Google eventually buckled and reached deals with news publishers. Bill Grueskin, a professor at the Columbia University School of Journalism who has studied the Australian law, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/australia-pressured-google-and-facebook-to-pay-for-journalism-is-america-next.php\">found that\u003c/a> it generated nearly $150 million for news organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11951941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11951941\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517.jpg\" alt=\"A computer tablet screen glows with a blue and white social media logo for the company Facebook. People are blurred in the background at a cafe setting.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS2274_facebook20120517-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Journalism Preservation Act would essentially tax the advertising profits that platforms like Facebook and Instagram make from distributing news articles. Under the measure, some 70% of the money collected from the so-called ‘usage fee’ would support newsrooms throughout the state. Facebook has threatened to pull news stories from its platform altogether should the bill succeed. \u003ccite>(Ted Aljibe/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Australian Broadcasting Corporation \u003ca href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-03/abc-to-add-more-than-50-journalists-in-regional-australia/100673862\">was able to hire\u003c/a> 50 new journalist in underserved parts of the country as a result of the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the first state to attempt to replicate the Australian model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts who study the news industry say while the Australian news landscape is distinct from the U.S., given how concentrated it is — Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp. controls more than half of the market — many other states will be watching how the showdown in Sacramento plays out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are now in a no-holds-barred battle for revenue, with many news companies, emboldened by the settlement in Australia, becoming quite vocal and aggressive in arguing this case,” said John Wihbey, journalism professor at Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California bill is set to receive a vote on the California assembly floor on Thursday. It is expected to pass and move to the state Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Critics worry the bill will hurt, not help news outlets\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In California, struggling publishers have come out strongly in favor of the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Put plainly, Big Tech is bleeding publishers dry without contributing any resources to creating high-quality content,” Troy Masters, the publisher of Los Angeles Blade, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/article275859591.html\">wrote on Tuesday\u003c/a> in the Sacramento Bee. “This is not a theoretical problem. News deserts are a reality across California at a time when misinformation is at an all-time high, causing Americans’ trust in democracy and our institutions to erode at alarming rates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet others fear the California legislation could have unintended consequences that end up hurting the news outlets it aims to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, media analyst and publisher Ken Doctor has argued that bad actors with sites peddling misinformation could game the system and end up getting funding. Other worries: The bill would supercharge lurid, clickbait-y headlines from sites angling to get a slice of the new pot of money, or channel money to hedge-fund owners that have cut newsrooms in pursuit of profits.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I applaud [that] the legislators’ want to help the local news business,” Doctor \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/newsletter/2023-05-11/could-charging-big-tech-a-journalism-usage-fee-help-save-local-news-essential-california\">told\u003c/a> The Los Angeles Times. “But I think what they really need is a much deeper and wider understanding of the mechanics and nuances of how that business works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Media scholar Amanda Lotz, who teaches at the Queensland University of Technology, told NPR that “the business model for journalism is collapsing broadly,” but she said it’s not fair to only blame Big Tech companies for the media industry’s struggles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wihbey at Northeastern University agrees, but he said if California can force Big Tech to the bargaining table with news publishers, it could — even in a small way — prop up a local news market under siege.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Such deals will not ‘save the news’ industry, but they could contribute a new, reliable stream to support news,” he said. “I hope that social platform companies can see it in their interest to support the underlying democratic societies that, after all, are the bedrock of their commercial markets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>The Future of Artificial Intelligence With US Rep. Ted Lieu\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artificial intelligence is rolling out faster than a lot of people anticipated — at a speed Congress is struggling to keep up with. The maker of ChatGPT, the chatbot driven by artificial intelligence, is set to testify to Congress next week. U.S. Rep. Ted Lieu (D-Los Angeles) says the steam engine revolutionized society, but AI is more like a supersonic jet engine with a personality. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>San Francisco Ballet’s Artistic Director Tamara Rojo\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">San Francisco is the oldest ballet company in the United States and the second largest, after New York. The ballet has a new artistic director, the first woman ever in the position. Tamara Rojo has come to the Bay Area from the United Kingdom, where she was the principal dancer and artistic director for the English National Ballet for nearly 10 years. We sat down with her to discuss the past, present and future of the San Francisco Ballet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Something Beautiful: Walt Disney Family Museum\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since 2009, the Walt Disney Family Museum has allowed visitors to immerse themselves in the personal life and legacy of Walt Disney. Join us as we travel to the Presidio to take a stroll through this iconic establishment for this week’s look at Something Beautiful. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Another Bay Area Bank Collapsed. Here's How Big Deposits From the Very Wealthy Contributed",
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"content": "\u003cp>After California regulators seized San Francisco’s troubled First Republic Bank early Monday, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) \u003ca href=\"https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2023/pr23034.html\">promptly sold\u003c/a> all of its deposits and most of its assets to JPMorgan Chase in a bid to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-fed-supervision-review-30f56061bf5d103cef7e9445d50fd759\">end the turmoil\u003c/a> that has raised questions about the health of the U.S. banking system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank’s demise marked the second-largest bank failure in U.S. history. It was also the second Bay Area-based bank to fail in less than two months, joining Silicon Valley Bank — for just over seven weeks the second-largest bank failure, and now the third — which \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-bank-failure-fdic-tech-vc-f343cdc6a8adee4a3635b756cec1f787\">was seized by the FDIC \u003c/a>on March 10 after its collapse following a bank run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of Silicon Valley Bank’s failure, concerned depositors also began pulling money out of First Republic, which has more than three dozen branches in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Filippo Rebessi, economics professor, Cal State East Bay\"]‘Other banks across the nation, they don’t have these very large uninsured depositors that all of a sudden may be more prone to make a run.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an especially significant problem for banks based in a region where the tech industry has created enormous wealth for some. For both failed banks, big money meant big deposits that often exceeded federal insurance maximums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other banks across the nation, they don’t have these very large uninsured depositors that all of a sudden may be more prone to make a run on the bank,” said Cal State East Bay economics professor Filippo Rebessi. “Because if the bank goes bankrupt, they don’t have their money insured.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebessi said it’s hard to tell whether there will be more large-scale bank failures in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A month ago, I would have told you the worst is behind us, because I really thought that the action that had been taken was decisive,” he said. “At the same time, it seems like we’re going through some very unpredictable times and depositors are not feeling completely safe in their circumstances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a $30 billion infusion of capital by major U.S. banks and other efforts by federal regulators to restore confidence in First Republic, it’s now the third midsize bank, with Signature Bank, to fail in less than two months. The only larger bank failure in U.S. history was \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-bank-failure-fdic-tech-vc-f343cdc6a8adee4a3635b756cec1f787\">Washington Mutual\u003c/a>, which collapsed at the height of the 2008 financial crisis and was also taken over by JPMorgan in a similar government-orchestrated deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our government invited us and others to step up, and we did,” said Jamie Dimon, chair and CEO of JPMorgan Chase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First Republic’s 84 branches opened on Monday as branches of JPMorgan Chase, which acquired the bank’s $92 billion in deposits and $203 billion in loans and other securities. The bank’s shareholders are likely to be wiped out as part of the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dimon said in a conference call with both reporters and investors that he believed “this part of this (banking) crisis is over.” Other midsize banks reported their results last week and the vast majority showed that deposits had stabilized and profits remained relatively healthy. The outlier was First Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When catering to the very rich becomes a liability\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Before this year, First Republic was the envy of the banking industry. Its well-appointed branches served warm cookies to its clients — who were almost exclusively the rich and powerful. Its bankers lured in wealthy clients with low-cost mortgages and attractive savings rates in order to sell them on higher-profit businesses like wealth management and brokerage accounts. In return, the wealthy rarely defaulted on their loans and parked substantial sums of money in the bank that could be lent elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that business model of catering to the rich became a liability with the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-bank-uk-bailout-hsbc-sale-4d2da0e9c6f39c0fd8faf321a2b295cf\">collapses of Silicon Valley Bank\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/signature-fdic-failure-new-york-community-bank-3c820646cc6574439fa158095594505e\">Signature Bank\u003c/a>. These banks had large amount of uninsured deposits — that is, deposits above the $250,000 limit set by the FDIC. As was the case with Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, First Republic clients with large accounts were quick to pull their money at the first sign of trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Too many (First Republic) customers showed their true loyalties were to their own fears,” wrote Timothy Coffey, analyst with Janney Montgomery Scott, in a note to investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A coalition of a dozen banks pulled together \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/first-republic-bank-deposits-rescue-9daaea0e7133007d5e7f8257030d1b1c\">a $30 billion funding package\u003c/a> for First Republic last month that, for a while, seemed to stanch the bleeding of deposits. But it became increasingly clear that First Republic was on borrowed time: It needed to find a buyer, or find new forms of funding to replace the deposits that had left the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First Republic planned to sell off unprofitable assets, including low-interest mortgages that it provided to wealthy clients. It also announced plans to lay off up to a quarter of its workforce, which totaled about 7,200 employees in late 2022. But it was seen as too little, too late, by analysts. The bank seemed to be on the brink of failure for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $30 billion package “bought time when time was needed” for First Republic, said Jeremy Barnum, JPMorgan’s chief financial officer, in a call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Monday, First Republic reported its first-quarter results and stunned analysts and investors when it revealed that $100 billion in deposits had flowed out of the bank, most in mid-March immediately after the failure of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. Its executives took no questions from analysts on an earning conference call. First Republic’s stock plunged more than 50% the day after the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the middle of last week, it became clear government intervention in First Republic was necessary. Treasury officials asked banks to submit bids for First Republic, and bankers and regulators worked through the weekend to find a way forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once again JPMorgan Chase, the nation’s biggest bank with a reputation as a dealmaker during times of crisis, became the government’s go-to bank; Treasury officials had enlisted JPMorgan last month to lead the $30 billion rescue package. Also, back in 2008, Dimon was the go-to banker for Washington to find private solutions for that banking crisis, and JPMorgan acquired both Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11943901,news_11948019,news_11944608\" label=\"Related Posts\"]The Federal Reserve and FDIC, which regulate the banking industry along with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, could face renewed criticism over their handling of First Republic. Both acknowledged Friday in separate reports that \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-fed-supervision-review-30f56061bf5d103cef7e9445d50fd759\">lax supervision had contributed\u003c/a> to the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These banks were allowed to get too big too quickly when interest rates were low,” Coffey said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There could also now be questions about the size of JPMorgan Chase, which has more than $3 trillion in assets and is by far the biggest of the “too big to fail” institutions around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators “permitted the country’s biggest bank to get even bigger. We expect this will be a Democratic focus for months,” said Jaret Seiberg, banking analyst at TD Cowen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JPMorgan is so big that by law it would not be allowed to buy First Republic because no one bank can have more than a 10% market share of deposits in the U.S. It is only because First Republic failed that JPMorgan was allowed to step in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, JPMorgan portrayed the First Republic deal as beneficial both to the financial system and the company. As part of the agreement, the FDIC will share losses with JPMorgan on First Republic’s loans. The FDIC expects First Republic’s failure to cost the insurance fund roughly $13 billion, which is funded by bank assessments, not by taxpayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JPMorgan expects the addition of First Republic to add $500 million to its net income per year, although it expects to incur $2 billion in costs integrating First Republic into its operations over the next 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story includes reporting by Ken Sweet, Matt O’Brien and Christopher Rugaber of The Associated Press, and KQED’s Erin Baldassari and Spencer Whitney.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The historic collapse of San Francisco's First Republic Bank on Monday came on the heels of the failure of Silicon Valley Bank. Uninsurably large deposits from very wealthy investors made things worse for both.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After California regulators seized San Francisco’s troubled First Republic Bank early Monday, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) \u003ca href=\"https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2023/pr23034.html\">promptly sold\u003c/a> all of its deposits and most of its assets to JPMorgan Chase in a bid to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-fed-supervision-review-30f56061bf5d103cef7e9445d50fd759\">end the turmoil\u003c/a> that has raised questions about the health of the U.S. banking system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bank’s demise marked the second-largest bank failure in U.S. history. It was also the second Bay Area-based bank to fail in less than two months, joining Silicon Valley Bank — for just over seven weeks the second-largest bank failure, and now the third — which \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-bank-failure-fdic-tech-vc-f343cdc6a8adee4a3635b756cec1f787\">was seized by the FDIC \u003c/a>on March 10 after its collapse following a bank run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of Silicon Valley Bank’s failure, concerned depositors also began pulling money out of First Republic, which has more than three dozen branches in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Other banks across the nation, they don’t have these very large uninsured depositors that all of a sudden may be more prone to make a run.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an especially significant problem for banks based in a region where the tech industry has created enormous wealth for some. For both failed banks, big money meant big deposits that often exceeded federal insurance maximums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other banks across the nation, they don’t have these very large uninsured depositors that all of a sudden may be more prone to make a run on the bank,” said Cal State East Bay economics professor Filippo Rebessi. “Because if the bank goes bankrupt, they don’t have their money insured.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebessi said it’s hard to tell whether there will be more large-scale bank failures in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A month ago, I would have told you the worst is behind us, because I really thought that the action that had been taken was decisive,” he said. “At the same time, it seems like we’re going through some very unpredictable times and depositors are not feeling completely safe in their circumstances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a $30 billion infusion of capital by major U.S. banks and other efforts by federal regulators to restore confidence in First Republic, it’s now the third midsize bank, with Signature Bank, to fail in less than two months. The only larger bank failure in U.S. history was \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-bank-failure-fdic-tech-vc-f343cdc6a8adee4a3635b756cec1f787\">Washington Mutual\u003c/a>, which collapsed at the height of the 2008 financial crisis and was also taken over by JPMorgan in a similar government-orchestrated deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our government invited us and others to step up, and we did,” said Jamie Dimon, chair and CEO of JPMorgan Chase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First Republic’s 84 branches opened on Monday as branches of JPMorgan Chase, which acquired the bank’s $92 billion in deposits and $203 billion in loans and other securities. The bank’s shareholders are likely to be wiped out as part of the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dimon said in a conference call with both reporters and investors that he believed “this part of this (banking) crisis is over.” Other midsize banks reported their results last week and the vast majority showed that deposits had stabilized and profits remained relatively healthy. The outlier was First Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When catering to the very rich becomes a liability\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Before this year, First Republic was the envy of the banking industry. Its well-appointed branches served warm cookies to its clients — who were almost exclusively the rich and powerful. Its bankers lured in wealthy clients with low-cost mortgages and attractive savings rates in order to sell them on higher-profit businesses like wealth management and brokerage accounts. In return, the wealthy rarely defaulted on their loans and parked substantial sums of money in the bank that could be lent elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that business model of catering to the rich became a liability with the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-bank-uk-bailout-hsbc-sale-4d2da0e9c6f39c0fd8faf321a2b295cf\">collapses of Silicon Valley Bank\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/signature-fdic-failure-new-york-community-bank-3c820646cc6574439fa158095594505e\">Signature Bank\u003c/a>. These banks had large amount of uninsured deposits — that is, deposits above the $250,000 limit set by the FDIC. As was the case with Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, First Republic clients with large accounts were quick to pull their money at the first sign of trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Too many (First Republic) customers showed their true loyalties were to their own fears,” wrote Timothy Coffey, analyst with Janney Montgomery Scott, in a note to investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A coalition of a dozen banks pulled together \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/first-republic-bank-deposits-rescue-9daaea0e7133007d5e7f8257030d1b1c\">a $30 billion funding package\u003c/a> for First Republic last month that, for a while, seemed to stanch the bleeding of deposits. But it became increasingly clear that First Republic was on borrowed time: It needed to find a buyer, or find new forms of funding to replace the deposits that had left the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First Republic planned to sell off unprofitable assets, including low-interest mortgages that it provided to wealthy clients. It also announced plans to lay off up to a quarter of its workforce, which totaled about 7,200 employees in late 2022. But it was seen as too little, too late, by analysts. The bank seemed to be on the brink of failure for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $30 billion package “bought time when time was needed” for First Republic, said Jeremy Barnum, JPMorgan’s chief financial officer, in a call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Monday, First Republic reported its first-quarter results and stunned analysts and investors when it revealed that $100 billion in deposits had flowed out of the bank, most in mid-March immediately after the failure of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. Its executives took no questions from analysts on an earning conference call. First Republic’s stock plunged more than 50% the day after the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the middle of last week, it became clear government intervention in First Republic was necessary. Treasury officials asked banks to submit bids for First Republic, and bankers and regulators worked through the weekend to find a way forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once again JPMorgan Chase, the nation’s biggest bank with a reputation as a dealmaker during times of crisis, became the government’s go-to bank; Treasury officials had enlisted JPMorgan last month to lead the $30 billion rescue package. Also, back in 2008, Dimon was the go-to banker for Washington to find private solutions for that banking crisis, and JPMorgan acquired both Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Federal Reserve and FDIC, which regulate the banking industry along with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, could face renewed criticism over their handling of First Republic. Both acknowledged Friday in separate reports that \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/silicon-valley-fed-supervision-review-30f56061bf5d103cef7e9445d50fd759\">lax supervision had contributed\u003c/a> to the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These banks were allowed to get too big too quickly when interest rates were low,” Coffey said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There could also now be questions about the size of JPMorgan Chase, which has more than $3 trillion in assets and is by far the biggest of the “too big to fail” institutions around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators “permitted the country’s biggest bank to get even bigger. We expect this will be a Democratic focus for months,” said Jaret Seiberg, banking analyst at TD Cowen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JPMorgan is so big that by law it would not be allowed to buy First Republic because no one bank can have more than a 10% market share of deposits in the U.S. It is only because First Republic failed that JPMorgan was allowed to step in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, JPMorgan portrayed the First Republic deal as beneficial both to the financial system and the company. As part of the agreement, the FDIC will share losses with JPMorgan on First Republic’s loans. The FDIC expects First Republic’s failure to cost the insurance fund roughly $13 billion, which is funded by bank assessments, not by taxpayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JPMorgan expects the addition of First Republic to add $500 million to its net income per year, although it expects to incur $2 billion in costs integrating First Republic into its operations over the next 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story includes reporting by Ken Sweet, Matt O’Brien and Christopher Rugaber of The Associated Press, and KQED’s Erin Baldassari and Spencer Whitney.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Fed Takes Partial Blame for Silicon Valley Bank Collapse",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Federal Reserve says its own light-touch approach to bank regulation is partly to blame for the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank last month, and it promised more vigorous oversight in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/svb-review-20230428.pdf\">scathing 114-page report (PDF)\u003c/a>, the Fed says its own supervisors were slow to grasp the extent of the problems at Silicon Valley Bank, and when problems were identified, supervisors failed to move aggressively enough to ensure those problems were fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11948027\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11948027\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"Headshot of a white middle-aged man with a suit looking away from the camera with a serious expression.\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Barr, vice chair for supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, testifies during the House Financial Services Committee hearing titled The Federal Regulators’ Response to Recent Bank Failures, in Rayburn Building in Washington DC, March 29, 2023. \u003ccite>(Tom Williams/CQ-Roll Call, Inc via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The report says changes adopted in 2019 that exempted all but the biggest banks from strict scrutiny — along with a cultural shift toward less-assertive policing of banks — allowed problems at Silicon Valley Bank to fester until it was too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Following Silicon Valley Bank’s failure, we must strengthen the Federal Reserve’s supervision and regulation, based on what we have learned,” said Michael Barr, the Fed’s vice chair for supervision, who led the review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr took over as the Fed’s top bank regulator last July, replacing Randal Quarles, who oversaw the changes made in 2019. Barr’s more aggressive approach to bank regulation has drawn criticism from Senate Republicans. But it has the backing of Fed chairman Jerome Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I welcome this thorough and self-critical report on Federal Reserve supervision from Vice Chair Barr,” Powell said in a statement. “I agree with and support his recommendations to address our rules and supervisory practices, and I am confident they will lead to a stronger and more resilient banking system.”[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"forum_2010101892482,news_11943452,news_11945075\"]Barr found that some of the problems at Silicon Valley Bank were unique, based on its heavy concentration in the tech industry, its shoddy risk-management practices, and its large share of uninsured deposits — which customers raced to withdraw when problems surfaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the failure holds lessons for the broader financial system and the way it’s regulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speed of the bank run at Silicon Valley — where customers tried to withdraw an unprecedented $140 billion over the course of two days — will force the Fed to rethink its approach, in an age where rumors can spread rapidly on social media and money can be moved instantly with a tap on a smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience also shows that any bank failure can have widespread ripple effects, even if the bank is not extremely large or well-connected. The collapse of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank in New York two days later rattled confidence in the nation’s overall banking system and required the federal government to take emergency steps to prevent a wider bank run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The scathing and self-critical report led by Vice Chair for Supervision Michael Barr said the Fed was slow to grasp the extent of the problems at Silicon Valley Bank and that supervisors were not aggressive enough to ensure those problems were fixed.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Federal Reserve says its own light-touch approach to bank regulation is partly to blame for the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank last month, and it promised more vigorous oversight in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/svb-review-20230428.pdf\">scathing 114-page report (PDF)\u003c/a>, the Fed says its own supervisors were slow to grasp the extent of the problems at Silicon Valley Bank, and when problems were identified, supervisors failed to move aggressively enough to ensure those problems were fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11948027\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11948027\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"Headshot of a white middle-aged man with a suit looking away from the camera with a serious expression.\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1250750434.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Barr, vice chair for supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, testifies during the House Financial Services Committee hearing titled The Federal Regulators’ Response to Recent Bank Failures, in Rayburn Building in Washington DC, March 29, 2023. \u003ccite>(Tom Williams/CQ-Roll Call, Inc via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The report says changes adopted in 2019 that exempted all but the biggest banks from strict scrutiny — along with a cultural shift toward less-assertive policing of banks — allowed problems at Silicon Valley Bank to fester until it was too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Following Silicon Valley Bank’s failure, we must strengthen the Federal Reserve’s supervision and regulation, based on what we have learned,” said Michael Barr, the Fed’s vice chair for supervision, who led the review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barr took over as the Fed’s top bank regulator last July, replacing Randal Quarles, who oversaw the changes made in 2019. Barr’s more aggressive approach to bank regulation has drawn criticism from Senate Republicans. But it has the backing of Fed chairman Jerome Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I welcome this thorough and self-critical report on Federal Reserve supervision from Vice Chair Barr,” Powell said in a statement. “I agree with and support his recommendations to address our rules and supervisory practices, and I am confident they will lead to a stronger and more resilient banking system.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Barr found that some of the problems at Silicon Valley Bank were unique, based on its heavy concentration in the tech industry, its shoddy risk-management practices, and its large share of uninsured deposits — which customers raced to withdraw when problems surfaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the failure holds lessons for the broader financial system and the way it’s regulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speed of the bank run at Silicon Valley — where customers tried to withdraw an unprecedented $140 billion over the course of two days — will force the Fed to rethink its approach, in an age where rumors can spread rapidly on social media and money can be moved instantly with a tap on a smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience also shows that any bank failure can have widespread ripple effects, even if the bank is not extremely large or well-connected. The collapse of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank in New York two days later rattled confidence in the nation’s overall banking system and required the federal government to take emergency steps to prevent a wider bank run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With Congress stalled on protecting consumer privacy online, California has taken matters into its own hands: On Tuesday, the \u003ca href=\"https://sjud.senate.ca.gov/content/april-18-2023-bill-hearing\">Senate Judiciary Committee\u003c/a> in Sacramento is expected to consider a new bill that promises to put a little more power into consumers’ hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By now, many people are used to those little boxes that pop up whenever they visit a website for the first time. The boxes prompt the user to accept cookies, which then track and sell users’ data. People can also reject cookies, or pick and choose the information they’re open to sharing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those boxes come courtesy of a couple of privacy laws passed in California, along with other protections like a \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/data-brokers\">data broker registry\u003c/a> in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which is good, right? It’s good to know who these companies are,” said Hayley Tsukayama, senior legislative activist with San Francisco-based nonprofit the Electronic Frontier Foundation; EFF is dedicated to civil liberties in the digital age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tsukayama said that what most experts in the field agree on is that California law leads the nation in this space, but that it’s still \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11793073/the-year-in-tech-privacy-controversy-and-unsuccessful-public-offerings\">barely enforced\u003c/a>. The onus is on individuals to try to protect their data from an estimated 2,000–4,000 data brokers worldwide — many of which have no other relationship with consumers beyond the trade in their data. This lucrative trade is also known as \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/consumer_info/factsheet-surveillance-advertising-what-is-it/\">surveillance advertising\u003c/a>, or the “ad tech” industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Delete Act: An iterative change to California law\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a privacy advocate’s ideal world, Tsukayama said, California would fight a lot harder on consumers’ behalf, but “that’s not the law that California has on the books, and it’s clearly a law that California has shown it’s not willing to pass. So, you know, we work with what we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11947082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11947082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4.jpg\" alt=\"A close up shot of a computer screen that shows a pop-up about accepting or deleting internet cookies.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Tuesday, April 25, 2023, the Senate Judiciary Committee in Sacramento is expected to consider the California Delete Act (SB 362), which promises to put more power into consumers’ hands. \u003ccite>(Sean Gladwell/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>EFF supports \u003ca href=\"https://sd13.senate.ca.gov/news/press-release/april-11-2023/data-brokers-beware-californians-will-gain-new-privacy-protections\">the Delete Act\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billStatusClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB362\">SB 362\u003c/a>, by state Sen. Josh Becker, who represents the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='More on Data Privacy' tag='california-consumer-privacy-act']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to be able to hit that delete button and delete my personal information, delete the ability of these data brokers to collect and track me,” said Becker, of his second attempt to pass such a bill. “These data brokers are out there analyzing, selling personal information. You know, this is a way to put a stop to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracy Rosenberg, a data privacy advocate with \u003ca href=\"https://media-alliance.org\">Media Alliance\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandprivacy.org\">Oakland Privacy\u003c/a>, said she anticipates a lot of pushback from tech companies, because “making [the Delete Act] workable probably destroys their businesses as most of us, by now, don’t really see the value in the aggregating and sale of our data on the open market by third parties …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a pretty basic-level philosophical battle about whether your personal information is, in fact, yours to share as you see appropriate and when it is personally beneficial to you, or whether it is property to be bought and sold,” Rosenberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Likely opposition\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>SB 362 isn’t on the California Chamber of Commerce’s “\u003ca href=\"https://advocacy.calchamber.com/policy/bill-tracking/2023-job-killers/\">job killer\u003c/a>” list this year, but the group typically opposes anything that tightens consumer privacy online. The Chamber recently asked a Sacramento Superior Court judge to force the state to \u003ca href=\"https://advocacy.calchamber.com/2023/03/31/calchamber-lawsuit-asks-court-to-order-california-privacy-agency-to-adopt-complete-set-of-final-regulations-implement-voters-will-on-enforcement/\">hold off enforcing\u003c/a> the California Consumer Privacy Act (CPRA) until at least July 1, “until businesses receive the implementation time that the voters approved, 12 months after regulations are adopted.”[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"State Sen. Josh Becker (D-Silicon Valley)\"]‘This is being used for identity theft, people tracking down their exes. We think about reproductive rights. There’s very real consequences, right?’[/pullquote]The companies that buy and sell consumer data claim that targeted advertising is a benefit because the ads that follow people around the internet more closely align with their interests. But that data can also be used by insurance companies, employers and law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can look at precise geolocation where someone is. You can know the products they buy. You can know what websites they visit. This is being used for identity theft, people tracking down their exes. We think about \u003ca href=\"https://cyberscoop.com/white-house-abortion-data-privacy/\">reproductive rights\u003c/a>. There’s very real consequences, right?” Becker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that public awareness is higher today than during his last attempt, which makes him more confident he’ll succeed this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which is good, right? It’s good to know who these companies are,” said Hayley Tsukayama, senior legislative activist with San Francisco-based nonprofit the Electronic Frontier Foundation; EFF is dedicated to civil liberties in the digital age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tsukayama said that what most experts in the field agree on is that California law leads the nation in this space, but that it’s still \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11793073/the-year-in-tech-privacy-controversy-and-unsuccessful-public-offerings\">barely enforced\u003c/a>. The onus is on individuals to try to protect their data from an estimated 2,000–4,000 data brokers worldwide — many of which have no other relationship with consumers beyond the trade in their data. This lucrative trade is also known as \u003ca href=\"https://consumerfed.org/consumer_info/factsheet-surveillance-advertising-what-is-it/\">surveillance advertising\u003c/a>, or the “ad tech” industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Delete Act: An iterative change to California law\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a privacy advocate’s ideal world, Tsukayama said, California would fight a lot harder on consumers’ behalf, but “that’s not the law that California has on the books, and it’s clearly a law that California has shown it’s not willing to pass. So, you know, we work with what we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11947082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11947082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4.jpg\" alt=\"A close up shot of a computer screen that shows a pop-up about accepting or deleting internet cookies.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/GettyImages-1405667521-4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Tuesday, April 25, 2023, the Senate Judiciary Committee in Sacramento is expected to consider the California Delete Act (SB 362), which promises to put more power into consumers’ hands. \u003ccite>(Sean Gladwell/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>EFF supports \u003ca href=\"https://sd13.senate.ca.gov/news/press-release/april-11-2023/data-brokers-beware-californians-will-gain-new-privacy-protections\">the Delete Act\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billStatusClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB362\">SB 362\u003c/a>, by state Sen. Josh Becker, who represents the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to be able to hit that delete button and delete my personal information, delete the ability of these data brokers to collect and track me,” said Becker, of his second attempt to pass such a bill. “These data brokers are out there analyzing, selling personal information. You know, this is a way to put a stop to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracy Rosenberg, a data privacy advocate with \u003ca href=\"https://media-alliance.org\">Media Alliance\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandprivacy.org\">Oakland Privacy\u003c/a>, said she anticipates a lot of pushback from tech companies, because “making [the Delete Act] workable probably destroys their businesses as most of us, by now, don’t really see the value in the aggregating and sale of our data on the open market by third parties …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a pretty basic-level philosophical battle about whether your personal information is, in fact, yours to share as you see appropriate and when it is personally beneficial to you, or whether it is property to be bought and sold,” Rosenberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Likely opposition\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>SB 362 isn’t on the California Chamber of Commerce’s “\u003ca href=\"https://advocacy.calchamber.com/policy/bill-tracking/2023-job-killers/\">job killer\u003c/a>” list this year, but the group typically opposes anything that tightens consumer privacy online. The Chamber recently asked a Sacramento Superior Court judge to force the state to \u003ca href=\"https://advocacy.calchamber.com/2023/03/31/calchamber-lawsuit-asks-court-to-order-california-privacy-agency-to-adopt-complete-set-of-final-regulations-implement-voters-will-on-enforcement/\">hold off enforcing\u003c/a> the California Consumer Privacy Act (CPRA) until at least July 1, “until businesses receive the implementation time that the voters approved, 12 months after regulations are adopted.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco leaders are throwing their support behind the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11945533/sf-based-internet-archive-is-fighting-a-ruling-that-could-change-the-future-of-digital-libraries\">threatened Internet Archive\u003c/a>, a free digital library headquartered in San Francisco’s Richmond District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board of Supervisors on Tuesday \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=11893345&GUID=990E482D-3EAE-4A80-ABE9-5836644B34E3\">unanimously approved a resolution (PDF)\u003c/a> in support of the archive, which is fighting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/26/1166101459/internet-archive-lawsuit-books-library-publishers\">federal ruling from late March\u003c/a>, when U.S. District Court Judge John G. Koeltl of the Southern District of New York sided with publishers who sued the nonprofit for copyright violation. The resolution next heads to Mayor London Breed for approval. Then, Chan said, it will be referred to the state Legislature and the U.S. Congress for support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a time when we are seeing an increase in censorship and book bans across the country, we must move to preserve free access to information,” Supervisor Connie Chan, who authored the resolution and represents the Richmond District, said in a press release. “I am proud to stand with the Internet Archive, our Richmond District neighbor, and digital libraries throughout the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in 1996, the Internet Archive is a nonprofit digital library and archive that preserves books, music, film, webpages and many more media artifacts and makes them publicly available for free. It holds nearly 41 million books and counting, and lends those as e-books on a one-to-one basis referred to as “controlled digital lending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2020, when in-person libraries were largely closed due to the pandemic, the archive removed waitlists for its e-books so more people could access them. It ended that practice in June of the same year, but by then, four of the largest publishing houses had sued the Internet Archive for copyright infringement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hachette Book Group, HarperCollins, Penguin Random House and Wiley argued that the archive’s so-called Open Library ignores licensing fees that libraries are supposed to pay publishers for texts that are not in the public domain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The publishers \u003ca href=\"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900.1.1.pdf\">specifically complained about 127 books not under public domain (PDF)\u003c/a> that are stored and offered freely on the archive, by authors such as Sylvia Plath, Jon Krakauer, Toni Morrison, Malcolm Gladwell, C.S. Lewis and J.D. Salinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because libraries had already paid licensing fees for the print books that the archive scans as part of the Open Library project, the nonprofit argued its one-to-one lending system constitutes fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Koeltl agreed with the publishers. “IA’s fair use defense rests on the notion that lawfully acquiring a copyrighted print book entitles the recipient to make an unauthorized copy and distribute it in place of the print book, so long as it does not simultaneously lend the print book,” Koeltl \u003ca href=\"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900.188.0.pdf\">said in his ruling (PDF)\u003c/a>. “But no case or legal principle supports that notion. Every authority points the other direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet Archive is now appealing that case with a boost from local leaders and community members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11945533 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/RS64115_012_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-qut-1020x680.jpg']“It’s a sad day that we have to be here to talk about the importance of maintaining access to information through libraries,” Brewster Kahle, founder and digital librarian of the Internet Archive, said in the press announcement. “We must stand firm in our commitment to providing Universal Access to All Knowledge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the Internet Archive held a rally on the steps of its San Francisco-based library and museum on April 8. The archive also operates a warehouse in the city of Richmond where millions of books donated by libraries and individuals are stored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan’s resolution recognized “the irreplaceable public value of libraries, including online libraries like the Internet Archive, and the essential rights of all libraries to own, preserve, and lend both digital and print books to the residents of San Francisco and the wider public.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "'We must move to preserve free access to information,' said Supervisor Connie Chan. The nonprofit digital library, headquartered in the Richmond District, is fighting a ruling that could change the future of digital libraries.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco leaders are throwing their support behind the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11945533/sf-based-internet-archive-is-fighting-a-ruling-that-could-change-the-future-of-digital-libraries\">threatened Internet Archive\u003c/a>, a free digital library headquartered in San Francisco’s Richmond District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board of Supervisors on Tuesday \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=11893345&GUID=990E482D-3EAE-4A80-ABE9-5836644B34E3\">unanimously approved a resolution (PDF)\u003c/a> in support of the archive, which is fighting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/26/1166101459/internet-archive-lawsuit-books-library-publishers\">federal ruling from late March\u003c/a>, when U.S. District Court Judge John G. Koeltl of the Southern District of New York sided with publishers who sued the nonprofit for copyright violation. The resolution next heads to Mayor London Breed for approval. Then, Chan said, it will be referred to the state Legislature and the U.S. Congress for support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a time when we are seeing an increase in censorship and book bans across the country, we must move to preserve free access to information,” Supervisor Connie Chan, who authored the resolution and represents the Richmond District, said in a press release. “I am proud to stand with the Internet Archive, our Richmond District neighbor, and digital libraries throughout the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in 1996, the Internet Archive is a nonprofit digital library and archive that preserves books, music, film, webpages and many more media artifacts and makes them publicly available for free. It holds nearly 41 million books and counting, and lends those as e-books on a one-to-one basis referred to as “controlled digital lending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2020, when in-person libraries were largely closed due to the pandemic, the archive removed waitlists for its e-books so more people could access them. It ended that practice in June of the same year, but by then, four of the largest publishing houses had sued the Internet Archive for copyright infringement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hachette Book Group, HarperCollins, Penguin Random House and Wiley argued that the archive’s so-called Open Library ignores licensing fees that libraries are supposed to pay publishers for texts that are not in the public domain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The publishers \u003ca href=\"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900.1.1.pdf\">specifically complained about 127 books not under public domain (PDF)\u003c/a> that are stored and offered freely on the archive, by authors such as Sylvia Plath, Jon Krakauer, Toni Morrison, Malcolm Gladwell, C.S. Lewis and J.D. Salinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because libraries had already paid licensing fees for the print books that the archive scans as part of the Open Library project, the nonprofit argued its one-to-one lending system constitutes fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Koeltl agreed with the publishers. “IA’s fair use defense rests on the notion that lawfully acquiring a copyrighted print book entitles the recipient to make an unauthorized copy and distribute it in place of the print book, so long as it does not simultaneously lend the print book,” Koeltl \u003ca href=\"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900.188.0.pdf\">said in his ruling (PDF)\u003c/a>. “But no case or legal principle supports that notion. Every authority points the other direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet Archive is now appealing that case with a boost from local leaders and community members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s a sad day that we have to be here to talk about the importance of maintaining access to information through libraries,” Brewster Kahle, founder and digital librarian of the Internet Archive, said in the press announcement. “We must stand firm in our commitment to providing Universal Access to All Knowledge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the Internet Archive held a rally on the steps of its San Francisco-based library and museum on April 8. The archive also operates a warehouse in the city of Richmond where millions of books donated by libraries and individuals are stored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan’s resolution recognized “the irreplaceable public value of libraries, including online libraries like the Internet Archive, and the essential rights of all libraries to own, preserve, and lend both digital and print books to the residents of San Francisco and the wider public.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "SF-Based Internet Archive Is Fighting a Ruling That Could Change the Future of Digital Libraries",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]F[/dropcap]or 26 years, a San Francisco-based digital library has stood in stark opposition to today’s commercial information ecosystem, hallmarked by paywalled periodicals, pricey books and advertisement-driven media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the Internet Archive’s massive warehouse, with towers of books new and old, it begins to sink in just how ambitious the nonprofit organization’s mission is: to preserve millions of texts and lend them freely online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the library’s philosophy is now being tried in court, as a \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/03/publishers-beat-internet-archive-as-judge-rules-e-book-lending-violates-copyright/\">ruling in a major lawsuit against the Internet Archive\u003c/a> not only threatens to remove many of the free books from the Internet Archive’s website, but also could set the tone for digital libraries across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea was to try to fulfill the dream of the internet, of a universal library, and of universal access to all knowledge. A digital Library of Alexandria,” Brewster Kahle, founder and digital librarian for the Internet Archive, told KQED, referencing one of the world’s \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5912689/library-of-alexandria-burning/\">earliest and most storied libraries\u003c/a>. “The San Francisco Public Library, the Burlingame Public Library and many libraries around the Bay Area donate books when they don’t need them anymore to the Internet Archive rather than, say, landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-book lending is used across libraries and publishing houses, and often libraries will license those digital books from publishers. Through its \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/ol_data\">Open Library\u003c/a>, the Internet Archive maintains that it uses a model known as “controlled digital lending,” where a library owns a book, scans it digitally and loans the digital copy to one user at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in March 2020, when physical libraries were closed due to the pandemic and students were learning from home, the Internet Archive temporarily removed waitlists so anyone could access the books online, calling the initiative the National Emergency Library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945692\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945692\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023.jpg\" alt=\"An older white man with grey-white hair wearing a dark sweater reaches out to close a grey metallic door as huge cardboard boxes labeled as containing books sit in the background\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brewster Kahle closes a storage container with books labeled from “Allen County Public Library’’ at an Internet Archive storage facility in Richmond on March 30. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Archive stopped the program and returned to its regular lending practices in June 2020, the same month that Hachette Book Group and other major publishers hit the Internet Archive with a multimillion-dollar lawsuit alleging copyright infringement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, a federal judge in New York sided with the publishers, which include Penguin Random House, Wiley and HarperCollins, ruling that the Internet Archive violated copyright infringement laws through both the Open Library and the National Emergency Library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Brewster Kahle, Internet Archive founder\"]‘The publishers demanded that we destroy millions of digitized books and stop lending, and they sued us for tens of millions of dollars. That was the publishers’ response when libraries closed, was to sue libraries.’[/pullquote]In its \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/document/complaint-50\">lawsuit\u003c/a>, Hachette Group argued that the Internet Archive “badly misleads the public and boldly misappropriates the goodwill that libraries enjoy and have legitimately earned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The publishers specifically complained about \u003ca href=\"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900.1.1.pdf\">127 books not under public domain (PDF)\u003c/a> that are stored and offered freely on the Archive, by authors such as Sylvia Plath, Jon Krakauer, Toni Morrison, Malcolm Gladwell, C.S. Lewis and J.D. Salinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Publishers say Open Library flouts licensing fees libraries are supposed to pay them. But because libraries already paid licensing fees for the print books that the Internet Archive scans as part of the Open Library project, the nonprofit asserts that their one-to-one lending system constitutes fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IA’s fair use defense rests on the notion that lawfully acquiring a copyrighted print book entitles the recipient to make an unauthorized copy and distribute it in place of the print book, so long as it does not simultaneously lend the print book,” the Southern District of New York Judge John Koeltl \u003ca href=\"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900.188.0.pdf\">stated in his ruling (PDF)\u003c/a>. “But no case or legal principle supports that notion. Every authority points the other direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945701\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023.jpg\" alt=\"A man in the distance stands in a walkway between two huge walls of grey storage containers stacked on top of each other inside what appears to be a massive warehouse\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matthew Soper, physical warehouse manager and archivist, walks alongside storage containers at the Internet Archive storage facility in Richmond on March 30. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fight is not over, though. The Archive, with support from its fandom of technologists, librarians, researchers, authors and digital rights activists, \u003ca href=\"http://blog.archive.org/2023/03/25/the-fight-continues/\">plans to appeal the ruling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The publishers demanded that we destroy millions of digitized books and stop lending, and they sued us for tens of millions of dollars. That was the publishers’ response when libraries closed, was to sue libraries,” said Kahle. “I don’t think it was very good behavior. In fact, it’s horrendous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Built in the Bay\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Archive is rooted in the Bay Area, spiritually with its high-tech-meets-open-access ethos, and physically, in the form of a Greek-columned, former Christian Science church-turned media museum in San Francisco’s Richmond District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945689\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up photo of a shiny metallic plaque with text on it below a columned icon which is the symbol of the Internet Archive\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign at the Internet Archive’s offices in San Francisco reads, ‘Universal access to all knowledge.’ \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside its warehouse in the city of Richmond, just across the bay, rows of shipping containers hold meticulously organized boxes of books donated from places like the California State Library, the University of Florida, UC Riverside, the San Francisco Public Library and many other institutions the Archive helps to digitize books for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collection also includes an entire section of books that are banned, as well as books that legislators across the U.S. are actively attempting to ban. Nationwide, attempts to ban books nearly doubled from 2021 to 2022, reaching the highest point ever recorded at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2023/03/record-book-bans-2022\">1,269 demands to censor library books and resources in 2022\u003c/a>, according to an analysis by the American Library Association, which began tracking the data nearly 20 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"Someone wearing a bright orange hoodie sits at an archiving station holding an open book and facing a computer screen\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eliza Zhang scans books at the Internet Archive offices in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On any given day, staff with the Archive can be found tucked away at its San Francisco-based library scanning physical books, many of which are donated by local public libraries and university libraries, as well as individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amsterdam-based novelist Bette Adriaanse has used the Internet Archive for her work and was a fan from afar until she visited the Archive’s Richmond District location on a recent sunny Friday afternoon, when it hosts lunches open to the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was looking for this very obscure book on art and I couldn’t find it anywhere, not in libraries or bookstores. And then I found it on the Archive and I read it online and borrowed it,” said Adriaanse. “Since then I’ve been borrowing books from them that I can’t find in the library. And if I want to buy a book to support a book, I buy it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945695\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"A white woman with short brown hair stands facing a middle-aged white man, both smiling and engaged in conversation, with an old time record player in the background within a corridor which appears to be lined with vinyl records\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brewster Kahle shows Amsterdam-based novelist Bette Adriaanse an early record player at the Internet Archive offices in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She was among about two dozen people who stopped by the Archive recently for its Friday lunches, during which Kahle is often around providing tours. On this particular Friday, the tour group was made up of fans visiting from out of the country, filmmakers, academics, archival vigilantes who scan the internet for websites to save, and video game designers in town for a conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In black socks with no shoes, Kahle dazzled the group with stories of the early internet days in the Archive’s common space. Then he laced up for a tour to the main attraction, a stained-glass chapel bordered with 3-foot-tall figures of people who are part of the Archive’s history and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945697\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945697\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of what appear to be dozens of clay figurines which are delicately painted and apparently standing near church pews\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Statues of the Internet Archive staff, including founder Brewster Kahle, line church pews at the former church-turned-offices in San Francisco. Kahle explained that his idea was to create Terracotta Archivists after he saw the Terracotta Army in China. If you work for the Internet Archive for three years, a statue of you is made. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the pulpit there’s a tower of computer screens scrolling through bygone pages of the earliest days of the internet. The Internet Archive also runs the \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/web/\">Wayback Machine\u003c/a>, a digital archive of more than 800 billion webpages and counting, ranging from early ’90s blogs to news websites and Donald Trump’s tweets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the rows of pews, a giant server studded with lights that flash every time something is uploaded to the Archive twinkles like a technologic starry sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local musician and filmmaker Rohit Rao regularly works out of the space, which offers free public Wi-Fi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was drawn to it for nostalgia at first. But more recently, I’ve been uploading my films to the Archive. I had a bunch of these hard drives with films on there and I wanted to store them online,” said Rao, hunched over a keyboard in the Archive’s living room. “Lately, they’ve been giving me space to work. I might track my entire record here if they’re cool with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The future of digital libraries\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Whichever way the Archive’s appeal in the publishers’ lawsuit ultimately goes, some librarians and authors say it could set the stage for what book lending looks like in an increasingly digital era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some books could altogether disappear, advocates of the Archive say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gibbs, who taught folklore and mythology online for the University of Oklahoma for more than 20 years, frequently used the Archive with her students. In more recent years, she has been dedicated to uploading and preserving some of the rare texts she works with, which are often hard to access elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This completely changed my research, and I do all my reading via the Internet Archive now,” said Gibbs, who was on the tour. “It just feels like the most important thing I’ve ever done. This is the future of education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945699\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945699\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"A middle-aged white woman with glasses and grey hair stands in front of what appears to be a large shelving unit full of memorabilia in a large, clean, well lit room\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laura Gibbs looks at memorabilia at the Internet Archive offices in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Controlled digital lending “enables many authors to reach more readers than they could otherwise, and authors like our members who write to be read would not be served if fewer readers could access their books,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.authorsalliance.org/about/\">Authors Alliance\u003c/a> wrote in response to the recent ruling. The Alliance is a broad coalition of librarians, writers, academics and copyright attorneys who advocate for wider public access to books and knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet Archive case also arrives as more libraries are digitizing their books to meet new customer demands and technological shifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The argument that the Internet Archive isn’t a library is wrong. If this argument is accepted, the results would jeopardize the future development of digital libraries nationwide. The Internet Archive is the most significant specialized library to emerge in decades,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2023/03/17/librarians-should-stand-internet-archive-opinion\">a group of eight librarians from MIT, UC Berkeley and other prominent institutions recently wrote in an op-ed for Inside Higher Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"A middle aged white man standing up gestures intensely as he speaks with the backs of audience members listening blurred in the foreground\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brewster Kahle speaks to guests, volunteers and staff at the Internet Archive offices in San Francisco on March 24. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Internet Archive says that it is, in fact, a modern-day library, pointing out that it has received government dollars earmarked for libraries, including from \u003ca href=\"https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/universal-service-program-schools-and-libraries-e-rate\">the federal E-Rate program\u003c/a>, which provides funds and discounts on internet connection for schools and libraries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors like Adriaanse understand the tough reality of making it financially as a writer, and that publishers need to make money to stay afloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she was pleasantly surprised to find her own books on the Archive, as well as other free digital lending services at her local Dutch library system during the pandemic for people who didn’t have a library card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got a lot more readers, so that tells you there are a lot of people out there who want to read but don’t have a library card or money to buy books,” Adriaanse said. “It is inspiring. It makes me think we can have universal access to knowledge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "A judge recently ruled in favor of publishers in a lawsuit against San Francisco-based Internet Archive, demanding the nonprofit's online library remove e-books. The Archive will appeal.",
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"title": "SF-Based Internet Archive Is Fighting a Ruling That Could Change the Future of Digital Libraries | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">F\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>or 26 years, a San Francisco-based digital library has stood in stark opposition to today’s commercial information ecosystem, hallmarked by paywalled periodicals, pricey books and advertisement-driven media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the Internet Archive’s massive warehouse, with towers of books new and old, it begins to sink in just how ambitious the nonprofit organization’s mission is: to preserve millions of texts and lend them freely online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the library’s philosophy is now being tried in court, as a \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/03/publishers-beat-internet-archive-as-judge-rules-e-book-lending-violates-copyright/\">ruling in a major lawsuit against the Internet Archive\u003c/a> not only threatens to remove many of the free books from the Internet Archive’s website, but also could set the tone for digital libraries across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea was to try to fulfill the dream of the internet, of a universal library, and of universal access to all knowledge. A digital Library of Alexandria,” Brewster Kahle, founder and digital librarian for the Internet Archive, told KQED, referencing one of the world’s \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5912689/library-of-alexandria-burning/\">earliest and most storied libraries\u003c/a>. “The San Francisco Public Library, the Burlingame Public Library and many libraries around the Bay Area donate books when they don’t need them anymore to the Internet Archive rather than, say, landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-book lending is used across libraries and publishing houses, and often libraries will license those digital books from publishers. Through its \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/ol_data\">Open Library\u003c/a>, the Internet Archive maintains that it uses a model known as “controlled digital lending,” where a library owns a book, scans it digitally and loans the digital copy to one user at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in March 2020, when physical libraries were closed due to the pandemic and students were learning from home, the Internet Archive temporarily removed waitlists so anyone could access the books online, calling the initiative the National Emergency Library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945692\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945692\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023.jpg\" alt=\"An older white man with grey-white hair wearing a dark sweater reaches out to close a grey metallic door as huge cardboard boxes labeled as containing books sit in the background\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brewster Kahle closes a storage container with books labeled from “Allen County Public Library’’ at an Internet Archive storage facility in Richmond on March 30. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Archive stopped the program and returned to its regular lending practices in June 2020, the same month that Hachette Book Group and other major publishers hit the Internet Archive with a multimillion-dollar lawsuit alleging copyright infringement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, a federal judge in New York sided with the publishers, which include Penguin Random House, Wiley and HarperCollins, ruling that the Internet Archive violated copyright infringement laws through both the Open Library and the National Emergency Library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘The publishers demanded that we destroy millions of digitized books and stop lending, and they sued us for tens of millions of dollars. That was the publishers’ response when libraries closed, was to sue libraries.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/document/complaint-50\">lawsuit\u003c/a>, Hachette Group argued that the Internet Archive “badly misleads the public and boldly misappropriates the goodwill that libraries enjoy and have legitimately earned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The publishers specifically complained about \u003ca href=\"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900.1.1.pdf\">127 books not under public domain (PDF)\u003c/a> that are stored and offered freely on the Archive, by authors such as Sylvia Plath, Jon Krakauer, Toni Morrison, Malcolm Gladwell, C.S. Lewis and J.D. Salinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Publishers say Open Library flouts licensing fees libraries are supposed to pay them. But because libraries already paid licensing fees for the print books that the Internet Archive scans as part of the Open Library project, the nonprofit asserts that their one-to-one lending system constitutes fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IA’s fair use defense rests on the notion that lawfully acquiring a copyrighted print book entitles the recipient to make an unauthorized copy and distribute it in place of the print book, so long as it does not simultaneously lend the print book,” the Southern District of New York Judge John Koeltl \u003ca href=\"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900/gov.uscourts.nysd.537900.188.0.pdf\">stated in his ruling (PDF)\u003c/a>. “But no case or legal principle supports that notion. Every authority points the other direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945701\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023.jpg\" alt=\"A man in the distance stands in a walkway between two huge walls of grey storage containers stacked on top of each other inside what appears to be a massive warehouse\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/018_KQED_InternetArchiveWarehouse_03302023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matthew Soper, physical warehouse manager and archivist, walks alongside storage containers at the Internet Archive storage facility in Richmond on March 30. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fight is not over, though. The Archive, with support from its fandom of technologists, librarians, researchers, authors and digital rights activists, \u003ca href=\"http://blog.archive.org/2023/03/25/the-fight-continues/\">plans to appeal the ruling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The publishers demanded that we destroy millions of digitized books and stop lending, and they sued us for tens of millions of dollars. That was the publishers’ response when libraries closed, was to sue libraries,” said Kahle. “I don’t think it was very good behavior. In fact, it’s horrendous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Built in the Bay\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Archive is rooted in the Bay Area, spiritually with its high-tech-meets-open-access ethos, and physically, in the form of a Greek-columned, former Christian Science church-turned media museum in San Francisco’s Richmond District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945689\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up photo of a shiny metallic plaque with text on it below a columned icon which is the symbol of the Internet Archive\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/054_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign at the Internet Archive’s offices in San Francisco reads, ‘Universal access to all knowledge.’ \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside its warehouse in the city of Richmond, just across the bay, rows of shipping containers hold meticulously organized boxes of books donated from places like the California State Library, the University of Florida, UC Riverside, the San Francisco Public Library and many other institutions the Archive helps to digitize books for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collection also includes an entire section of books that are banned, as well as books that legislators across the U.S. are actively attempting to ban. Nationwide, attempts to ban books nearly doubled from 2021 to 2022, reaching the highest point ever recorded at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2023/03/record-book-bans-2022\">1,269 demands to censor library books and resources in 2022\u003c/a>, according to an analysis by the American Library Association, which began tracking the data nearly 20 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"Someone wearing a bright orange hoodie sits at an archiving station holding an open book and facing a computer screen\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/016_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eliza Zhang scans books at the Internet Archive offices in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On any given day, staff with the Archive can be found tucked away at its San Francisco-based library scanning physical books, many of which are donated by local public libraries and university libraries, as well as individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amsterdam-based novelist Bette Adriaanse has used the Internet Archive for her work and was a fan from afar until she visited the Archive’s Richmond District location on a recent sunny Friday afternoon, when it hosts lunches open to the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was looking for this very obscure book on art and I couldn’t find it anywhere, not in libraries or bookstores. And then I found it on the Archive and I read it online and borrowed it,” said Adriaanse. “Since then I’ve been borrowing books from them that I can’t find in the library. And if I want to buy a book to support a book, I buy it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945695\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"A white woman with short brown hair stands facing a middle-aged white man, both smiling and engaged in conversation, with an old time record player in the background within a corridor which appears to be lined with vinyl records\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/021_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brewster Kahle shows Amsterdam-based novelist Bette Adriaanse an early record player at the Internet Archive offices in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She was among about two dozen people who stopped by the Archive recently for its Friday lunches, during which Kahle is often around providing tours. On this particular Friday, the tour group was made up of fans visiting from out of the country, filmmakers, academics, archival vigilantes who scan the internet for websites to save, and video game designers in town for a conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In black socks with no shoes, Kahle dazzled the group with stories of the early internet days in the Archive’s common space. Then he laced up for a tour to the main attraction, a stained-glass chapel bordered with 3-foot-tall figures of people who are part of the Archive’s history and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945697\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945697\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of what appear to be dozens of clay figurines which are delicately painted and apparently standing near church pews\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/042_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Statues of the Internet Archive staff, including founder Brewster Kahle, line church pews at the former church-turned-offices in San Francisco. Kahle explained that his idea was to create Terracotta Archivists after he saw the Terracotta Army in China. If you work for the Internet Archive for three years, a statue of you is made. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the pulpit there’s a tower of computer screens scrolling through bygone pages of the earliest days of the internet. The Internet Archive also runs the \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/web/\">Wayback Machine\u003c/a>, a digital archive of more than 800 billion webpages and counting, ranging from early ’90s blogs to news websites and Donald Trump’s tweets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the rows of pews, a giant server studded with lights that flash every time something is uploaded to the Archive twinkles like a technologic starry sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local musician and filmmaker Rohit Rao regularly works out of the space, which offers free public Wi-Fi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was drawn to it for nostalgia at first. But more recently, I’ve been uploading my films to the Archive. I had a bunch of these hard drives with films on there and I wanted to store them online,” said Rao, hunched over a keyboard in the Archive’s living room. “Lately, they’ve been giving me space to work. I might track my entire record here if they’re cool with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The future of digital libraries\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Whichever way the Archive’s appeal in the publishers’ lawsuit ultimately goes, some librarians and authors say it could set the stage for what book lending looks like in an increasingly digital era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some books could altogether disappear, advocates of the Archive say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gibbs, who taught folklore and mythology online for the University of Oklahoma for more than 20 years, frequently used the Archive with her students. In more recent years, she has been dedicated to uploading and preserving some of the rare texts she works with, which are often hard to access elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This completely changed my research, and I do all my reading via the Internet Archive now,” said Gibbs, who was on the tour. “It just feels like the most important thing I’ve ever done. This is the future of education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945699\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945699\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"A middle-aged white woman with glasses and grey hair stands in front of what appears to be a large shelving unit full of memorabilia in a large, clean, well lit room\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/031_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laura Gibbs looks at memorabilia at the Internet Archive offices in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Controlled digital lending “enables many authors to reach more readers than they could otherwise, and authors like our members who write to be read would not be served if fewer readers could access their books,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.authorsalliance.org/about/\">Authors Alliance\u003c/a> wrote in response to the recent ruling. The Alliance is a broad coalition of librarians, writers, academics and copyright attorneys who advocate for wider public access to books and knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Internet Archive case also arrives as more libraries are digitizing their books to meet new customer demands and technological shifts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The argument that the Internet Archive isn’t a library is wrong. If this argument is accepted, the results would jeopardize the future development of digital libraries nationwide. The Internet Archive is the most significant specialized library to emerge in decades,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2023/03/17/librarians-should-stand-internet-archive-opinion\">a group of eight librarians from MIT, UC Berkeley and other prominent institutions recently wrote in an op-ed for Inside Higher Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11945709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11945709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg\" alt=\"A middle aged white man standing up gestures intensely as he speaks with the backs of audience members listening blurred in the foreground\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/04/004_KQED_InternetArchiveOffices_03242023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brewster Kahle speaks to guests, volunteers and staff at the Internet Archive offices in San Francisco on March 24. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Internet Archive says that it is, in fact, a modern-day library, pointing out that it has received government dollars earmarked for libraries, including from \u003ca href=\"https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/universal-service-program-schools-and-libraries-e-rate\">the federal E-Rate program\u003c/a>, which provides funds and discounts on internet connection for schools and libraries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors like Adriaanse understand the tough reality of making it financially as a writer, and that publishers need to make money to stay afloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she was pleasantly surprised to find her own books on the Archive, as well as other free digital lending services at her local Dutch library system during the pandemic for people who didn’t have a library card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got a lot more readers, so that tells you there are a lot of people out there who want to read but don’t have a library card or money to buy books,” Adriaanse said. “It is inspiring. It makes me think we can have universal access to knowledge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "googles-ghost-workers-demand-to-be-seen-seeking-better-wages-and-benefits-from-tech-giant",
"title": "Google's 'Ghost Workers' Demand to Be Seen, Seeking Better Wages and Benefits From Tech Giant",
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"content": "\u003cp>Teresa Partain has a job few people know exists. She’s a content moderator for Google’s ads engine and many of her colleagues do the same work for Google Search. Their job is to make sure the results people see are accurate and not spam or scams. Google calls these workers “quality raters,” but Partain said they call themselves “ghost workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people — even at Google — have no idea that we exist,” Partain said. “They don’t know that there are human beings doing a lot of the work. They think that the software is magic and already perfect and doesn’t need maintenance. And that’s just not true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now they want to be seen. They’ve written letters to Google executives, held a rally outside the company’s Silicon Valley headquarters and created a petition to demand benefits and better pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partain isn’t employed by Google directly, but by a subcontractor called Appen. And, she said, that employment setup is what has led to worker grievances — mainly low wages, no benefits and isolation from colleagues. Partain is one of at least 10,000 people worldwide doing this job, according to Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They work from home and even though they’re employed by subcontractors, they’re given assignments directly by Google. Partain evaluates the quality and placement of Google ads, while her colleagues rate the quality of Google Search results. Their tasks can range from confirming a search for “carrot cake recipe” brings up relevant results to making sure an airfare ad doesn’t appear next to a news story about a plane crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without them, Google Search wouldn’t function smoothly. Google says it gets \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/how-search-works/rigorous-testing/\">billions of queries\u003c/a> every day and it’s constantly making improvements to ensure its algorithms keep up. Danny Sullivan, the company’s public liaison for Search, wrote in a\u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/products/search/raters-experiments-improve-google-search/\"> blog post\u003c/a> that getting feedback from raters is “a key part of our evaluation process.”[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Roberto Clack, executive director, Temp Worker Justice\"]‘A lot of people don’t really understand just how prevalent the subcontracting and staffing agency usage is. These models are really the driving force towards lower labor standards.’[/pullquote]Raters work on Google’s two most vital products — Search and ads. In 2022, Google made more than \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20230203_alphabet_10K.pdf?cache=5ae4398\">$224 billion in revenue (PDF)\u003c/a> from Search and advertising, accounting for more than 79% of its total revenue. For comparison, that’s more than the entire gross domestic product of Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We support billions of dollars of revenue,” Google rater Ed Stackhouse told NPR. “And we get paid less than your average fast food worker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google raters who work for Appen make between $14 and $14.50 an hour and under company policy can’t work more than 29 hours a week. Raters who spoke with NPR said they have health conditions or family needs that require them to work from home and they appreciate they can do that. But, since they can’t work more than 29 hours a week, they’re not eligible for benefits like health care and sick leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesperson Courtenay Mencini told NPR in a statement that “Our suppliers manage all employment terms for the raters, including pay and benefits.” Appen, which is an Australian company that has other big tech clients such as Salesforce and LinkedIn, didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ramping up the pressure\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A group of about 50 Google workers gathered in an outdoor courtyard at the company’s sprawling California headquarters in February. Many of them wore red t-shirts that sported the Alphabet Workers Union logo, which is a labor group made up of people who work for Google and its parent company Alphabet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They unfurled a massive white cloth banner that read, “Google: End Rater Poverty” and chanted “Equal pay for equal work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters had come from around the country to hand deliver a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ratersunion.org/\">petition\u003c/a> to Prabhakar Raghavan, Google’s senior vice president in charge of Search, ads and other divisions. The petition, which has now been signed by more than 850 raters, asks Raghavan to meet with them to discuss better pay and benefits.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Ed Stackhouse, Google rater\"]‘We support billions of dollars of revenue. And we get paid less than your average fast food worker.’[/pullquote]Partain flew in from Kansas for the rally and said she’d been a rater for more than seven years and that she and her colleagues “want to be able to do our job well, earn a dignified wage and have access to basic benefits.” The raters were joined by worker advocates, local politicians and union representatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t really understand just how prevalent the subcontracting and staffing agency usage is,” said Roberto Clack, executive director of Temp Worker Justice, a nonprofit that advocates for contract workers. “These models are really the driving force towards lower labor standards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini declined to provide numbers on the company’s subcontractor workforce. But, according to estimates from the Alphabet Workers Union, Alphabet has around 200,000 contract workers worldwide who do \u003ca href=\"https://everygoogleworker.alphabetworkersunion.org/\">all sorts of jobs\u003c/a>. That’s more than 50% of the company’s total workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The raters’ pressure campaign on Google began last year. With the help of Alphabet Workers Union, they began meeting each other and organizing online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Alphabet Workers Union published an open letter to Raghavan demanding the company raise pay for raters. Then, in January of this year, raters who work for Appen \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2023/01/11/google-search-quality-rater-raise/\">got their first-ever raise\u003c/a> to $14 or $14.50 an hour, based on seniority. Previously, workers made roughly $10 to $13 an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the February rally, Appen raters were told they’d get another raise by the end of this year that would increase their pay to $15 an hour. Then, a couple weeks later, Appen sent them an email saying the hours they work could be extended from the previous maximum of 26 hours per week to what raters have now — 29 hours per week. Raters can work their own hours, but it can be no more than 29 per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, the magic 30 hours a week is what we can’t go past,” Partain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini told NPR that the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/support.google.com/corporate-suppliers/answer/10208902/*zippy=__;Iw!!Iwwt!Ub5DUC5iYYOJz9Y7sePkrMr9s_4Id4QlDovj04rf7c2RxXO5jdmw1TQ2oA5dU4_x1Qyq8MnV7RFg%24\">Wages and Benefits standards\u003c/a> — which would provide health care and sick leave to contractors — only apply to people who are assigned to Google at least 30 hours per week and have access to the company’s corporate systems or campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters say that as long as they haven’t met that threshold, they’re going to keep up the pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re asking for now is just to be allowed to get the same benefits as people who work 30 hours a week are supposed to get,” Partain said. “And if we have to work 30 hours a week in order to get them, people would be happy to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as a response from Raghavan to meet with them, raters say they’re still waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Teresa Partain has a job few people know exists. She’s a content moderator for Google’s ads engine and many of her colleagues do the same work for Google Search. Their job is to make sure the results people see are accurate and not spam or scams. Google calls these workers “quality raters,” but Partain said they call themselves “ghost workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people — even at Google — have no idea that we exist,” Partain said. “They don’t know that there are human beings doing a lot of the work. They think that the software is magic and already perfect and doesn’t need maintenance. And that’s just not true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now they want to be seen. They’ve written letters to Google executives, held a rally outside the company’s Silicon Valley headquarters and created a petition to demand benefits and better pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partain isn’t employed by Google directly, but by a subcontractor called Appen. And, she said, that employment setup is what has led to worker grievances — mainly low wages, no benefits and isolation from colleagues. Partain is one of at least 10,000 people worldwide doing this job, according to Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They work from home and even though they’re employed by subcontractors, they’re given assignments directly by Google. Partain evaluates the quality and placement of Google ads, while her colleagues rate the quality of Google Search results. Their tasks can range from confirming a search for “carrot cake recipe” brings up relevant results to making sure an airfare ad doesn’t appear next to a news story about a plane crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without them, Google Search wouldn’t function smoothly. Google says it gets \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/how-search-works/rigorous-testing/\">billions of queries\u003c/a> every day and it’s constantly making improvements to ensure its algorithms keep up. Danny Sullivan, the company’s public liaison for Search, wrote in a\u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/products/search/raters-experiments-improve-google-search/\"> blog post\u003c/a> that getting feedback from raters is “a key part of our evaluation process.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Raters work on Google’s two most vital products — Search and ads. In 2022, Google made more than \u003ca href=\"https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20230203_alphabet_10K.pdf?cache=5ae4398\">$224 billion in revenue (PDF)\u003c/a> from Search and advertising, accounting for more than 79% of its total revenue. For comparison, that’s more than the entire gross domestic product of Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We support billions of dollars of revenue,” Google rater Ed Stackhouse told NPR. “And we get paid less than your average fast food worker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google raters who work for Appen make between $14 and $14.50 an hour and under company policy can’t work more than 29 hours a week. Raters who spoke with NPR said they have health conditions or family needs that require them to work from home and they appreciate they can do that. But, since they can’t work more than 29 hours a week, they’re not eligible for benefits like health care and sick leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesperson Courtenay Mencini told NPR in a statement that “Our suppliers manage all employment terms for the raters, including pay and benefits.” Appen, which is an Australian company that has other big tech clients such as Salesforce and LinkedIn, didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ramping up the pressure\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A group of about 50 Google workers gathered in an outdoor courtyard at the company’s sprawling California headquarters in February. Many of them wore red t-shirts that sported the Alphabet Workers Union logo, which is a labor group made up of people who work for Google and its parent company Alphabet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They unfurled a massive white cloth banner that read, “Google: End Rater Poverty” and chanted “Equal pay for equal work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters had come from around the country to hand deliver a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ratersunion.org/\">petition\u003c/a> to Prabhakar Raghavan, Google’s senior vice president in charge of Search, ads and other divisions. The petition, which has now been signed by more than 850 raters, asks Raghavan to meet with them to discuss better pay and benefits.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Partain flew in from Kansas for the rally and said she’d been a rater for more than seven years and that she and her colleagues “want to be able to do our job well, earn a dignified wage and have access to basic benefits.” The raters were joined by worker advocates, local politicians and union representatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t really understand just how prevalent the subcontracting and staffing agency usage is,” said Roberto Clack, executive director of Temp Worker Justice, a nonprofit that advocates for contract workers. “These models are really the driving force towards lower labor standards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini declined to provide numbers on the company’s subcontractor workforce. But, according to estimates from the Alphabet Workers Union, Alphabet has around 200,000 contract workers worldwide who do \u003ca href=\"https://everygoogleworker.alphabetworkersunion.org/\">all sorts of jobs\u003c/a>. That’s more than 50% of the company’s total workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The raters’ pressure campaign on Google began last year. With the help of Alphabet Workers Union, they began meeting each other and organizing online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Alphabet Workers Union published an open letter to Raghavan demanding the company raise pay for raters. Then, in January of this year, raters who work for Appen \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2023/01/11/google-search-quality-rater-raise/\">got their first-ever raise\u003c/a> to $14 or $14.50 an hour, based on seniority. Previously, workers made roughly $10 to $13 an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the February rally, Appen raters were told they’d get another raise by the end of this year that would increase their pay to $15 an hour. Then, a couple weeks later, Appen sent them an email saying the hours they work could be extended from the previous maximum of 26 hours per week to what raters have now — 29 hours per week. Raters can work their own hours, but it can be no more than 29 per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, the magic 30 hours a week is what we can’t go past,” Partain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s Mencini told NPR that the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/support.google.com/corporate-suppliers/answer/10208902/*zippy=__;Iw!!Iwwt!Ub5DUC5iYYOJz9Y7sePkrMr9s_4Id4QlDovj04rf7c2RxXO5jdmw1TQ2oA5dU4_x1Qyq8MnV7RFg%24\">Wages and Benefits standards\u003c/a> — which would provide health care and sick leave to contractors — only apply to people who are assigned to Google at least 30 hours per week and have access to the company’s corporate systems or campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raters say that as long as they haven’t met that threshold, they’re going to keep up the pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re asking for now is just to be allowed to get the same benefits as people who work 30 hours a week are supposed to get,” Partain said. “And if we have to work 30 hours a week in order to get them, people would be happy to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as a response from Raghavan to meet with them, raters say they’re still waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Intel Co-Founder, Philanthropist, Silicon Valley Visionary Gordon Moore Dies at 94",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gordon Moore, the Intel co-founder who set the breakneck pace of progress in the digital age with a simple 1965 prediction of how quickly engineers would boost the capacity of computer chips, has died. He was 94.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore died Friday at his home in Hawaii, according to Intel and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore, who held a Ph.D. in chemistry and physics, made his famous observation — now known as “Moore’s law” — three years before he helped start Intel in 1968. It appeared among a number of articles about the future written for the now-defunct \u003cem>Electronics\u003c/em> magazine by experts in various fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11944825\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11944825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"Two white men with white hair and wearing suits shake hands on a stage with the presidential dais to the right of the photo with the presidential emblem on it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798-800x546.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Moore (left) shakes hands with former President Bill Clinton at the California Institute of Technology on Jan. 21, 2000. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The prediction, which Moore said he plotted out on graph paper based on what had been happening with chips at the time, said the capacity and complexity of integrated circuits would double every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strictly speaking, Moore’s observation referred to the doubling of transistors on a semiconductor. But over the years, it has been applied to hard drives, computer monitors and other electronic devices, holding that roughly every 18 months a new generation of products makes their predecessors obsolete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It became a standard for the tech industry’s progress and innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the human spirit. It’s what made Silicon Valley,” Carver Mead, a retired California Institute of Technology computer scientist who coined the term “Moore’s law” in the early 1970s, said in 2005. “It’s the real thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore later became known for his philanthropy when he and his wife established the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, which focuses on environmental conservation, science, patient care and projects in the San Francisco Bay area. It has donated more than $5.1 billion to charitable causes since its founding in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those of us who have met and worked with Gordon will forever be inspired by his wisdom, humility and generosity,” foundation president Harvey Fineberg said in a statement.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\" Frank Yeary, chair, Intel\"]‘It is impossible to imagine the world we live in today, with computing so essential to our lives, without the contributions of Gordon Moore.’[/pullquote]Intel Chair Frank Yeary called Moore a brilliant scientist and a leading American entrepreneur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is impossible to imagine the world we live in today, with computing so essential to our lives, without the contributions of Gordon Moore,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The co-authors of \u003cem>Moore’s Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley’s Quiet Revolutionary\u003c/em> called him “the most important thinker and doer in the story of silicon electronics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore was born in San Francisco on Jan. 3, 1929, and grew up in the tiny nearby coastal town of Pescadero. As a boy, he took a liking to chemistry sets. He attended San José State University, then transferred to UC Berkeley, where he graduated with a degree in chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After getting his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1954, he worked briefly as a researcher at Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11944823\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11944823\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"A middle-aged white man with glasses and wearing suit and tie smiles at the camera in his office.\" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529-800x541.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529-1020x689.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Moore as CEO of Intel, in a photo from Feb. 11, 1981. \u003ccite>(Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS/VCG via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His entry into microchips began when he went to work for William Shockley, who in 1956 shared the Nobel Prize for physics for his work inventing the transistor. Less than two years later, Moore and seven colleagues left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory after growing tired of its namesake’s management practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defection by the “traitorous eight,” as the group came to be called, planted the seeds for Silicon Valley’s renegade culture, in which engineers who disagreed with their colleagues didn’t hesitate to become competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Shockley defectors in 1957 created Fairchild Semiconductor, which became one of the first companies to manufacture the integrated circuit, a refinement of the transistor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairchild supplied the chips that went into the first computers that astronauts used aboard spacecraft.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Harvey Fineberg, president, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation\"]‘Those of us who have met and worked with Gordon will forever be inspired by his wisdom, humility and generosity.’[/pullquote]In 1968, Moore and Robert Noyce, one of the eight engineers who left Shockley, again struck out on their own. With $500,000 of their own money and the backing of venture capitalist Arthur Rock, they founded Intel, a name based on joining the words “integrated” and “electronics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore became Intel’s chief executive in 1975. His tenure as CEO ended in 1987, though he remained chair for another 10 years. He was chair emeritus from 1997 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He received the National Medal of Technology from President George H.W. Bush in 1990 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George W. Bush in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his wealth and acclaim, Moore remained known for his modesty. In 2005, he referred to Moore’s law as “a lucky guess that got a lot more publicity than it deserved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is survived by his wife of 50 years, Betty, sons Kenneth and Steven, and four grandchildren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gordon Moore, the Intel co-founder who set the breakneck pace of progress in the digital age with a simple 1965 prediction of how quickly engineers would boost the capacity of computer chips, has died. He was 94.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore died Friday at his home in Hawaii, according to Intel and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore, who held a Ph.D. in chemistry and physics, made his famous observation — now known as “Moore’s law” — three years before he helped start Intel in 1968. It appeared among a number of articles about the future written for the now-defunct \u003cem>Electronics\u003c/em> magazine by experts in various fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11944825\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11944825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"Two white men with white hair and wearing suits shake hands on a stage with the presidential dais to the right of the photo with the presidential emblem on it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798-800x546.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-51040798.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Moore (left) shakes hands with former President Bill Clinton at the California Institute of Technology on Jan. 21, 2000. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The prediction, which Moore said he plotted out on graph paper based on what had been happening with chips at the time, said the capacity and complexity of integrated circuits would double every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strictly speaking, Moore’s observation referred to the doubling of transistors on a semiconductor. But over the years, it has been applied to hard drives, computer monitors and other electronic devices, holding that roughly every 18 months a new generation of products makes their predecessors obsolete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It became a standard for the tech industry’s progress and innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the human spirit. It’s what made Silicon Valley,” Carver Mead, a retired California Institute of Technology computer scientist who coined the term “Moore’s law” in the early 1970s, said in 2005. “It’s the real thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore later became known for his philanthropy when he and his wife established the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, which focuses on environmental conservation, science, patient care and projects in the San Francisco Bay area. It has donated more than $5.1 billion to charitable causes since its founding in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those of us who have met and worked with Gordon will forever be inspired by his wisdom, humility and generosity,” foundation president Harvey Fineberg said in a statement.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘It is impossible to imagine the world we live in today, with computing so essential to our lives, without the contributions of Gordon Moore.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Intel Chair Frank Yeary called Moore a brilliant scientist and a leading American entrepreneur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is impossible to imagine the world we live in today, with computing so essential to our lives, without the contributions of Gordon Moore,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The co-authors of \u003cem>Moore’s Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley’s Quiet Revolutionary\u003c/em> called him “the most important thinker and doer in the story of silicon electronics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore was born in San Francisco on Jan. 3, 1929, and grew up in the tiny nearby coastal town of Pescadero. As a boy, he took a liking to chemistry sets. He attended San José State University, then transferred to UC Berkeley, where he graduated with a degree in chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After getting his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1954, he worked briefly as a researcher at Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11944823\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11944823\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"A middle-aged white man with glasses and wearing suit and tie smiles at the camera in his office.\" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529-800x541.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529-1020x689.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-685196529.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Moore as CEO of Intel, in a photo from Feb. 11, 1981. \u003ccite>(Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS/VCG via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His entry into microchips began when he went to work for William Shockley, who in 1956 shared the Nobel Prize for physics for his work inventing the transistor. Less than two years later, Moore and seven colleagues left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory after growing tired of its namesake’s management practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defection by the “traitorous eight,” as the group came to be called, planted the seeds for Silicon Valley’s renegade culture, in which engineers who disagreed with their colleagues didn’t hesitate to become competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Shockley defectors in 1957 created Fairchild Semiconductor, which became one of the first companies to manufacture the integrated circuit, a refinement of the transistor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairchild supplied the chips that went into the first computers that astronauts used aboard spacecraft.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In 1968, Moore and Robert Noyce, one of the eight engineers who left Shockley, again struck out on their own. With $500,000 of their own money and the backing of venture capitalist Arthur Rock, they founded Intel, a name based on joining the words “integrated” and “electronics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore became Intel’s chief executive in 1975. His tenure as CEO ended in 1987, though he remained chair for another 10 years. He was chair emeritus from 1997 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He received the National Medal of Technology from President George H.W. Bush in 1990 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George W. Bush in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his wealth and acclaim, Moore remained known for his modesty. In 2005, he referred to Moore’s law as “a lucky guess that got a lot more publicity than it deserved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is survived by his wife of 50 years, Betty, sons Kenneth and Steven, and four grandchildren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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