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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Scientists Say Computers Can Develop Cancer Drugs 6 Times Faster",
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"content": "\u003cp>The average time to \u003ca href=\"http://njms.rutgers.edu/gsbs/olc/fmtm/resources/improvepharmaNatureDrugDisc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">identify a new cancer\u003c/a> drug is six years. Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of every four deaths\u003c/a> in the U.S. is due to cancer, a lot of lives could be saved if that drug development time could be cut down to just a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer researchers at UCSF and computer scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/news/public-private-consortium-aims-cut-preclinical-cancer-drug-discovery-six-years-just-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnering\u003c/a> with researchers from the National Cancer Institute's Frederick National Laboratory and pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) in an attempt to do just that. Members of the consortium hope to use supercomputing power to significantly slash the time needed to\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>screen potential cancer drugs and bring them to human trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago.'\u003ccite>Aedin Culhane,\u003cbr>\nDana-Farber Cancer Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We're rolling on this, and it's really exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/ashworth_alan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Ashworth\u003c/a>, president of the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCSF. The university is committing $750,000 annually plus researchers and lab space, Ashworth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GSK is contributing a vast store of data concerning 2 million molecules that could lead to cancer drugs. The data trove also includes 500 compounds that failed in the development process. The combination of the huge data set with information on failed drugs will be key to training the project's algorithms to understand how compounds interact with the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Long Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashworth was one of the scientists who, in 1995, discovered the gene BRCA2, which increases the risk of developing inherited breast cancer. It took 10 years from discovery of the drug to the treatment of cancer related to that mutation, he said, and another 9 years before the drug was licensed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason cancer drug development can take so long is that most testing is done with actual molecules — millions of them in order to find one that might become an effective drug in treating a particular type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I honestly don’t see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer-drug discovery.'\u003ccite>Steven Salzberg, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For each molecule, researchers create dozens of iterations in a process called \"optimization,\" altering the molecule to find the most effective form. Chemists have to create every modification in the lab, so researchers can test each one for toxic effects and efficacy. Just one toxicology study on one molecule takes 18 months, says Michelle Arkin, an associate professor in the UCSF School of Pharmacy. If the molecule fails, you start over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you could test these same molecules in a supercomputer programmed to understand the relevant biological relationships, it would significantly streamline the process — a computer can do in seconds what may take days or weeks in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consortium, called ATOM, for Accelerating Therapeutics for Opportunities in Medicine, believes computing power has finally reached the point where it can aid in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been a revolution in machine learning,\" says Jim Brase, the deputy associate director for computation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"YVRKeVHRwPaovC2VxmUgK3PIxKAyVlyu\"]In the past, Brase says, when scientists wanted to analyze a large set of data, they had to tell the computer what interactions to search for in determining how a drug molecule might affect a specific protein in a particular type of tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Brase says, scientists believe they can teach a computer the fundamentals of biology so it can learn to identify which relationships might be effective and which could be useless or toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success will depend on scientists' ability to push computer learning to new levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacie Calad-Thomson, operations, planning and strategy director with GSK, says the consortium will take the first two years of the project to develop algorithms. After that, the goal is to identify an effective drug and take it to human trials -- all within one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original data donated by GSK will remain private, says Mary Anne Rhyne, the company's director of corporate communications. But any resulting drug-testing tools will be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasons for Skepticism and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goals of computer-assisted drug development and personalized medicine have been around for a \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083401/http://www.isgtw.org:80/?pid=1000993\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long time, \u003c/a>and many of these efforts have disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/06/ibm-pitched-its-watson-supercomputer-as-a-revolution-in-cancer-care-its-nowhere-close/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, as well as watchdog site\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2017/02/md-anderson-cancer-centers-ibm-watson-project-fails-journalism-related/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Health News Review, \u003c/a>reported on the failed collaboration between the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and IBM's Watson, which sought to make personal cancer treatment recommendations and match patients to clinical trials. Behind the largely positive news coverage, the project did not work as hoped. (\u003ca href=\"https://medcitynews.com/2017/02/mayo-clinic-cio-ai-stuff-really-real/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Not everyone agrees\u003c/a> it's been a bust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/watson/health/life-sciences/drug-discovery/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watson for Drug Discovery\u003c/a> program is hoping candidate drugs it identified as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease will prove to work. And IBM and Pfizer \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucejapsen/2016/12/01/pfizer-partners-with-ibm-watson-to-advance-cancer-drug-discovery/#68904ce21b1e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a collaboration\u003c/a> in 2016 to use Watson to accelerate cancer drug discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Steven Salzberg, director of the Center for Computational Biology at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, is skeptical of such supercomputing efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I honestly don't see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer drug discovery,\" he says. \"It's the classic problem where when your only tool is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all need computers for research, so that's good. But cutting drug discovery from 6 years down to 1? That sounds implausible to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at Harvard, Aedin Culhane, who is also a researcher in the Department of Biostatistics, is more optimistic. Yes, the idea of computer-assisted drug discovery has been around for a long time, she says, but it's only now that it's finally matured.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.'\u003ccite>John Baldoni, GlaxoSmithKline\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago,\" says Culhane. \"And now we have more and better data, and we're learning more day by day. Given good data, the machines can learn, and I'm very hopeful about it. Much more than I was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She finds ATOM's intent to publish negative results especially interesting. \"Because that's something that is missing. Academics rarely publish negative results, and pharma even more so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-examing old data in the light of new information, she says, can sometimes offer novel insights. Perhaps researchers misunderstood how a failed drug was working in the body the first time around; or maybe reviewing its off-target effects in light of new discoveries related to tumors will reveal a deeper understanding of biochemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Baldoni, senior vice president for computerized drug screening at GSK, says that not only are data more abundant, but the engineering required for computer-based analysis is more sophisticated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also believes researchers will be able to draw on software advancements in fields like facial recognition and dimensional analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have applications in other sectors that are analogous to the applications that we want to develop in the pharma sector,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is also starting to demonstrate results, according to Baldoni. He points to clinical testing of molecules discovered by computer algorithms from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimbustx.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nimbus Therapeutics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I would say to a skeptic,\" he says, \"is 'You might be right.' But I hope they're not. I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers at UCSF and Lawrence Livermore National Lab are partnering with GlaxoSmithKline in an attempt to use supercomputers to slash the screening time needed for potential cancer drugs.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The average time to \u003ca href=\"http://njms.rutgers.edu/gsbs/olc/fmtm/resources/improvepharmaNatureDrugDisc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">identify a new cancer\u003c/a> drug is six years. Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of every four deaths\u003c/a> in the U.S. is due to cancer, a lot of lives could be saved if that drug development time could be cut down to just a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer researchers at UCSF and computer scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/news/public-private-consortium-aims-cut-preclinical-cancer-drug-discovery-six-years-just-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnering\u003c/a> with researchers from the National Cancer Institute's Frederick National Laboratory and pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) in an attempt to do just that. Members of the consortium hope to use supercomputing power to significantly slash the time needed to\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>screen potential cancer drugs and bring them to human trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago.'\u003ccite>Aedin Culhane,\u003cbr>\nDana-Farber Cancer Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We're rolling on this, and it's really exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/ashworth_alan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Ashworth\u003c/a>, president of the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCSF. The university is committing $750,000 annually plus researchers and lab space, Ashworth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GSK is contributing a vast store of data concerning 2 million molecules that could lead to cancer drugs. The data trove also includes 500 compounds that failed in the development process. The combination of the huge data set with information on failed drugs will be key to training the project's algorithms to understand how compounds interact with the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Long Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashworth was one of the scientists who, in 1995, discovered the gene BRCA2, which increases the risk of developing inherited breast cancer. It took 10 years from discovery of the drug to the treatment of cancer related to that mutation, he said, and another 9 years before the drug was licensed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason cancer drug development can take so long is that most testing is done with actual molecules — millions of them in order to find one that might become an effective drug in treating a particular type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I honestly don’t see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer-drug discovery.'\u003ccite>Steven Salzberg, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For each molecule, researchers create dozens of iterations in a process called \"optimization,\" altering the molecule to find the most effective form. Chemists have to create every modification in the lab, so researchers can test each one for toxic effects and efficacy. Just one toxicology study on one molecule takes 18 months, says Michelle Arkin, an associate professor in the UCSF School of Pharmacy. If the molecule fails, you start over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you could test these same molecules in a supercomputer programmed to understand the relevant biological relationships, it would significantly streamline the process — a computer can do in seconds what may take days or weeks in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consortium, called ATOM, for Accelerating Therapeutics for Opportunities in Medicine, believes computing power has finally reached the point where it can aid in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been a revolution in machine learning,\" says Jim Brase, the deputy associate director for computation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In the past, Brase says, when scientists wanted to analyze a large set of data, they had to tell the computer what interactions to search for in determining how a drug molecule might affect a specific protein in a particular type of tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Brase says, scientists believe they can teach a computer the fundamentals of biology so it can learn to identify which relationships might be effective and which could be useless or toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success will depend on scientists' ability to push computer learning to new levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacie Calad-Thomson, operations, planning and strategy director with GSK, says the consortium will take the first two years of the project to develop algorithms. After that, the goal is to identify an effective drug and take it to human trials -- all within one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original data donated by GSK will remain private, says Mary Anne Rhyne, the company's director of corporate communications. But any resulting drug-testing tools will be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasons for Skepticism and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goals of computer-assisted drug development and personalized medicine have been around for a \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083401/http://www.isgtw.org:80/?pid=1000993\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long time, \u003c/a>and many of these efforts have disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/06/ibm-pitched-its-watson-supercomputer-as-a-revolution-in-cancer-care-its-nowhere-close/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, as well as watchdog site\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2017/02/md-anderson-cancer-centers-ibm-watson-project-fails-journalism-related/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Health News Review, \u003c/a>reported on the failed collaboration between the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and IBM's Watson, which sought to make personal cancer treatment recommendations and match patients to clinical trials. Behind the largely positive news coverage, the project did not work as hoped. (\u003ca href=\"https://medcitynews.com/2017/02/mayo-clinic-cio-ai-stuff-really-real/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Not everyone agrees\u003c/a> it's been a bust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/watson/health/life-sciences/drug-discovery/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watson for Drug Discovery\u003c/a> program is hoping candidate drugs it identified as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease will prove to work. And IBM and Pfizer \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucejapsen/2016/12/01/pfizer-partners-with-ibm-watson-to-advance-cancer-drug-discovery/#68904ce21b1e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a collaboration\u003c/a> in 2016 to use Watson to accelerate cancer drug discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Steven Salzberg, director of the Center for Computational Biology at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, is skeptical of such supercomputing efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I honestly don't see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer drug discovery,\" he says. \"It's the classic problem where when your only tool is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all need computers for research, so that's good. But cutting drug discovery from 6 years down to 1? That sounds implausible to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at Harvard, Aedin Culhane, who is also a researcher in the Department of Biostatistics, is more optimistic. Yes, the idea of computer-assisted drug discovery has been around for a long time, she says, but it's only now that it's finally matured.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.'\u003ccite>John Baldoni, GlaxoSmithKline\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago,\" says Culhane. \"And now we have more and better data, and we're learning more day by day. Given good data, the machines can learn, and I'm very hopeful about it. Much more than I was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She finds ATOM's intent to publish negative results especially interesting. \"Because that's something that is missing. Academics rarely publish negative results, and pharma even more so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-examing old data in the light of new information, she says, can sometimes offer novel insights. Perhaps researchers misunderstood how a failed drug was working in the body the first time around; or maybe reviewing its off-target effects in light of new discoveries related to tumors will reveal a deeper understanding of biochemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Baldoni, senior vice president for computerized drug screening at GSK, says that not only are data more abundant, but the engineering required for computer-based analysis is more sophisticated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also believes researchers will be able to draw on software advancements in fields like facial recognition and dimensional analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have applications in other sectors that are analogous to the applications that we want to develop in the pharma sector,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is also starting to demonstrate results, according to Baldoni. He points to clinical testing of molecules discovered by computer algorithms from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimbustx.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nimbus Therapeutics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I would say to a skeptic,\" he says, \"is 'You might be right.' But I hope they're not. I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There is now a host of companies that will send meals and produce to your doorstep with just the click of a button. But with all the new options, fewer people are ordering boxes of fruits and vegetables straight from farmers like Paul Underhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underhill built \u003ca href=\"http://terrafirmafarm.com/\">his Terra Firma Farm in Yolo County\u003c/a> on the CSA, or community-supported agriculture, model. In a CSA, subscribers — mostly middle-class urbanites — buy memberships and then farmers ship them boxes of produce. There are no middlemen. The money goes directly from the consumers to farmers like Underhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underhill said the CSA model allowed him to avoid loans and eventually buy his land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was basically like the 20th-century farming equivalent of a funding website,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2017/11/HarnettCommSuppAgriculture.mp3\" Image=\"https://u.s.kqed.net/2017/11/28/CSABox.jpg\" Title=\"Local CSA Farmers Struggle to Compete Against Meal Kit Services\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.justfood.org/csa/history\">CSAs got started\u003c/a> in Japan and Europe in the ’60s, and by the ’80s they had made their way to the United States. CSAs were embraced by small farmers as a way to stay in business as mega-farms continued to push down wholesale produce prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underhill has been shipping CSA boxes for almost 25 years, and for over a decade and a half, business grew steadily. Then the recession hit, and things have been downhill ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back in 2008 we were delivering 1,300 to 1,400 boxes a week,” Underhill said. “Now we’re doing somewhere between 750 and 850.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The local food system has shifted so dramatically in just the past decade or two.’\u003ccite>Evan Wiig, The Farmers Guild\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Underhill attributes some of the decline in CSA business to meal and produce delivery services like Sun Basket, HelloFresh and Blue Apron. He said these companies co-opted the direct-from-the-farmer brand established by CSAs, and unlike small farmers, they have the benefit of venture capital to capture market share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies run ads — often on public radio and podcasts — offering discounts and freebies. Underhill said giving away free boxes or making steep discounts “would blow a giant hole in any farm’s budget.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evan Wiig is founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.farmersguild.org/\">The Farmers Guild\u003c/a>, an advocacy group for local farms. “The new produce box schemes, they really aren’t the death of the CSAs,” Wiig said. “They’re just the newest iteration in a long evolving trend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CSAs used to be one of the few ways for urbanites to get their fix of things like heirloom kohlrabi and purple carrots. Now there are more farmers markets, and organic produce is available at many grocery stores, even Costco. “The local food system, the local food models, have shifted so dramatically in just the past decade or two,” Wiig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all these choices, Wiig said customers are demanding more control over what they get and when. The buy-direct, support-the-farm ethos of CSAs is getting lost in the pursuit of convenience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11633134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11633134\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/Lorraine-Portrait-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lorraine Walker is trying to retain customers by adding things like chicken stock and herbal sodas to her CSA boxes. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lorraine Walker’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eatwell.com/\">Eatwell Farm\u003c/a> near Davis relies on the CSA model. She is trying to retain customers by offering add-ons to her boxes: eggs, chicken stock and sodas made with herbs on the farm. She also invites members to the farm to do things like pick strawberries and make pasta sauce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the one thing no one else can offer,” Walker said, “The true connection to the farm, to the soil, to the plants, and to where your food comes from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make up for the loss of CSA revenue, Underhill has gone back to growing more for restaurants and grocery stores. He said other nearby CSA farms have started selling to the new meal and produce delivery services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m trying to think of a word other than depressing,” Underhill said. “But that’s what it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selling wholesale might help make ends meet for a while. But with today’s low produce prices and slim margins, Underhill said going through any middleman is not a long-term solution for a small farmer like him.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is now a host of companies that will send meals and produce to your doorstep with just the click of a button. But with all the new options, fewer people are ordering boxes of fruits and vegetables straight from farmers like Paul Underhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underhill built \u003ca href=\"http://terrafirmafarm.com/\">his Terra Firma Farm in Yolo County\u003c/a> on the CSA, or community-supported agriculture, model. In a CSA, subscribers — mostly middle-class urbanites — buy memberships and then farmers ship them boxes of produce. There are no middlemen. The money goes directly from the consumers to farmers like Underhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underhill said the CSA model allowed him to avoid loans and eventually buy his land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was basically like the 20th-century farming equivalent of a funding website,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.justfood.org/csa/history\">CSAs got started\u003c/a> in Japan and Europe in the ’60s, and by the ’80s they had made their way to the United States. CSAs were embraced by small farmers as a way to stay in business as mega-farms continued to push down wholesale produce prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underhill has been shipping CSA boxes for almost 25 years, and for over a decade and a half, business grew steadily. Then the recession hit, and things have been downhill ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back in 2008 we were delivering 1,300 to 1,400 boxes a week,” Underhill said. “Now we’re doing somewhere between 750 and 850.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The local food system has shifted so dramatically in just the past decade or two.’\u003ccite>Evan Wiig, The Farmers Guild\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Underhill attributes some of the decline in CSA business to meal and produce delivery services like Sun Basket, HelloFresh and Blue Apron. He said these companies co-opted the direct-from-the-farmer brand established by CSAs, and unlike small farmers, they have the benefit of venture capital to capture market share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies run ads — often on public radio and podcasts — offering discounts and freebies. Underhill said giving away free boxes or making steep discounts “would blow a giant hole in any farm’s budget.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evan Wiig is founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.farmersguild.org/\">The Farmers Guild\u003c/a>, an advocacy group for local farms. “The new produce box schemes, they really aren’t the death of the CSAs,” Wiig said. “They’re just the newest iteration in a long evolving trend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CSAs used to be one of the few ways for urbanites to get their fix of things like heirloom kohlrabi and purple carrots. Now there are more farmers markets, and organic produce is available at many grocery stores, even Costco. “The local food system, the local food models, have shifted so dramatically in just the past decade or two,” Wiig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all these choices, Wiig said customers are demanding more control over what they get and when. The buy-direct, support-the-farm ethos of CSAs is getting lost in the pursuit of convenience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11633134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11633134\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/Lorraine-Portrait-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lorraine Walker is trying to retain customers by adding things like chicken stock and herbal sodas to her CSA boxes. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lorraine Walker’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eatwell.com/\">Eatwell Farm\u003c/a> near Davis relies on the CSA model. She is trying to retain customers by offering add-ons to her boxes: eggs, chicken stock and sodas made with herbs on the farm. She also invites members to the farm to do things like pick strawberries and make pasta sauce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the one thing no one else can offer,” Walker said, “The true connection to the farm, to the soil, to the plants, and to where your food comes from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make up for the loss of CSA revenue, Underhill has gone back to growing more for restaurants and grocery stores. He said other nearby CSA farms have started selling to the new meal and produce delivery services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m trying to think of a word other than depressing,” Underhill said. “But that’s what it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selling wholesale might help make ends meet for a while. But with today’s low produce prices and slim margins, Underhill said going through any middleman is not a long-term solution for a small farmer like him.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal regulators are on track to loosen regulations of cable and telecom companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Federal Communications Commission will vote Dec. 14 on a plan to undo the landmark 2015 rules that had placed internet service providers like Comcast and Verizon under the strictest-ever regulatory oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote is expected to repeal so-called net neutrality rules, which prevent broadband companies from slowing down or blocking any sites or apps, or otherwise deciding what content gets to users faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Nj2A5tfy4q0y0Tpgw8UdUuRPuCltZ81S\"]FCC Chairman \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/23/510844936/trumps-telecom-chief-is-ajit-pai-critic-of-net-neutrality-rules\">Ajit Pai\u003c/a> on Tuesday said \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-fcc-can-save-the-open-internet-1511281099?mod=e2two\">his repeal proposal\u003c/a> would \"stop micromanaging the internet.\" Instead his plan would require internet providers to disclose what exactly they're doing – for example, whether they allow some websites or apps to pay extra for faster streaming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would essentially shift the enforcement of net neutrality to the Federal Trade Commission, which polices violators rather than pre-empts the violations in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The five-member FCC has a Republican majority, including Pai, suggesting that his plan — called \"The Restoring Internet Freedom Order\" — will pass. As with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/132227849/net-neutrality\">various iterations of the rules\u003c/a> over the past decade, the rules would likely face a lawsuit. The 2015 rules were the first version to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/14/471286113/u-s-appeals-court-holds-up-net-neutrality-rules-in-full\">upheld in court in full\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telecom and cable companies have long argued that the FCC's attempts to regulate privacy and internet behavior put them on an unequal footing with other internet companies that collect data on users, like Google and Netflix, which are only overseen by the FTC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/fcc-repeal-net-neutrality.html?_r=0\">New York Times has reported\u003c/a> that Pai's plan would put more power in the hands of internet providers \"to dictate people's online experiences\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Under a repeal, companies like AT&T and Comcast may be able to charge people higher fees to access certain websites and online services. The companies may also be able to prioritize their own services while disadvantaging websites run by rivals.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Pai — a free-market advocate who has staked his FCC chairmanship on deregulation — has argued that the FCC's 2015 rules have depressed companies' investments in building and expanding broadband networks and deterred them from coming up with new consumer-friendly business models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we've \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/07/11/535804285/internet-companies-plan-online-campaign-to-keep-net-neutrality-rules\">reported before\u003c/a>, dozens of consumer advocacy groups, including Fight for the Future, Demand Progress and the ACLU, have supported the strong net neutrality rules — aligned with companies like Netflix, Google, Etsy, Vimeo, Reddit and Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We haven't actually lived in a world where fully the ISPs could block access,\" Denelle Dixon, chief legal and business officer at Mozilla, told NPR in the summer when Pai's plan began taking shape. \"This is the world we need to imagine now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: NPR's legal counsel has filed comments with the FCC on the net neutrality proposal, in opposition to deregulation. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/10717112197099/NPR%20Restoring%20Internet%20Freedom%20Comments.Final.pdf\">\u003cem>You can read them here.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"title": "How Silicon Valley Industry Polluted the Sylvan California Dream",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/jason-a-heppler-342338\">Jason A. Heppler\u003c/a> is assistant professor of history at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-nebraska-omaha-1660\">University of Nebraska Omaha\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Labor Day 1956, a caravan of moving trucks wound their way into Santa Clara County, just south of San Francisco, carrying the possessions of 600 families and equipment for the missile and space labs of the Lockheed Corporation. One month later, Lockheed’s Sunnyvale campus opened for business. Many of the arriving families were relocating to Sunnyvale from the company’s facility in Burbank, in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draw included good jobs in the emerging businesses of electronics research and development, as well as manufacturing of semiconductors and other electronic components for machinery and computers. Affordable housing, a pastoral landscape and a pleasant environment proved very attractive for newcomers. Local boosters, corporate executives and new residents alike \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=KwvEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54&dq=Margaret+O%27Mara+environmental+contradictions&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDxbPal7LXAhUS3YMKHbuvBiwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false\">envisioned a modern future\u003c/a> in stark contrast with the declining dirty urban industrial model of the Northeast and Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This type of industrial work and manufacturing didn’t need smokestacks, large warehouses, or other markers of the industrial age. The Santa Clara Valley’s promise for leading Northern California into a bright economic future quickly brought the area the nickname “Silicon Valley.” But in the book I am writing, I note that if this convergence of natural surroundings, suburban homes and high-tech industrialization represented a facet of the California dream, it also betrayed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Bright Illusion of the Future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In addition to jobs in electronics and aerospace, the emerging suburbs of Silicon Valley promised newcomers a countryside experience. David Beers, whose father worked at the Sunnyvale Lockheed campus, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=bVMuLOrHoU8C&pg=PT50&dq=Beers+%22all-year+garden%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz7KDatP_WAhWB64MKHRy-BGgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Beers%20%22all-year%20garden%22&f=false\">remembered\u003c/a> the chamber of commerce brochures claiming an “all-year garden” and “the most beautiful valleys in the world.” Such advertisements were common, assuring home buyers “good living,” the “calm of the country” and “a beautiful walnut and cherry orchard” that “the builder is leaving … for your enjoyment.” The white-collar workers of high tech could make their homes in what appeared to be the countryside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”VIdNmdAj84Svw9BXpHXJ6f6voj4pYKMK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workplaces, too, were different, with manufacturing happening in places that didn’t look like the old industries of the East. The Stanford Industrial Park, founded in the early 1950s, had \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofpaloalto.org/civicax/filebank/documents/58349\">strict building guidelines\u003c/a> that made it look more like a suburban area than a manufacturing center. Crucially, 60 percent of each lot had to be preserved as open green space, and no smokestacks were allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone thought of smokestacks,” \u003ca href=\"https://purl.stanford.edu/dv559gn8984\">recalled Alf Brandin\u003c/a>, Stanford’s business manager in the 1940s and 1950s. “These new people who came out from the East and settled here thought, ‘Don’t change it. We just left all the smoke and all that junk. Don’t change this.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall feeling was of much more than just a good job and a nice place to live: a new world was opening, based on computing. Promising young engineers could come west, buy a home and work in the future of the nation’s industry. “There’s a sense of being pioneers here,” Mark Leslie, founder of Synapse Computers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">told a reporter\u003c/a> in 1982. “I view myself as the kind of guy who would have been living in Detroit in 1910. The future depends on high technology, and we are spearheading it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent college graduates and white-collar workers flocked to the valley to work at companies like Fairchild, Intel, Hewlett-Packard, International Business Machines and Lockheed. The county’s population \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea70.htm\">more than quadrupled\u003c/a> in 30 years, from 290,547 in 1950 to 1,265,200 in 1980. But the clean, gleaming future they imagined was already being tarnished.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Fairchild Contamination\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Semiconductor manufacturing involves very carefully connecting microscopic electrical components to each other on large plates of silicon. Pieces of dust can block sensitive circuits, and the smallest scratches can render everything useless. So to clean the silicon wafers and the parts joined to them, manufacturers used \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=-L0ODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&dq=semiconductor+chemical+solvents+cleaning+TCE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxra6JuP_WAhXE1IMKHUqAD6cQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=semiconductor%20chemical%20solvents%20cleaning%20TCE&f=false\">harsh chemical solvents\u003c/a> like \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-trichloroethylene-tce\">1,1,1 trichloroethane\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=291&tid=53\">xylene\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=77\">methanol\u003c/a>. These chemicals were stored on-site in containers designed to safely hold them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”1ztNgjHptbjViwOK9hqyctztdk6xB0mK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in December 1981, construction workers discovered a leaking chemical solvents tank at Fairchild Semiconductor’s southern San Jose facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cancer-causing chemical, TCE, had found its way into \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">nearby drinking-water wells\u003c/a>. The water company promptly shut off pumping water from those wells. A month later, the San Jose Mercury News broke the story of the chemical leak. TCE accumulated in wells at nearly 20 times the permissible limit established by the Environmental Protection Agency. Over the course of two years, \u003ca href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9100976C.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1986%20Thru%201990&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C86THRU90%5CTXT%5C00000020%5C9100976C.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=4\">more than 60,000 gallons\u003c/a> of toxic chemicals had leaked from the tank, spreading underground more than half a mile into the surrounding neighborhood of Los Paseos.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Neighbors Speak Up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For the residents of the Los Paseos neighborhood, just across the street from Fairchild, the news of the chemical leak suddenly explained the stories of birth defects among their neighbors. \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">Lorraine Ross\u003c/a>, whose daughter had her first open-heart surgery at nine months old, couldn’t help but wonder if the four birth defects, two miscarriages and one stillbirth of Los Paseos in the past two years were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/us/leaking-chemicals-in-california-s-silicon-valley-alarm-neighbors.html\">connected to water contamination\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She organized others in the neighborhood to ask questions, eventually partnering with a young lawyer, Ted Smith, who founded a new advocacy organization called the \u003ca href=\"http://svtc.org/\">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition\u003c/a>. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition was designed to advocate for neighborhoods, helping draft new county and city ordinances related to the storage, transportation and disposal of chemicals and gases in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11630865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11630865\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-800x478.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-800x478.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-960x574.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-240x144.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-375x224.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-520x311.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition flyer \u003ccite>(\u003ca class=\"source\" href=\"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2b69r7hf/\">Folder 3, Box 11, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Papers, San Jose State University\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>News of the Fairchild leak captured the attention of the Bay Area. The presence of these chemicals and synthetics were a revelation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no doubt in my mind that this was a clean industry,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/us/leaking-chemicals-in-california-s-silicon-valley-alarm-neighbors.html\">remarked\u003c/a> San Jose Mayor Janet Gray Hayes. Lorraine Ross echoed this sentiment, telling a reporter that “we thought we were living with a clean industry.” But it wasn’t true.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Widespread Pollution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fairchild wasn’t alone in leaking pollution into the vibrant environment and thriving communities around its industrial sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5wUjDuF9sZhdXXbosaSakSb3TfaQyPOj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1992, one study found that \u003ca href=\"https://nyupress.org/books/9780814767092/\">57 private and 47 public drinking wells\u003c/a> were contaminated. Santa Clara County authorities determined that 65 of the 79 companies they investigated had contaminated the soil beneath their facilities. Several companies were forced to pay several million dollars for the cleanup of polluted sites, as well as install new monitoring equipment to prevent leaks for occurring again. Fairchild Semiconductor and other companies in the Los Paseos area found to have contaminated the water agreed to pay a multi-million-dollar settlement to 530 residents in southern San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eventually \u003ca href=\"http://dissertation.jasonheppler.org/visualizations/companies/\">determined 29 polluted sites were eligible for Superfund\u003c/a> cleanup money over the course of the 1980s — 24 of which resulted from high-tech industries. Under \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/superfund\">Superfund\u003c/a>, polluted sites that particularly threaten wildlife or human health become eligible for federal funding to help clean up hazardous and contaminated sites. By the end of the ’80s, Santa Clara County had \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1017181/silicon-valley-pollution-there-are-more-superfund-sites-in-santa-clara-than-any-other-us-county/\">more Superfund sites\u003c/a> than any other county in the United States. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/superfund/search-superfund-sites-where-you-live\">Twenty-three of the sites\u003c/a> remain in remediation today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/85810/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">By accident and by neglect, the promise of clean industrialization proved elusive. Thousands of people migrated to the Santa Clara Valley hoping to take part in the remarkable convergence of affordable housing and new jobs. And while smokestacks were absent from electronics manufacturing, the presence of highly toxic chemicals – trichloroethane and chlorinated solvents – shattered the illusion behind the tech industry’s green image. The industry permanently altered the land and human bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>, a publication that features academics writing about their research and ideas for the public. KQED and The Conversation are partners in the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Dream\u003c/a> project, a collaboration looking at the Golden State’s promise, whether we are achieving it, and the future of California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11660142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-800x219.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-800x219.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-160x44.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1020x280.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1180x324.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-960x263.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-240x66.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-375x103.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-520x143.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner.jpg 1867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The earliest visions of Silicon Valley as a new hub of clean manufacturing represented a facet of the California dream -- but the industry betrayed it, says history professor Jason Heppler.",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/jason-a-heppler-342338\">Jason A. Heppler\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>University of Nebraska Omaha for \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/jason-a-heppler-342338\">Jason A. Heppler\u003c/a> is assistant professor of history at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-nebraska-omaha-1660\">University of Nebraska Omaha\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Labor Day 1956, a caravan of moving trucks wound their way into Santa Clara County, just south of San Francisco, carrying the possessions of 600 families and equipment for the missile and space labs of the Lockheed Corporation. One month later, Lockheed’s Sunnyvale campus opened for business. Many of the arriving families were relocating to Sunnyvale from the company’s facility in Burbank, in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draw included good jobs in the emerging businesses of electronics research and development, as well as manufacturing of semiconductors and other electronic components for machinery and computers. Affordable housing, a pastoral landscape and a pleasant environment proved very attractive for newcomers. Local boosters, corporate executives and new residents alike \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=KwvEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54&dq=Margaret+O%27Mara+environmental+contradictions&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDxbPal7LXAhUS3YMKHbuvBiwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false\">envisioned a modern future\u003c/a> in stark contrast with the declining dirty urban industrial model of the Northeast and Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This type of industrial work and manufacturing didn’t need smokestacks, large warehouses, or other markers of the industrial age. The Santa Clara Valley’s promise for leading Northern California into a bright economic future quickly brought the area the nickname “Silicon Valley.” But in the book I am writing, I note that if this convergence of natural surroundings, suburban homes and high-tech industrialization represented a facet of the California dream, it also betrayed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Bright Illusion of the Future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In addition to jobs in electronics and aerospace, the emerging suburbs of Silicon Valley promised newcomers a countryside experience. David Beers, whose father worked at the Sunnyvale Lockheed campus, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=bVMuLOrHoU8C&pg=PT50&dq=Beers+%22all-year+garden%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz7KDatP_WAhWB64MKHRy-BGgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Beers%20%22all-year%20garden%22&f=false\">remembered\u003c/a> the chamber of commerce brochures claiming an “all-year garden” and “the most beautiful valleys in the world.” Such advertisements were common, assuring home buyers “good living,” the “calm of the country” and “a beautiful walnut and cherry orchard” that “the builder is leaving … for your enjoyment.” The white-collar workers of high tech could make their homes in what appeared to be the countryside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workplaces, too, were different, with manufacturing happening in places that didn’t look like the old industries of the East. The Stanford Industrial Park, founded in the early 1950s, had \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofpaloalto.org/civicax/filebank/documents/58349\">strict building guidelines\u003c/a> that made it look more like a suburban area than a manufacturing center. Crucially, 60 percent of each lot had to be preserved as open green space, and no smokestacks were allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone thought of smokestacks,” \u003ca href=\"https://purl.stanford.edu/dv559gn8984\">recalled Alf Brandin\u003c/a>, Stanford’s business manager in the 1940s and 1950s. “These new people who came out from the East and settled here thought, ‘Don’t change it. We just left all the smoke and all that junk. Don’t change this.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall feeling was of much more than just a good job and a nice place to live: a new world was opening, based on computing. Promising young engineers could come west, buy a home and work in the future of the nation’s industry. “There’s a sense of being pioneers here,” Mark Leslie, founder of Synapse Computers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">told a reporter\u003c/a> in 1982. “I view myself as the kind of guy who would have been living in Detroit in 1910. The future depends on high technology, and we are spearheading it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent college graduates and white-collar workers flocked to the valley to work at companies like Fairchild, Intel, Hewlett-Packard, International Business Machines and Lockheed. The county’s population \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea70.htm\">more than quadrupled\u003c/a> in 30 years, from 290,547 in 1950 to 1,265,200 in 1980. But the clean, gleaming future they imagined was already being tarnished.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Fairchild Contamination\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Semiconductor manufacturing involves very carefully connecting microscopic electrical components to each other on large plates of silicon. Pieces of dust can block sensitive circuits, and the smallest scratches can render everything useless. So to clean the silicon wafers and the parts joined to them, manufacturers used \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=-L0ODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&dq=semiconductor+chemical+solvents+cleaning+TCE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxra6JuP_WAhXE1IMKHUqAD6cQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=semiconductor%20chemical%20solvents%20cleaning%20TCE&f=false\">harsh chemical solvents\u003c/a> like \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-trichloroethylene-tce\">1,1,1 trichloroethane\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=291&tid=53\">xylene\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=77\">methanol\u003c/a>. These chemicals were stored on-site in containers designed to safely hold them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in December 1981, construction workers discovered a leaking chemical solvents tank at Fairchild Semiconductor’s southern San Jose facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cancer-causing chemical, TCE, had found its way into \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">nearby drinking-water wells\u003c/a>. The water company promptly shut off pumping water from those wells. A month later, the San Jose Mercury News broke the story of the chemical leak. TCE accumulated in wells at nearly 20 times the permissible limit established by the Environmental Protection Agency. Over the course of two years, \u003ca href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9100976C.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1986%20Thru%201990&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C86THRU90%5CTXT%5C00000020%5C9100976C.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=4\">more than 60,000 gallons\u003c/a> of toxic chemicals had leaked from the tank, spreading underground more than half a mile into the surrounding neighborhood of Los Paseos.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Neighbors Speak Up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For the residents of the Los Paseos neighborhood, just across the street from Fairchild, the news of the chemical leak suddenly explained the stories of birth defects among their neighbors. \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">Lorraine Ross\u003c/a>, whose daughter had her first open-heart surgery at nine months old, couldn’t help but wonder if the four birth defects, two miscarriages and one stillbirth of Los Paseos in the past two years were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/us/leaking-chemicals-in-california-s-silicon-valley-alarm-neighbors.html\">connected to water contamination\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She organized others in the neighborhood to ask questions, eventually partnering with a young lawyer, Ted Smith, who founded a new advocacy organization called the \u003ca href=\"http://svtc.org/\">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition\u003c/a>. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition was designed to advocate for neighborhoods, helping draft new county and city ordinances related to the storage, transportation and disposal of chemicals and gases in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11630865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11630865\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-800x478.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-800x478.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-960x574.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-240x144.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-375x224.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-520x311.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition flyer \u003ccite>(\u003ca class=\"source\" href=\"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2b69r7hf/\">Folder 3, Box 11, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Papers, San Jose State University\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>News of the Fairchild leak captured the attention of the Bay Area. The presence of these chemicals and synthetics were a revelation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no doubt in my mind that this was a clean industry,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/us/leaking-chemicals-in-california-s-silicon-valley-alarm-neighbors.html\">remarked\u003c/a> San Jose Mayor Janet Gray Hayes. Lorraine Ross echoed this sentiment, telling a reporter that “we thought we were living with a clean industry.” But it wasn’t true.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Widespread Pollution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fairchild wasn’t alone in leaking pollution into the vibrant environment and thriving communities around its industrial sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1992, one study found that \u003ca href=\"https://nyupress.org/books/9780814767092/\">57 private and 47 public drinking wells\u003c/a> were contaminated. Santa Clara County authorities determined that 65 of the 79 companies they investigated had contaminated the soil beneath their facilities. Several companies were forced to pay several million dollars for the cleanup of polluted sites, as well as install new monitoring equipment to prevent leaks for occurring again. Fairchild Semiconductor and other companies in the Los Paseos area found to have contaminated the water agreed to pay a multi-million-dollar settlement to 530 residents in southern San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eventually \u003ca href=\"http://dissertation.jasonheppler.org/visualizations/companies/\">determined 29 polluted sites were eligible for Superfund\u003c/a> cleanup money over the course of the 1980s — 24 of which resulted from high-tech industries. Under \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/superfund\">Superfund\u003c/a>, polluted sites that particularly threaten wildlife or human health become eligible for federal funding to help clean up hazardous and contaminated sites. By the end of the ’80s, Santa Clara County had \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1017181/silicon-valley-pollution-there-are-more-superfund-sites-in-santa-clara-than-any-other-us-county/\">more Superfund sites\u003c/a> than any other county in the United States. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/superfund/search-superfund-sites-where-you-live\">Twenty-three of the sites\u003c/a> remain in remediation today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/85810/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">By accident and by neglect, the promise of clean industrialization proved elusive. Thousands of people migrated to the Santa Clara Valley hoping to take part in the remarkable convergence of affordable housing and new jobs. And while smokestacks were absent from electronics manufacturing, the presence of highly toxic chemicals – trichloroethane and chlorinated solvents – shattered the illusion behind the tech industry’s green image. The industry permanently altered the land and human bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>, a publication that features academics writing about their research and ideas for the public. KQED and The Conversation are partners in the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Dream\u003c/a> project, a collaboration looking at the Golden State’s promise, whether we are achieving it, and the future of California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>Congressman Ro Khanna Interview\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A conversation with Rep. Ro Khanna of California’s 17\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">th\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> District on GOP tax reform efforts, why he wants to see a challenger enter the ring against longtime incumbent Sen. Dianne Feinstein, and the role of social media in influencing presidential elections.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Political Analysis: Sexual Harassment in Government, GOP Tax Bill and Trump’s Asia Trip\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The list of lawmakers accused of sexual harassment has been steadily growing, with Al Franken the latest addition to the roster. This week, Rep. Jackie Speier (D-Calif.) introduced legislation to require more training on Capitol Hill. We also get reaction to the GOP tax bill and discuss President Trump’s trip to Asia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guests:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aimee Allison, Color in Democracy president\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tim Miller, Definers Public Affairs partner\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Vietnam War Town Hall on the USS Hornet\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Decades after the Vietnam War concluded, its legacy lingers in the hearts and minds of many in the Bay Area. KQED and the USS Hornet recently co-hosted a town hall meeting to reflect on the conflict and its aftermath, which claimed the lives of nearly 60,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam. We went to the town hall to hear from community leaders, veterans and activists. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Congressman Ro Khanna Interview\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A conversation with Rep. Ro Khanna of California’s 17\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">th\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> District on GOP tax reform efforts, why he wants to see a challenger enter the ring against longtime incumbent Sen. Dianne Feinstein, and the role of social media in influencing presidential elections.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Political Analysis: Sexual Harassment in Government, GOP Tax Bill and Trump’s Asia Trip\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The list of lawmakers accused of sexual harassment has been steadily growing, with Al Franken the latest addition to the roster. This week, Rep. Jackie Speier (D-Calif.) introduced legislation to require more training on Capitol Hill. We also get reaction to the GOP tax bill and discuss President Trump’s trip to Asia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guests:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aimee Allison, Color in Democracy president\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tim Miller, Definers Public Affairs partner\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Vietnam War Town Hall on the USS Hornet\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Decades after the Vietnam War concluded, its legacy lingers in the hearts and minds of many in the Bay Area. KQED and the USS Hornet recently co-hosted a town hall meeting to reflect on the conflict and its aftermath, which claimed the lives of nearly 60,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam. We went to the town hall to hear from community leaders, veterans and activists. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tesla Unveils Its Electric 'Semi' Truck, and Adds a Roadster",
"title": "Tesla Unveils Its Electric 'Semi' Truck, and Adds a Roadster",
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"content": "\u003cp>A workhorse truck and a new supercar are in the works for Tesla, after founder and CEO Elon Musk introduced his company's latest effort to widen the U.S. market for electric vehicles Thursday night. Musk called the Roadster \"the fastest production car ever made, period.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk unveiled \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/roadster/\">the Roadster\u003c/a> toward the end of an event that was supposed to be all about Tesla's new \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/semi/\">Semi trucks\u003c/a>. Taking a page from Apple and other tech companies in using showmanship to wow crowds, Musk surprised the crowd by announcing there was one more thing to add — and the new car rolled out of the truck's trailer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After touting the utility and efficiency of what he called a game-changing truck, Musk welcomed the Roadster to cheers from those attending the event at the Hawthorne Municipal Airport near Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both vehicles are fast: The Roadster can take itself from zero to 60 mph in 1.9 seconds, and the Semi can perform the same feat in five seconds (unburdened by a trailer), Tesla says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Touting the sports car's speed, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Tesla/status/931409569640677376\">Tesla tweeted\u003c/a>, \"Going into plaid\" — a reference to a hyperspace joke from the movie \u003cem>Spaceballs\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Tesla/status/931409569640677376\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, the specs diverge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truck has a 500-mile range on one charge even if it's fully loaded at a gross vehicle weight of 80,000 pounds. It also comes with a million-mile guarantee on its powertrain. Musk said it will be able to maintain a speed of 65 mph while going up a 5 percent grade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the Roadster will be able to run a quarter-mile in 8.9 seconds. Its top speed is \"above 250 mph,\" Musk said. The Roadster will have a range of 620 miles, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Roadster will be available in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZjveRLi8iGxeIVIYBmEHXgXLeNK4YYR8\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Production of the truck is expected to begin in 2019; Musk said customers who order now would get the vehicles in two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the morning after the unveiling, trucking and freight company J.B. Hunt announced that it had placed a reservation to buy \"multiple Tesla Semi tractors,\" adding that it plans to use them mainly on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Reserving Tesla trucks marks an important step in our efforts to implement industry-changing technology,\" J.B. Hunt President and CEO John Roberts said in a news release. \"We believe electric trucks will be most beneficial on local and dray routes, and we look forward to utilizing this new, sustainable technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11631975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11631975\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-800x600.jpg\" alt='Trucking and freight company J.B. Hunt has already announced that it had placed a reservation to buy \"multiple Tesla Semi tractors.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e.jpg 1695w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trucking and freight company J.B. Hunt has already announced that it had placed a reservation to buy \"multiple Tesla Semi tractors.\" \u003ccite>(Tesla)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tesla hasn't released a price for the Semi, but the Roadster will cost at least $200,000 depending on the options chosen, the company says. Reservations for both vehicles can be made with an initial deposit of $5,000 — but in the case of the Roadster, a total of at least $50,000 is due within 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his presentation, Musk said the cost of operating an electric tractor-trailer would be $1.26 per mile, compared with $1.51 per mile in a diesel truck. The figure assumes a diesel price of $2.50 a gallon versus 7 cents/kWh for electricity and a maximum load traveling at an average speed of 60 mph. The company says that will translate into thousands of dollars in savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"H1l3KoaStg40cVHwGIZcYFnNkTY92L7S\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Electric motors have advantages for hauling: fewer moving parts, cheap fuel and zero tailpipe pollution,\" NPR's Emily Sullivan reports. \"But charging can be a challenge and Tesla big rigs will cost far more than diesel trucks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In describing the truck, Musk also said its windshield is made of \"thermonuclear explosion-proof glass\" — a feature he says will help truckers stay on the road. Regulations require commercial trucks to be sidelined if their windshields are cracked in a way that could affect the driver's view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also unique to the Semi is the driver's seating position. The chair and steering wheel are in the cab's center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11631976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11631976\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-in_wide-7ab1b3a437bf62e16d06a2d95a98063f4a92ec79-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The driver's seat of the Tesla Semi is positioned in the center of the cab — which also provides standing room, the company says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The driver's seat of the Tesla Semi is positioned in the center of the cab — which also provides standing room, the company says. \u003ccite>(Tesla)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Thursday night's event celebrated Tesla's largest and smallest new offerings, the company is grappling with how to smooth problems that have hit its flagship Model 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family car was supposed to be Tesla's opening to a broad market, with a sticker price starting at $35,000 — but production snags have meant that instead of making thousands of Model 3s each month, Tesla \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/03/555417831/out-of-the-gate-tesla-stumbles-on-mass-market-car\">produced only 260 in September\u003c/a>. The anemic number fell far short of expectations; the company had received 140,000 advance orders for the car within hours of it being announced in the spring of 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those setbacks didn't do much to dampen the hype surrounding Thursday's unveiling — and it gained more energy as the Roadster, which from 2008 to 2012 was Tesla's star vehicle, returned to the lineup. In what has become something of a pattern in recent years, Musk has unveiled ambitious and even visionary new plans for Tesla, as the company copes with putting those ideas into effect — and cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Andrew J. Hawkins wrote of the new Roadster and Semi for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/17/16669142/tesla-semi-roadster-2017-supercut-watch\">The Verge\u003c/a>, \"These are just concept vehicles, really, but it's Tesla, and nothing is really ever as it seems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tesla+Unveils+Its+Electric+%27Semi%27+Truck%2C+And+Adds+A+Roadster&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A workhorse truck and a new supercar are in the works for Tesla, after founder and CEO Elon Musk introduced his company's latest effort to widen the U.S. market for electric vehicles Thursday night. Musk called the Roadster \"the fastest production car ever made, period.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk unveiled \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/roadster/\">the Roadster\u003c/a> toward the end of an event that was supposed to be all about Tesla's new \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/semi/\">Semi trucks\u003c/a>. Taking a page from Apple and other tech companies in using showmanship to wow crowds, Musk surprised the crowd by announcing there was one more thing to add — and the new car rolled out of the truck's trailer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After touting the utility and efficiency of what he called a game-changing truck, Musk welcomed the Roadster to cheers from those attending the event at the Hawthorne Municipal Airport near Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both vehicles are fast: The Roadster can take itself from zero to 60 mph in 1.9 seconds, and the Semi can perform the same feat in five seconds (unburdened by a trailer), Tesla says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Touting the sports car's speed, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Tesla/status/931409569640677376\">Tesla tweeted\u003c/a>, \"Going into plaid\" — a reference to a hyperspace joke from the movie \u003cem>Spaceballs\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>From there, the specs diverge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truck has a 500-mile range on one charge even if it's fully loaded at a gross vehicle weight of 80,000 pounds. It also comes with a million-mile guarantee on its powertrain. Musk said it will be able to maintain a speed of 65 mph while going up a 5 percent grade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the Roadster will be able to run a quarter-mile in 8.9 seconds. Its top speed is \"above 250 mph,\" Musk said. The Roadster will have a range of 620 miles, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Roadster will be available in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Production of the truck is expected to begin in 2019; Musk said customers who order now would get the vehicles in two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the morning after the unveiling, trucking and freight company J.B. Hunt announced that it had placed a reservation to buy \"multiple Tesla Semi tractors,\" adding that it plans to use them mainly on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Reserving Tesla trucks marks an important step in our efforts to implement industry-changing technology,\" J.B. Hunt President and CEO John Roberts said in a news release. \"We believe electric trucks will be most beneficial on local and dray routes, and we look forward to utilizing this new, sustainable technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11631975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11631975\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-800x600.jpg\" alt='Trucking and freight company J.B. Hunt has already announced that it had placed a reservation to buy \"multiple Tesla Semi tractors.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-wide-6347b1a9092cad773a46d19e620e5c8f486d001e.jpg 1695w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trucking and freight company J.B. Hunt has already announced that it had placed a reservation to buy \"multiple Tesla Semi tractors.\" \u003ccite>(Tesla)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tesla hasn't released a price for the Semi, but the Roadster will cost at least $200,000 depending on the options chosen, the company says. Reservations for both vehicles can be made with an initial deposit of $5,000 — but in the case of the Roadster, a total of at least $50,000 is due within 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his presentation, Musk said the cost of operating an electric tractor-trailer would be $1.26 per mile, compared with $1.51 per mile in a diesel truck. The figure assumes a diesel price of $2.50 a gallon versus 7 cents/kWh for electricity and a maximum load traveling at an average speed of 60 mph. The company says that will translate into thousands of dollars in savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Electric motors have advantages for hauling: fewer moving parts, cheap fuel and zero tailpipe pollution,\" NPR's Emily Sullivan reports. \"But charging can be a challenge and Tesla big rigs will cost far more than diesel trucks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In describing the truck, Musk also said its windshield is made of \"thermonuclear explosion-proof glass\" — a feature he says will help truckers stay on the road. Regulations require commercial trucks to be sidelined if their windshields are cracked in a way that could affect the driver's view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also unique to the Semi is the driver's seating position. The chair and steering wheel are in the cab's center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11631976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11631976\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/tesla-semi-in_wide-7ab1b3a437bf62e16d06a2d95a98063f4a92ec79-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The driver's seat of the Tesla Semi is positioned in the center of the cab — which also provides standing room, the company says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The driver's seat of the Tesla Semi is positioned in the center of the cab — which also provides standing room, the company says. \u003ccite>(Tesla)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Thursday night's event celebrated Tesla's largest and smallest new offerings, the company is grappling with how to smooth problems that have hit its flagship Model 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family car was supposed to be Tesla's opening to a broad market, with a sticker price starting at $35,000 — but production snags have meant that instead of making thousands of Model 3s each month, Tesla \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/03/555417831/out-of-the-gate-tesla-stumbles-on-mass-market-car\">produced only 260 in September\u003c/a>. The anemic number fell far short of expectations; the company had received 140,000 advance orders for the car within hours of it being announced in the spring of 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those setbacks didn't do much to dampen the hype surrounding Thursday's unveiling — and it gained more energy as the Roadster, which from 2008 to 2012 was Tesla's star vehicle, returned to the lineup. In what has become something of a pattern in recent years, Musk has unveiled ambitious and even visionary new plans for Tesla, as the company copes with putting those ideas into effect — and cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Andrew J. Hawkins wrote of the new Roadster and Semi for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/17/16669142/tesla-semi-roadster-2017-supercut-watch\">The Verge\u003c/a>, \"These are just concept vehicles, really, but it's Tesla, and nothing is really ever as it seems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tesla+Unveils+Its+Electric+%27Semi%27+Truck%2C+And+Adds+A+Roadster&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Astronomers in California are building the largest digital camera in the world. It will go on a giant telescope taking shape in Chile called the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lsst.org/\">LSST\u003c/a> is different from most large telescopes. Instead of staring at a tiny patch of the sky and taking essentially one snapshot in time, LSST will take a panorama of every part of the sky … and it will do so over and over and over. The idea is to see what’s moving or changing in the heavens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could be everything from asteroids, to variable stars, to supernovae, to maybe a new phenomenon that we don’t know about yet,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/~roodman/\">Aaron Roodman\u003c/a>, a physicist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/about/slac-overview\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, \u003c/a>which is operated by Stanford University and located in Menlo Park. Roodman is the scientist in charge of the integration and testing of the camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Final assembly will take place at SLAC, and is still two years off. “Right now, every piece of the camera is under construction in various places,” says Roodman. The sensors that will actual capture the light from stars are being assembled at \u003ca href=\"https://www.bnl.gov/world/\">Brookhaven National Laboratory\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/\">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\u003c/a> is shepherding the construction of the optical lenses. A device for putting different color filters in front of the camera lens is coming from France.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/562365248/564752481\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these parts will come together in a two-story-tall clean room that was specially built at SLAC for the two-story camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clean-room procedures are pretty common for working with CCD cameras,” says Roodman. “A piece of dust on any of those surfaces, we’ll really notice. It’ll actually have a significant negative effect on the camera.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roodman offers to take me inside the clean room. You can’t just walk into a clean room. You have to put on gloves, a hat, booties and extremely clean white coveralls. Fully garbed, you look a bit like an Easter Bunny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7W36saIgs2w3Mc39wZ2C9FKXdAAsu4WZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once inside, Roodman points to a small box with cables coming out of it sitting on a lab bench. “All by itself this little unit is a 144-megapixel camera,” he says. That’s six times more megapixels than a high-end digital camera. There will be 21 of these boxes in the camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the camera to work properly, and make sure all the stars it sees are in focus, everything in the camera has to be in \u003cem>exactly\u003c/em> the right place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roodman says they have to measure things to an accuracy of 2 microns. That’s about a 20th of the thickness of human hair, depending, of course, on how thick your hair is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all the preparation and testing of the camera is super high tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At another test bench, some graduate students are trying to make sure that the interior of a dark box is completely dark, and they’re having a problem blocking out the glare from some LED lights mounted near the box. Roodman suggests putting some black tape over the lights. Then he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the beauty of experimental physics,” he says with a chuckle. “On the one hand, I’m interested in studying the makeup of the universe. But for today, we’ve got to make sure that the tape is blocking out all the light from some LEDs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roodman expects that by 2020 astronomers should be able to start using his camera to study the makeup of the universe — presumably without the need for black tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Largest+Digital+Camera+In+The+World+Takes+Shape&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these parts will come together in a two-story-tall clean room that was specially built at SLAC for the two-story camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clean-room procedures are pretty common for working with CCD cameras,” says Roodman. “A piece of dust on any of those surfaces, we’ll really notice. It’ll actually have a significant negative effect on the camera.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roodman offers to take me inside the clean room. You can’t just walk into a clean room. You have to put on gloves, a hat, booties and extremely clean white coveralls. Fully garbed, you look a bit like an Easter Bunny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once inside, Roodman points to a small box with cables coming out of it sitting on a lab bench. “All by itself this little unit is a 144-megapixel camera,” he says. That’s six times more megapixels than a high-end digital camera. There will be 21 of these boxes in the camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the camera to work properly, and make sure all the stars it sees are in focus, everything in the camera has to be in \u003cem>exactly\u003c/em> the right place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roodman says they have to measure things to an accuracy of 2 microns. That’s about a 20th of the thickness of human hair, depending, of course, on how thick your hair is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all the preparation and testing of the camera is super high tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At another test bench, some graduate students are trying to make sure that the interior of a dark box is completely dark, and they’re having a problem blocking out the glare from some LED lights mounted near the box. Roodman suggests putting some black tape over the lights. Then he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the beauty of experimental physics,” he says with a chuckle. “On the one hand, I’m interested in studying the makeup of the universe. But for today, we’ve got to make sure that the tape is blocking out all the light from some LEDs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roodman expects that by 2020 astronomers should be able to start using his camera to study the makeup of the universe — presumably without the need for black tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Largest+Digital+Camera+In+The+World+Takes+Shape&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In the Bay Area, White Restaurant Workers Are Paid More. Why?",
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"content": "\u003cp>The next time you step into a fine dining restaurant in the Bay Area, see if you notice this racial divide: Often the waiters and hosts directly serving customers are white, while most of the people in the kitchen are minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This divide leads to a difference in pay between white people and minorities working in restaurants — a so-called race-wage gap, according to \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Restaurant Opportunities Centers United\u003c/a> (ROC), an advocacy group for restaurant workers. That gap in the Bay Area’s restaurant industry, which is described in \u003ca href=\"http://www.rocunited.org/wp2015b/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/BKD_BayArea_Report_LR.pdf\">a report by ROC\u003c/a>, is the worst of any place in the entire country.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘There is a $5.50 wage gap between white [restaurant] workers and workers of color in the Bay Area.’ \u003ccite>Saru Jayaraman, ROC co-director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There is a $5.50 wage gap between white workers and workers of color in the Bay Area,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/business/an-outspoken-force-to-give-food-workers-a-seat-at-the-table.html\">Saru Jayaraman\u003c/a>, co-director of ROC. “That [gap] is larger than Houston, Texas’s race-wage gap in the restaurant industry. It’s larger than Seattle’s race-wage gap. It’s larger than every other region in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Case Study for Change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>ROC is collaborating with two Bay Area restaurants, \u003ca href=\"https://www.altaca.co/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alta\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://homeroom510.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Homeroom\u003c/a>, to address the race-wage gap in their establishments. The hope is to create case models for tackling the issue in the industry as a whole. Cory Woods, who is employed at Alta, said he has already benefited from the local initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2017/11/HarnettOccupationalSegregation.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/CoryWoods-1180x820.jpg\" Title=\"In the Bay Area, White Restaurant Workers Are Paid More. Why?\" program=\"KQED News\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woods, who is African-American, has worked in restaurants for 30 years, mostly in the kitchen. He said he got his start by flipping burgers and didn’t think he’d one day be out front with customers at a fine dining establishment. It just never crossed his mind as a possible career path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year and a half ago, Woods began working for Alta in what’s known in the industry as the “back of the house.” There, he said, is where all the grunt work is done — for Woods it was washing dishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day the owner approached Woods and asked him if he would like to try working in the “front of the house.” Woods had been in restaurants long enough to know that a position out with customers would earn him a lot more money.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Difference in Pay that Adds Up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Woods went through a training program that Alta set up to help those in the back of the house move to the front of the house. By May, management decided to give him a position out front. He began waiting tables and tending bar, interacting with customers for the first time. It wasn’t a totally smooth transition for Woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, when I first started working here it was very uncomfortable,” Woods said, “I am urban African-American. I am dealing with a lot of Caucasian people with money, people who I have never been exposed to. So initially it was hard communicating with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woods said communication has gotten better with time. He said he has learned to chat with the customers about things like sports and retirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is making almost double what he did while tucked away in the kitchen. “I come here and I get an $11 pay increase from $14 an hour to $25 an hour,” Woods said, “So yes, front of the house does have its benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, Jayaraman said ROC found the race-wage gap to be $5.50 an hour between white and minority workers. That difference adds up. Over the course of a year working full-time, an employee of color in a restaurant would make on average $11,000 less than a white worker.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Inequality in the Progressive Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jayaraman said it is sad to see the restaurant race-wage gap so high in the Bay Area, a place that is hailed as a center for progressive thought and ideals. She said that, like income inequality and housing affordability, the restaurant race-wage gap is one more example of the gulf between those in the Bay Area with privilege and those without. Jayaraman said the situation is especially disappointing because the restaurant industry in the Bay Area has the potential to generate many career jobs for minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jayaraman said the restaurant industry “is now the nation’s second-largest and absolute fastest-growing private employer sector. There are 12 million workers in this industry. One in 11 Americans works in this industry. One in 10 Californians.” There is plenty of opportunity. The problem is, according to Jayaraman, most well-paying fine dining positions are held by white men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a panel on this issue held at Alta restaurant, Jayaraman said the paradigm in the restaurant industry is a result of all kinds of biases: restaurant owners are conditioned to think white men are better waiters; customers are biased against minority wait staff; and minorities don’t even apply for the jobs because they don’t see anyone like them working out front or even eating in these establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>An Unexpected Chance\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cory Woods said he could not have imagined transitioning from washing dishes to working with customers. He said he was shocked when his white boss trusted him enough to put him out in the front of the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I’m proud to say this day that I am considered a success story.’ \u003ccite>Cory Woods, server at Alta\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Woods is originally from Missouri. He said now every time his mom flies out to visit him and sees where he’s at, she cries. “I’m proud to say this day that I am considered a success story,” Woods said. “I have two vehicles, I am getting ready to purchase a home. I never thought I’d be the owner of a life insurance policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woods said getting a chance like this is rare. Many restaurants have notoriously small margins and it takes money to set up training programs and develop workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurant owners would have to be on board to effect change in the industry, but so would customers. They may have to pay more to support training programs at restaurants, and Jayaraman said they would have to be comfortable being served directly by people who don’t look like them. Otherwise, stories like Woods’ will continue to be outliers in the Bay Area’s highly segregated restaurant industry.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The next time you step into a fine dining restaurant in the Bay Area, see if you notice this racial divide: Often the waiters and hosts directly serving customers are white, while most of the people in the kitchen are minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This divide leads to a difference in pay between white people and minorities working in restaurants — a so-called race-wage gap, according to \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Restaurant Opportunities Centers United\u003c/a> (ROC), an advocacy group for restaurant workers. That gap in the Bay Area’s restaurant industry, which is described in \u003ca href=\"http://www.rocunited.org/wp2015b/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/BKD_BayArea_Report_LR.pdf\">a report by ROC\u003c/a>, is the worst of any place in the entire country.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘There is a $5.50 wage gap between white [restaurant] workers and workers of color in the Bay Area.’ \u003ccite>Saru Jayaraman, ROC co-director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There is a $5.50 wage gap between white workers and workers of color in the Bay Area,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/business/an-outspoken-force-to-give-food-workers-a-seat-at-the-table.html\">Saru Jayaraman\u003c/a>, co-director of ROC. “That [gap] is larger than Houston, Texas’s race-wage gap in the restaurant industry. It’s larger than Seattle’s race-wage gap. It’s larger than every other region in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Case Study for Change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>ROC is collaborating with two Bay Area restaurants, \u003ca href=\"https://www.altaca.co/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alta\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://homeroom510.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Homeroom\u003c/a>, to address the race-wage gap in their establishments. The hope is to create case models for tackling the issue in the industry as a whole. Cory Woods, who is employed at Alta, said he has already benefited from the local initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woods, who is African-American, has worked in restaurants for 30 years, mostly in the kitchen. He said he got his start by flipping burgers and didn’t think he’d one day be out front with customers at a fine dining establishment. It just never crossed his mind as a possible career path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year and a half ago, Woods began working for Alta in what’s known in the industry as the “back of the house.” There, he said, is where all the grunt work is done — for Woods it was washing dishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day the owner approached Woods and asked him if he would like to try working in the “front of the house.” Woods had been in restaurants long enough to know that a position out with customers would earn him a lot more money.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Difference in Pay that Adds Up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Woods went through a training program that Alta set up to help those in the back of the house move to the front of the house. By May, management decided to give him a position out front. He began waiting tables and tending bar, interacting with customers for the first time. It wasn’t a totally smooth transition for Woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, when I first started working here it was very uncomfortable,” Woods said, “I am urban African-American. I am dealing with a lot of Caucasian people with money, people who I have never been exposed to. So initially it was hard communicating with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woods said communication has gotten better with time. He said he has learned to chat with the customers about things like sports and retirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is making almost double what he did while tucked away in the kitchen. “I come here and I get an $11 pay increase from $14 an hour to $25 an hour,” Woods said, “So yes, front of the house does have its benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, Jayaraman said ROC found the race-wage gap to be $5.50 an hour between white and minority workers. That difference adds up. Over the course of a year working full-time, an employee of color in a restaurant would make on average $11,000 less than a white worker.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Inequality in the Progressive Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jayaraman said it is sad to see the restaurant race-wage gap so high in the Bay Area, a place that is hailed as a center for progressive thought and ideals. She said that, like income inequality and housing affordability, the restaurant race-wage gap is one more example of the gulf between those in the Bay Area with privilege and those without. Jayaraman said the situation is especially disappointing because the restaurant industry in the Bay Area has the potential to generate many career jobs for minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jayaraman said the restaurant industry “is now the nation’s second-largest and absolute fastest-growing private employer sector. There are 12 million workers in this industry. One in 11 Americans works in this industry. One in 10 Californians.” There is plenty of opportunity. The problem is, according to Jayaraman, most well-paying fine dining positions are held by white men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a panel on this issue held at Alta restaurant, Jayaraman said the paradigm in the restaurant industry is a result of all kinds of biases: restaurant owners are conditioned to think white men are better waiters; customers are biased against minority wait staff; and minorities don’t even apply for the jobs because they don’t see anyone like them working out front or even eating in these establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>An Unexpected Chance\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cory Woods said he could not have imagined transitioning from washing dishes to working with customers. He said he was shocked when his white boss trusted him enough to put him out in the front of the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I’m proud to say this day that I am considered a success story.’ \u003ccite>Cory Woods, server at Alta\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Woods is originally from Missouri. He said now every time his mom flies out to visit him and sees where he’s at, she cries. “I’m proud to say this day that I am considered a success story,” Woods said. “I have two vehicles, I am getting ready to purchase a home. I never thought I’d be the owner of a life insurance policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woods said getting a chance like this is rare. Many restaurants have notoriously small margins and it takes money to set up training programs and develop workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurant owners would have to be on board to effect change in the industry, but so would customers. They may have to pay more to support training programs at restaurants, and Jayaraman said they would have to be comfortable being served directly by people who don’t look like them. Otherwise, stories like Woods’ will continue to be outliers in the Bay Area’s highly segregated restaurant industry.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "In First, Scientists Try to Cure Man's Disease by Editing DNA Inside Body",
"title": "In First, Scientists Try to Cure Man's Disease by Editing DNA Inside Body",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-gUUB0ofVA&ab_channel=AssociatedPress\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists for the first time have tried editing a gene inside the body in a bold attempt to permanently change a person's DNA to cure a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done Monday in California on 44-year-old Brian Madeux. Through an IV, he received billions of copies of a corrective gene and a genetic tool to cut his DNA in a precise spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of humbling\" to be the first to test this, said Madeux, who has a metabolic disease called Hunter syndrome. \"I'm willing to take that risk. Hopefully it will help me and other people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of whether it's working may come in a month; tests will show for sure in three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You’re really toying with Mother Nature.'\u003ccite>Dr. Eric Topol, Scripps Translational Science Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If it's successful, it could give a major boost to the fledgling field of gene therapy . Scientists have edited people's genes before, altering cells in the lab that are then returned to patients. There also are gene therapies that don't involve editing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these methods can only be used for a few types of diseases. Some give results that may not last. Some others supply a new gene like a spare part, but can't control where it inserts in the DNA, possibly causing a new problem like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, the gene tinkering is happening in a precise way inside the body. It's like sending a mini surgeon along to place the new gene in exactly the right location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We cut your DNA, open it up, insert a gene, stitch it back up. Invisible mending,\" said Dr. Sandy Macrae, president of Sangamo Therapeutics, the California company testing this for two metabolic diseases and hemophilia. \"It becomes part of your DNA and is there for the rest of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That also means there's no going back, no way to erase any mistakes the editing might cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003cem>Also from KQED Future of You:\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/31/the-crippling-ransomware-attack-on-kqed-the-inside-story/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Crippling Ransomware Attack on an NPR Member Station\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/13/the-difference-between-a-bully-and-a-true-alpha-male/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Difference Between a Bully and a True Alpha Male\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"You're really toying with Mother Nature\" and the risks can't be fully known, but the studies should move forward because these are incurable diseases, said one independent expert, Dr. Eric Topol of the Scripps Translational Science Institute in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protections are in place to help ensure safety, and animal tests were very encouraging, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist on the National Institutes of Health panel that approved the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said gene editing's promise is too great to ignore. \"So far there's been no evidence that this is going to be dangerous,\" he said. \"Now is not the time to get scared.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Woe From Head to Toe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer than 10,000 people worldwide have these metabolic diseases, partly because many die very young. Those with Madeux's condition, Hunter syndrome, lack a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain carbohydrates. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may have frequent colds and ear infections, distorted facial features, hearing loss, heart problems, breathing trouble, skin and eye problems, bone and joint flaws, bowel issues and brain and thinking problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many are in wheelchairs ... dependent on their parents until they die,\" said Dr. Chester Whitley, a University of Minnesota genetics expert who plans to enroll patients in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weekly IV doses of the missing enzyme can ease some symptoms, but cost $100,000 to $400,000 a year and don't prevent brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux, who now lives near Phoenix, is engaged to a nurse, Marcie Humphrey. He met her 15 years ago in a study that tested this enzyme therapy at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, where the gene editing experiment took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has had 26 operations for hernias, bunions, bones pinching his spinal column, and ear, eye and gall bladder problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems like I had a surgery every other year of my life\" and many procedures in between, he said. Last year he nearly died from a bronchitis and pneumonia attack. The disease had warped his airway, and \"I was drowning in my secretions, I couldn't cough it out.\"\u003cbr>\nMadeux has a chef's degree and was part owner of two restaurants in Utah, cooking for U.S. ski teams and celebrities, but now can't work in a kitchen or ride horses as he used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing won't fix damage he's already suffered, but he hopes it will stop the need for weekly enzyme treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial studies will involve up to 30 adults to test safety, but the ultimate goal is to treat children very young, before much damage occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gene-editing tool called CRISPR has gotten a lot of recent attention, but this study used a different one called zinc finger nucleases. They're like molecular scissors that seek and cut a specific piece of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy has three parts: The new gene and two zinc finger proteins. DNA instructions for each part are placed in a virus that's been altered to not cause infection but to ferry them into cells. Billions of copies of these are given through a vein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They travel to the liver, where cells use the instructions to make the zinc fingers and prepare the corrective gene. The fingers cut the DNA, allowing the new gene to slip in. The new gene then directs the cell to make the enzyme the patient lacked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 1 percent of liver cells would have to be corrected to successfully treat the disease, said Madeux's physician and study leader, Dr. Paul Harmatz at the Oakland hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How bulletproof is the technology? We're just learning,\" but safety tests have been very good, said Dr. Carl June, a University of Pennsylvania scientist who has done other gene therapy work but was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Could Go Wrong\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safety issues plagued some earlier gene therapies. One worry is that the virus might provoke an immune system attack. In 1999, 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger died in a gene therapy study from that problem, but the new studies use a different virus that's proved much safer in other experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another worry is that inserting a new gene might have unforeseen effects on other genes. That happened years ago, when researchers used gene therapy to cure some cases of the immune system disorder called \"bubble boy\" disease. Several patients later developed leukemia because the new gene inserted into a place in the native DNA where it unintentionally activated a cancer gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you stick a chunk of DNA in randomly, sometimes it works well, sometimes it does nothing and sometimes it causes harm,\" said Hank Greely, a Stanford University bioethicist. \"The advantage with gene editing is you can put the gene in where you want it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, some fear that the virus could get into other places like the heart, or eggs and sperm where it could affect future generations. Doctors say built-in genetic safeguards prevent the therapy from working anywhere but the liver, like a seed that only germinates in certain conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This experiment is not connected to other, more controversial work being debated to try to edit genes in human embryos to prevent diseases before birth — changes that would be passed down from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux's treatment was to have happened a week earlier, but a small glitch prevented it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his fiancee returned to Arizona, but nearly didn't make it back to Oakland in time for the second attempt because their Sunday flight was canceled and no others were available until Monday, after the treatment was to take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrambling, they finally got a flight to Monterey, California, and a car service took them just over 100 miles north to Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday he had the three-hour infusion, surrounded by half a dozen doctors, nurses and others wearing head-to-toe protective garb to lower the risk of giving him any germs. His doctor, Harmatz, spent the night at the hospital to help ensure his patient stayed well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm nervous and excited,\" Madeux said as he prepared to leave the hospital. \"I've been waiting for this my whole life, something that can potentially cure me.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/W-gUUB0ofVA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/W-gUUB0ofVA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists for the first time have tried editing a gene inside the body in a bold attempt to permanently change a person's DNA to cure a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done Monday in California on 44-year-old Brian Madeux. Through an IV, he received billions of copies of a corrective gene and a genetic tool to cut his DNA in a precise spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of humbling\" to be the first to test this, said Madeux, who has a metabolic disease called Hunter syndrome. \"I'm willing to take that risk. Hopefully it will help me and other people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of whether it's working may come in a month; tests will show for sure in three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You’re really toying with Mother Nature.'\u003ccite>Dr. Eric Topol, Scripps Translational Science Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If it's successful, it could give a major boost to the fledgling field of gene therapy . Scientists have edited people's genes before, altering cells in the lab that are then returned to patients. There also are gene therapies that don't involve editing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these methods can only be used for a few types of diseases. Some give results that may not last. Some others supply a new gene like a spare part, but can't control where it inserts in the DNA, possibly causing a new problem like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, the gene tinkering is happening in a precise way inside the body. It's like sending a mini surgeon along to place the new gene in exactly the right location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We cut your DNA, open it up, insert a gene, stitch it back up. Invisible mending,\" said Dr. Sandy Macrae, president of Sangamo Therapeutics, the California company testing this for two metabolic diseases and hemophilia. \"It becomes part of your DNA and is there for the rest of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That also means there's no going back, no way to erase any mistakes the editing might cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003cem>Also from KQED Future of You:\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/31/the-crippling-ransomware-attack-on-kqed-the-inside-story/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Crippling Ransomware Attack on an NPR Member Station\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/13/the-difference-between-a-bully-and-a-true-alpha-male/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Difference Between a Bully and a True Alpha Male\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"You're really toying with Mother Nature\" and the risks can't be fully known, but the studies should move forward because these are incurable diseases, said one independent expert, Dr. Eric Topol of the Scripps Translational Science Institute in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protections are in place to help ensure safety, and animal tests were very encouraging, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist on the National Institutes of Health panel that approved the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said gene editing's promise is too great to ignore. \"So far there's been no evidence that this is going to be dangerous,\" he said. \"Now is not the time to get scared.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Woe From Head to Toe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer than 10,000 people worldwide have these metabolic diseases, partly because many die very young. Those with Madeux's condition, Hunter syndrome, lack a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain carbohydrates. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may have frequent colds and ear infections, distorted facial features, hearing loss, heart problems, breathing trouble, skin and eye problems, bone and joint flaws, bowel issues and brain and thinking problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many are in wheelchairs ... dependent on their parents until they die,\" said Dr. Chester Whitley, a University of Minnesota genetics expert who plans to enroll patients in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weekly IV doses of the missing enzyme can ease some symptoms, but cost $100,000 to $400,000 a year and don't prevent brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux, who now lives near Phoenix, is engaged to a nurse, Marcie Humphrey. He met her 15 years ago in a study that tested this enzyme therapy at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, where the gene editing experiment took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has had 26 operations for hernias, bunions, bones pinching his spinal column, and ear, eye and gall bladder problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems like I had a surgery every other year of my life\" and many procedures in between, he said. Last year he nearly died from a bronchitis and pneumonia attack. The disease had warped his airway, and \"I was drowning in my secretions, I couldn't cough it out.\"\u003cbr>\nMadeux has a chef's degree and was part owner of two restaurants in Utah, cooking for U.S. ski teams and celebrities, but now can't work in a kitchen or ride horses as he used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing won't fix damage he's already suffered, but he hopes it will stop the need for weekly enzyme treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial studies will involve up to 30 adults to test safety, but the ultimate goal is to treat children very young, before much damage occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gene-editing tool called CRISPR has gotten a lot of recent attention, but this study used a different one called zinc finger nucleases. They're like molecular scissors that seek and cut a specific piece of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy has three parts: The new gene and two zinc finger proteins. DNA instructions for each part are placed in a virus that's been altered to not cause infection but to ferry them into cells. Billions of copies of these are given through a vein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They travel to the liver, where cells use the instructions to make the zinc fingers and prepare the corrective gene. The fingers cut the DNA, allowing the new gene to slip in. The new gene then directs the cell to make the enzyme the patient lacked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 1 percent of liver cells would have to be corrected to successfully treat the disease, said Madeux's physician and study leader, Dr. Paul Harmatz at the Oakland hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How bulletproof is the technology? We're just learning,\" but safety tests have been very good, said Dr. Carl June, a University of Pennsylvania scientist who has done other gene therapy work but was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Could Go Wrong\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safety issues plagued some earlier gene therapies. One worry is that the virus might provoke an immune system attack. In 1999, 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger died in a gene therapy study from that problem, but the new studies use a different virus that's proved much safer in other experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another worry is that inserting a new gene might have unforeseen effects on other genes. That happened years ago, when researchers used gene therapy to cure some cases of the immune system disorder called \"bubble boy\" disease. Several patients later developed leukemia because the new gene inserted into a place in the native DNA where it unintentionally activated a cancer gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you stick a chunk of DNA in randomly, sometimes it works well, sometimes it does nothing and sometimes it causes harm,\" said Hank Greely, a Stanford University bioethicist. \"The advantage with gene editing is you can put the gene in where you want it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, some fear that the virus could get into other places like the heart, or eggs and sperm where it could affect future generations. Doctors say built-in genetic safeguards prevent the therapy from working anywhere but the liver, like a seed that only germinates in certain conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This experiment is not connected to other, more controversial work being debated to try to edit genes in human embryos to prevent diseases before birth — changes that would be passed down from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux's treatment was to have happened a week earlier, but a small glitch prevented it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his fiancee returned to Arizona, but nearly didn't make it back to Oakland in time for the second attempt because their Sunday flight was canceled and no others were available until Monday, after the treatment was to take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrambling, they finally got a flight to Monterey, California, and a car service took them just over 100 miles north to Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday he had the three-hour infusion, surrounded by half a dozen doctors, nurses and others wearing head-to-toe protective garb to lower the risk of giving him any germs. His doctor, Harmatz, spent the night at the hospital to help ensure his patient stayed well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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