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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131387\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/heatwavepower220120813.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-131387\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/heatwavepower220120813-640x436.jpg\" alt=\"The cap-and-trade market is aimed at decreasing carbon emissions. Photo: Justin Sullivan/Getty\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cap-and-trade market is aimed at decreasing carbon emissions. Photo: Justin Sullivan/Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next month you should see a $30-40 credit on your PG&E bill — thanks to California's new greenhouse gas regulations. 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Those allowances can be bought and sold at auctions. Companies are also allowed to pay other organizations to reduce their greenhouse gases, which counts against their obligations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility companies were given the number of allowances they need for free under the system, with the requirement that they sell them at one of the auctions and use the money to rebate consumers -- as they are doing now. In the future, the utilities will eventually have to buy their permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the money that investor-owned utilities like PG&E and Southern California Edison collected is either being refunded to consumers or used to buy down the costs of wholesale electricity, which should also benefit the consumer, said Stanley Young, spokesman for the state's \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Air Resource Board\u003c/a>. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/sierrasnowwater.jpg\" alt=\"Abut a third of California's water comes from snow in the Sierra Nevada. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Abut a third of California’s water comes from snow in the Sierra Nevada. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After months of nervous anticipation, the jury is back on the water potential from this winter’s Sierra snowfall. Make no mistake: the flurry of late-season precipitation has helped, but \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25468885/droughts-not-over-yet-california-storms-improve-sierra\">has not rescued California\u003c/a> from its historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a week’s worth of \u003ca title=\"CoCo Times - post\" href=\"http://www.contracostatimes.com/news/ci_25458057/rain-thunderstorms-expected-monday-and-tuesday-bay\">rain and snow \u003c/a>that rounded out March and seemed to be shaping up as an “April miracle” gave the \u003ca title=\"DWR - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">meager snowpack\u003c/a> a significant boost, from about a quarter of the 30-year average to about a third. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news: it’s still only 32 percent of average. In the northern Sierra, it’s even worse: water content is still only 23 percent of normal. This is an ugly prospect for a state that counts on the “frozen reservoir” for about a third of its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e327cf882e2a712168b6bf40c866653e”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the five monthly surveys officials do of the Sierra snowpack each winter, April is considered the most important benchmark. This is usually when the snowpack has peaked, the wet season is winding down, things are warming up and the runoff season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February and March storms have probably kept us from breaking records for historic drought this year,” Mark Cowin, the head of California’s Department of Water Resources told reporters, “but they certainly haven’t rescued us from that drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cowin said that state and federal water managers will try to harness some of the recent precipitation by temporarily increasing pumping of water to customers south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As water managers were weighing in the scant water content of Sierra snows, the Association of California Water Agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - release\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/news/water-supply-challenges/acwa-calls-statewide-conservation-response-drought\">weighed in\u003c/a> with its 400-plus members, issuing an unusual plea for them to \u003ca title=\"ACWA - Drought map\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/drought-map\">ask more sacrifices\u003c/a> of its urban customers. The Sacramento-based trade group is urging local water managers to “request heightened water conservation from their customers in response to drought conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time that ACWA has made such a call to its member agencies. “Reducing water use has been standard practice in California for more than a decade,” noted ACWA President John Coleman in a written statement, “but given the severity of this drought and the impacts starting to be felt across the state’s economy, it is imperative that all residents step up their conservation efforts now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/142610983&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/sierrasnowwater.jpg\" alt=\"Abut a third of California's water comes from snow in the Sierra Nevada. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Abut a third of California’s water comes from snow in the Sierra Nevada. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After months of nervous anticipation, the jury is back on the water potential from this winter’s Sierra snowfall. Make no mistake: the flurry of late-season precipitation has helped, but \u003ca title=\"Merc - post\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25468885/droughts-not-over-yet-california-storms-improve-sierra\">has not rescued California\u003c/a> from its historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a week’s worth of \u003ca title=\"CoCo Times - post\" href=\"http://www.contracostatimes.com/news/ci_25458057/rain-thunderstorms-expected-monday-and-tuesday-bay\">rain and snow \u003c/a>that rounded out March and seemed to be shaping up as an “April miracle” gave the \u003ca title=\"DWR - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">meager snowpack\u003c/a> a significant boost, from about a quarter of the 30-year average to about a third. That’s the good news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news: it’s still only 32 percent of average. In the northern Sierra, it’s even worse: water content is still only 23 percent of normal. This is an ugly prospect for a state that counts on the “frozen reservoir” for about a third of its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the five monthly surveys officials do of the Sierra snowpack each winter, April is considered the most important benchmark. This is usually when the snowpack has peaked, the wet season is winding down, things are warming up and the runoff season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“February and March storms have probably kept us from breaking records for historic drought this year,” Mark Cowin, the head of California’s Department of Water Resources told reporters, “but they certainly haven’t rescued us from that drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cowin said that state and federal water managers will try to harness some of the recent precipitation by temporarily increasing pumping of water to customers south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As water managers were weighing in the scant water content of Sierra snows, the Association of California Water Agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - release\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/news/water-supply-challenges/acwa-calls-statewide-conservation-response-drought\">weighed in\u003c/a> with its 400-plus members, issuing an unusual plea for them to \u003ca title=\"ACWA - Drought map\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/drought-map\">ask more sacrifices\u003c/a> of its urban customers. The Sacramento-based trade group is urging local water managers to “request heightened water conservation from their customers in response to drought conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time that ACWA has made such a call to its member agencies. “Reducing water use has been standard practice in California for more than a decade,” noted ACWA President John Coleman in a written statement, “but given the severity of this drought and the impacts starting to be felt across the state’s economy, it is imperative that all residents step up their conservation efforts now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/142610983&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "IPCC: Climate Change Is Taking a Toll in California and It's Going to Get Worse",
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"content": "\u003cp>The latest \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/\">report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> focuses on impacts from climate change, both current and looming, and recommendations for how to adapt. It also ratchets up considerably the confidence levels for those predicted impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201404010900\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> hosted a segment on the report Tuesday morning. And the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\">New York Times has this story\u003c/a> on the scope of the IPCC’s work, the expected impacts from climate change — hunger, thirst, flooding, violent conflicts, mass migrations — and the political response (or lack thereof):\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/03/31/science/earth/31climate/31climate-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Panel’s Warning on Climate Risk: Worst Is Yet to Come\u003c/a>YOKOHAMA, Japan – Climate change is already having sweeping effects on every continent and throughout the world’s oceans, scientists reported on Monday, and they warned that the problem was likely to grow substantially worse unless greenhouse emissions are brought under control.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F01%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fclimate.html\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap26_FGDall.pdf\">North America\u003c/a> section drills down into some local impacts. Here’s a taste of what the IPCC says we can expect in California. And yes, the report says that some of this is already happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Flooding in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loss of suitable land for wine growing\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">Declines in agricultural productivity\u003c/a> for other crops, though some of that may be softened by irrigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A longer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">wildfire season\u003c/a> and more acreage burned\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Earlier spring runoff and declines in the amount of water stored by the mountain snowpack\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/san-francisco-a-test-case-for-coping-with-rising-seas/\">Sea level rise\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The latest \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/\">report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a> focuses on impacts from climate change, both current and looming, and recommendations for how to adapt. It also ratchets up considerably the confidence levels for those predicted impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201404010900\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> hosted a segment on the report Tuesday morning. And the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\">New York Times has this story\u003c/a> on the scope of the IPCC’s work, the expected impacts from climate change — hunger, thirst, flooding, violent conflicts, mass migrations — and the political response (or lack thereof):\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/03/31/science/earth/31climate/31climate-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/earth/climate.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Panel’s Warning on Climate Risk: Worst Is Yet to Come\u003c/a>YOKOHAMA, Japan – Climate change is already having sweeping effects on every continent and throughout the world’s oceans, scientists reported on Monday, and they warned that the problem was likely to grow substantially worse unless greenhouse emissions are brought under control.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F01%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fclimate.html\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nytimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap26_FGDall.pdf\">North America\u003c/a> section drills down into some local impacts. Here’s a taste of what the IPCC says we can expect in California. And yes, the report says that some of this is already happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Flooding in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loss of suitable land for wine growing\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">Declines in agricultural productivity\u003c/a> for other crops, though some of that may be softened by irrigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A longer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">wildfire season\u003c/a> and more acreage burned\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Earlier spring runoff and declines in the amount of water stored by the mountain snowpack\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/san-francisco-a-test-case-for-coping-with-rising-seas/\">Sea level rise\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Bay Area Lightning Strikes Plane, Explodes Trees, Hits Woman",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Lightning Strikes Plane, Explodes Trees, Hits Woman | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131182\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/treee.jpg\" alt=\"What remains of a Berkeley redwood after being struck by lightning Monday. (Photo: Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What remains of a Berkeley redwood after being struck by lightning Monday. (Photo: Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area got lit up yesterday: we’re talking lightning strikes. An Alaska Airlines flight operated by Horizon was \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/31/plane-struck-by-lightning-on-approach-to-oakland-international-airport/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">struck at Oakland International Airport\u003c/a>. In Sausalito, a redwood tree was struck and \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_25459877/lightning-strikes-sausalito-home-storm-rips-through-bay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shattered windows\u003c/a> at two homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounded like a bomb went off,” Ellie Wilder, a neighbor, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"tout_embed\" src=\"//www.tout.com/embed/touts/zwx06f\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"420\" height=\"388\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our partner \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/03/31/lightning-splits-tree-sends-wood-chunks-flying-in-berkeley/#disqus_thread\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a> reports on local lightning damage:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A giant redwood tree in North Berkeley was struck by lightning at around 1:15 p.m. today and “exploded,” sending chunks of wood flying in all directions, according to authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several windows and skylights in nearby homes were broken out, but there were no reported injuries, according to Berkeley Deputy Fire Chief Avery Webb, who estimated the redwood, which is at the intersection of Holly Street and Buena Avenue, had been reduced in size from 70 ft to about 25 ft….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kat McGowan, who was in the area, said the tree “exploded” and shards of wood flew everywhere. She said the house next to the tree seemed to be “mostly OK” “It was scary/thrilling. Good thing everybody seems to be OK,” she posted on Twitter.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>KQED News Fix editor and Berkeley resident Dan Brekke posted photos of the aftermath in a set he calls “\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/infospigot/sets/72157643232653125\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">End of a Berkeley Redwood\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan \u003ca href=\"http://infospigot.typepad.com/infospigot_the_chronicles/2014/04/the-news-arrives-with-a-bang.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">describes the lightning\u003c/a> as “a brilliant streak … accompanied by a simultaneous ear-splitting crash.” As for what remains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(A) 25-foot-high snag that comes to a jagged point reaching up over the adjacent homes and foliage. Neighbors, gawkers and curiosity seekers have all been out picking up bits of the blown-up tree (the smithereens to which the redwood was blown); I saw a woman pull up, tour the site, and walk away with what looked like a 50-pound remnant. The red-tagged home and the remains of the tree have served as a set since last night for every Bay Area TV news show — until 11 p.m. last night and then again this morning before dawn.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And in South Berkeley, a woman reported actually being struck by a bolt. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/03/31/woman-31-struck-by-lightning-in-central-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Emily Davis was struck by lightning in Berkeley on Monday while crossing the road during a dramatic storm. Although she was shaken and suffered some after-effects, Davis was not seriously injured. However, the experience, she said, has left her feeling lucky to be alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis, 31, was standing on the median at the intersection of Adeline and Stuart streets at around 1 p.m. when she was struck. She was heading to Berkeley Bowl to buy lunch for her boyfriend, who works at the nearby Berkeley Honda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She heard a first clap of thunder which, she said, sounded like a bomb exploding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first she knew of being struck was when she felt a “terrible” metallic taste in her mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then I saw an orb of light travel down the umbrella handle I was holding in my right hand,” Davis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thankfully I was holding the plastic end of the umbrella, or else I would’ve been in big trouble,” she told Berkeleyside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis’ heart began beating very fast. “I think out of both the literal and physical shock,” she said. And her left arm — not the one she was using to hold the umbrella — started shaking uncontrollably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coffee she was holding in her left hand was thrown to the ground.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>KCBS has other accounts in this \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/video/10005186-lightning-strike-destroys-redwood-tree-in-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a>. The station reports the tree stood 80 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/01/san-francisco-bay-area-rain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we got hail\u003c/a> …\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Bay Area got lit up yesterday: Lightning strikes caused minor damage around the region.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131182\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/treee.jpg\" alt=\"What remains of a Berkeley redwood after being struck by lightning Monday. (Photo: Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What remains of a Berkeley redwood after being struck by lightning Monday. (Photo: Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area got lit up yesterday: we’re talking lightning strikes. An Alaska Airlines flight operated by Horizon was \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/31/plane-struck-by-lightning-on-approach-to-oakland-international-airport/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">struck at Oakland International Airport\u003c/a>. In Sausalito, a redwood tree was struck and \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_25459877/lightning-strikes-sausalito-home-storm-rips-through-bay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shattered windows\u003c/a> at two homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounded like a bomb went off,” Ellie Wilder, a neighbor, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"tout_embed\" src=\"//www.tout.com/embed/touts/zwx06f\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"420\" height=\"388\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our partner \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/03/31/lightning-splits-tree-sends-wood-chunks-flying-in-berkeley/#disqus_thread\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a> reports on local lightning damage:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A giant redwood tree in North Berkeley was struck by lightning at around 1:15 p.m. today and “exploded,” sending chunks of wood flying in all directions, according to authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several windows and skylights in nearby homes were broken out, but there were no reported injuries, according to Berkeley Deputy Fire Chief Avery Webb, who estimated the redwood, which is at the intersection of Holly Street and Buena Avenue, had been reduced in size from 70 ft to about 25 ft….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kat McGowan, who was in the area, said the tree “exploded” and shards of wood flew everywhere. She said the house next to the tree seemed to be “mostly OK” “It was scary/thrilling. Good thing everybody seems to be OK,” she posted on Twitter.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>KQED News Fix editor and Berkeley resident Dan Brekke posted photos of the aftermath in a set he calls “\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/infospigot/sets/72157643232653125\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">End of a Berkeley Redwood\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan \u003ca href=\"http://infospigot.typepad.com/infospigot_the_chronicles/2014/04/the-news-arrives-with-a-bang.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">describes the lightning\u003c/a> as “a brilliant streak … accompanied by a simultaneous ear-splitting crash.” As for what remains:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(A) 25-foot-high snag that comes to a jagged point reaching up over the adjacent homes and foliage. Neighbors, gawkers and curiosity seekers have all been out picking up bits of the blown-up tree (the smithereens to which the redwood was blown); I saw a woman pull up, tour the site, and walk away with what looked like a 50-pound remnant. The red-tagged home and the remains of the tree have served as a set since last night for every Bay Area TV news show — until 11 p.m. last night and then again this morning before dawn.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And in South Berkeley, a woman reported actually being struck by a bolt. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/03/31/woman-31-struck-by-lightning-in-central-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Emily Davis was struck by lightning in Berkeley on Monday while crossing the road during a dramatic storm. Although she was shaken and suffered some after-effects, Davis was not seriously injured. However, the experience, she said, has left her feeling lucky to be alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis, 31, was standing on the median at the intersection of Adeline and Stuart streets at around 1 p.m. when she was struck. She was heading to Berkeley Bowl to buy lunch for her boyfriend, who works at the nearby Berkeley Honda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She heard a first clap of thunder which, she said, sounded like a bomb exploding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first she knew of being struck was when she felt a “terrible” metallic taste in her mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then I saw an orb of light travel down the umbrella handle I was holding in my right hand,” Davis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thankfully I was holding the plastic end of the umbrella, or else I would’ve been in big trouble,” she told Berkeleyside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis’ heart began beating very fast. “I think out of both the literal and physical shock,” she said. And her left arm — not the one she was using to hold the umbrella — started shaking uncontrollably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coffee she was holding in her left hand was thrown to the ground.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>KCBS has other accounts in this \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/video/10005186-lightning-strike-destroys-redwood-tree-in-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a>. The station reports the tree stood 80 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/01/san-francisco-bay-area-rain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we got hail\u003c/a> …\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Rain, Hail Forecast For San Francisco Bay Area",
"title": "Rain, Hail Forecast For San Francisco Bay Area",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-131119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/storm-640x430.jpg\" alt=\"FILE PHOTO by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FILE PHOTO by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service has issued a \u003ca href=\"http://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwacapget.php?x=CA12514D74DAF0.SpecialWeatherStatement.12514D74FAF8CA.MTRSPSMTR.f1cb5270bd650a7945202e3e473d8441\" target=\"_blank\">storm warning\u003c/a> for San Francisco, Alameda and Contra Costa counties, forecasting heavy rain and hail, the latter of which has already come and gone, according to multiple sets of ears in our Potrero Hill office. And also according to the Bay Bridge ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" lang=\"en\">\u003cp>Hail, did you pay a toll? No? I didn’t think so! So get off and stop stinging me!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The Bay Bridge (@SFBayBridge) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SFBayBridge/statuses/451024221766828032\">April 1, 2014\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The NWS says the hail is expected to be up to a half-inch in diameter. How big is that? Well, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.crh.noaa.gov/images/iwx/publications/Hail_Chart.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Hail Size Comparison Chart\u003c/a> from the NOAA. A half-inch doesn't sound or look so bad, compared with the baseball-size hail \u003ca href=\"http://newsok.com/baseball-size-hail-possible-this-week/article/3948783\" target=\"_blank\">forecast for Oklahoma and Texas\u003c/a> this afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rain will last through Wednesday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">NWS says\u003c/a>, and another storm system is due to move in Friday. But no rain this weekend, according to the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As always in these dry times, we must caution that just because you have to break out the umbrellas doesn't mean you can start flushing your toilets with abandon again. From the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_25466422/more-showers-coming-bay-area-possible-thunderstorms-even\" target=\"_blank\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a> this morning:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>As of 5 p.m. Monday, San Jose has received 5.60 inches of rain this rainfall season, 42 percent of normal. Oakland has received 5.49 inches of rain, 42 percent of normal, and San Francisco 10.91 inches, 51 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And in other drought news, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_25464742/mountain-view-council-set-declare-water-shortage\">Palo Alto Daily News\u003c/a>, Mountain View is set to declare a \"Stage 1\" water emergency, which would involve further efforts to inform the public about conservation and nonessential water use. Under the city's plan, restrictions would be ramped up as the water shortage gets more severe:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Under a Stage 2 emergency, or 25 percent shortage, yards could not be watered between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., and the time to repair a broken water system would be reduced from 10 to five days. Unless done by bucket, at-home vehicle washing would also be banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stage 3 emergency, which would involve a shortage of up to 40 percent, would shut down commercial car washes that do not use re-circulating systems and prevent potable water from being used to fill pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called when a shortage exceeds 40 percent, a Stage 4 emergency would provide just 24 hours to repair broken water systems and restrict irrigation of public parks, playing fields and school grounds to once per week.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 12:30 p.m.\u003c/strong> Video from KPIX: The \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/video?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=10006431\" target=\"_blank\">hail hits the streets of San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-131119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/storm-640x430.jpg\" alt=\"FILE PHOTO by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FILE PHOTO by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service has issued a \u003ca href=\"http://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwacapget.php?x=CA12514D74DAF0.SpecialWeatherStatement.12514D74FAF8CA.MTRSPSMTR.f1cb5270bd650a7945202e3e473d8441\" target=\"_blank\">storm warning\u003c/a> for San Francisco, Alameda and Contra Costa counties, forecasting heavy rain and hail, the latter of which has already come and gone, according to multiple sets of ears in our Potrero Hill office. And also according to the Bay Bridge ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" lang=\"en\">\u003cp>Hail, did you pay a toll? No? I didn’t think so! So get off and stop stinging me!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The Bay Bridge (@SFBayBridge) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SFBayBridge/statuses/451024221766828032\">April 1, 2014\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The NWS says the hail is expected to be up to a half-inch in diameter. How big is that? Well, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.crh.noaa.gov/images/iwx/publications/Hail_Chart.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Hail Size Comparison Chart\u003c/a> from the NOAA. A half-inch doesn't sound or look so bad, compared with the baseball-size hail \u003ca href=\"http://newsok.com/baseball-size-hail-possible-this-week/article/3948783\" target=\"_blank\">forecast for Oklahoma and Texas\u003c/a> this afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rain will last through Wednesday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">NWS says\u003c/a>, and another storm system is due to move in Friday. But no rain this weekend, according to the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As always in these dry times, we must caution that just because you have to break out the umbrellas doesn't mean you can start flushing your toilets with abandon again. From the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_25466422/more-showers-coming-bay-area-possible-thunderstorms-even\" target=\"_blank\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a> this morning:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>As of 5 p.m. Monday, San Jose has received 5.60 inches of rain this rainfall season, 42 percent of normal. Oakland has received 5.49 inches of rain, 42 percent of normal, and San Francisco 10.91 inches, 51 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And in other drought news, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_25464742/mountain-view-council-set-declare-water-shortage\">Palo Alto Daily News\u003c/a>, Mountain View is set to declare a \"Stage 1\" water emergency, which would involve further efforts to inform the public about conservation and nonessential water use. Under the city's plan, restrictions would be ramped up as the water shortage gets more severe:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Under a Stage 2 emergency, or 25 percent shortage, yards could not be watered between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., and the time to repair a broken water system would be reduced from 10 to five days. Unless done by bucket, at-home vehicle washing would also be banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stage 3 emergency, which would involve a shortage of up to 40 percent, would shut down commercial car washes that do not use re-circulating systems and prevent potable water from being used to fill pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called when a shortage exceeds 40 percent, a Stage 4 emergency would provide just 24 hours to repair broken water systems and restrict irrigation of public parks, playing fields and school grounds to once per week.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 12:30 p.m.\u003c/strong> Video from KPIX: The \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/video?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=10006431\" target=\"_blank\">hail hits the streets of San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140331science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.imgur.com/ttmAyey.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to almond orchards in Wasco, California, where fracking has led to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NOTE: Updated October 10th with updates in bold. Originally published March 31st, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought and shrinking water supplies are putting a spotlight on hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” and its thirst for freshwater. In other states, the controversial technique is a heavy water consumer, using millions of gallons of freshwater to extract oil or gas from each well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, fracking uses less water on average than in other states, according to industry data. But that trend is shifting, as oil companies make a play for the Monterey Shale, though to be the largest untapped oil resource in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern San Joaquin Valley is the site of rising tensions between farming and fracking, as the two industries are increasingly coming into contact. While farmers fallow land and pull up orchards, they’re asking whether there’s enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pump Jacks and Almond Orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just coming off the bloom period and the bees are leaving the orchard,” says farmer Keith Gardiner, walking through rows of almond trees near Wasco, a small town north of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bring up the state’s drought and Gardiner reacts the way a lot of farmers do – with a frown and a shake of the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, we’ve got major investments in these trees and we can’t lay idle for a year,” he says. “They have to have water every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to spot what’s adding to Gardiner’s concerns: oil wells are sprinkled throughout the orchards here. Pump jacks slowly bob into sight above the treetops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it the best farm ground in the world but it also holds some of the best deposits of minerals called the Monterey Shale,” he says. “And the new technology has allowed the oil companies to be able to extract that through the fracking process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15952\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, California, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil drilling has steadily grown around Wasco over the last decade, making it one of California’s newer developments. It’s known as the “Rose” oil field, so-named because Wasco was once the rose-growing capital of the state. Individual oil wells here are nicknamed after varieties of roses, like “Betty Boop” and “Purple Tiger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlocking the Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new interest is due to the Monterey Shale, a layer of rock about two miles under the surface. Twenty-five oil wells have been fracked in this 10-square-mile area. Water is injected into the well at high pressure, along with sand and chemicals. The process creates tiny cracks in the rock, freeing up the oil. Fracking generally takes a few weeks, after which the oil well produces for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology has fueled expansive oil and gas booms in other states. In Pennsylvania, it’s been for natural gas. In North Dakota and Texas, it’s been for oil. In those fields, fracking uses several million gallons of water for each oil well. California hasn’t seen the same boom – at least, not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the Monterey formation,” says Dave Miner, an exploration manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of California’s largest oil producers. He shows off a piece of smooth, gray rock at their Bakersfield headquarters. “There is oil in this particular rock,” he says. “You can touch it and it won’t come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your point of view, the rock Miner is holding is either California’s biggest energy opportunity or its biggest environmental threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Shale holds what could be the largest oil resource in the country: 13.7 billion barrels \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7190\">according to one estimate\u003c/a>. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Federal officials changed their estimate in May to 600 million barrels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">over uncertainties about how much oil could be recovered\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner says oil companies are experimenting with how to use fracking to access it, given California’s complex geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to get this oil out,” he says. “We’re in very early days trying to figure out what might make this work and be economic. It may take several years. It may take longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Relatively Low in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades in some of the oldest oil fields near Bakersfield. But as interest in the less-developed Monterey Shale has grown, so have concerns over water contamination and water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, protesters in Sacramento called for a moratorium on fracking. “Governor Brown, California doesn’t want our water depleted from fracking or any hydraulic drilling methods,” said Latrice Carter of Carson, California, speaking to the crowd. The city of Carson recently \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/19/local/la-me-0320-carson-drilling-20140320\">approved a 45-day moratorium\u003c/a> on oil drilling, amid fears around fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California today, hydraulic fracturing uses very small amounts of water,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that all together, fracking operations across the state used 105 million gallons of water last year. That’s the same amount of water that 650 homes use in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While oil fields in Texas use an average of 1-to-4 million gallons per well, an average frack job in California uses 134,000 gallons of water, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulic-fracturing-water-stress-water-demand-by-the-numbers/view\">report from Ceres\u003c/a>, a sustainability think tank. One acre of almond trees uses six times that amount annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8zOgu9O1L5lTIhWWVEgBHTV49aaFbArt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a lot of water in the big picture,” says Hull. “Companies are looking very diligently at ways to reduce that number. It’s expensive to use freshwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Higher in Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Monterey Shale is explored, fracking operations could require more water. In the Rose oil field near Wasco, fracking uses from half a million to a million gallons of water per well, substantially more than other oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference has to do with how the wells are drilled. In older fields, wells are drilled directly down. In parts of the Monterey Shale, the well makes a sharp horizontal turn, extending as far as a mile along the layer of rock. Horizontal drilling has become common in other oil and gas formations where fracking is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s fair to say that if this technology that has proved so successful in other parts of the country can be as successful here, that we will see water consumption for hydraulic fracturing going up,” Hull says. “The longer-reach, horizontal wells will use higher volumes of water but you’ll need fewer wells to produce the same amount of oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/iwst_index.html\">permits filed for the first time\u003c/a> this year under new state regulations, oil companies are planning about 250 new fracking jobs as of March that would draw water mostly from local water districts.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-fracking-0328014.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px;padding-right: 60px\">\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Under new rules, California oil companies must alert the state prior to fracking, disclosing the water volume and water source. The data above represents about 250 fracking jobs planned as of March 2014. Overall, the water use is the same as the annual demand of 260 homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the districts, like the Belridge Water Storage District and the West Kern Water District, rely on water from the State Water Project, which is fed through the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">highly-stressed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. With the lack of rainfall, state officials have warned districts that little to no water will come from the project this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Aera Energy says the company has banked enough water to meet its needs this year. A representative for Chevron says one of their suppliers has imposed water restrictions, but it hasn’t significantly affected their operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers Wary Over Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for higher water use doesn’t sit well with some San Joaquin Valley farmers. “They’re competing for the same water that we’re using for our farms,” says Keith Gardiner. “That’s taken away from the farm fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an added pressure,” says Greg Wegis of Wegis and Young, a farming operation near Bakersfield. “From what I’ve seen, in some of the fracking wells, they’re using 3-to-4 acre-feet per well. That’s not helping the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a big push to try to figure out how to use some less desirable water that we can’t really farm with,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tensions have been high around Wasco, other parts of the farming community want to see fracking and farming coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oil and agriculture are the heartbeat of Kern County’s economy,” said Benjamin McFarland, director of the Kern County Farm Bureau. “In terms of the Monterey Shale development, that’s been a lot of new activity that we haven’t seen in the past on farmland. So there’s been more interaction that requires communication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say expanding fracking would bring jobs to parts of the state with serious unemployment. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://gen.usc.edu/news/monterey-shale.htm\">study from the University of Southern California\u003c/a>, developing the Monterey Shale could produce up to $24 billion in tax revenue and as many as 2.8 million jobs by the end of the decade, though some of those jobs would be temporary. It could also reverse California’s shrinking oil production, which has been on the decline since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15957\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\" alt=\"Almond orchards north of Bakersfield, where fracking has lead to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond orchards north of Bakersfield. The drought has lead local farmers to rely heavily on groundwater. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking in Water-Stressed Areas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amounts of water used by the oil industry are still a tiny fraction of what’s used by California agriculture. But some fear there will be a localized impact from fracking, because it happens in some of the most water-stressed parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we combine the fracking and the drought question together, it’s just making a bad situation worse,” says Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist and professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater in the southern San Joaquin Valley has been dramatically over-pumped in the last 50 years, a trend that gets worse during drought years like this one. That pressure comes largely from agriculture, says Famiglietti, but he believes fracking doesn’t help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to decide: is it in our best interest to use those water resources, especially when they’re under stress, for that purpose, even if it means depleting the resources of a small town?” says Famiglietti. “Or do we not want to do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Recycled Water for Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”c75386035aa9ab592a7ad0d259e54872″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking traditionally uses freshwater instead of salty or briny water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies generally have easy access to briny water, since it’s produced from the rock formation along with the oil. It generally hasn’t been used for fracking, because the salts could react with chemicals in the fracking fluids, which are added to suspend sand particles in the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly in other parts of the country, oil and gas companies are using recycled water to reduce their freshwater demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s that need for freshwater that had people asking: how do we do this without freshwater?” says Walter Dale, strategic business manager for water solutions for Halliburton. The company runs fracking operations for several oil and gas companies around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About two years ago, we started saying, ‘Look, we don’t need freshwater anymore,’” he says. “We can now make frack fluids out of impaired waters but we just have to change the formulas in the frack fluids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halliburton has started offering its technology last year, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Win5Mr52Aa0\">H20 Forward\u003c/a>. Some companies also treat water from their operations, so it’s fresh enough to use in fracking again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15955\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15955\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in the Rose oil field near Wasco, California. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in the Rose oil field. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our highest levels of interest are in the Permian and the Bakken,” Dale says, mentioning oil fields in Texas and North Dakota. The highest adoption of water recycling is found in Pennsylvania, where water disposal is more expensive. “The Marcellus is probably the leader when it comes to recycling. They do recycle roughly 80 percent of their waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dale says he’s had conversations with some California oil companies, though it’s in early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California actually has the opportunity to look at the lessons learned in the last 4-to-5 years in the industry and implement some of those technologies to begin their field development,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fracking operations in California are already using recycled water, though most use freshwater, according to permits filed with state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oil company, Occidental, says it plans to use recycled water in a handful of fracking wells this year. Representatives from Chevron and Aera Energy say the companies are investigating ways to reduce their reliance on freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the state legislature is turning its attention to water use in all forms around California, including in the oil and gas industry. State Senator Fran Pavley introduced a bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1281\">SB 1281\u003c/a>, that would require oil companies to disclose the amounts of water they use in all operations, not just fracking. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: The bill was signed by Governor Brown in September.)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://i.imgur.com/ttmAyey.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil well next to almond orchards in Wasco, California, where fracking has led to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NOTE: Updated October 10th with updates in bold. Originally published March 31st, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought and shrinking water supplies are putting a spotlight on hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” and its thirst for freshwater. In other states, the controversial technique is a heavy water consumer, using millions of gallons of freshwater to extract oil or gas from each well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, fracking uses less water on average than in other states, according to industry data. But that trend is shifting, as oil companies make a play for the Monterey Shale, though to be the largest untapped oil resource in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern San Joaquin Valley is the site of rising tensions between farming and fracking, as the two industries are increasingly coming into contact. While farmers fallow land and pull up orchards, they’re asking whether there’s enough water to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pump Jacks and Almond Orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just coming off the bloom period and the bees are leaving the orchard,” says farmer Keith Gardiner, walking through rows of almond trees near Wasco, a small town north of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bring up the state’s drought and Gardiner reacts the way a lot of farmers do – with a frown and a shake of the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, we’ve got major investments in these trees and we can’t lay idle for a year,” he says. “They have to have water every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to spot what’s adding to Gardiner’s concerns: oil wells are sprinkled throughout the orchards here. Pump jacks slowly bob into sight above the treetops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only is it the best farm ground in the world but it also holds some of the best deposits of minerals called the Monterey Shale,” he says. “And the new technology has allowed the oil companies to be able to extract that through the fracking process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15952\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/gardiner.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, California, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer Keith Gardiner stands in his almond orchards near Wasco, just north of Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oil drilling has steadily grown around Wasco over the last decade, making it one of California’s newer developments. It’s known as the “Rose” oil field, so-named because Wasco was once the rose-growing capital of the state. Individual oil wells here are nicknamed after varieties of roses, like “Betty Boop” and “Purple Tiger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unlocking the Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new interest is due to the Monterey Shale, a layer of rock about two miles under the surface. Twenty-five oil wells have been fracked in this 10-square-mile area. Water is injected into the well at high pressure, along with sand and chemicals. The process creates tiny cracks in the rock, freeing up the oil. Fracking generally takes a few weeks, after which the oil well produces for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology has fueled expansive oil and gas booms in other states. In Pennsylvania, it’s been for natural gas. In North Dakota and Texas, it’s been for oil. In those fields, fracking uses several million gallons of water for each oil well. California hasn’t seen the same boom – at least, not yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the Monterey formation,” says Dave Miner, an exploration manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of California’s largest oil producers. He shows off a piece of smooth, gray rock at their Bakersfield headquarters. “There is oil in this particular rock,” he says. “You can touch it and it won’t come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your point of view, the rock Miner is holding is either California’s biggest energy opportunity or its biggest environmental threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Monterey Shale holds what could be the largest oil resource in the country: 13.7 billion barrels \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7190\">according to one estimate\u003c/a>. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Federal officials changed their estimate in May to 600 million barrels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">over uncertainties about how much oil could be recovered\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner says oil companies are experimenting with how to use fracking to access it, given California’s complex geology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to get this oil out,” he says. “We’re in very early days trying to figure out what might make this work and be economic. It may take several years. It may take longer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Relatively Low in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades in some of the oldest oil fields near Bakersfield. But as interest in the less-developed Monterey Shale has grown, so have concerns over water contamination and water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, protesters in Sacramento called for a moratorium on fracking. “Governor Brown, California doesn’t want our water depleted from fracking or any hydraulic drilling methods,” said Latrice Carter of Carson, California, speaking to the crowd. The city of Carson recently \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/19/local/la-me-0320-carson-drilling-20140320\">approved a 45-day moratorium\u003c/a> on oil drilling, amid fears around fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California today, hydraulic fracturing uses very small amounts of water,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that all together, fracking operations across the state used 105 million gallons of water last year. That’s the same amount of water that 650 homes use in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While oil fields in Texas use an average of 1-to-4 million gallons per well, an average frack job in California uses 134,000 gallons of water, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulic-fracturing-water-stress-water-demand-by-the-numbers/view\">report from Ceres\u003c/a>, a sustainability think tank. One acre of almond trees uses six times that amount annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not a lot of water in the big picture,” says Hull. “Companies are looking very diligently at ways to reduce that number. It’s expensive to use freshwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Use Higher in Monterey Shale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Monterey Shale is explored, fracking operations could require more water. In the Rose oil field near Wasco, fracking uses from half a million to a million gallons of water per well, substantially more than other oil fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference has to do with how the wells are drilled. In older fields, wells are drilled directly down. In parts of the Monterey Shale, the well makes a sharp horizontal turn, extending as far as a mile along the layer of rock. Horizontal drilling has become common in other oil and gas formations where fracking is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s fair to say that if this technology that has proved so successful in other parts of the country can be as successful here, that we will see water consumption for hydraulic fracturing going up,” Hull says. “The longer-reach, horizontal wells will use higher volumes of water but you’ll need fewer wells to produce the same amount of oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/iwst_index.html\">permits filed for the first time\u003c/a> this year under new state regulations, oil companies are planning about 250 new fracking jobs as of March that would draw water mostly from local water districts.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-fracking-0328014.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px;padding-right: 60px\">\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Under new rules, California oil companies must alert the state prior to fracking, disclosing the water volume and water source. The data above represents about 250 fracking jobs planned as of March 2014. Overall, the water use is the same as the annual demand of 260 homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the districts, like the Belridge Water Storage District and the West Kern Water District, rely on water from the State Water Project, which is fed through the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">highly-stressed Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. With the lack of rainfall, state officials have warned districts that little to no water will come from the project this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Aera Energy says the company has banked enough water to meet its needs this year. A representative for Chevron says one of their suppliers has imposed water restrictions, but it hasn’t significantly affected their operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers Wary Over Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for higher water use doesn’t sit well with some San Joaquin Valley farmers. “They’re competing for the same water that we’re using for our farms,” says Keith Gardiner. “That’s taken away from the farm fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an added pressure,” says Greg Wegis of Wegis and Young, a farming operation near Bakersfield. “From what I’ve seen, in some of the fracking wells, they’re using 3-to-4 acre-feet per well. That’s not helping the situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a big push to try to figure out how to use some less desirable water that we can’t really farm with,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tensions have been high around Wasco, other parts of the farming community want to see fracking and farming coexist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oil and agriculture are the heartbeat of Kern County’s economy,” said Benjamin McFarland, director of the Kern County Farm Bureau. “In terms of the Monterey Shale development, that’s been a lot of new activity that we haven’t seen in the past on farmland. So there’s been more interaction that requires communication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say expanding fracking would bring jobs to parts of the state with serious unemployment. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://gen.usc.edu/news/monterey-shale.htm\">study from the University of Southern California\u003c/a>, developing the Monterey Shale could produce up to $24 billion in tax revenue and as many as 2.8 million jobs by the end of the decade, though some of those jobs would be temporary. It could also reverse California’s shrinking oil production, which has been on the decline since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15957\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01227.jpg\" alt=\"Almond orchards north of Bakersfield, where fracking has lead to an expansion of oil drilling. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond orchards north of Bakersfield. The drought has lead local farmers to rely heavily on groundwater. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking in Water-Stressed Areas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amounts of water used by the oil industry are still a tiny fraction of what’s used by California agriculture. But some fear there will be a localized impact from fracking, because it happens in some of the most water-stressed parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we combine the fracking and the drought question together, it’s just making a bad situation worse,” says Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist and professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater in the southern San Joaquin Valley has been dramatically over-pumped in the last 50 years, a trend that gets worse during drought years like this one. That pressure comes largely from agriculture, says Famiglietti, but he believes fracking doesn’t help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to decide: is it in our best interest to use those water resources, especially when they’re under stress, for that purpose, even if it means depleting the resources of a small town?” says Famiglietti. “Or do we not want to do that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Recycled Water for Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking traditionally uses freshwater instead of salty or briny water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies generally have easy access to briny water, since it’s produced from the rock formation along with the oil. It generally hasn’t been used for fracking, because the salts could react with chemicals in the fracking fluids, which are added to suspend sand particles in the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly in other parts of the country, oil and gas companies are using recycled water to reduce their freshwater demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s that need for freshwater that had people asking: how do we do this without freshwater?” says Walter Dale, strategic business manager for water solutions for Halliburton. The company runs fracking operations for several oil and gas companies around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About two years ago, we started saying, ‘Look, we don’t need freshwater anymore,’” he says. “We can now make frack fluids out of impaired waters but we just have to change the formulas in the frack fluids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halliburton has started offering its technology last year, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Win5Mr52Aa0\">H20 Forward\u003c/a>. Some companies also treat water from their operations, so it’s fresh enough to use in fracking again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15955\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15955\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/DSC01200.jpg\" alt=\"Oil wells in the Rose oil field near Wasco, California. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil wells in the Rose oil field. The Monterey Shale is two miles below the surface. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our highest levels of interest are in the Permian and the Bakken,” Dale says, mentioning oil fields in Texas and North Dakota. The highest adoption of water recycling is found in Pennsylvania, where water disposal is more expensive. “The Marcellus is probably the leader when it comes to recycling. They do recycle roughly 80 percent of their waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dale says he’s had conversations with some California oil companies, though it’s in early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California actually has the opportunity to look at the lessons learned in the last 4-to-5 years in the industry and implement some of those technologies to begin their field development,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fracking operations in California are already using recycled water, though most use freshwater, according to permits filed with state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oil company, Occidental, says it plans to use recycled water in a handful of fracking wells this year. Representatives from Chevron and Aera Energy say the companies are investigating ways to reduce their reliance on freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the state legislature is turning its attention to water use in all forms around California, including in the oil and gas industry. State Senator Fran Pavley introduced a bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1281\">SB 1281\u003c/a>, that would require oil companies to disclose the amounts of water they use in all operations, not just fracking. (\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: The bill was signed by Governor Brown in September.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\nCalifornia is the third-largest oil producing state in the country. To produce oil, companies deal with massive amounts of water. They need it for hydraulic fracturing, and they produce a lot from underground. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">More in our related story\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Water Usage in the Fracking Process\" src=\"http://publicmedia.psu.edu/kqed/indexV2.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 626px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/water-oil-ratio-CA.jpg\" alt=\"Graphics designed by Penn State Public Media/WPSU\" width=\"626\" height=\"563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphics designed by \u003ca href=\"http://exploreshale.org/\">Penn State Public Media/WPSU\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"headTitle": "Bay Area Cities and Environmentalists Respond to Crude-By-Rail Boom | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More and more crude oil is being transported into California by rail lines, and questions about safety are prompting local governments and environmentalists to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups filed suit yesterday against the Bay Area Air Quality Management District and energy company \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/\">Kinder Morgan\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX investigation\u003c/a> found Kinder Morgan has been unloading trains full of crude in Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Richmond and Berkeley city councils both passed resolutions opposing crude-by-rail projects. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/5723\">Richmond’s\u003c/a> was against the Kinder Morgan operations; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Clerk/City_Council/2014/03_Mar/Documents/2014-03-25_Item_29_Opposition_to_Rail_Transport_of_Hazardous.aspx\">Berkeley’s\u003c/a> against a \u003ca href=\"http://www.phillips66.com/EN/about/our-businesses/refining-marketing/refining/santamaria/Pages/rail-project-information.aspx\">Phillips 66\u003c/a> plan to build a rail terminal at its San Luis Obispo County refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick review of what’s going on with crude-by-rail in the Bay Area, and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil companies want to transport crude oil by train because it’s cheap and (relatively) local.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area refineries mostly get their oil from pipelines and ships, from \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/crude_oil_receipts.html\">Southern California, Alaska and the Middle East\u003c/a>. But there’s an oil boom right now in the middle part of North America. In North Dakota it’s oil coming from the Bakken formation, and in Alberta it’s from the tar sands. Oil companies want to get all that oil to the coasts, where the refineries and most of their customers are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In defense of the projects, oil companies point out that this oil is either from right here in the U.S. or from our friendly neighbor Canada, rather than from overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil imports by rail into California have \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">shot up in recent years\u003c/a>, from zero in early 2009, to more than a million barrels in December 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents of crude-by-rail are concerned about public safety and environmental impacts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e32339a5417a6ad21b6a745149deb72f”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands is heavy and high in sulfur. Environmentalists say it’s “dirty,” that it pollutes more to get it out of the ground and to refine it. So that’s the climate change and air pollution side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the safety concerns are mostly about the oil from the Bakken formation. It’s light and sweet, that is, lower in sulfur. But it’s also volatile. The oil trains that have derailed and exploded recently, including the one in Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, that killed 47 people, were carrying Bakken crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It turns out crude-by-rail was already coming into Richmond.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kinder Morgan has been bringing in 100-car trains of crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/products_pipelines/terminals_W_richmond.cfm\">terminal in Richmond\u003c/a>, which is on the BNSF rail line. \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX followed the oil\u003c/a> as it was loaded into a truck and brought to the \u003ca href=\"http://tsocorp.com/refining/martinez-calif/\">Tesoro refinery in Martinez\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/groups-challenge-crude-by-rail-shipments-to-bay-area-city\">environmental and community groups is suing\u003c/a> the Air District and Kinder Morgan to stop the operation. They say there should have been a full environmental review before bringing in trains full of crude oil. Kinder Morgan was already using the facility to bring in chemicals like ethanol. (The lawsuit is embedded at the bottom of this article.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pittsburgoilprotest.jpg\" alt=\"About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are more crude-by-rail projects on the table in the Bay Area and Central Coast. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to build a crude-by-rail terminal at its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">refinery in Benicia\u003c/a>. The city is working on an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsburg, an energy company called WesPac is trying to open an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">oil terminal\u003c/a> that would bring crude in by rail, pipeline and ship. The city recently reopened that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">environmental impact report\u003c/a>, to do more research on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the Central Coast, the Phillips 66 refinery in San Luis Obispo County has applied to build a rail terminal. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/planning/environmental/EnvironmentalNotices/railproject.htm\">comment period\u003c/a> on that project has also just been reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There has been some progress on making transporting crude oil by train safer.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Transportation Safety Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.ntsb.gov/news/2014/140123.html\">has been asking for safety upgrades\u003c/a> to the tank cars used to transport oil. Those would need to go through the U.S. Department of Transportation; the NTSB can make recommendations, but not regulations. That’s been a slow process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Association of American Railroads has announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.aar.org/newsandevents/Press-Releases/Pages/Freight-Railroads-Join-U-S-Transportation-Secretary-Foxx-in-Announcing-Industry-Crude-By-Rail-Safety-Initiative.aspx#.UzYLfYUXJfQ\">voluntary safety improvements\u003c/a> for crude-by-rail, including more inspections on rail lines, decreased speeds in urban areas and updated brake systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View Crude-By-Rail Lawsuit on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/215141448/Crude-By-Rail-Lawsuit\">Crude-By-Rail Lawsuit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_75730\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/215141448/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/141950402&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/tankcarsrichmond-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tank cars parked in Richmond. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More and more crude oil is being transported into California by rail lines, and questions about safety are prompting local governments and environmentalists to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups filed suit yesterday against the Bay Area Air Quality Management District and energy company \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/\">Kinder Morgan\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX investigation\u003c/a> found Kinder Morgan has been unloading trains full of crude in Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, the Richmond and Berkeley city councils both passed resolutions opposing crude-by-rail projects. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/5723\">Richmond’s\u003c/a> was against the Kinder Morgan operations; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Clerk/City_Council/2014/03_Mar/Documents/2014-03-25_Item_29_Opposition_to_Rail_Transport_of_Hazardous.aspx\">Berkeley’s\u003c/a> against a \u003ca href=\"http://www.phillips66.com/EN/about/our-businesses/refining-marketing/refining/santamaria/Pages/rail-project-information.aspx\">Phillips 66\u003c/a> plan to build a rail terminal at its San Luis Obispo County refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick review of what’s going on with crude-by-rail in the Bay Area, and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil companies want to transport crude oil by train because it’s cheap and (relatively) local.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area refineries mostly get their oil from pipelines and ships, from \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/crude_oil_receipts.html\">Southern California, Alaska and the Middle East\u003c/a>. But there’s an oil boom right now in the middle part of North America. In North Dakota it’s oil coming from the Bakken formation, and in Alberta it’s from the tar sands. Oil companies want to get all that oil to the coasts, where the refineries and most of their customers are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In defense of the projects, oil companies point out that this oil is either from right here in the U.S. or from our friendly neighbor Canada, rather than from overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil imports by rail into California have \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/petroleum/statistics/2013_crude_by_rail.html\">shot up in recent years\u003c/a>, from zero in early 2009, to more than a million barrels in December 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents of crude-by-rail are concerned about public safety and environmental impacts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands is heavy and high in sulfur. Environmentalists say it’s “dirty,” that it pollutes more to get it out of the ground and to refine it. So that’s the climate change and air pollution side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the safety concerns are mostly about the oil from the Bakken formation. It’s light and sweet, that is, lower in sulfur. But it’s also volatile. The oil trains that have derailed and exploded recently, including the one in Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, that killed 47 people, were carrying Bakken crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It turns out crude-by-rail was already coming into Richmond.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kinder Morgan has been bringing in 100-car trains of crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/products_pipelines/terminals_W_richmond.cfm\">terminal in Richmond\u003c/a>, which is on the BNSF rail line. \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/03/14/trains-carrying-fracked-oil-spotted-in-bay-area/\">KPIX followed the oil\u003c/a> as it was loaded into a truck and brought to the \u003ca href=\"http://tsocorp.com/refining/martinez-calif/\">Tesoro refinery in Martinez\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2014/groups-challenge-crude-by-rail-shipments-to-bay-area-city\">environmental and community groups is suing\u003c/a> the Air District and Kinder Morgan to stop the operation. They say there should have been a full environmental review before bringing in trains full of crude oil. Kinder Morgan was already using the facility to bring in chemicals like ethanol. (The lawsuit is embedded at the bottom of this article.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/pittsburgoilprotest.jpg\" alt=\"About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About 150 people marched to Pittsburg city hall on January 11, protesting a proposed oil terminal. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are more crude-by-rail projects on the table in the Bay Area and Central Coast. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to build a crude-by-rail terminal at its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">refinery in Benicia\u003c/a>. The city is working on an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7BC45EA667-8D39-4B30-87EB-9110A2F9CE13%7D\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsburg, an energy company called WesPac is trying to open an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/bay-area-residents-resist-crude-by-rail-as-accidents-rise/\">oil terminal\u003c/a> that would bring crude in by rail, pipeline and ship. The city recently reopened that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/index.aspx?page=700\">environmental impact report\u003c/a>, to do more research on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the Central Coast, the Phillips 66 refinery in San Luis Obispo County has applied to build a rail terminal. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/planning/environmental/EnvironmentalNotices/railproject.htm\">comment period\u003c/a> on that project has also just been reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There has been some progress on making transporting crude oil by train safer.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Transportation Safety Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.ntsb.gov/news/2014/140123.html\">has been asking for safety upgrades\u003c/a> to the tank cars used to transport oil. Those would need to go through the U.S. Department of Transportation; the NTSB can make recommendations, but not regulations. That’s been a slow process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Association of American Railroads has announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.aar.org/newsandevents/Press-Releases/Pages/Freight-Railroads-Join-U-S-Transportation-Secretary-Foxx-in-Announcing-Industry-Crude-By-Rail-Safety-Initiative.aspx#.UzYLfYUXJfQ\">voluntary safety improvements\u003c/a> for crude-by-rail, including more inspections on rail lines, decreased speeds in urban areas and updated brake systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View Crude-By-Rail Lawsuit on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/215141448/Crude-By-Rail-Lawsuit\">Crude-By-Rail Lawsuit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_75730\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/215141448/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/141950402&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Anza-Borrego, a Park Dealing With a Drought on Top of a Drought",
"title": "Anza-Borrego, a Park Dealing With a Drought on Top of a Drought",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lisa Morehouse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_130894\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/anza-borrego2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-130894\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/anza-borrego2-640x398.jpg\" alt=\" A dry, windy afternoon in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"398\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dry, windy afternoon in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A desert is, by definition, dry. But even a desert can have a drought, complete with impacts for native flora and fauna on the one hand and for the humans who live and visit on the other. \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=638\" target=\"_blank\">Anza-Borrego Desert State Park\u003c/a>, California's biggest state park by far, is in the third straight year of drier-than-usual weather. The long dry spell has had a visible impact. The lack of rain \u003ca href=\"http://www.desertusa.com/wildflo/ca_abdsp.html\" target=\"_blank\">has muted Anza-Borrego's wildflower bloom\u003c/a>, the one event every year that brings a crowd of visitors to the community of Borrego Springs and other desert destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decline in visitors has created challenges for local businesses. But as I found during a February visit, it's also prompted the people who really know and love Anza-Borrego to send out the message that there’s a lot more to do here than drive through the desert and look at wildflowers through car windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Park supporters work to get visitors to look beyond the wildflowers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Paige Rogowski, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://theabf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">the Anza-Borrego Foundation\u003c/a>, says she’s targeting a different kind of visitor: \"The people who are interested in learning what’s underneath this rock. How does this plant work here in the desert when it’s so dry? Or where can I find a bighorn sheep? And how do they live on the rocky slopes of the mountains?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to attract visitors to more fully explore the park's nearly 650,000 acres — an area roughly 20 times the size of San Francisco, more than double the size of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everyone has to think of creative ways to get people to visit town when wildflowers are not in bloom,\" Rogowski says. \"Astronomy is a perfect example. Borrego Springs is a '\u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/assets/documents/PR/2009/PR_BorregoSprings.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">dark sky community\u003c/a>' certified by International Dark Sky association. That means we have some tremendously beautiful night-sky viewing. That’s a resource we promote regardless of wildflowers or time of year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anza-Borrego is also suffering from another kind of drought — the long-term reduction in public funding that has afflicted the entire park system, which led state officials to make plans three years ago to close as many as 70 parks and curtail services in many others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_130910\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-130910 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/AnzaVolunteer-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Anza-Borrego Desert State Park volunteer Karin Vickars. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anza-Borrego Desert State Park volunteer Karin Vickars. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Anza-Borrego Foundation is one of the many private nonprofit groups around the state that stepped in to help keep parks running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We fund where the state budget doesn’t, as best we can,\" Rogowski says. \"One of the things we’re doing this year, and the last few years, is to fund positions at the state park visitor center to keep it open open throughout the season, seven days a week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation has been at work for nearly half a century on a much bigger project, too — completing acquisition of private land within the state park's boundaries. When the group was formed in 1967, the park encompassed about 75,000 acres of the so-called in-holdings. It's managed to raise funds for and buy about 52,000 acres of that land and turn it over to the state park. That's more land for everyone in the state to enjoy, Rogowski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent purchase provided legal access to a part of Anza-Borrego, Coyote Canyon, that was virtually cut off from the rest of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Believe it or not, the park didn’t have access to its own park from the town of Borrego Springs,\" Rogowski says. \"So, by purchasing that land, we were able to provide a road into Coyote Canyon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Away from Borrego Springs, I toured the park with Ranger Steve Bier, who revels in showing visitors some of his favorite spots in the backcountry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are so many directions this place can take, the wildflowers kind of take a back seat when you get immersed in Anza-Borrego,\" Bier says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_130916\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-130916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BierSlotCanyon1-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Ranger Steve Bier stands at the entrance to The Slot, a narrow canyon in the Anza-Borrego backlands. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED).\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ranger Steve Bier stands at the entrance to The Slot, a narrow canyon in the Anza-Borrego backlands. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Full immersion involves a trip to an \"Oh, my God!\" overview of the park's badlands and a visit to The Slot, a canyon whose 40-foot walls are so close together I can just barely squeeze through. Way above our heads, a block of rock the size of a school bus leans precariously from one side of the canyon to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met a Bay Area park visitor, Barbara Kossy, as she prepared to embark on a hike in the park's Hellhole Canyon. She says she had a pang of disappointment when she realized there’d be no wildflowers during her visit. But, she says that's turned her on to other things happening in the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she was seeing lots of other plants in bloom and reading about how, in an effort to survive drought, some plants will drop their seeds, creating a seed bank just waiting for the right conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And when those conditions come, 'Boom!' Then they’ll bloom,\" Kossy says. \"So I’m happy to be here and see the plants, knowing that if they’re not in bloom, they’re waiting. And that’s important, and maybe a lesson.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lesson, perhaps, to be a little patient, and look for what may not be obvious in this austere landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/141944448&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Funds for coverage of California state parks is provided by the S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lisa Morehouse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_130894\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/anza-borrego2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-130894\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/anza-borrego2-640x398.jpg\" alt=\" A dry, windy afternoon in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"398\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dry, windy afternoon in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A desert is, by definition, dry. But even a desert can have a drought, complete with impacts for native flora and fauna on the one hand and for the humans who live and visit on the other. \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=638\" target=\"_blank\">Anza-Borrego Desert State Park\u003c/a>, California's biggest state park by far, is in the third straight year of drier-than-usual weather. The long dry spell has had a visible impact. The lack of rain \u003ca href=\"http://www.desertusa.com/wildflo/ca_abdsp.html\" target=\"_blank\">has muted Anza-Borrego's wildflower bloom\u003c/a>, the one event every year that brings a crowd of visitors to the community of Borrego Springs and other desert destinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decline in visitors has created challenges for local businesses. But as I found during a February visit, it's also prompted the people who really know and love Anza-Borrego to send out the message that there’s a lot more to do here than drive through the desert and look at wildflowers through car windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Park supporters work to get visitors to look beyond the wildflowers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Paige Rogowski, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://theabf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">the Anza-Borrego Foundation\u003c/a>, says she’s targeting a different kind of visitor: \"The people who are interested in learning what’s underneath this rock. How does this plant work here in the desert when it’s so dry? Or where can I find a bighorn sheep? And how do they live on the rocky slopes of the mountains?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to attract visitors to more fully explore the park's nearly 650,000 acres — an area roughly 20 times the size of San Francisco, more than double the size of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everyone has to think of creative ways to get people to visit town when wildflowers are not in bloom,\" Rogowski says. \"Astronomy is a perfect example. Borrego Springs is a '\u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/assets/documents/PR/2009/PR_BorregoSprings.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">dark sky community\u003c/a>' certified by International Dark Sky association. That means we have some tremendously beautiful night-sky viewing. That’s a resource we promote regardless of wildflowers or time of year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anza-Borrego is also suffering from another kind of drought — the long-term reduction in public funding that has afflicted the entire park system, which led state officials to make plans three years ago to close as many as 70 parks and curtail services in many others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_130910\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-130910 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/AnzaVolunteer-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Anza-Borrego Desert State Park volunteer Karin Vickars. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anza-Borrego Desert State Park volunteer Karin Vickars. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Anza-Borrego Foundation is one of the many private nonprofit groups around the state that stepped in to help keep parks running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We fund where the state budget doesn’t, as best we can,\" Rogowski says. \"One of the things we’re doing this year, and the last few years, is to fund positions at the state park visitor center to keep it open open throughout the season, seven days a week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation has been at work for nearly half a century on a much bigger project, too — completing acquisition of private land within the state park's boundaries. When the group was formed in 1967, the park encompassed about 75,000 acres of the so-called in-holdings. It's managed to raise funds for and buy about 52,000 acres of that land and turn it over to the state park. That's more land for everyone in the state to enjoy, Rogowski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent purchase provided legal access to a part of Anza-Borrego, Coyote Canyon, that was virtually cut off from the rest of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Believe it or not, the park didn’t have access to its own park from the town of Borrego Springs,\" Rogowski says. \"So, by purchasing that land, we were able to provide a road into Coyote Canyon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Away from Borrego Springs, I toured the park with Ranger Steve Bier, who revels in showing visitors some of his favorite spots in the backcountry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are so many directions this place can take, the wildflowers kind of take a back seat when you get immersed in Anza-Borrego,\" Bier says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_130916\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-130916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BierSlotCanyon1-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Ranger Steve Bier stands at the entrance to The Slot, a narrow canyon in the Anza-Borrego backlands. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED).\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ranger Steve Bier stands at the entrance to The Slot, a narrow canyon in the Anza-Borrego backlands. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Full immersion involves a trip to an \"Oh, my God!\" overview of the park's badlands and a visit to The Slot, a canyon whose 40-foot walls are so close together I can just barely squeeze through. Way above our heads, a block of rock the size of a school bus leans precariously from one side of the canyon to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met a Bay Area park visitor, Barbara Kossy, as she prepared to embark on a hike in the park's Hellhole Canyon. She says she had a pang of disappointment when she realized there’d be no wildflowers during her visit. But, she says that's turned her on to other things happening in the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she was seeing lots of other plants in bloom and reading about how, in an effort to survive drought, some plants will drop their seeds, creating a seed bank just waiting for the right conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And when those conditions come, 'Boom!' Then they’ll bloom,\" Kossy says. \"So I’m happy to be here and see the plants, knowing that if they’re not in bloom, they’re waiting. And that’s important, and maybe a lesson.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lesson, perhaps, to be a little patient, and look for what may not be obvious in this austere landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/141944448&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Funds for coverage of California state parks is provided by the S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "news-pix-leland-yee-bioblitz-salmon-and-a-magical-misfit-marriage",
"title": "News Pix: Leland Yee, BioBlitz, Salmon and a 'Magical Misfit Marriage'",
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"headTitle": "News Pix: Leland Yee, BioBlitz, Salmon and a ‘Magical Misfit Marriage’ | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/LeelandYee.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-130744\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/LeelandYee-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"State Senator Leland Yee. NYTCREDIT: Adithya Sambamurthy/The Bay Citizen\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOn Wednesday, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/26/a-reporters-guide-to-affidavit-on-leland-yee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FBI arrested San Francisco state Sen. Leland Yee\u003c/a> on charges he accepted payment for granting favors and was involved in an arms-trafficking scheme. On Thursday, Yee quit the race for secretary of state. (Adithya Sambamurthy/The Center for Investigative Reporting)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/9457_transform.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-130745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/9457_transform-640x449.jpg\" alt=\"9457_transform\" width=\"640\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nScientists, students and volunteers are descending on the Golden Gate National Recreation Area on Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It’s part of an \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/03/27/bioblitz-a-24-hour-quest-to-count-plants-and-animals-in-the-golden-gate-national-parks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">event called a BioBlitz\u003c/a>. The goal is to transform park visitors into citizen scientists, as they help document the park’s biodiversity. (Andy H./Flickr)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/salmon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-130746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/salmon-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe drought has forced federal wildlife officials to truck juvenile chinook salmon from the Coleman National Fish Hatchery, near Red Bluff, to the Delta. The salmon lift began \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/27/video-baby-salmon-trucked-to-delta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earlier this week\u003c/a>, with tankers carrying the fish down the Sacramento Valley to the Delta town of Rio Vista. Hatchery officials say they’re likely to truck all 12 million of Coleman’s fall-run chinook, and about 18 million more from state facilities, by the time the operation is over in June. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/telegraphcleanup.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-130747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/telegraphcleanup-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"telegraphcleanup\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nNeon-clad “ambassadors” are working to paint over graffiti, power-wash streets and sweep sidewalks along Telegraph Avenue in the latest attempt to \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/03/25/telegraph-clean-up/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">revitalize a business district that has seen better days\u003c/a>. Telegraph — cherished by some for its political history and quirky institutions and avoided by others for its large transient population and public drug use — has faced steep declines in sales tax revenue over the past several years. (Ted Friedman/\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/Ira.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-130748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/Ira-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ira\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nRadio meets dance at Zellerbach Hall in Berkeley on Saturday. The talky talent of Ira Glass, creator of public radio’s “This American Life,” merges with the performance of dancers Monica Bill Barnes and Anna Bass to create what Berkeleyside describes as \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/03/25/magical-misfit-marriage-of-ira-glass-and-dance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a magical, misfit marriage\u003c/a>. (David Bazemore/\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/LeelandYee.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-130744\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/LeelandYee-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"State Senator Leland Yee. NYTCREDIT: Adithya Sambamurthy/The Bay Citizen\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOn Wednesday, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/26/a-reporters-guide-to-affidavit-on-leland-yee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FBI arrested San Francisco state Sen. Leland Yee\u003c/a> on charges he accepted payment for granting favors and was involved in an arms-trafficking scheme. On Thursday, Yee quit the race for secretary of state. (Adithya Sambamurthy/The Center for Investigative Reporting)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/9457_transform.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-130745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/9457_transform-640x449.jpg\" alt=\"9457_transform\" width=\"640\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nScientists, students and volunteers are descending on the Golden Gate National Recreation Area on Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It’s part of an \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/03/27/bioblitz-a-24-hour-quest-to-count-plants-and-animals-in-the-golden-gate-national-parks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">event called a BioBlitz\u003c/a>. The goal is to transform park visitors into citizen scientists, as they help document the park’s biodiversity. (Andy H./Flickr)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/salmon.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-130746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/salmon-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe drought has forced federal wildlife officials to truck juvenile chinook salmon from the Coleman National Fish Hatchery, near Red Bluff, to the Delta. The salmon lift began \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/27/video-baby-salmon-trucked-to-delta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earlier this week\u003c/a>, with tankers carrying the fish down the Sacramento Valley to the Delta town of Rio Vista. Hatchery officials say they’re likely to truck all 12 million of Coleman’s fall-run chinook, and about 18 million more from state facilities, by the time the operation is over in June. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_130769\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS8399_465639979-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-130769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS8399_465639979-lpr-640x412.jpg\" alt=\"A small pool of water is surrounded by dried and cracked earth that was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose in late January. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"412\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small pool of water is surrounded by dried and cracked earth that was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir in San Jose in late January. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Almost all of the state's residents have cut their water use because of the drought, half of likely voters will support an $11.1 billion bond for state water projects and a record-high share of Californians, 55 percent, say the water supply is a big problem where they live.\u003cbr>\nThese were among the highlights of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/survey/S_314MBS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">a statewide survey by the Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, released Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Legislature is considering several new water bond measures for the November ballot, all of them pared back from $the 11.1 billion proposal, which has been pulled from the ballot twice because of the state's fiscal problems. The revised bond measures are more limited than the expansive 2010 measure and would cost less, with proposals ranging from $5 billion to $9 billion. The PPIC survey found that support for a water bond would increase to 59 percent of likely voters if the measure was for a lower amount. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other key findings from the poll, based on a phone survey of 1,702 adults in California interviewed from March 11-18 in English or Spanish: Most people believe the gap between the rich and poor is growing; a record-high 65 percent of residents say immigrants are a benefit to the state rather than a burden; a slim majority support high-speed rail; 75 percent of the uninsured say they'll get health insurance by the deadline while 21 percent will stay uninsured; and 63 percent favor raising income taxes for the rich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also found that 53 percent of likely voters support legalization of marijuana. A record 60 percent of respondents say they pay more taxes than they should. Fifty-six percent believe the government doesn't do enough to regulate access to guns, while 37 percent say it goes too far in terms of restricting citizens' rights to own guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-nine percent of respondents say the government shouldn't interfere with access to abortion; 55 percent say stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama's approval rating was 52 percent, while Congress got only an abysmal 19 percent. Forty-nine percent of likely voters like how Gov. Jerry Brown is handling his job, lower than the 58 percent rating he got in January. With the primary only three months away, 47 percent of likely voters picked Brown, 10 percent chose Republican Tim Donnelly, and 2 percent apiece selected Neel Kaskari or Andrew Blount.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_130739\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/104424494.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-130739\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/104424494-640x430.jpg\" alt=\"Workers survey burned homes near the epicenter of the September 2010 gas line explosion in San Bruno. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers survey burned homes near the epicenter of the September 2010 gas line explosion in San Bruno. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas & Electric Co. indicated it expects to face criminal charges for its role in the September 2010 pipeline blast in San Bruno that killed eight people, injured dozens more and destroyed 38 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E Corp. and its subsidiary filed a disclosure document today with the Securities and Exchange Commission saying that it is anticipating these charges. It also reported that it has been negotiating with the U.S. Attorney's Office in an attempt to resolve the federal investigation of the blast, which occurred on the early evening of Sept. 9, 2010, and engulfed the residential Crestmoor neighborhood in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the ongoing discussions, PG&E said it believes the U.S. Attorney will charge that the utility's past operating practices violated the federal Pipeline Safety Act in such areas as pipeline integrity management, recordkeeping and identification of pipeline threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E Chairman and CEO Tony Earley, who was brought in to lead PG&E in 2011 after the San Bruno accident, said in a statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"San Bruno was a tragic accident that caused a great deal of pain for many people. We’re accountable for that and make no excuses. Most of all, we are deeply sorry. We have worked hard to do the right thing for victims, their families and the community, and we will continue to do so. We’ve learned the tragic lesson of San Bruno that safety must always come first. Toward this end, we’ve implemented enormous change here at PG&E. We’re working to transform this 100-plus-year-old natural gas system into the safest and most reliable in America. In support of this, we’ve committed $2.7 billion of shareholders’ money to date and we’re making excellent operational progress. We have more work to do and we intend to do it right.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>PG&E said it believes that criminal charges are not merited and that PG&E employees did not intentionally violate the federal Pipeline Safety Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The company believes that, even where mistakes were made, employees were acting in good faith to provide customers with safe, reliable, affordable, clean energy,\" the utility said. \"The company pledged to maintain its strong focus on safety during what is expected to be a lengthy legal process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An August 2011 report by the National Transportation Safety Board resoundingly blamed PG&E for the blast, citing \"baffling\" mistakes, sloppy oversight and a \"litany of failures,\" including the fact that the utility didn't shut off the gas pouring out of the broken pipeline for almost 95 minutes. The NTSB report found more than 100 violations by the company, some of them decades old.[contextly_sidebar id=\"7469262357c3084a92c70832fe21207e\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its statement, PG&E touted the actions the company has taken since the blast, including replacing 127 miles of pipeline, completing nine of the 12 safety recommendations made by the NTSB, installing 134 automated valves on gas transmission pipelines and opening a state-of-the-art gas control center in August 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E also noted that it has settled claims amounting to nearly $500 million with the victims and families of the San Bruno accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_130739\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/104424494.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-130739\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/104424494-640x430.jpg\" alt=\"Workers survey burned homes near the epicenter of the September 2010 gas line explosion in San Bruno. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers survey burned homes near the epicenter of the September 2010 gas line explosion in San Bruno. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pacific Gas & Electric Co. indicated it expects to face criminal charges for its role in the September 2010 pipeline blast in San Bruno that killed eight people, injured dozens more and destroyed 38 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E Corp. and its subsidiary filed a disclosure document today with the Securities and Exchange Commission saying that it is anticipating these charges. It also reported that it has been negotiating with the U.S. Attorney's Office in an attempt to resolve the federal investigation of the blast, which occurred on the early evening of Sept. 9, 2010, and engulfed the residential Crestmoor neighborhood in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the ongoing discussions, PG&E said it believes the U.S. Attorney will charge that the utility's past operating practices violated the federal Pipeline Safety Act in such areas as pipeline integrity management, recordkeeping and identification of pipeline threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E Chairman and CEO Tony Earley, who was brought in to lead PG&E in 2011 after the San Bruno accident, said in a statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"San Bruno was a tragic accident that caused a great deal of pain for many people. We’re accountable for that and make no excuses. Most of all, we are deeply sorry. We have worked hard to do the right thing for victims, their families and the community, and we will continue to do so. We’ve learned the tragic lesson of San Bruno that safety must always come first. Toward this end, we’ve implemented enormous change here at PG&E. We’re working to transform this 100-plus-year-old natural gas system into the safest and most reliable in America. In support of this, we’ve committed $2.7 billion of shareholders’ money to date and we’re making excellent operational progress. We have more work to do and we intend to do it right.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>PG&E said it believes that criminal charges are not merited and that PG&E employees did not intentionally violate the federal Pipeline Safety Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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