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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16457\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/6501scr_74e0f2dda29239a.jpg\" alt=\"Flames from the Rim Fire consume trees on August 25, 2013 near Groveland, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flames from the Rim Fire consume trees on August 25, 2013 near Groveland, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevada.ca.gov/our-work/mokelumne-watershed-analysis/macafullreport\">new study\u003c/a> from the U. S. Forest Service and two environmental groups finds that investing in forest management could shrink the size of wildfires and save California hundreds of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a classic case of pay me now, or pay me a lot more later when the big fires occur,” says David Edelson, the Sierra Nevada Project Director at The Nature Conservancy and a primary author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We are in a negative feedback loop, and we’ve gotta stop doing that.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Scientists from The Nature Conservancy, the Sierra Nevada Conservancy and the Forest Service concluded that forest management can save two to three times what it costs to fight and clean up after fires, and shrink the size and intensity of fires up to 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report recommends two steps to manage forests: Thin the undergrowth by cutting down smaller trees so they won’t be able to carry the fire up into the canopy; and conduct prescribed burns to clear the underbrush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By having frequent low-severity fires the underbrush and small trees cleared out, and the risk of these kinds of destructive megafires was much lower,” says Edelson. “Currently, we’re robbing Peter to pay Paul. When there’s a huge fire, we take the money away from the pots that are used to reduce wildfire risk. We are in a negative feedback loop, and we’ve gotta stop doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest costs of a wildfire come from damage to homes and buildings, clean-up after the fire and the massive amount of carbon dioxide released during the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdl id=\"attachment_16433\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 898px\">\n\u003cdd class=\"wp-caption-dd\">Total Costs and Benefits for Fuel Treatment Scenarios\u003c/dd>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16433\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 888px\">\u003ca style=\"background-color: #f3f3f3;text-align: center\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/firechartbig.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/firechartbig.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"888\" height=\"385\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This chart, taken from the report, compares the cost of a fuel treatment program with the money saved by preventing large wildfires, over a 30-year period. The “low” and “high” columns reflect the range of savings.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study drew on 30 years of fire data from the Mokelumne River watershed, an area researchers said is representative of watersheds across the Sierra Nevada. Based on that history, they forecasted the rate and intensity of fires over the next 30 years under two scenarios: with forest management and without it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current drought is drying out soils and leaving trees weakened, conditions that are conducive to megafires, say scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An event such as the Rim Fire would be more likely in these drought condition years because they are more conducive to intense burning,” says Phil Bowden, the Regional Fuels Program Manager for the U. S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">Fire scientists say\u003c/a> a lack of funding combined with a century of fire suppression has left a massive load of undergrowth in the state’s forests. Right now, the U.S. Forest Service takes fire prevention measures on about 150,000 acres of national park land in California each year; its goal is to raise that to 500,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue has long been on the agenda at the national level, as well. On April 10, the Obama administration released the \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/news/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=526008\">National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy\u003c/a>, which focuses on fire prevention. For a quick breakdown of its recommendations, check out this Grist \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/news/climate-change-just-reshaped-americas-wildfire-strategy/\">article\u003c/a> by John Upton.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16457\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/6501scr_74e0f2dda29239a.jpg\" alt=\"Flames from the Rim Fire consume trees on August 25, 2013 near Groveland, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flames from the Rim Fire consume trees on August 25, 2013 near Groveland, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevada.ca.gov/our-work/mokelumne-watershed-analysis/macafullreport\">new study\u003c/a> from the U. S. Forest Service and two environmental groups finds that investing in forest management could shrink the size of wildfires and save California hundreds of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a classic case of pay me now, or pay me a lot more later when the big fires occur,” says David Edelson, the Sierra Nevada Project Director at The Nature Conservancy and a primary author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We are in a negative feedback loop, and we’ve gotta stop doing that.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Scientists from The Nature Conservancy, the Sierra Nevada Conservancy and the Forest Service concluded that forest management can save two to three times what it costs to fight and clean up after fires, and shrink the size and intensity of fires up to 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report recommends two steps to manage forests: Thin the undergrowth by cutting down smaller trees so they won’t be able to carry the fire up into the canopy; and conduct prescribed burns to clear the underbrush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By having frequent low-severity fires the underbrush and small trees cleared out, and the risk of these kinds of destructive megafires was much lower,” says Edelson. “Currently, we’re robbing Peter to pay Paul. When there’s a huge fire, we take the money away from the pots that are used to reduce wildfire risk. We are in a negative feedback loop, and we’ve gotta stop doing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest costs of a wildfire come from damage to homes and buildings, clean-up after the fire and the massive amount of carbon dioxide released during the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdl id=\"attachment_16433\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 898px\">\n\u003cdd class=\"wp-caption-dd\">Total Costs and Benefits for Fuel Treatment Scenarios\u003c/dd>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16433\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 888px\">\u003ca style=\"background-color: #f3f3f3;text-align: center\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/firechartbig.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/firechartbig.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"888\" height=\"385\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This chart, taken from the report, compares the cost of a fuel treatment program with the money saved by preventing large wildfires, over a 30-year period. The “low” and “high” columns reflect the range of savings.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study drew on 30 years of fire data from the Mokelumne River watershed, an area researchers said is representative of watersheds across the Sierra Nevada. Based on that history, they forecasted the rate and intensity of fires over the next 30 years under two scenarios: with forest management and without it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current drought is drying out soils and leaving trees weakened, conditions that are conducive to megafires, say scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An event such as the Rim Fire would be more likely in these drought condition years because they are more conducive to intense burning,” says Phil Bowden, the Regional Fuels Program Manager for the U. S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">Fire scientists say\u003c/a> a lack of funding combined with a century of fire suppression has left a massive load of undergrowth in the state’s forests. Right now, the U.S. Forest Service takes fire prevention measures on about 150,000 acres of national park land in California each year; its goal is to raise that to 500,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue has long been on the agenda at the national level, as well. On April 10, the Obama administration released the \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/news/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=526008\">National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy\u003c/a>, which focuses on fire prevention. For a quick breakdown of its recommendations, check out this Grist \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/news/climate-change-just-reshaped-americas-wildfire-strategy/\">article\u003c/a> by John Upton.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "News Pix: Drought Update, Oakland Skaters Go Rogue and Victims' Rights Week",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/slaughterhouse.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-132327\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/slaughterhouse-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"slaughterhouse\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBill Niman is fighting to save his company, BN Ranch, which stands to lose nearly $400,000 from a massive beef recall at a Petaluma slaughterhouse. Niman and others have said his meat is safe. The troubled slaughterhouse \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/07/rancho-feeding-corp-reopens-under-new-management\" target=\"_blank\">began operations\u003c/a> this week under the aegis of Marin Sun Farms, a San Francisco-based boutique meat producer. (Mina Kim/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/droughtslides/droughtsliders.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Oroville is the main reservoir for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\">State Water Project\u003c/a> and the second-largest California reservoir after Lake Shasta. Watch how the water levels rose and fell over the last year to get a sense of California's drought over time. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/tcDGHeWk15s?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you bike around Alamo Square, stroll through Chinatown, hit tennis balls in Hayes Valley or enjoy a car-less commute, you already know what a new report by \u003ca href=\"http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/measuring-sprawl\" target=\"_blank\">Smart Growth America\u003c/a> confirms: The Bay Area’s density correlates with better health indicators, more economic mobility and fewer transportation costs. (Jeremy Raff/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/skatepark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-132328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/skatepark-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"skatepark\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA group of skaters built a skate park where Ninth Street dead-ends into the I-880 freeway in West Oakland. The area used to be blighted by trash dumping and other dangerous activity. The skaters built the park without the permission of the city and without documentation, such as a formal lease or insurance. Now Oakland says skateboarders must stop using the skate park immediately if the park is to have any chance of gaining legal status in the future. (Andrew Stelzer/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/victims-day.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-132329\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/victims-day-640x449.jpg\" alt=\"victims day\" width=\"640\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nVictims and families from across the state celebrated National Crime Victims' Rights Week with a march in Sacramento on Tuesday, April 8. Gov. Jerry Brown also attended the event, giving a speech in which he avoided \"tough on crime\" rhetoric. New research out of UC Berkeley's Warren Institute suggests that current public safety policy is failing to help California's most frequent crime victims - low-income African-American and Latino youths. Many victims in those demographic groups are repeatedly targeted, but do not access recovery services. (Kathryn Hunts/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/slaughterhouse.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-132327\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/slaughterhouse-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"slaughterhouse\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBill Niman is fighting to save his company, BN Ranch, which stands to lose nearly $400,000 from a massive beef recall at a Petaluma slaughterhouse. Niman and others have said his meat is safe. The troubled slaughterhouse \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/07/rancho-feeding-corp-reopens-under-new-management\" target=\"_blank\">began operations\u003c/a> this week under the aegis of Marin Sun Farms, a San Francisco-based boutique meat producer. (Mina Kim/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/droughtslides/droughtsliders.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Oroville is the main reservoir for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\">State Water Project\u003c/a> and the second-largest California reservoir after Lake Shasta. Watch how the water levels rose and fell over the last year to get a sense of California's drought over time. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/tcDGHeWk15s?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you bike around Alamo Square, stroll through Chinatown, hit tennis balls in Hayes Valley or enjoy a car-less commute, you already know what a new report by \u003ca href=\"http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/measuring-sprawl\" target=\"_blank\">Smart Growth America\u003c/a> confirms: The Bay Area’s density correlates with better health indicators, more economic mobility and fewer transportation costs. (Jeremy Raff/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/skatepark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-132328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/skatepark-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"skatepark\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA group of skaters built a skate park where Ninth Street dead-ends into the I-880 freeway in West Oakland. The area used to be blighted by trash dumping and other dangerous activity. The skaters built the park without the permission of the city and without documentation, such as a formal lease or insurance. Now Oakland says skateboarders must stop using the skate park immediately if the park is to have any chance of gaining legal status in the future. (Andrew Stelzer/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/victims-day.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-132329\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/victims-day-640x449.jpg\" alt=\"victims day\" width=\"640\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nVictims and families from across the state celebrated National Crime Victims' Rights Week with a march in Sacramento on Tuesday, April 8. Gov. Jerry Brown also attended the event, giving a speech in which he avoided \"tough on crime\" rhetoric. New research out of UC Berkeley's Warren Institute suggests that current public safety policy is failing to help California's most frequent crime victims - low-income African-American and Latino youths. Many victims in those demographic groups are repeatedly targeted, but do not access recovery services. (Kathryn Hunts/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Drought Snapshot: Lake Oroville Revisited",
"title": "California Drought Snapshot: Lake Oroville Revisited",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/13674395353_87807eebeb_o-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-132206\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/13674395353_87807eebeb_o-1-640x441.jpg\" alt=\"View across the mini-terraces on what is often a slope beneath the surface of Lake Oroville. The terraces are formed by lapping water as the surface level changes. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View across the mini-terraces on what is often a slope beneath the surface of Lake Oroville. The terraces are formed by lapping water as the surface level changes. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A little more than a year ago, I went car camping to the very nice Loafer Creek Campground at Lake Oroville State Recreation Area. The lake, the main reservoir for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\">State Water Project\u003c/a> and the second-largest California reservoir after Lake Shasta, was about 85 percent full at the time. If you were following the vagaries of the state's 2012-13 water season, you might have been a little troubled by the fact the rains had virtually ceased after the turn of the new year. What wasn't apparent during that March 27, 2013, visit to Lake Oroville was that the rains wouldn't return in the fall either, and that the lake would fall to just one-third full by January — low in any season, but especially alarming in that the reservoir levels here and virtually everywhere else across the state continued to decline at a time when they'd usually be filling up with runoff from fall and early-winter storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I drove back up to the lake on Jan. 18, the day the reservoir reached its lowest point during the current water year (which for the state Department of Water Resources runs from Oct. 1 through Sept. 30). The difference in the lake's appearance was dramatic. But when seasonal rains finally returned in early February, the lake began to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way of measuring lake level is the height of the lake surface above sea level. When full, \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/facilities/Oroville/LakeDam.cfm\">Lake Oroville's surface is 900 feet above sea level\u003c/a>. When I visited in March 2013, the surface level was 860 feet; when I went back in January, it stood at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=01-Feb-2014+12:21&span=32days\">701 feet\u003c/a>. The lake's surface elevation is now at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=ORO&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\">762 feet\u003c/a> and rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"e17b60d3144582b0df8d5288e3acc9d7\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last weekend, I went back up to Oroville to take a look and take a new set of pictures to show the change since January. My impressions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I suppose this is a \"glass half-full/half-empty\" exercise on a grand scale, especially since the lake is at almost exactly 50 percent of its total capacity right now. On the one hand, the lake is up 61 feet from the last time I saw it and has added about 40 percent to its storage -- it's added about 500,000 acre-feet since January, enough water for about 1 million California households. More water is coming, too: Even though the forecast for the next couple of weeks and beyond looks pretty dry, and even though we're nearing the tail end of the rainy season, the snowpack will start to melt and run down the branches of the Feather River that flow into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/droughtslides/droughtsliders.html\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conventional wisdom is that half of the state's stored water is captured in the Sierra snows that wind up in streams, rivers and reservoirs. One slice of Lake Oroville history shows how dramatic an impact the snowpack can have:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier-than-normal water years in 2007-08 and 2008-09 reduced the reservoir's long-term storage, and after a dry start to the 2009-10 season, Lake Oroville's levels fell to a shade more than 1 million acre-feet, less than 30 percent of capacity, and lowered the surface to \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=10-Jan-2010+08:57&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\">665 feet above sea level by early January 2010\u003c/a>; that's about 20 percent less water and about 36 feet lower than the level we saw this past January. Then storms began arriving, dumping more than 20 inches of rain at the dam over the next four months and building the northern Sierra snowpack. The water content of the snow in the Feather River drainage reached about 130 percent of normal by early April 2010. The reservoir, which had reached its lowest point on Jan. 11, kept rising through June 29, when it reached its high point of about 2.7 million acre-feet and elevation of 843 feet above sea level. That's a rise of 178 feet in less than six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A glass half-empty/half-full exercise on a grand scale.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So that's the glass half-full. It's normal for our reservoirs to rise and fall, often dramatically. An empty-looking reservoir can fill up in a hurry when enough rain and snow arrive. And no, I'm not addressing here the impact of how the reservoirs are operated — how much water is released, when and why. To a certain extent, water managers need to be risk-takers, basing decisions on how much water they send to farms and cities downstream on educated guesses about long-term weather and watershed conditions. A year ago, when Lake Oroville was pushing 90 percent capacity, the Department of Water Resources was willing to freely release supplies. This year, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/04/09/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins/\" target=\"_blank\">as my KQED Science colleague Lauren Sommer reports\u003c/a>, managers are cutting deliveries to virtually nothing and conserving as much of the reservoir supplies as they can just in case the drought continues into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that brings us to the empty half of the glass for Lake Oroville: This year, the DWR estimates that the water content in the thin layer of snow in the Feather River watershed is just 13 percent of average for this time of year. Thirteen percent. So, we're not going to see any late season rise in the lake like the one in 2010. More likely, we'll see a scenario more like the one that unfolded in 2007-08, when drier-than-normal years left the lake at close to the same level we see today — 753 feet. The watershed's snowpack was also lower than normal, and though snowpack runoff gave the lake a boost, the reservoir topped out at just 760 feet and 50 percent capacity in late May. That dry rain year was followed by another, and in February 2009 the state declared a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of this is meant to make a single reservoir, even a big one like Lake Oroville, seem more important than it really is. But in a state where it typically doesn't rain six months of the year, all that stored water makes it possible for 38 million people to live side by side with the nation's richest farm economy. And at the moment, Lake Oroville's water storage happens to mirror what's happening with the state's water supply picture as a whole: The Department of Water Resources' daily summary of 44 key reservoirs shows them collectively at 64.4 percent of average for today's date. Lake Oroville is at 65 percent.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/13674395353_87807eebeb_o-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-132206\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/13674395353_87807eebeb_o-1-640x441.jpg\" alt=\"View across the mini-terraces on what is often a slope beneath the surface of Lake Oroville. The terraces are formed by lapping water as the surface level changes. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View across the mini-terraces on what is often a slope beneath the surface of Lake Oroville. The terraces are formed by lapping water as the surface level changes. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A little more than a year ago, I went car camping to the very nice Loafer Creek Campground at Lake Oroville State Recreation Area. The lake, the main reservoir for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\">State Water Project\u003c/a> and the second-largest California reservoir after Lake Shasta, was about 85 percent full at the time. If you were following the vagaries of the state's 2012-13 water season, you might have been a little troubled by the fact the rains had virtually ceased after the turn of the new year. What wasn't apparent during that March 27, 2013, visit to Lake Oroville was that the rains wouldn't return in the fall either, and that the lake would fall to just one-third full by January — low in any season, but especially alarming in that the reservoir levels here and virtually everywhere else across the state continued to decline at a time when they'd usually be filling up with runoff from fall and early-winter storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I drove back up to the lake on Jan. 18, the day the reservoir reached its lowest point during the current water year (which for the state Department of Water Resources runs from Oct. 1 through Sept. 30). The difference in the lake's appearance was dramatic. But when seasonal rains finally returned in early February, the lake began to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way of measuring lake level is the height of the lake surface above sea level. When full, \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/facilities/Oroville/LakeDam.cfm\">Lake Oroville's surface is 900 feet above sea level\u003c/a>. When I visited in March 2013, the surface level was 860 feet; when I went back in January, it stood at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=01-Feb-2014+12:21&span=32days\">701 feet\u003c/a>. The lake's surface elevation is now at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=ORO&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\">762 feet\u003c/a> and rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last weekend, I went back up to Oroville to take a look and take a new set of pictures to show the change since January. My impressions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I suppose this is a \"glass half-full/half-empty\" exercise on a grand scale, especially since the lake is at almost exactly 50 percent of its total capacity right now. On the one hand, the lake is up 61 feet from the last time I saw it and has added about 40 percent to its storage -- it's added about 500,000 acre-feet since January, enough water for about 1 million California households. More water is coming, too: Even though the forecast for the next couple of weeks and beyond looks pretty dry, and even though we're nearing the tail end of the rainy season, the snowpack will start to melt and run down the branches of the Feather River that flow into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/droughtslides/droughtsliders.html\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conventional wisdom is that half of the state's stored water is captured in the Sierra snows that wind up in streams, rivers and reservoirs. One slice of Lake Oroville history shows how dramatic an impact the snowpack can have:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier-than-normal water years in 2007-08 and 2008-09 reduced the reservoir's long-term storage, and after a dry start to the 2009-10 season, Lake Oroville's levels fell to a shade more than 1 million acre-feet, less than 30 percent of capacity, and lowered the surface to \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?ORO&d=10-Jan-2010+08:57&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\">665 feet above sea level by early January 2010\u003c/a>; that's about 20 percent less water and about 36 feet lower than the level we saw this past January. Then storms began arriving, dumping more than 20 inches of rain at the dam over the next four months and building the northern Sierra snowpack. The water content of the snow in the Feather River drainage reached about 130 percent of normal by early April 2010. The reservoir, which had reached its lowest point on Jan. 11, kept rising through June 29, when it reached its high point of about 2.7 million acre-feet and elevation of 843 feet above sea level. That's a rise of 178 feet in less than six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A glass half-empty/half-full exercise on a grand scale.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So that's the glass half-full. It's normal for our reservoirs to rise and fall, often dramatically. An empty-looking reservoir can fill up in a hurry when enough rain and snow arrive. And no, I'm not addressing here the impact of how the reservoirs are operated — how much water is released, when and why. To a certain extent, water managers need to be risk-takers, basing decisions on how much water they send to farms and cities downstream on educated guesses about long-term weather and watershed conditions. A year ago, when Lake Oroville was pushing 90 percent capacity, the Department of Water Resources was willing to freely release supplies. This year, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/04/09/during-long-dry-summer-of-drought-nobody-wins/\" target=\"_blank\">as my KQED Science colleague Lauren Sommer reports\u003c/a>, managers are cutting deliveries to virtually nothing and conserving as much of the reservoir supplies as they can just in case the drought continues into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that brings us to the empty half of the glass for Lake Oroville: This year, the DWR estimates that the water content in the thin layer of snow in the Feather River watershed is just 13 percent of average for this time of year. Thirteen percent. So, we're not going to see any late season rise in the lake like the one in 2010. More likely, we'll see a scenario more like the one that unfolded in 2007-08, when drier-than-normal years left the lake at close to the same level we see today — 753 feet. The watershed's snowpack was also lower than normal, and though snowpack runoff gave the lake a boost, the reservoir topped out at just 760 feet and 50 percent capacity in late May. That dry rain year was followed by another, and in February 2009 the state declared a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of this is meant to make a single reservoir, even a big one like Lake Oroville, seem more important than it really is. But in a state where it typically doesn't rain six months of the year, all that stored water makes it possible for 38 million people to live side by side with the nation's richest farm economy. And at the moment, Lake Oroville's water storage happens to mirror what's happening with the state's water supply picture as a whole: The Department of Water Resources' daily summary of 44 key reservoirs shows them collectively at 64.4 percent of average for today's date. Lake Oroville is at 65 percent.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "During Long, Dry Summer of Drought, Nobody Wins",
"headTitle": "During Long, Dry Summer of Drought, Nobody Wins | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Healdsburg_4493.jpg\" alt=\"A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs and snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/18/into-the-drought-californias-shrinking-reservoirs/\">still far below normal\u003c/a>, state officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.ca.gov/drought/top-story-4.html\">released a plan\u003c/a> on Wednesday that outlines how they’ll manage meager water supplies during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think anybody has enjoyed the recent storm events more than I have,” said Mark Cowin, who heads the Department of Water Resources. “But it’s pretty clear that our dry and warm weather has returned and I expect that the reality of drought will become much more apparent to us all moving forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a diplomatic way of saying that water managers are walking a tightrope this year, balancing three competing needs: how much water to deliver to people and agriculture, how much to provide for wildlife and how much to save for next year, in case it’s just as dry. Here’s how they propose to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for People\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts around the state have already been warned to expect \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/21/federal-water-project-announces-deep-drought-cuts/\">no water deliveries\u003c/a> from the two main projects in California, the State Water Project and the federally operated Central Valley Project. While drinking water needs would be met, agricultural water would be cut, leading many farmers to fallow some of their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have lifted conditions out of the worst-cast scenario for which the state was planning. So far, that extra water is earmarked for two purposes. Some is going to water districts that were already owed water from last year, because at the time, they opted to carry the supply over to this year instead of using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water is going to holders of “senior” water rights. Under California’s complex system of rights, they’re first in line to have their needs met. That includes rights holders on the Feather River, north of Sacramento, and San Joaquin River exchange contractors in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how much districts with “junior” rights will get, state officials left the door open on what their final water deliveries would be, saying they’re still analyzing the effects of recent storms on the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/01/sierra-snowpack-better-but-far-from-whats-needed-for-drought/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, and that a reassessment may come later this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is also suspending some rules designed to protect endangered salmon and fish in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. The standards specify the amount of freshwater in the ecosystem, as well as the quality and temperature – all factors that help chinook salmon, steelhead and Delta smelt survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal falls far short of being a balanced plan,” says Kate Poole of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “It calls for the Central Valley Project and State Water Project to violate upstream water temperature requirements, waive water quality standards and violate pumping restrictions in the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”912fb154015396400e782621b5625d64″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re doing is finding maximum flexibility under existing law and trying to balance multiple needs in a third dry year,” said Chuck Bonham of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/12/drought-leads-to-tough-tradeoffs-for-california-salmon/\">endangered winter-run chinook salmon\u003c/a> could be substantial. Adult salmon lay their eggs in the Sacramento River during the summer. To survive, the eggs and young salmon rely on cold water, which is released from Shasta Dam. Under the worst-case scenario, water in the river would be too warm for salmon by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a serious situation for that species,” says Maria Rea of NOAA Fisheries. The plan includes increased monitoring of salmon. Rea says they’re also looking at producing more young hatchery salmon and potentially rescuing salmon in the river and relocating them to new habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife refuges and wetlands, a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">crucial stopover for migratory birds\u003c/a>, will receive 15-to-30 percent of their water supply. “We’re looking at very wet conditions in the Midwest and Canada,” said Bonham. “We anticipate a whole heck of a lot of birds coming to California and they’ll be looking down at some of the driest habitat they’ve seen in decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Next Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state faces a growing chorus of demands for water this year, officials are also planning to bank water, in case 2015 is an equally dry year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we consider any increase in allocations, one of our priorities will be to ensure we have enough water to meet those 2015 needs,” said Cowin. Demand for drinking water from state and federal projects could be even higher next year, as water districts lean heavily on local supplies to meet needs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan calls for 1 million acre-feet of water to be reserved in Lake Oroville this year. (One acre-foot is about 325,000 gallons, about what two California household use in a year.) Federal reservoirs will hold 1.4-to-1.9 million acre-feet of water to carry over into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current plan doesn’t factor in a possible El Niño, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25208082/california-drought-rare-good-news-storms-move-and\">some early indications\u003c/a> show could create wet conditions this winter. “Clearly, we’d love an El Niño or any other weather condition that improves the drought situation but we’re not going to bet on that,” says Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials stressed that the plan is a framework for water operations this summer, but could change as demands and priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Healdsburg_4493.jpg\" alt=\"A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16371\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman and her dog sit by a shrunken stretch of the Russian River in Healdsburg, Sonoma County. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs and snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/03/18/into-the-drought-californias-shrinking-reservoirs/\">still far below normal\u003c/a>, state officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.ca.gov/drought/top-story-4.html\">released a plan\u003c/a> on Wednesday that outlines how they’ll manage meager water supplies during the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think anybody has enjoyed the recent storm events more than I have,” said Mark Cowin, who heads the Department of Water Resources. “But it’s pretty clear that our dry and warm weather has returned and I expect that the reality of drought will become much more apparent to us all moving forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a diplomatic way of saying that water managers are walking a tightrope this year, balancing three competing needs: how much water to deliver to people and agriculture, how much to provide for wildlife and how much to save for next year, in case it’s just as dry. Here’s how they propose to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for People\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water districts around the state have already been warned to expect \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/21/federal-water-project-announces-deep-drought-cuts/\">no water deliveries\u003c/a> from the two main projects in California, the State Water Project and the federally operated Central Valley Project. While drinking water needs would be met, agricultural water would be cut, leading many farmers to fallow some of their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent storms have lifted conditions out of the worst-cast scenario for which the state was planning. So far, that extra water is earmarked for two purposes. Some is going to water districts that were already owed water from last year, because at the time, they opted to carry the supply over to this year instead of using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water is going to holders of “senior” water rights. Under California’s complex system of rights, they’re first in line to have their needs met. That includes rights holders on the Feather River, north of Sacramento, and San Joaquin River exchange contractors in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how much districts with “junior” rights will get, state officials left the door open on what their final water deliveries would be, saying they’re still analyzing the effects of recent storms on the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/01/sierra-snowpack-better-but-far-from-whats-needed-for-drought/\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, and that a reassessment may come later this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is also suspending some rules designed to protect endangered salmon and fish in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>. The standards specify the amount of freshwater in the ecosystem, as well as the quality and temperature – all factors that help chinook salmon, steelhead and Delta smelt survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal falls far short of being a balanced plan,” says Kate Poole of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “It calls for the Central Valley Project and State Water Project to violate upstream water temperature requirements, waive water quality standards and violate pumping restrictions in the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re doing is finding maximum flexibility under existing law and trying to balance multiple needs in a third dry year,” said Chuck Bonham of California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toll on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/12/drought-leads-to-tough-tradeoffs-for-california-salmon/\">endangered winter-run chinook salmon\u003c/a> could be substantial. Adult salmon lay their eggs in the Sacramento River during the summer. To survive, the eggs and young salmon rely on cold water, which is released from Shasta Dam. Under the worst-case scenario, water in the river would be too warm for salmon by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a serious situation for that species,” says Maria Rea of NOAA Fisheries. The plan includes increased monitoring of salmon. Rea says they’re also looking at producing more young hatchery salmon and potentially rescuing salmon in the river and relocating them to new habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife refuges and wetlands, a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">crucial stopover for migratory birds\u003c/a>, will receive 15-to-30 percent of their water supply. “We’re looking at very wet conditions in the Midwest and Canada,” said Bonham. “We anticipate a whole heck of a lot of birds coming to California and they’ll be looking down at some of the driest habitat they’ve seen in decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water for Next Year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state faces a growing chorus of demands for water this year, officials are also planning to bank water, in case 2015 is an equally dry year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we consider any increase in allocations, one of our priorities will be to ensure we have enough water to meet those 2015 needs,” said Cowin. Demand for drinking water from state and federal projects could be even higher next year, as water districts lean heavily on local supplies to meet needs this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan calls for 1 million acre-feet of water to be reserved in Lake Oroville this year. (One acre-foot is about 325,000 gallons, about what two California household use in a year.) Federal reservoirs will hold 1.4-to-1.9 million acre-feet of water to carry over into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current plan doesn’t factor in a possible El Niño, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25208082/california-drought-rare-good-news-storms-move-and\">some early indications\u003c/a> show could create wet conditions this winter. “Clearly, we’d love an El Niño or any other weather condition that improves the drought situation but we’re not going to bet on that,” says Cowin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials stressed that the plan is a framework for water operations this summer, but could change as demands and priorities shift.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Joaquin Named Nation's Most Endangered River",
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"headTitle": "San Joaquin Named Nation’s Most Endangered River | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132091\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/RS8937_Drought_JoshC-4304-lpr-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-132091\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/RS8937_Drought_JoshC-4304-lpr-1-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"A dry stretch of the San Joaquin River near Los Banos. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dry stretch of the San Joaquin River near Los Banos. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two California waterways — one a major Central Valley river, the other a Peninsula creek, and both the subject of controversy — are featured on \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/endangered-rivers/2014-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an annual list of the most endangered U.S. rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Rivers, a conservation group dedicated to preserving and restoring wild streams across the country, named \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/endangered-rivers/2014-report/san-joaquin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the San Joaquin River the nation’s No. 1 most endangered waterway\u003c/a>. San Francisquito Creek, a stream that runs from the Peninsula hills down through the campus of Stanford University into San Francisco Bay, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/endangered-rivers/2014-report/san-francisquito-creek/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">No. 5 on the American Rivers list\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calling the San Joaquin “endangered” is a bit of an understatement. Long stretches of the river have run dry since Friant Dam, northeast of Fresno, was completed in the late 1940s. The river is heavily tapped for the San Joaquin Valley’s farms and growing cities. And it’s the subject of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/03/brown-blasts-gop-drought-bill-as-divisive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an ongoing congressional battle\u003c/a> over a court-approved plan to restore flows to the river \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/california-drought-one-more-setback-for-river-that-runs-dry/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to allow re-establishment of chinook salmon runs\u003c/a> wiped out when the river was dammed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Rivers points out that the state of the San Joaquin is actually a Bay Area story. That’s because 2.5 million people in San Francisco, the Peninsula and southern Alameda County get water from the Tuolumne River, one of the San Joaquin’s big tributaries. (Through its Hetch Hetchy system, San Francisco also uses the Tuolumne to generate its municipal power supply.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the group’s summary of the threats the river faces:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Years of managing the San Joaquin for agriculture, hydropower, and flood control have taken their toll on the river. Dams, levees, and excessive water diversions have hurt river habitat and opportunities for recreation and community access. Over one hundred miles of the mainstem river have been dry for over fifty years, and water diversions along the tributaries take more than 70 percent of the natural flow. The river’s salmon and steelhead populations are on the brink of extinction. Excessive diversions, groundwater overdraft, and unsustainable water management have also made communities vulnerable to increasingly frequent and severe droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The present drought places additional stress on the river and its communities, but we must not allow the drought to force rash decisions — like cutting environmental protections — that will harm the river, fish and wildlife, and communities for years to come.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In naming San Francisquito Creek one of the most endangered streams in the country, American Rivers is drawing attention to a long-running battle over Stanford University’s Searsville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201301300850/c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed suit over the dam\u003c/a>, which impounds a San Francisquito tributary called Corte Madera Creek, saying it impairs habitat for endangered steelhead trout. Conservation groups, including American Rivers, have banded together in a coalition called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beyondsearsvilledam.org/Beyond_Searsville_Dam/Home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beyond Searsville Dam\u003c/a> to push for removal of the 65-foot-high, 1890s-era structure and restoration of steelhead spawning habitat. They argue that because the reservoir behind the dam is nearly completely silted in, the facility has outlived its usefulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford, which uses the reservoir for nonpotable uses like landscape watering and fire protection, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/searsville/faqs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has argued \u003c/a>the facility still plays a key ecological role in the university’s\u003ca href=\"http://jrbp.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve\u003c/a> and that more study is needed before any decision on the dam’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reporting on California land policy, planning and conservation is supported by a grant from the S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132091\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/RS8937_Drought_JoshC-4304-lpr-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-132091\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/RS8937_Drought_JoshC-4304-lpr-1-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"A dry stretch of the San Joaquin River near Los Banos. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dry stretch of the San Joaquin River near Los Banos. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two California waterways — one a major Central Valley river, the other a Peninsula creek, and both the subject of controversy — are featured on \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/endangered-rivers/2014-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an annual list of the most endangered U.S. rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Rivers, a conservation group dedicated to preserving and restoring wild streams across the country, named \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/endangered-rivers/2014-report/san-joaquin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the San Joaquin River the nation’s No. 1 most endangered waterway\u003c/a>. San Francisquito Creek, a stream that runs from the Peninsula hills down through the campus of Stanford University into San Francisco Bay, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/endangered-rivers/2014-report/san-francisquito-creek/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">No. 5 on the American Rivers list\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calling the San Joaquin “endangered” is a bit of an understatement. Long stretches of the river have run dry since Friant Dam, northeast of Fresno, was completed in the late 1940s. The river is heavily tapped for the San Joaquin Valley’s farms and growing cities. And it’s the subject of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/03/brown-blasts-gop-drought-bill-as-divisive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an ongoing congressional battle\u003c/a> over a court-approved plan to restore flows to the river \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/california-drought-one-more-setback-for-river-that-runs-dry/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to allow re-establishment of chinook salmon runs\u003c/a> wiped out when the river was dammed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Rivers points out that the state of the San Joaquin is actually a Bay Area story. That’s because 2.5 million people in San Francisco, the Peninsula and southern Alameda County get water from the Tuolumne River, one of the San Joaquin’s big tributaries. (Through its Hetch Hetchy system, San Francisco also uses the Tuolumne to generate its municipal power supply.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the group’s summary of the threats the river faces:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Years of managing the San Joaquin for agriculture, hydropower, and flood control have taken their toll on the river. Dams, levees, and excessive water diversions have hurt river habitat and opportunities for recreation and community access. Over one hundred miles of the mainstem river have been dry for over fifty years, and water diversions along the tributaries take more than 70 percent of the natural flow. The river’s salmon and steelhead populations are on the brink of extinction. Excessive diversions, groundwater overdraft, and unsustainable water management have also made communities vulnerable to increasingly frequent and severe droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The present drought places additional stress on the river and its communities, but we must not allow the drought to force rash decisions — like cutting environmental protections — that will harm the river, fish and wildlife, and communities for years to come.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In naming San Francisquito Creek one of the most endangered streams in the country, American Rivers is drawing attention to a long-running battle over Stanford University’s Searsville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201301300850/c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed suit over the dam\u003c/a>, which impounds a San Francisquito tributary called Corte Madera Creek, saying it impairs habitat for endangered steelhead trout. Conservation groups, including American Rivers, have banded together in a coalition called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beyondsearsvilledam.org/Beyond_Searsville_Dam/Home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beyond Searsville Dam\u003c/a> to push for removal of the 65-foot-high, 1890s-era structure and restoration of steelhead spawning habitat. They argue that because the reservoir behind the dam is nearly completely silted in, the facility has outlived its usefulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford, which uses the reservoir for nonpotable uses like landscape watering and fire protection, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/searsville/faqs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has argued \u003c/a>the facility still plays a key ecological role in the university’s\u003ca href=\"http://jrbp.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve\u003c/a> and that more study is needed before any decision on the dam’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reporting on California land policy, planning and conservation is supported by a grant from the S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Use of Greywater Catching On as Drought Continues",
"title": "Use of Greywater Catching On as Drought Continues",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2014/04/2014-04-09b-tcr.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love doing laundry at my little house. I can walk out my kitchen door a dozen steps to a stacked washer-dryer in a shed around the back. I love the hollow, vibrating sound of the water outside my bedroom window, rushing out at the end of the wash cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water contains soap, maybe some bacteria, hair or lint, but it’s good enough to water outdoor plants. Laundry water is the most common type of what's known as graywater -- basically any used household water that doesn't flow through toilets and kitchen sinks. In most homes, including mine, it disappears down the drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have lived through California drought before remember the old bucket-in-the-shower trick – a way to save lightly used water for your plants. Graywater plumbing systems can do this better. But while California had the first law on the books permitting home water recycling, homeowners have been slow to adopt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A committed network of do-it-yourselfers has worked more than 15 years to change that. In that time, some of the former roadblocks to recycling water at home have become speed bumps. Smooth out the road to graywater, these conservationists say, and there’s plenty of opportunity to save water fast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Activists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Greywater Action\u003c/a> founder Laura Allen has been working on recycling water at home since the days when doing so was basically illegal -- which wasn’t that long ago. The California Plumbing Code has technically allowed graywater reuse since 1994. But until a few years ago, a system was cost-prohibitive to install, as much as $7,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10141108\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 321px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/LauraAllen.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/LauraAllen-321x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greywater Action's Laura Allen got her start recycling water at home illegally, in the Bay Area. Her activism helped change state law. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\" width=\"321\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10141108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greywater Action's Laura Allen got her start recycling water at home illegally, in the Bay Area. Her activism helped change state law. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A change in state law five years back allowed people to put in basic graywater capture systems for a few hundred dollars. These laundry-to-landscape systems now require no inspections or permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s nearly impossible to track how many home water-recycling systems exist in California. But in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/reportcard/article4870.html\" target=\"_blank\">2009 UCLA Institute of the Environment regional report card\u003c/a>, Yoram Cohen wrote that if just 10 percent of Southern California homes reused their graywater, the savings would equal the output of a desalination plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through lobbying and raising public awareness, Allen said, she and her cohorts have seen progress in Northern California. The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission puts out a handbook for graywater. In Santa Rosa, \u003ca href=\"http://ci.santa-rosa.ca.us/departments/utilities/conserve/Pages/Graywater.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">officials offer rebates\u003c/a> and will come to your home to help you plan your own system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now activists have their eyes trained on the thirsty south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When your water comes from really far away, there’s no need in people's mind to be aware. And no one's forcing you to be aware of what’s going on with these water sources,” Allen said. “It takes more education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Video: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdV_gbOipQs&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\">Greywater Action's Laura Allen explains a laundry-to-landscape system\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Homeowners\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of Allen’s workshop requires people to match pieces of plumbing with their proper name – so shopping the aisles of Home Depot can be easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferrari family from Upland (San Bernardino County) gave it a shot on a recent Saturday at the Los Angeles Eco-Village. They came to learn how to reuse their laundry water. Margie Ferrari in particular was animated as she talked about using the water to help nurture her pine trees. (Graywater can only be used for outdoor trees and plants. For health reasons, it cannot be used for lawns and for root vegetables.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10141112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/GraywaterCrew.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/GraywaterCrew.jpg\" alt=\"Laura Allen leads would-be gray water system installers through a demonstration at the Los Angeles Eco-Village. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\" width=\"357\" height=\"381\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10141112\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laura Allen leads would-be gray water system installers through a demonstration at the Los Angeles Eco-Village. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m always reducing and reusing and reclaiming and regifting and every word like that,\" she said. \"The idea that we could reuse water that’s just going into our septic tank, that’s very exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferraris went home with some sketches and plans for a shower-water recycling system. They eventually want to capture all their available graywater, but installing the needed plumbing on bathroom sinks and showers requires a permit. Officials in Upland told her nobody had ever applied for one before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm going to take this to our local branch and say, ‘People are doing this,’ “she said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Builders and Plumbers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferraris' story underscores one of the main impediments to wider adoption of graywater systems: the complexity of state rules that govern them and the ability of local building officials to apply them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect and consultant \u003ca href=\"http://leighjerrard.com/greywater01.html\" target=\"_blank\">Leigh Jerrard\u003c/a> said the state code for graywater was written with the help of the traditional plumbing industry. “Graywater violates the essential plumber’s creed, which is that there’s supply and there’s waste and never the twain shall meet,\" he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules are getting easier to follow and cities, including Los Angeles, are helping. In the L.A. Department of Building and Safety, \u003ca href=\"http://www.green-technology.org/green_technology_magazine/players-in-a-field-of-green/a-partnership-for-green-schools-funding/calgreen-a-new-code-comes-to-life/green-opportunity-california-laws-creating-new-markets/calgreen-comes-to-los-angeles-an-interview-with-osama-younan/\" target=\"_blank\">Osama Younan\u003c/a> oversees graywater permits for the Green Building Division. He says he understands that the permit process can seem intimidating, so the city’s trying to help with standardized forms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, you want to take your shower water and put it in your garden,” he said. “So you have a standard plan, you fill it out and you do it right over the counter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That still leaves plenty of work for consultants like Leigh Jarrard. He obtains permits and helps homeowners capture all the graywater possible. These days, he says he’s “pretty busy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Health Officials … and the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the people he’s helped is Mount Washington homeowner Mark Vallianatos, who recently showed me the maintenance he has to do for his sizable graywater system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nasty,” he said as he cleaned the filter sock that traps solids before they hit the irrigation lines. “But you get proof, that something’s coming out of your house and going into the graywater system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His house sits atop a steep hill, and Vallianatos uses his graywater on fruit trees below. On his road to recycled water, Vallianatos met with one of the speed bumps to graywater: health concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials, lawmakers and plumbers harbor a fear that do-it-yourselfers and non-traditional plumbers will inadvertently mix graywater with drinkable water. A health inspector made Vallianatos’ contractor redo part of his installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10141115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/GraywaterBroDog.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/GraywaterBroDog-266x225.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Vallianatos paid a consultant to get the permits for and install a more complex graywater system in his house in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Los Angeles. He believes local authorities should make home recycling of water as easy as possible to do. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\" width=\"266\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10141115\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Vallianatos paid a consultant to get the permits for and install a more complex graywater system in his house in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Los Angeles. He believes local authorities should make home recycling of water as easy as possible to do. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"He had to paint on the side of this weird little plastic tank on my hillside, ‘NOT POTABLE WATER – DO NOT DRINK.’ Which seems sort of ridiculous because no one’s looking, snooping around.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. County health officials said they’ve approved 30 or 40 of these more complex graywater systems since the state changed the code. But \u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/EHDirector.htm\" target=\"_blank\">L.A. County’s director of environmental health\u003c/a>, Angelo Bellomo, acknowledged there’s a sea change in thinking underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our goal in the past has been to protect potable water supply,\" he said. \"But we have to keep in mind there are two public health goals here today, in view of the impending water crisis in the future. We have to be concerned not only about water quality but also about water availability.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallianatos likes the sound of that. He’s the kind of guy who’s doing everything he can to understand his water supply. He wants state and local agencies to help other people also do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s something you can look at, you can touch,\" he said, surveying his hillside. \"It kind of connects you to your surroundings better than if everything is in city pipes. So I like it for that reason, too.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "People who have lived through California drought before remember the old bucket-in-the-shower trick.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2014/04/2014-04-09b-tcr.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love doing laundry at my little house. I can walk out my kitchen door a dozen steps to a stacked washer-dryer in a shed around the back. I love the hollow, vibrating sound of the water outside my bedroom window, rushing out at the end of the wash cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water contains soap, maybe some bacteria, hair or lint, but it’s good enough to water outdoor plants. Laundry water is the most common type of what's known as graywater -- basically any used household water that doesn't flow through toilets and kitchen sinks. In most homes, including mine, it disappears down the drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have lived through California drought before remember the old bucket-in-the-shower trick – a way to save lightly used water for your plants. Graywater plumbing systems can do this better. But while California had the first law on the books permitting home water recycling, homeowners have been slow to adopt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A committed network of do-it-yourselfers has worked more than 15 years to change that. In that time, some of the former roadblocks to recycling water at home have become speed bumps. Smooth out the road to graywater, these conservationists say, and there’s plenty of opportunity to save water fast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Activists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Greywater Action\u003c/a> founder Laura Allen has been working on recycling water at home since the days when doing so was basically illegal -- which wasn’t that long ago. The California Plumbing Code has technically allowed graywater reuse since 1994. But until a few years ago, a system was cost-prohibitive to install, as much as $7,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10141108\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 321px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/LauraAllen.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/LauraAllen-321x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greywater Action's Laura Allen got her start recycling water at home illegally, in the Bay Area. Her activism helped change state law. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\" width=\"321\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10141108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greywater Action's Laura Allen got her start recycling water at home illegally, in the Bay Area. Her activism helped change state law. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A change in state law five years back allowed people to put in basic graywater capture systems for a few hundred dollars. These laundry-to-landscape systems now require no inspections or permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s nearly impossible to track how many home water-recycling systems exist in California. But in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/reportcard/article4870.html\" target=\"_blank\">2009 UCLA Institute of the Environment regional report card\u003c/a>, Yoram Cohen wrote that if just 10 percent of Southern California homes reused their graywater, the savings would equal the output of a desalination plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through lobbying and raising public awareness, Allen said, she and her cohorts have seen progress in Northern California. The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission puts out a handbook for graywater. In Santa Rosa, \u003ca href=\"http://ci.santa-rosa.ca.us/departments/utilities/conserve/Pages/Graywater.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">officials offer rebates\u003c/a> and will come to your home to help you plan your own system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now activists have their eyes trained on the thirsty south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When your water comes from really far away, there’s no need in people's mind to be aware. And no one's forcing you to be aware of what’s going on with these water sources,” Allen said. “It takes more education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Video: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdV_gbOipQs&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\">Greywater Action's Laura Allen explains a laundry-to-landscape system\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Homeowners\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of Allen’s workshop requires people to match pieces of plumbing with their proper name – so shopping the aisles of Home Depot can be easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferrari family from Upland (San Bernardino County) gave it a shot on a recent Saturday at the Los Angeles Eco-Village. They came to learn how to reuse their laundry water. Margie Ferrari in particular was animated as she talked about using the water to help nurture her pine trees. (Graywater can only be used for outdoor trees and plants. For health reasons, it cannot be used for lawns and for root vegetables.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10141112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/GraywaterCrew.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/GraywaterCrew.jpg\" alt=\"Laura Allen leads would-be gray water system installers through a demonstration at the Los Angeles Eco-Village. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\" width=\"357\" height=\"381\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10141112\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laura Allen leads would-be gray water system installers through a demonstration at the Los Angeles Eco-Village. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m always reducing and reusing and reclaiming and regifting and every word like that,\" she said. \"The idea that we could reuse water that’s just going into our septic tank, that’s very exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferraris went home with some sketches and plans for a shower-water recycling system. They eventually want to capture all their available graywater, but installing the needed plumbing on bathroom sinks and showers requires a permit. Officials in Upland told her nobody had ever applied for one before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm going to take this to our local branch and say, ‘People are doing this,’ “she said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Builders and Plumbers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferraris' story underscores one of the main impediments to wider adoption of graywater systems: the complexity of state rules that govern them and the ability of local building officials to apply them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect and consultant \u003ca href=\"http://leighjerrard.com/greywater01.html\" target=\"_blank\">Leigh Jerrard\u003c/a> said the state code for graywater was written with the help of the traditional plumbing industry. “Graywater violates the essential plumber’s creed, which is that there’s supply and there’s waste and never the twain shall meet,\" he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules are getting easier to follow and cities, including Los Angeles, are helping. In the L.A. Department of Building and Safety, \u003ca href=\"http://www.green-technology.org/green_technology_magazine/players-in-a-field-of-green/a-partnership-for-green-schools-funding/calgreen-a-new-code-comes-to-life/green-opportunity-california-laws-creating-new-markets/calgreen-comes-to-los-angeles-an-interview-with-osama-younan/\" target=\"_blank\">Osama Younan\u003c/a> oversees graywater permits for the Green Building Division. He says he understands that the permit process can seem intimidating, so the city’s trying to help with standardized forms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, you want to take your shower water and put it in your garden,” he said. “So you have a standard plan, you fill it out and you do it right over the counter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That still leaves plenty of work for consultants like Leigh Jarrard. He obtains permits and helps homeowners capture all the graywater possible. These days, he says he’s “pretty busy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Health Officials … and the Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the people he’s helped is Mount Washington homeowner Mark Vallianatos, who recently showed me the maintenance he has to do for his sizable graywater system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nasty,” he said as he cleaned the filter sock that traps solids before they hit the irrigation lines. “But you get proof, that something’s coming out of your house and going into the graywater system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His house sits atop a steep hill, and Vallianatos uses his graywater on fruit trees below. On his road to recycled water, Vallianatos met with one of the speed bumps to graywater: health concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials, lawmakers and plumbers harbor a fear that do-it-yourselfers and non-traditional plumbers will inadvertently mix graywater with drinkable water. A health inspector made Vallianatos’ contractor redo part of his installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10141115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/GraywaterBroDog.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/GraywaterBroDog-266x225.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Vallianatos paid a consultant to get the permits for and install a more complex graywater system in his house in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Los Angeles. He believes local authorities should make home recycling of water as easy as possible to do. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\" width=\"266\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10141115\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Vallianatos paid a consultant to get the permits for and install a more complex graywater system in his house in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Los Angeles. He believes local authorities should make home recycling of water as easy as possible to do. (Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"He had to paint on the side of this weird little plastic tank on my hillside, ‘NOT POTABLE WATER – DO NOT DRINK.’ Which seems sort of ridiculous because no one’s looking, snooping around.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. County health officials said they’ve approved 30 or 40 of these more complex graywater systems since the state changed the code. But \u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/EHDirector.htm\" target=\"_blank\">L.A. County’s director of environmental health\u003c/a>, Angelo Bellomo, acknowledged there’s a sea change in thinking underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our goal in the past has been to protect potable water supply,\" he said. \"But we have to keep in mind there are two public health goals here today, in view of the impending water crisis in the future. We have to be concerned not only about water quality but also about water availability.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallianatos likes the sound of that. He’s the kind of guy who’s doing everything he can to understand his water supply. He wants state and local agencies to help other people also do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s something you can look at, you can touch,\" he said, surveying his hillside. \"It kind of connects you to your surroundings better than if everything is in city pipes. So I like it for that reason, too.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cold, Then Dry: Dealing California Citrus Farmers a Double Punch",
"headTitle": "Cold, Then Dry: Dealing California Citrus Farmers a Double Punch | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>These are magic weeks in the groves of the Central Valley citrus belt, a time when orchards are buzzing with honeybees and redolent with the heady, sweet smell of orange blossoms. But around the Tulare County town of Terra Bella, farmers like Matt Fisher smell doom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want all these flowers,” Fisher says, reaching into a tree and knocking off some blossoms. “The reason this tree is blooming so hard, is because the tree by nature wants to come out fighting from a freeze.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16309\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Terra-Bella-4-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff Fisher and his wife invested their life savings in 40 acres of citrus in Terra Bella, only to be hit with a devastating freeze last winter, and the drought this year. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Fisher and his wife invested their life savings in 40 acres of citrus in Terra Bella, only to be hit with a devastating freeze last winter, and the drought this year. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401060850/b\">cold snap\u003c/a> last December \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/03/business/la-fi-mo-citrus-damage-20140203\">hit this area hard\u003c/a> and dried up lots of Fisher’s fruit. Many of his baby mandarin trees are still brown and fried. The surviving orange trees face a double-whammy: first the freeze, now no irrigation water whatsoever to keep them alive as they move into the spring and summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees are already starting to go into a wilt,” says Fisher. “You see the leaves are curling. These trees are just running out of gas. It’s hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher farms in the \u003ca title=\"USBR - doc\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/watershare/wcplans/2013/Terra_Bella%20.pdf\">Terra Bella Irrigation District\u003c/a>, which is in an especially tight spot. Farmers in other parts of the San Joaquin Valley may decide not to plant tomatoes or onions this year. But in Terra Bella, the main crops are citrus and pistachio trees. Not watering them could cripple the local farm economy for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’ve literally just got to watch your trees go into a dead wilt, turn brown, and that’s it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unlike other parts of California’s farm belt, Terra Bella has almost no groundwater. Now Terra Bella’s 600 farmers have gotten some shattering news. For the first time ever, they’re likely to get \u003ca title=\"USBR - release\" href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/newsrelease/detail.cfm?RecordID=46045\">no water this year\u003c/a> from the federally-operated \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Friant-Kern Canal\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friant-Kern_Canal\">Friant-Kern canal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have any well water, so we’re waiting on rain, and that’s it,” says Fisher. “The noose is tightening around our necks, more and more every day. You’ve literally just got to watch your trees go into a dead wilt, turn brown, and that’s it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in this part of the valley have always enjoyed priority rights to the water that comes from the federal canals. But last month, authorities here sealed the water connections to all farms in the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher opens up the lid to his water meter to show me a wire wrapped around the spigot, hooked to a green tag that reads, “No irrigation water is available this year. Illegal use of irrigation water is subject to penalties. Your meter has been sealed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16313\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Terra-Bella-7-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Terra Bella Irrigation District has put a physical seal on the spigots that deliver water to farmers. There is a $10,000 penalty for breaking the seal. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Terra Bella Irrigation District has put a physical seal on the spigots that deliver water to farmers. There is a $10,000 penalty for breaking the seal. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The irrigation district is levying some hefty fines, including a $10,000 penalty for cutting the seal. But with Terra Bella’s $100 million citrus crop at stake, irrigation district manager Sean Geivet knows a $10,000 fine may not be enough of a deterrent to keep farmers from breaking the seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard rumors that it may be worth paying the penalties to keep your trees alive, so we’ll see how it works,” says Geivet, standing in the pump house that usually sends canal water out to Terra Bella’s 7,000 acres of citrus. “I don’t want to be a water cop, but this year, that’s what we’re looking like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”040792ff5c8448f89bab0ced86ac667c”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geivet’s also looking like a banker. Desperate farmers have dropped off $4 million in checks at Geivet’s office. He’s just holding them in his safe until he can find some water to buy on their behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a projected allocation of “zero” water from the federal \u003ca title=\"USBOR - CVP\" href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, Geivet spends nearly all his time on the phone, trying to drum up other sources of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But at zero,” he says. “There’s not even enough water in the system to try and trade things around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That zero adds up to trouble for the town of Terra Bella, where about 6,000 people rely heavily on the citrus industry – and the same irrigation canal that feeds area farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government does plan to continue supplying drinking water for residential customers here who rely on the Friant-Kern canal, but only half the usual amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We don’t know what’s going to happen with our jobs if there’s no water.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> At the irrigation district office, Patty Gutierrez tries to explain the importance of conservation to residential customers like farmworker Miguel Cortes, who comes to pay his bill in his cowboy hat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to conserve water,” Gutierrez reminds him in Spanish. “You can’t use more than 32,670 cubic feet per year.” (That’s about three-quarters of what a typical American household uses.) Customers who go beyond that in Terra Bella may face a $3,000 fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, Cortes is more worried about losing his livelihood than whether or not there’s enough water to wash his car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We depend on the work in the fields,” he says in Spanish. “We don’t know what’s going to happen with our jobs if there’s no water. What can we do? All we can do is wait for what’s coming next,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just down the road, Terra Bella resident Jose Melendez is carefully watering his plants with a coffee can. “There’s no water coming in. We’re out. I get it,” he says, pointing to the hose he once used to wash off his patio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many residents here, Melendez has two meters: one for outdoor irrigation, and one that provides filtered canal water for indoor use. And like Terra Bella famers, his outdoor irrigation meter is sealed. So now he’s having to use the more expensive drinking water for his plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s willing to do that, and to stop watering his lawn. But he wants the irrigation district to do a better job of educating residents on conservation and helping them calculate a running total of how much they are using. There’s nothing on their monthly bill that shows how close they are getting to the limit set by the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because if we don’t know. How are we supposed to really conserve?” asks Melendez. “They shouldn’t be keeping us in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district says it is sending out letters to residents about conservation, but its main concern is not household use. It’s agriculture. Farmers use more than 90 percent of the water here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/143726744&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "First the freeze, now a crippling water shortage confront citrus growers in the Central Valley.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>These are magic weeks in the groves of the Central Valley citrus belt, a time when orchards are buzzing with honeybees and redolent with the heady, sweet smell of orange blossoms. But around the Tulare County town of Terra Bella, farmers like Matt Fisher smell doom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want all these flowers,” Fisher says, reaching into a tree and knocking off some blossoms. “The reason this tree is blooming so hard, is because the tree by nature wants to come out fighting from a freeze.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16309\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Terra-Bella-4-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff Fisher and his wife invested their life savings in 40 acres of citrus in Terra Bella, only to be hit with a devastating freeze last winter, and the drought this year. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Fisher and his wife invested their life savings in 40 acres of citrus in Terra Bella, only to be hit with a devastating freeze last winter, and the drought this year. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201401060850/b\">cold snap\u003c/a> last December \u003ca title=\"LAT - post\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/03/business/la-fi-mo-citrus-damage-20140203\">hit this area hard\u003c/a> and dried up lots of Fisher’s fruit. Many of his baby mandarin trees are still brown and fried. The surviving orange trees face a double-whammy: first the freeze, now no irrigation water whatsoever to keep them alive as they move into the spring and summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees are already starting to go into a wilt,” says Fisher. “You see the leaves are curling. These trees are just running out of gas. It’s hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher farms in the \u003ca title=\"USBR - doc\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/watershare/wcplans/2013/Terra_Bella%20.pdf\">Terra Bella Irrigation District\u003c/a>, which is in an especially tight spot. Farmers in other parts of the San Joaquin Valley may decide not to plant tomatoes or onions this year. But in Terra Bella, the main crops are citrus and pistachio trees. Not watering them could cripple the local farm economy for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’ve literally just got to watch your trees go into a dead wilt, turn brown, and that’s it.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unlike other parts of California’s farm belt, Terra Bella has almost no groundwater. Now Terra Bella’s 600 farmers have gotten some shattering news. For the first time ever, they’re likely to get \u003ca title=\"USBR - release\" href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/newsrelease/detail.cfm?RecordID=46045\">no water this year\u003c/a> from the federally-operated \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Friant-Kern Canal\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friant-Kern_Canal\">Friant-Kern canal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have any well water, so we’re waiting on rain, and that’s it,” says Fisher. “The noose is tightening around our necks, more and more every day. You’ve literally just got to watch your trees go into a dead wilt, turn brown, and that’s it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in this part of the valley have always enjoyed priority rights to the water that comes from the federal canals. But last month, authorities here sealed the water connections to all farms in the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher opens up the lid to his water meter to show me a wire wrapped around the spigot, hooked to a green tag that reads, “No irrigation water is available this year. Illegal use of irrigation water is subject to penalties. Your meter has been sealed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16313\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Terra-Bella-7-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Terra Bella Irrigation District has put a physical seal on the spigots that deliver water to farmers. There is a $10,000 penalty for breaking the seal. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Terra Bella Irrigation District has put a physical seal on the spigots that deliver water to farmers. There is a $10,000 penalty for breaking the seal. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The irrigation district is levying some hefty fines, including a $10,000 penalty for cutting the seal. But with Terra Bella’s $100 million citrus crop at stake, irrigation district manager Sean Geivet knows a $10,000 fine may not be enough of a deterrent to keep farmers from breaking the seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard rumors that it may be worth paying the penalties to keep your trees alive, so we’ll see how it works,” says Geivet, standing in the pump house that usually sends canal water out to Terra Bella’s 7,000 acres of citrus. “I don’t want to be a water cop, but this year, that’s what we’re looking like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geivet’s also looking like a banker. Desperate farmers have dropped off $4 million in checks at Geivet’s office. He’s just holding them in his safe until he can find some water to buy on their behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a projected allocation of “zero” water from the federal \u003ca title=\"USBOR - CVP\" href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, Geivet spends nearly all his time on the phone, trying to drum up other sources of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But at zero,” he says. “There’s not even enough water in the system to try and trade things around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That zero adds up to trouble for the town of Terra Bella, where about 6,000 people rely heavily on the citrus industry – and the same irrigation canal that feeds area farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government does plan to continue supplying drinking water for residential customers here who rely on the Friant-Kern canal, but only half the usual amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We don’t know what’s going to happen with our jobs if there’s no water.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> At the irrigation district office, Patty Gutierrez tries to explain the importance of conservation to residential customers like farmworker Miguel Cortes, who comes to pay his bill in his cowboy hat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to conserve water,” Gutierrez reminds him in Spanish. “You can’t use more than 32,670 cubic feet per year.” (That’s about three-quarters of what a typical American household uses.) Customers who go beyond that in Terra Bella may face a $3,000 fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, Cortes is more worried about losing his livelihood than whether or not there’s enough water to wash his car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We depend on the work in the fields,” he says in Spanish. “We don’t know what’s going to happen with our jobs if there’s no water. What can we do? All we can do is wait for what’s coming next,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just down the road, Terra Bella resident Jose Melendez is carefully watering his plants with a coffee can. “There’s no water coming in. We’re out. I get it,” he says, pointing to the hose he once used to wash off his patio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many residents here, Melendez has two meters: one for outdoor irrigation, and one that provides filtered canal water for indoor use. And like Terra Bella famers, his outdoor irrigation meter is sealed. So now he’s having to use the more expensive drinking water for his plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s willing to do that, and to stop watering his lawn. But he wants the irrigation district to do a better job of educating residents on conservation and helping them calculate a running total of how much they are using. There’s nothing on their monthly bill that shows how close they are getting to the limit set by the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because if we don’t know. How are we supposed to really conserve?” asks Melendez. “They shouldn’t be keeping us in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district says it is sending out letters to residents about conservation, but its main concern is not household use. It’s agriculture. Farmers use more than 90 percent of the water here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131794\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMGP9170.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMGP9170.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Niman is fighting to save his company, BN Ranch. He stands to lose nearly $400,000 from a massive beef recall at a Petaluma slaughterhouse. Niman and others have said his meat is safe. (Mina Kim/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Niman is fighting to save his company, BN Ranch. He stands to lose nearly $400,000 from a massive beef recall at a Petaluma slaughterhouse. Niman and others have said his meat is safe. (Mina Kim/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The next chapter in the saga of a troubled Petaluma slaughterhouse opens today as it begins operations under the aegis of \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinsunfarms.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Sun Farms\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based boutique meat producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin Sun is taking over the facility formerly run by Rancho Feeding Corp., which went out of business in February after federal food-safety inspectors ordered it to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/09/petaluma-firm-recalls-possibly-tainted-beef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recall 8.7 million pounds of beef products\u003c/a>. The Department of Agriculture said the plant processed diseased and unsound animals without inspectors’ approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin Sun CEO David Evans said during a press conference last week at the Petaluma plant that its operations have been completely overhauled. “Everything has been rewritten, reinspected, reinvested in, with a completely new mission and outlook on how to do business and how to bring product to the Bay Area consumers,” Evans said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the change in ownership doesn’t end the months of upheaval that have afflicted many Bay Area ranchers. They’ve had to send animals to slaughter to facilities in the Central Valley or on the North Coast. And one respected rancher is facing continuing losses linked to the recall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131791\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMG_3935.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131791 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMG_3935.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Niman holds up two New York Strip steaks. The recall of a year's worth of meat at Rancho Feeding Corp. has left him with 100,000 pounds of premium beef he can't sell. (Mina Kim/KQED)\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Niman holds up two New York Strip steaks. The recall of a year’s worth of meat at Rancho Feeding Corp. has left him with 100,000 pounds of premium beef he can’t sell. (Mina Kim/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a Bay Area refrigeration facility recently, Bill Niman opened cardboard boxes stacked shoulder-high. He held up premium cuts of meat individually wrapped with his BN Ranch label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beautiful little chuck-eye pot roast that could feed 10 people a beautiful meal,” Niman said. “It’s going to the dump.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recall has left Niman with 100,000 pounds of grass-fed beef that he can’t sell. Niman was left with so much meat because he decided to put aside nearly a quarter of his 2013 inventory to sell at peak times later. That decision could now cost him up to $400,000. He said the saddest part is that his animals will have died for nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a huge amount of emotional attachment in these animals and to think that you could take them and go through the slaughtering process and then not be able to use that to feed people,” Niman said. “It’s almost too much to bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niman tried for weeks to get the recall lifted on his beef. He gave the Department of Agriculture documents showing all his meat processed at Rancho Feeding Corp. received the proper inspections. Niman said his company is unique in that he or a member of his staff observes the entire slaughter and butcher process. Still, late last month, federal officials told Niman he could not sell his meat. Niman said that means BN Ranch could fold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMG_3938.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMG_3938.jpg\" alt=\"Boxes of grass-fed beef sit in cold storage. The recall of a year's worth of meat at Rancho Feeding Corp. has left Bill Niman with 100,000 pounds of premium beef he can't sell.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boxes of grass-fed beef sit in cold storage. The recall of a year’s worth of meat at Rancho Feeding Corp. has left Bill Niman with 100,000 pounds of premium beef he can’t sell. (Mina Kim/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our total sales in 2013 were $1.7 million, so if you deduct $300,000 or $400,000 from that in a very slim-margin business, the impact of that is huge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niman said most people don’t know that he cut ties with his namesake business Niman Ranch seven years ago, after an entity with a controlling stake in the company changed parts of the cattle-raising process in ways that he said went against his values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve actually gotten some hate mail from people who think, ‘You guys make so much money, you made so much money at Niman Ranch,’ ” said Niman. “We walked away from that with nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niman is considering a lawsuit against the former owners of the Petaluma slaughterhouse in hopes of recouping some of his losses. He said a lot will depend on what happens with the federal criminal investigation into practices at the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/143553724&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Facility gets makeover under new owner. But one rancher says fallout from earlier recall could ruin him. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131794\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMGP9170.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMGP9170.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Niman is fighting to save his company, BN Ranch. He stands to lose nearly $400,000 from a massive beef recall at a Petaluma slaughterhouse. Niman and others have said his meat is safe. (Mina Kim/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Niman is fighting to save his company, BN Ranch. He stands to lose nearly $400,000 from a massive beef recall at a Petaluma slaughterhouse. Niman and others have said his meat is safe. (Mina Kim/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The next chapter in the saga of a troubled Petaluma slaughterhouse opens today as it begins operations under the aegis of \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinsunfarms.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Sun Farms\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based boutique meat producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin Sun is taking over the facility formerly run by Rancho Feeding Corp., which went out of business in February after federal food-safety inspectors ordered it to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/09/petaluma-firm-recalls-possibly-tainted-beef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recall 8.7 million pounds of beef products\u003c/a>. The Department of Agriculture said the plant processed diseased and unsound animals without inspectors’ approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin Sun CEO David Evans said during a press conference last week at the Petaluma plant that its operations have been completely overhauled. “Everything has been rewritten, reinspected, reinvested in, with a completely new mission and outlook on how to do business and how to bring product to the Bay Area consumers,” Evans said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the change in ownership doesn’t end the months of upheaval that have afflicted many Bay Area ranchers. They’ve had to send animals to slaughter to facilities in the Central Valley or on the North Coast. And one respected rancher is facing continuing losses linked to the recall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131791\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMG_3935.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131791 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMG_3935.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Niman holds up two New York Strip steaks. The recall of a year's worth of meat at Rancho Feeding Corp. has left him with 100,000 pounds of premium beef he can't sell. (Mina Kim/KQED)\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Niman holds up two New York Strip steaks. The recall of a year’s worth of meat at Rancho Feeding Corp. has left him with 100,000 pounds of premium beef he can’t sell. (Mina Kim/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a Bay Area refrigeration facility recently, Bill Niman opened cardboard boxes stacked shoulder-high. He held up premium cuts of meat individually wrapped with his BN Ranch label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beautiful little chuck-eye pot roast that could feed 10 people a beautiful meal,” Niman said. “It’s going to the dump.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recall has left Niman with 100,000 pounds of grass-fed beef that he can’t sell. Niman was left with so much meat because he decided to put aside nearly a quarter of his 2013 inventory to sell at peak times later. That decision could now cost him up to $400,000. He said the saddest part is that his animals will have died for nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a huge amount of emotional attachment in these animals and to think that you could take them and go through the slaughtering process and then not be able to use that to feed people,” Niman said. “It’s almost too much to bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niman tried for weeks to get the recall lifted on his beef. He gave the Department of Agriculture documents showing all his meat processed at Rancho Feeding Corp. received the proper inspections. Niman said his company is unique in that he or a member of his staff observes the entire slaughter and butcher process. Still, late last month, federal officials told Niman he could not sell his meat. Niman said that means BN Ranch could fold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_131793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMG_3938.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-131793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/IMG_3938.jpg\" alt=\"Boxes of grass-fed beef sit in cold storage. The recall of a year's worth of meat at Rancho Feeding Corp. has left Bill Niman with 100,000 pounds of premium beef he can't sell.\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boxes of grass-fed beef sit in cold storage. The recall of a year’s worth of meat at Rancho Feeding Corp. has left Bill Niman with 100,000 pounds of premium beef he can’t sell. (Mina Kim/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our total sales in 2013 were $1.7 million, so if you deduct $300,000 or $400,000 from that in a very slim-margin business, the impact of that is huge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niman said most people don’t know that he cut ties with his namesake business Niman Ranch seven years ago, after an entity with a controlling stake in the company changed parts of the cattle-raising process in ways that he said went against his values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve actually gotten some hate mail from people who think, ‘You guys make so much money, you made so much money at Niman Ranch,’ ” said Niman. “We walked away from that with nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niman is considering a lawsuit against the former owners of the Petaluma slaughterhouse in hopes of recouping some of his losses. He said a lot will depend on what happens with the federal criminal investigation into practices at the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/143553724&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Farmers Look to Oil Industry for Water",
"headTitle": "California Farmers Look to Oil Industry for Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/04/20140407science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16174\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16174\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron's Kern River oil field supplies orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron’s Kern River oil field supplies almond orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs running low, many Central Valley farmers are struggling to keep their trees and crops alive this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the southern San Joaquin Valley, some are getting extra water from an unlikely source: the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the third largest oil-producing state in the country, extracting roughly 200 million barrels a year. But in the process of getting oil, companies also produce massive volumes of water, found naturally in the same underground formations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To produce one barrel of oil, we produce about nine barrels of water,” says Chevron’s Thep Smith, walking around the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=209G4bJ7A9Y\">Kern River oil field\u003c/a>, east of Bakersfield. Almost 10,000 pump jacks cover the hills. The field is more than a century old, but is still the second-most productive in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock formations that bear oil in California are also full of briny, brackish water, leading to an old saying about oil companies in California: they’re actually water companies that get oil as a byproduct. “This is really a water plant that skims oil,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the oil is separated, Chevron handles millions of gallons of water a day. The company uses about a quarter of it to enhance oil production, turning the water into steam and injecting it back into the rock formation to boost oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stuff here is really heavy oil,” Smith says, “kind of like molasses. At room temperature, it actually is almost solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After using some for steam, there’s still plenty of water to get rid of. Many companies dispose of it long-term by pumping it back underground, where it’s trapped in rock layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Pump Jacks to Produce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the only project of its kind in the state, Chevron’s water travels several miles through a 40-inch pipe, until it arrives in a reservoir used by the Cawelo Water District. Chevron provides up to a quarter of the water district’s supply each year, around 26,000 acre-feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have this water coming in, it’s a tremendous bonus,” says David Ansolabehere, general manager of the irrigation district, near Bakersfield. “We deliver water to about 45,000 acres, about 95 percent permanent crops which are nut trees, citrus and vineyards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district mixes Chevron’s water with an equal amount of freshwater, until it reaches a quality that works for local orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t deliver it straight,” Ansolabehere says. “It has too much salt, but we blend it down and then it’s irrigation quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron arrives in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron gushes out of a pipeline in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During this year’s drought, it’s the district’s only reliable supply, since water deliveries from state and federal water projects have been cut completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very tough,” Ansolabehere says. “We’re looking at just making sure the landowners can keep their trees alive this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central Valley water districts are in the same boat right now, which is why Ansolabehere says there’s been a lot of interest in this recycling project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lately, I’ve been getting a lot of phone calls,” he says, “meeting with people that want to do the same type of thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil Industry as Water Source, Not Sink\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture have long been neighbors in Kern County. And it hasn’t been lost on farmers that while their water supplies are going dry this year, the industry next door is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">swimming in billions of gallons\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially true on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, where many water districts rely almost entirely on tenuous supplies imported from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”54626724379a9606d2f66d79412499c5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have tremendous water resources that are a byproduct of oil production,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future,” Hull says, “oil production could be a net provider of water for California ag and other purposes, as opposed to a consumer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents have criticized the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">oil industry’s use of water\u003c/a>, largely because the controversial oil extraction technique known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, consumes freshwater. Recycling water would offset that use, but to duplicate Chevron’s project in other parts of the state, the industry would face significant hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Water Treatment Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the problems they’ve seen at that project is very high arsenic levels in the water,” says Kassie Siegel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, an environmental advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Chevron released water from the Kern River field into a local creek during the winter, when demand from farmers was low. The water wasn’t diluted and the company was fined by the regional water quality control board for violating limits on arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just shows again that there’s no safe way to deal with the oil and gas wastewater,” Siegel says. “Every single method that has been proposed and used has real risks and health harms associated with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron's Kern River oil field produces millions of gallons of water a day. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chevron’s Kern River field produces millions of gallons of brackish water a day as a byproduct of oil extraction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dealing with contaminants could be even tougher in other oil fields. “The water that’s here at Kern River field is at an almost near freshwater quality,” says Chevron’s Abby Auffant, “and that is different from water elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water produced in the company’s other fields is significantly saltier and would need to go through a treatment process like reverse osmosis, which adds cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were able to identify a cost-effective manner in which to treat the water,” Auffant says, “it’s certainly something that we would be interested in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future, oil production could be a net provider of water.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The economic case improves in drought years when water prices are sky-high, but drought economics only last so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally the water’s going for $30-40 an acre-foot,” says Ansolabehere. “When it costs you $500 to treat it, there’s not really a market except for years like this and then you can’t get the treatment in place in time to really make any effect. So you have to think a couple years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As technology advances and reduces those costs, he adds, it becomes more likely that water recycling projects would come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, the drought has added new urgency, as a reminder of the state’s limited water resources. “I think as the resource becomes more strained, people look to these other sources as a solution,” says Harry Starkey, general manager of the West Kern Water District, west of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That conversation is happening on the west side,” Starkey says. “It’ll be interesting to see if you can get oil companies, that tend to be very private, to engage. Getting those two to partner up in those regards – they’re different classmates. It’s a matter of building trust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s something many farmers are watching closely, as they face the long, dry summer ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As water supplies tighten for California farmers, some are looking to an unlikely new source: a water recycling project in one of the state's oldest oil fields.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16174\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16174\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron's Kern River oil field supplies orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron’s Kern River oil field supplies almond orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs running low, many Central Valley farmers are struggling to keep their trees and crops alive this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the southern San Joaquin Valley, some are getting extra water from an unlikely source: the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the third largest oil-producing state in the country, extracting roughly 200 million barrels a year. But in the process of getting oil, companies also produce massive volumes of water, found naturally in the same underground formations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To produce one barrel of oil, we produce about nine barrels of water,” says Chevron’s Thep Smith, walking around the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=209G4bJ7A9Y\">Kern River oil field\u003c/a>, east of Bakersfield. Almost 10,000 pump jacks cover the hills. The field is more than a century old, but is still the second-most productive in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock formations that bear oil in California are also full of briny, brackish water, leading to an old saying about oil companies in California: they’re actually water companies that get oil as a byproduct. “This is really a water plant that skims oil,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the oil is separated, Chevron handles millions of gallons of water a day. The company uses about a quarter of it to enhance oil production, turning the water into steam and injecting it back into the rock formation to boost oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stuff here is really heavy oil,” Smith says, “kind of like molasses. At room temperature, it actually is almost solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After using some for steam, there’s still plenty of water to get rid of. Many companies dispose of it long-term by pumping it back underground, where it’s trapped in rock layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Pump Jacks to Produce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the only project of its kind in the state, Chevron’s water travels several miles through a 40-inch pipe, until it arrives in a reservoir used by the Cawelo Water District. Chevron provides up to a quarter of the water district’s supply each year, around 26,000 acre-feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have this water coming in, it’s a tremendous bonus,” says David Ansolabehere, general manager of the irrigation district, near Bakersfield. “We deliver water to about 45,000 acres, about 95 percent permanent crops which are nut trees, citrus and vineyards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district mixes Chevron’s water with an equal amount of freshwater, until it reaches a quality that works for local orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t deliver it straight,” Ansolabehere says. “It has too much salt, but we blend it down and then it’s irrigation quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron arrives in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron gushes out of a pipeline in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During this year’s drought, it’s the district’s only reliable supply, since water deliveries from state and federal water projects have been cut completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very tough,” Ansolabehere says. “We’re looking at just making sure the landowners can keep their trees alive this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central Valley water districts are in the same boat right now, which is why Ansolabehere says there’s been a lot of interest in this recycling project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lately, I’ve been getting a lot of phone calls,” he says, “meeting with people that want to do the same type of thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil Industry as Water Source, Not Sink\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture have long been neighbors in Kern County. And it hasn’t been lost on farmers that while their water supplies are going dry this year, the industry next door is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">swimming in billions of gallons\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially true on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, where many water districts rely almost entirely on tenuous supplies imported from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have tremendous water resources that are a byproduct of oil production,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future,” Hull says, “oil production could be a net provider of water for California ag and other purposes, as opposed to a consumer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents have criticized the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">oil industry’s use of water\u003c/a>, largely because the controversial oil extraction technique known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, consumes freshwater. Recycling water would offset that use, but to duplicate Chevron’s project in other parts of the state, the industry would face significant hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Water Treatment Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the problems they’ve seen at that project is very high arsenic levels in the water,” says Kassie Siegel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, an environmental advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Chevron released water from the Kern River field into a local creek during the winter, when demand from farmers was low. The water wasn’t diluted and the company was fined by the regional water quality control board for violating limits on arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just shows again that there’s no safe way to deal with the oil and gas wastewater,” Siegel says. “Every single method that has been proposed and used has real risks and health harms associated with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron's Kern River oil field produces millions of gallons of water a day. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chevron’s Kern River field produces millions of gallons of brackish water a day as a byproduct of oil extraction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dealing with contaminants could be even tougher in other oil fields. “The water that’s here at Kern River field is at an almost near freshwater quality,” says Chevron’s Abby Auffant, “and that is different from water elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water produced in the company’s other fields is significantly saltier and would need to go through a treatment process like reverse osmosis, which adds cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were able to identify a cost-effective manner in which to treat the water,” Auffant says, “it’s certainly something that we would be interested in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future, oil production could be a net provider of water.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The economic case improves in drought years when water prices are sky-high, but drought economics only last so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally the water’s going for $30-40 an acre-foot,” says Ansolabehere. “When it costs you $500 to treat it, there’s not really a market except for years like this and then you can’t get the treatment in place in time to really make any effect. So you have to think a couple years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As technology advances and reduces those costs, he adds, it becomes more likely that water recycling projects would come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, the drought has added new urgency, as a reminder of the state’s limited water resources. “I think as the resource becomes more strained, people look to these other sources as a solution,” says Harry Starkey, general manager of the West Kern Water District, west of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That conversation is happening on the west side,” Starkey says. “It’ll be interesting to see if you can get oil companies, that tend to be very private, to engage. Getting those two to partner up in those regards – they’re different classmates. It’s a matter of building trust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "News Pix: Lightning Strikes Berkeley, Gay Cowboys, and the Aftermath of the Rim Fire",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/13567278745_520540aaf9_b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-131613\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/13567278745_520540aaf9_b-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"13567278745_520540aaf9_b\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOn Monday, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/01/lightning_bay_area\" target=\"_blank\">lightning struck\u003c/a> a redwood tree in Berkeley. Another bolt hit an Alaska Airlines flight operated by Horizon at Oakland International Airport. And in Sausalito, lightning hit another redwood tree, shattering windows at two homes. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/2014-03-29-13.29.07.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-131609\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/2014-03-29-13.29.07-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"2014-03-29 13.29.07\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA fire ravaged the historic lodge at Wilbur Hot Springs on Saturday. No one was injured, but the fire did significant damage to the popular retreat in Colusa County. The fire appeared to have started in the kitchen and spread to the second floor of the wooden 1863 structure. Owners Richard and Jolee Wilbur said in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wilburhotsprings.com/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a note online\u003c/a> that they are hoping to reopen for day-use visits and camping soon. (Zan Rubin/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/rodeo.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-131591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/rodeo-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDeanna Trujillo-James is one of hundreds of competitors in \u003ca href=\"http://peninsulapress.com/2014/03/25/gay-competitors-rodeo/\" target=\"_blank\">gay rodeos \u003c/a>across the country. In the small towns in the Bay Area where they sometimes compete — like the mountain town of La Honda in San Mateo County — cowboys like Trujillo-James get a lot of attention. \"When we show up, people shout, 'Gay cowboys are here!' We bring in a lot of business to these small communities,\" she said. (Photo courtesy of Deanna Trujillo-James/\u003ca href=\"http://peninsulapress.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Peninsula Press\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/google2-e1396383999838.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-131220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/google2-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"google2\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOpponents of San Francisco’s tech shuttles \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/01/google-bus-San-Francisco-Supervisors/\" target=\"_blank\">lost an environmental appeal\u003c/a> at the Board of Supervisors on Tuesday. Earlier that day, protesters delayed a Google bus in the Mission. (Zach Mack/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/rimfiresliders.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/04/02/yosemite-opens-areas-closed-after-last-summers-huge-rim-fire/\" target=\"_blank\">Rim Fire burned\u003c/a> more than a quarter-million acres last summer, including about 77,000 acres inside Yosemite National Park, leaving a stark and denuded landscape of dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park closures during and after the fire crippled businesses that cater to visitors from around the world. The photo above shows the same location in the Stanislaus National Forest before the fire, and about two weeks after it. Fire scientist Scott Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley, was measuring plots and taking a timber inventory with graduate students when the fire forced them to evacuate. Stephens said when he returned to the area in late September, he had to locate it using GPS, as it had changed so much he couldn’t recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/13567278745_520540aaf9_b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-131613\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/13567278745_520540aaf9_b-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"13567278745_520540aaf9_b\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOn Monday, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/01/lightning_bay_area\" target=\"_blank\">lightning struck\u003c/a> a redwood tree in Berkeley. Another bolt hit an Alaska Airlines flight operated by Horizon at Oakland International Airport. And in Sausalito, lightning hit another redwood tree, shattering windows at two homes. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/2014-03-29-13.29.07.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-131609\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/2014-03-29-13.29.07-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"2014-03-29 13.29.07\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA fire ravaged the historic lodge at Wilbur Hot Springs on Saturday. No one was injured, but the fire did significant damage to the popular retreat in Colusa County. The fire appeared to have started in the kitchen and spread to the second floor of the wooden 1863 structure. Owners Richard and Jolee Wilbur said in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wilburhotsprings.com/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a note online\u003c/a> that they are hoping to reopen for day-use visits and camping soon. (Zan Rubin/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/rodeo.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-131591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/rodeo-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDeanna Trujillo-James is one of hundreds of competitors in \u003ca href=\"http://peninsulapress.com/2014/03/25/gay-competitors-rodeo/\" target=\"_blank\">gay rodeos \u003c/a>across the country. In the small towns in the Bay Area where they sometimes compete — like the mountain town of La Honda in San Mateo County — cowboys like Trujillo-James get a lot of attention. \"When we show up, people shout, 'Gay cowboys are here!' We bring in a lot of business to these small communities,\" she said. (Photo courtesy of Deanna Trujillo-James/\u003ca href=\"http://peninsulapress.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Peninsula Press\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/google2-e1396383999838.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-131220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/google2-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"google2\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOpponents of San Francisco’s tech shuttles \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/01/google-bus-San-Francisco-Supervisors/\" target=\"_blank\">lost an environmental appeal\u003c/a> at the Board of Supervisors on Tuesday. Earlier that day, protesters delayed a Google bus in the Mission. (Zach Mack/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/rimfiresliders.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/04/02/yosemite-opens-areas-closed-after-last-summers-huge-rim-fire/\" target=\"_blank\">Rim Fire burned\u003c/a> more than a quarter-million acres last summer, including about 77,000 acres inside Yosemite National Park, leaving a stark and denuded landscape of dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park closures during and after the fire crippled businesses that cater to visitors from around the world. The photo above shows the same location in the Stanislaus National Forest before the fire, and about two weeks after it. Fire scientist Scott Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley, was measuring plots and taking a timber inventory with graduate students when the fire forced them to evacuate. Stephens said when he returned to the area in late September, he had to locate it using GPS, as it had changed so much he couldn’t recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Farmers in The Delta: Deep Connections to Rich Agricultural History",
"title": "Farmers in The Delta: Deep Connections to Rich Agricultural History",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcrmag/2014/04/20140404ctcrmag.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draw an imaginary line from the San Francisco Bay Area east to Stockton. Pivot your pencil and draw another line north up I-5 to Sacramento, and then west back to the Bay Area again. That triangle -- filled with a puzzle of waterways and islands -- makes up the California Delta. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers come together here. With a system of channels and gates and pumps built over multiple decades, it’s become the center of California’s water distribution system. Policymakers, interest groups and residents have been fighting for decades over how to manage the area, with the latest controversy surrounding Gov. Jerry Brown’s proposal to build two huge tunnels underneath the Delta. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s record drought has refocused attention on the Delta, little media attention is paid to the people who actually live and work there, including people deeply connected to the region’s rich agricultural history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Wilson runs a pear orchard minutes from the Sacramento River. His family has farmed here on Andrus Island for generations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says that 30 years ago, this portion of the Delta was replete with Bartlett pear trees. Now he grafts a pear called “Stark Crimson” onto the trunks of old Bartlett trees because, he says, new varieties can bring in almost twice as much as Bartlett pears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10141122\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/deltaacrop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/deltaacrop-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10141122\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One could argue we’ve diversified away from these so much we’re starting to say ‘Oops, went too far’, but that’s farming -- change varieties and see what’s profitable,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says people have grown pears and other crops here for so long because the soil’s always been rich and because of the Delta’s proximity to population centers in the days of the Gold Rush. At that time, many of the most successful migrants to California weren’t miners, but instead were the farmers and merchants who sold food and supplies to miners. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You wanted to be the guy selling the shovel, not the guy digging with the shovel,” says Wilson. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While miners sought their fortunes in the hills, the state encouraged farmers to come to the Delta and turn part-time swampland into full-time farmland by building levees. Laborers from China built much of the levee system. Families originally from Europe and Asia started farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety-three-year-old Nicholas Cotano walks through a former agricultural labor camp on Twitchell Island, where his Portuguese and Filipino family farmed and became labor contractors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of men, they came from all over,” says Cotano. “The Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands. Wherever they were, they were urged to come here.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cotano says his father organized crews of Filipino workers to move around the state, harvesting different crops. In the Delta, asparagus dominated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would cut more or less 4 acres each, 4 acres a day apiece, which is almost impossible to do. You’d have two to three knives at a time, stone in your hand always sharpening your knives.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s still some asparagus grown in the Delta, but for the last couple decades, cheaper imports from Mexico have made many farmers here turn to other crops. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says his family stopped growing asparagus years ago. In addition to his pear orchard, Wilson owns a grain elevator that was converted from an old asparagus packing shed. Along with farming and grain storage, Wilson is in the trucking business, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any crop that you’re totally devoted to makes you vulnerable,” says Wilson. “If pears go bad — and they have, in the late '40s and '80s — you want to diversify into other things.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he sees the number of farm owners getting smaller, and their operations growing, Wilson claims there’s not a log of “big ag” in the Delta. His children and nephews help run his business, and he sees his neighbors’ children still involved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I love to farm. I like this area. I like to grow things. If we can figure how to make money doing what we love to do, we have our questions answered.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the Delta, there is always worry about change. Many Delta farmers oppose Brown’s Bay Delta Conservation Plan, which would rework the Delta’s complicated plumbing via the construction of massive tunnels. There are lots of questions about how much farmland would be lost to tunnel construction and wetland restoration, as well as how Delta water quality might be impacted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson shares those concerns, but in the meantime he’s sticking to what his family has done for over a century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201404111630/f\" target=\"_blank\">Delta Livelihoods Take Hit as Recreation Declines\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201404181630/e\" target=\"_blank\">Levee Upkeep a Crucial Job in the Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Today, in the first of a four part series, an introduction to people who live and work in the Delta.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Draw an imaginary line from the San Francisco Bay Area east to Stockton. Pivot your pencil and draw another line north up I-5 to Sacramento, and then west back to the Bay Area again. That triangle -- filled with a puzzle of waterways and islands -- makes up the California Delta. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers come together here. With a system of channels and gates and pumps built over multiple decades, it’s become the center of California’s water distribution system. Policymakers, interest groups and residents have been fighting for decades over how to manage the area, with the latest controversy surrounding Gov. Jerry Brown’s proposal to build two huge tunnels underneath the Delta. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s record drought has refocused attention on the Delta, little media attention is paid to the people who actually live and work there, including people deeply connected to the region’s rich agricultural history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Wilson runs a pear orchard minutes from the Sacramento River. His family has farmed here on Andrus Island for generations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says that 30 years ago, this portion of the Delta was replete with Bartlett pear trees. Now he grafts a pear called “Stark Crimson” onto the trunks of old Bartlett trees because, he says, new varieties can bring in almost twice as much as Bartlett pears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10141122\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/deltaacrop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/deltaacrop-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10141122\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One could argue we’ve diversified away from these so much we’re starting to say ‘Oops, went too far’, but that’s farming -- change varieties and see what’s profitable,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says people have grown pears and other crops here for so long because the soil’s always been rich and because of the Delta’s proximity to population centers in the days of the Gold Rush. At that time, many of the most successful migrants to California weren’t miners, but instead were the farmers and merchants who sold food and supplies to miners. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You wanted to be the guy selling the shovel, not the guy digging with the shovel,” says Wilson. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While miners sought their fortunes in the hills, the state encouraged farmers to come to the Delta and turn part-time swampland into full-time farmland by building levees. Laborers from China built much of the levee system. Families originally from Europe and Asia started farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety-three-year-old Nicholas Cotano walks through a former agricultural labor camp on Twitchell Island, where his Portuguese and Filipino family farmed and became labor contractors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of men, they came from all over,” says Cotano. “The Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands. Wherever they were, they were urged to come here.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cotano says his father organized crews of Filipino workers to move around the state, harvesting different crops. In the Delta, asparagus dominated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would cut more or less 4 acres each, 4 acres a day apiece, which is almost impossible to do. You’d have two to three knives at a time, stone in your hand always sharpening your knives.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s still some asparagus grown in the Delta, but for the last couple decades, cheaper imports from Mexico have made many farmers here turn to other crops. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says his family stopped growing asparagus years ago. In addition to his pear orchard, Wilson owns a grain elevator that was converted from an old asparagus packing shed. Along with farming and grain storage, Wilson is in the trucking business, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any crop that you’re totally devoted to makes you vulnerable,” says Wilson. “If pears go bad — and they have, in the late '40s and '80s — you want to diversify into other things.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he sees the number of farm owners getting smaller, and their operations growing, Wilson claims there’s not a log of “big ag” in the Delta. His children and nephews help run his business, and he sees his neighbors’ children still involved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I love to farm. I like this area. I like to grow things. If we can figure how to make money doing what we love to do, we have our questions answered.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the Delta, there is always worry about change. Many Delta farmers oppose Brown’s Bay Delta Conservation Plan, which would rework the Delta’s complicated plumbing via the construction of massive tunnels. There are lots of questions about how much farmland would be lost to tunnel construction and wetland restoration, as well as how Delta water quality might be impacted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson shares those concerns, but in the meantime he’s sticking to what his family has done for over a century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201404111630/f\" target=\"_blank\">Delta Livelihoods Take Hit as Recreation Declines\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201404181630/e\" target=\"_blank\">Levee Upkeep a Crucial Job in the Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Yosemite Opens Areas Closed After Last Summer's Huge Rim Fire",
"headTitle": "Yosemite Opens Areas Closed After Last Summer’s Huge Rim Fire | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>National Park Service officials have re-opened parts of Yosemite that have been closed ever since the Rim Fire tore through large swaths of the park last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors can now return to the Tuolumne Grove of Giant Sequoias and to hiking trails near Hetch Hetchy, among other areas. Park officials caution visitors to be careful in burned lands, however, as these areas can still be dangerous, with uneven ground, debris on trails, hazardous trees and the potential for falling rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire burned more than a quarter of a million acres, including about 77,000 acres inside Yosemite National Park, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-renewable-energy-reduce-californias-fire-risk/\">leaving a stark and denuded landscape of dead trees\u003c/a>. Park closures during and after the fire crippled businesses that cater to visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16073\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/7017scr_d01835d281bde2b.jpg\" alt=\"The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16073\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“With the opening of these closed areas and looking at a good year,” said park ranger Scott Gediman, “we’re hopeful that a lot of those businesses can rebound and do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/03/drought-could-hamper-forest-recovery-after-rim-fire/\">Fire ecologists say it will take decades\u003c/a> for the forests to recover, both because of the extent of the burned area and because of California’s drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire started in the Stanislaus National Forest on August 17, 2013, when a hunter’s illegal fire got out of control and raged through \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">forests thick with dry trees and brush\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos below show the same location in the Stanislaus National Forest before the fire, and about two weeks after it. Fire scientist Scott Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley, was measuring plots and taking a timber inventory with graduate students when the fire forced them to evacuate. Stephens said when he returned to the area in late September, he had to locate it using GPS, as it was so changed he couldn’t recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was 100 percent mortality,” Stephens said, “so all trees in this site were dead. And this is actually very sad, because one reason I was interested in this particular spot is there are remnant old trees here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Drag the slider back and forth to compare before and after shots.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/rimfiresliders.html\" height=\"2280px\" width=\"640px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nIn the first “before” photo, a lone California black oak pokes gnarled branches into the sky amid a stand of conifers. Stephens said the black oak is important for wildlife, both for its acorns and for the cavities it creates where birds and small mammals nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This actually in some ways is a little victory for the oak,” Stephens said, “because the oak’s the only species that can re-sprout. So it’ll re-sprout from dormant buds under its bark and that tree’s going to grow like crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next picture shows a downed sugar pine log, with a small dead tree laying across it. The “after” photo shows the shrunken, scarred remains of that small tree. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final picture shows how the fire cleared out the dead sapling in the foreground. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The fire burned more than a quarter of a million acres in Yosemite and the Stanislaus National Forest. See before-and-after photos from a plot in the national forest.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>National Park Service officials have re-opened parts of Yosemite that have been closed ever since the Rim Fire tore through large swaths of the park last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors can now return to the Tuolumne Grove of Giant Sequoias and to hiking trails near Hetch Hetchy, among other areas. Park officials caution visitors to be careful in burned lands, however, as these areas can still be dangerous, with uneven ground, debris on trails, hazardous trees and the potential for falling rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire burned more than a quarter of a million acres, including about 77,000 acres inside Yosemite National Park, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-renewable-energy-reduce-californias-fire-risk/\">leaving a stark and denuded landscape of dead trees\u003c/a>. Park closures during and after the fire crippled businesses that cater to visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16073\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/7017scr_d01835d281bde2b.jpg\" alt=\"The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16073\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The forest after the Rim Fire, just outside of Yosemite National Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“With the opening of these closed areas and looking at a good year,” said park ranger Scott Gediman, “we’re hopeful that a lot of those businesses can rebound and do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/03/drought-could-hamper-forest-recovery-after-rim-fire/\">Fire ecologists say it will take decades\u003c/a> for the forests to recover, both because of the extent of the burned area and because of California’s drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire started in the Stanislaus National Forest on August 17, 2013, when a hunter’s illegal fire got out of control and raged through \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">forests thick with dry trees and brush\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos below show the same location in the Stanislaus National Forest before the fire, and about two weeks after it. Fire scientist Scott Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley, was measuring plots and taking a timber inventory with graduate students when the fire forced them to evacuate. Stephens said when he returned to the area in late September, he had to locate it using GPS, as it was so changed he couldn’t recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was 100 percent mortality,” Stephens said, “so all trees in this site were dead. And this is actually very sad, because one reason I was interested in this particular spot is there are remnant old trees here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Drag the slider back and forth to compare before and after shots.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/rimfire/rimfiresliders.html\" height=\"2280px\" width=\"640px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nIn the first “before” photo, a lone California black oak pokes gnarled branches into the sky amid a stand of conifers. Stephens said the black oak is important for wildlife, both for its acorns and for the cavities it creates where birds and small mammals nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This actually in some ways is a little victory for the oak,” Stephens said, “because the oak’s the only species that can re-sprout. So it’ll re-sprout from dormant buds under its bark and that tree’s going to grow like crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next picture shows a downed sugar pine log, with a small dead tree laying across it. The “after” photo shows the shrunken, scarred remains of that small tree. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final picture shows how the fire cleared out the dead sapling in the foreground. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\" alt=\"Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" />\u003c/a> Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption]\r\n\r\nHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">Monterey Shale\u003c/a>.\r\n\r\nIn California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>What is it?\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nFracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">According to the oil industry\u003c/a>, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Concerns\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nEnvironmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">uses large volumes of freshwater\u003c/a>. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Where it Stands\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn November 2013, state regulators \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">released draft rules for fracking\u003c/a> that are now \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/californias-new-fracking-regulations-delayed-half-a-year/\">expected to go into effect in July 2015\u003c/a>. They followed passage of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover.\r\n\r\nUnder the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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},
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"isBot": true
}
}
