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"content": "\u003cp>Looking back at the 1992 Los Angeles riots, people often remember tensions between African-Americans, white law enforcement officers and Korean small-business owners. That story gets even more complicated when you step into Pico-Union — a neighborhood that was, and still is, predominantly Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the Rodney King verdict, riots broke out around the city. The first day, they erupted in South Central; by the second, they had spread north to Pico-Union. And while people all over the city had to deal with looting, fires and general chaos, many residents of Pico Union had to deal with an additional fear — the threat of deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Lfts020aCRBQQPItCHFHG6sHK0BAyGmz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Hernandez was the neighborhood's city councilman in 1992. He said that in the 25 years since the riots, Pico-Union hasn't changed that much. The area is still more than 80 percent Latino, with lots of immigrant families from Mexico and Central America. And, in 1992, a majority of Pico-Union constituents were living below the poverty line in crowded conditions. Hernandez said he knew long before the riots started that Pico-Union was just as combustible as South Central L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had twice the density here of Manhattan,\" Hernandez said. \"And our fire station here, Fire Station 11, was the busiest fire station in the nation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the midst of the burning and looting, Hernandez said the few law enforcement officers who made it to Pico-Union were not protecting and serving. He partially blamed it on the fact that in the early 1990s, \"Latino\" was often synonymous with \"illegal\" in California. In a 1992 interview, he told NPR that his request for reinforcement during the unrest didn't get him the results he wanted. \"The response to me when I said I needed the National Guard to protect the people of the area and I needed to protect the businesses and protect the homes, they gave me the Border Patrol. It was totally an insult,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11430116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11430116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/pico-union-img_2240_custom-bd719b7fd8a74479207699263dadd75c74b67218-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Former City Councilman Mike Hernandez visits the Pico-Union neighborhood of Los Angeles 25 years after the riots.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former City Councilman Mike Hernandez visits the Pico-Union neighborhood of Los Angeles 25 years after the riots. \u003ccite>(Shereen Marisol Meraji/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hernandez doesn't deny that people in Pico-Union were among the looters, but he said he saw people taking basics, like food and diapers. The vast majority of his constituents were scared out of their minds and hiding in their homes. The rioting and chaos, he said, triggered past trauma for many of the Central American immigrants who had fled civil war. And the presence of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, which included the Border Patrol back then, seemed to be fueling that fear — with good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"WOK5TDFsZXVkbT3fxGLptGo4tOk1Qi3o\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documents gathered during the Webster Commission, the FBI's months-long investigation into the Los Angeles Police Department's response to the riots, included \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-20/local/me-325_1_police-commission\">declarations\u003c/a> from Pico-Union residents. Many of them were arrested by the LAPD for illegally residing in the U.S. and turned over to the INS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the L.A. riots, Madeline Janis ran a Pico-Union based non-profit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.carecen-la.org/press\">CARECEN\u003c/a> (Central American Resource Center), which is still in the neighborhood and provides multiple services to immigrants. In the aftermath of the unrest, Janis, an attorney, helped a couple of dozen people facing deportation — people like Martha Campos, a Salvadoran woman arrested by the LAPD at 3 in the afternoon on April 30, 1992, while drinking a fruit juice in front of a convenience store. At the time, Campos was 18 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An officer demanded to know my name, if I had any immigration papers and what country I was from,\" Campos said in her declaration, taken after two weeks in immigration detention at Terminal Island in San Pedro. She added that the LAPD questioned her about her immigration status. \"I responded that I had no papers and I told him what country I was from...I was then taken to a police station with many other people. Immigration arrived in several vans and took me and many other people away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos said that in detention she slept on narrow concrete benches, was fed dry meat and old bread, and not allowed to bathe. She was seven months pregnant. Campos said that she was afraid that the treatment she endured while in INS custody could cause serious harm to her or her baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"BNY2Cxfg8jEPv685CcquZWSfVrB1kPU8\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeline Janis said she's almost positive she was able to get Campos a hearing in immigration court, even though the 18-year old signed a voluntary departure document the day of her arrest. (NPR tried to find Campos and other detainees who gave declarations, but was unable to locate anyone 25 years after the incident.) Janis said the entire ordeal was so upsetting that it was hard for her to recall the events after our initial interview request. \"This was so awful, I think I blocked it out of my memory. I think it's because people suffered so much that I really ... just blocked it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11430127\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11430127\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-800x521.jpg\" alt=\"The Pathfinder bookstore on Pico Blvd. burns in the Pico-Union area of Los Angeles during the riots in 1992.\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-240x156.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-375x244.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-520x339.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pathfinder bookstore on Pico Boulevard burns in the Pico-Union area of Los Angeles during the riots in 1992. \u003ccite>(Ted Soqui/Corbis via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What happened to Martha Campos shouldn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a rule called Special Order 40, which has been around since the late '70s, the Los Angeles Police Department wasn't, and still isn't, allowed to \"initiate police action with the objective of discovering the alien status of a person.\" They can involve immigration enforcement only when an unauthorized person has been arrested for serious misdemeanors or a felony. Among the Webster Commission documents archived in 40 cardboard boxes at the USC library, there were Immigration and Naturalization Service documents that show 86 percent of more than 1,200 undocumented \"riot aliens\" they received from the L.A. County Jail, the LAPD and other law enforcement were deported. Those documents cover only May 1 to May 4, 1992 (the unrest began on April 29th); and they do not specify what crimes those detained and deported were charged with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Moschorak was the district director of the INS in Los Angeles during the unrest. He remembers the riots differently than people like Hernandez and Janis. Moschorak, who has been retired for 23 years, said the riots were an all-hands-on-deck situation, and he sent in agents to help as requested, sometimes to just interpret for LAPD officers. As for Special Order 40, he told me he wasn't aware of it then, and doesn't agree with the policy now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that's ridiculous,\" Moschorak said. \"You know, many people don't realize that illegal entry into the United States is a misdemeanor in and of itself, a violation of 8USC1325 and re-entry is a felony. How long are we going to accept that in our society?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11430117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11430117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-643900306_custom-1426e7db8bf989029bc727dfeb6621bedab99b9e-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti speaks during a town hall on the Affordable Care Act in Los Angeles on Feb. 22. Garcetti said he's trying to quell fears stoked in the city's immigrant communities by President Trump's calls for more cooperation between local law enforcement and federal immigration authorities.\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti speaks during a town hall on the Affordable Care Act in Los Angeles on Feb. 22. Garcetti said he's trying to quell fears stoked in the city's immigrant communities by President Trump's calls for more cooperation between local law enforcement and federal immigration authorities. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares Moschorak's contempt for the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie Beck, the current LAPD chief, said he has accepted that there are a couple of hundred thousand immigrants living in Los Angeles who don't have legal status. \"And I got to be their police chief, too,\" Beck said. \"I'm not just a police chief to property owners. I'm not just a police chief to business owners. We're in charge of everybody's safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Beck has been at the LAPD as long as Special Order 40 has been around, and said he can't recall a time it wasn't followed, even after learning about the Webster Commission documents that show otherwise. Regardless, Beck said it has long been crucial that the LAPD isn't thought of as immigration enforcement, because it erodes trust and immigrants stop reporting crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last month, L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti expanded Special Order 40 to include firefighters, port and airport police. At the event where Garcetti signed the executive directive, Beck told the audience that crime reporting has dropped significantly in Latino communities this year over fear that interacting with local law enforcement may lead to deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525188083/525188084\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrant rights activists in 1992, and a new generation of activists today, don't think the order goes far enough to protect L.A.'s immigrants — no matter how it's implemented. Many in California's immigrant rights movement are calling for zero cooperation between local law enforcement and federal immigration enforcement. (And a bill under consideration in the state Legislature may decide that issue statewide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcetti said he's trying to quell fears stoked in L.A.'s immigrant communities by President Trump's calls for more cooperation between local law enforcement and federal immigration authorities. \"So to make our city safer, we're focused on keeping those bridges from being burned down right now,\" Garcetti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 25 years ago, when Los Angeles was burning, Special Order 40 appears to have been an afterthought amid the chaos. Garcetti said that this new generation of police officers understand the need for Special Order 40 from both moral and practical terms. Garcetti said that it's one thing to have a policy on the books, \"but it's another thing to make sure that it's enforced, and enforced by \u003cem>everybody\u003c/em>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mayor added that we continue to learn lessons from the L.A. riots 25 years later. \"We're not perfect, but in this imperfect paradise that we call Los Angeles, I think we're better and more resilient because of what we went through in 1992.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Parker Yesko of the National Desk and Leah Donnella of Code Switch contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Los+Angeles+Burned%2C+The+Border+Patrol+Swooped+In&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Remembering the L.A. riots, people think of tensions between African-Americans, white cops and Korean business owners. It gets more complicated when you step into a Latino neighborhood.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Looking back at the 1992 Los Angeles riots, people often remember tensions between African-Americans, white law enforcement officers and Korean small-business owners. That story gets even more complicated when you step into Pico-Union — a neighborhood that was, and still is, predominantly Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the Rodney King verdict, riots broke out around the city. The first day, they erupted in South Central; by the second, they had spread north to Pico-Union. And while people all over the city had to deal with looting, fires and general chaos, many residents of Pico Union had to deal with an additional fear — the threat of deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Hernandez was the neighborhood's city councilman in 1992. He said that in the 25 years since the riots, Pico-Union hasn't changed that much. The area is still more than 80 percent Latino, with lots of immigrant families from Mexico and Central America. And, in 1992, a majority of Pico-Union constituents were living below the poverty line in crowded conditions. Hernandez said he knew long before the riots started that Pico-Union was just as combustible as South Central L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had twice the density here of Manhattan,\" Hernandez said. \"And our fire station here, Fire Station 11, was the busiest fire station in the nation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the midst of the burning and looting, Hernandez said the few law enforcement officers who made it to Pico-Union were not protecting and serving. He partially blamed it on the fact that in the early 1990s, \"Latino\" was often synonymous with \"illegal\" in California. In a 1992 interview, he told NPR that his request for reinforcement during the unrest didn't get him the results he wanted. \"The response to me when I said I needed the National Guard to protect the people of the area and I needed to protect the businesses and protect the homes, they gave me the Border Patrol. It was totally an insult,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11430116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11430116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/pico-union-img_2240_custom-bd719b7fd8a74479207699263dadd75c74b67218-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Former City Councilman Mike Hernandez visits the Pico-Union neighborhood of Los Angeles 25 years after the riots.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former City Councilman Mike Hernandez visits the Pico-Union neighborhood of Los Angeles 25 years after the riots. \u003ccite>(Shereen Marisol Meraji/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hernandez doesn't deny that people in Pico-Union were among the looters, but he said he saw people taking basics, like food and diapers. The vast majority of his constituents were scared out of their minds and hiding in their homes. The rioting and chaos, he said, triggered past trauma for many of the Central American immigrants who had fled civil war. And the presence of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, which included the Border Patrol back then, seemed to be fueling that fear — with good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documents gathered during the Webster Commission, the FBI's months-long investigation into the Los Angeles Police Department's response to the riots, included \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-20/local/me-325_1_police-commission\">declarations\u003c/a> from Pico-Union residents. Many of them were arrested by the LAPD for illegally residing in the U.S. and turned over to the INS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the L.A. riots, Madeline Janis ran a Pico-Union based non-profit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.carecen-la.org/press\">CARECEN\u003c/a> (Central American Resource Center), which is still in the neighborhood and provides multiple services to immigrants. In the aftermath of the unrest, Janis, an attorney, helped a couple of dozen people facing deportation — people like Martha Campos, a Salvadoran woman arrested by the LAPD at 3 in the afternoon on April 30, 1992, while drinking a fruit juice in front of a convenience store. At the time, Campos was 18 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An officer demanded to know my name, if I had any immigration papers and what country I was from,\" Campos said in her declaration, taken after two weeks in immigration detention at Terminal Island in San Pedro. She added that the LAPD questioned her about her immigration status. \"I responded that I had no papers and I told him what country I was from...I was then taken to a police station with many other people. Immigration arrived in several vans and took me and many other people away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos said that in detention she slept on narrow concrete benches, was fed dry meat and old bread, and not allowed to bathe. She was seven months pregnant. Campos said that she was afraid that the treatment she endured while in INS custody could cause serious harm to her or her baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeline Janis said she's almost positive she was able to get Campos a hearing in immigration court, even though the 18-year old signed a voluntary departure document the day of her arrest. (NPR tried to find Campos and other detainees who gave declarations, but was unable to locate anyone 25 years after the incident.) Janis said the entire ordeal was so upsetting that it was hard for her to recall the events after our initial interview request. \"This was so awful, I think I blocked it out of my memory. I think it's because people suffered so much that I really ... just blocked it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11430127\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11430127\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-800x521.jpg\" alt=\"The Pathfinder bookstore on Pico Blvd. burns in the Pico-Union area of Los Angeles during the riots in 1992.\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-240x156.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-375x244.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-539923592-edit_custom-c2c02f9731fbecf0095d6fbc402bf336261ed529-s800-c85-520x339.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pathfinder bookstore on Pico Boulevard burns in the Pico-Union area of Los Angeles during the riots in 1992. \u003ccite>(Ted Soqui/Corbis via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What happened to Martha Campos shouldn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a rule called Special Order 40, which has been around since the late '70s, the Los Angeles Police Department wasn't, and still isn't, allowed to \"initiate police action with the objective of discovering the alien status of a person.\" They can involve immigration enforcement only when an unauthorized person has been arrested for serious misdemeanors or a felony. Among the Webster Commission documents archived in 40 cardboard boxes at the USC library, there were Immigration and Naturalization Service documents that show 86 percent of more than 1,200 undocumented \"riot aliens\" they received from the L.A. County Jail, the LAPD and other law enforcement were deported. Those documents cover only May 1 to May 4, 1992 (the unrest began on April 29th); and they do not specify what crimes those detained and deported were charged with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Moschorak was the district director of the INS in Los Angeles during the unrest. He remembers the riots differently than people like Hernandez and Janis. Moschorak, who has been retired for 23 years, said the riots were an all-hands-on-deck situation, and he sent in agents to help as requested, sometimes to just interpret for LAPD officers. As for Special Order 40, he told me he wasn't aware of it then, and doesn't agree with the policy now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that's ridiculous,\" Moschorak said. \"You know, many people don't realize that illegal entry into the United States is a misdemeanor in and of itself, a violation of 8USC1325 and re-entry is a felony. How long are we going to accept that in our society?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11430117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11430117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/gettyimages-643900306_custom-1426e7db8bf989029bc727dfeb6621bedab99b9e-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti speaks during a town hall on the Affordable Care Act in Los Angeles on Feb. 22. Garcetti said he's trying to quell fears stoked in the city's immigrant communities by President Trump's calls for more cooperation between local law enforcement and federal immigration authorities.\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti speaks during a town hall on the Affordable Care Act in Los Angeles on Feb. 22. Garcetti said he's trying to quell fears stoked in the city's immigrant communities by President Trump's calls for more cooperation between local law enforcement and federal immigration authorities. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares Moschorak's contempt for the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie Beck, the current LAPD chief, said he has accepted that there are a couple of hundred thousand immigrants living in Los Angeles who don't have legal status. \"And I got to be their police chief, too,\" Beck said. \"I'm not just a police chief to property owners. I'm not just a police chief to business owners. We're in charge of everybody's safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Beck has been at the LAPD as long as Special Order 40 has been around, and said he can't recall a time it wasn't followed, even after learning about the Webster Commission documents that show otherwise. Regardless, Beck said it has long been crucial that the LAPD isn't thought of as immigration enforcement, because it erodes trust and immigrants stop reporting crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last month, L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti expanded Special Order 40 to include firefighters, port and airport police. At the event where Garcetti signed the executive directive, Beck told the audience that crime reporting has dropped significantly in Latino communities this year over fear that interacting with local law enforcement may lead to deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525188083/525188084\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrant rights activists in 1992, and a new generation of activists today, don't think the order goes far enough to protect L.A.'s immigrants — no matter how it's implemented. Many in California's immigrant rights movement are calling for zero cooperation between local law enforcement and federal immigration enforcement. (And a bill under consideration in the state Legislature may decide that issue statewide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcetti said he's trying to quell fears stoked in L.A.'s immigrant communities by President Trump's calls for more cooperation between local law enforcement and federal immigration authorities. \"So to make our city safer, we're focused on keeping those bridges from being burned down right now,\" Garcetti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 25 years ago, when Los Angeles was burning, Special Order 40 appears to have been an afterthought amid the chaos. Garcetti said that this new generation of police officers understand the need for Special Order 40 from both moral and practical terms. Garcetti said that it's one thing to have a policy on the books, \"but it's another thing to make sure that it's enforced, and enforced by \u003cem>everybody\u003c/em>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mayor added that we continue to learn lessons from the L.A. riots 25 years later. \"We're not perfect, but in this imperfect paradise that we call Los Angeles, I think we're better and more resilient because of what we went through in 1992.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Parker Yesko of the National Desk and Leah Donnella of Code Switch contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Los+Angeles+Burned%2C+The+Border+Patrol+Swooped+In&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nearly 100 days into his administration, President Trump has drastically reduced the flow of immigration, both legal and illegal, to the U.S. He's been able to accomplish that without any new legislation — and without many of his signature ideas solidly in place, including executive orders that have been put on hold by the courts and a proposed wall on the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a matter of months, the Trump administration has made it harder to get into the U.S for all kinds of people. From refugees and visa holders, to asylum seekers and illegal border-crossers arriving at the southern border, the numbers have plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this may be just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leaked draft of a progress report shows that the Department of Homeland Security has begun laying the groundwork to do more. The agency has identified more detention beds for immigrants in the country illegally, set aside money to start designing the border wall and sped up the hiring of thousands of federal immigration agents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"bKKksVIBhsq4UYtlHwnp5wrxGJnRGpYc\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's an effort now to deter, to terrify,\" says Donald Kerwin, executive director of the Center for Migration Studies, a think tank in New York devoted to protecting the rights of migrants. Kerwin says even Trump's own rhetoric is aimed at deterring immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What they're trying to do are very splashy, draconian enforcement efforts that are really meant to tell people: nobody is safe, and nobody should come that's not documented,\" Kerwin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[RefugeeAdmissions]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That message may be getting through. Apprehensions at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration\" target=\"_blank\">southern border fell dramatically\u003c/a> from more than 40,000 per month late last year to 18,754 in February, and just 12,193 in March. The administration is going out of its way to highlight those numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Last month was the lowest month for immigration illegally into our country in 17 years,\" said Attorney General Jeff Sessions at a news conference in El Paso, Texas, last week. \"That is a remarkable thing to accomplish.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Away from the border, arrests by immigration agents were up by about a third during the first three months of the year, to 21,362, compared with 16,104 during the same period in 2016, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2017/apr/detainers_arrests.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">data provided by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement\u003c/a>. The data also show that federal agents are arresting more unauthorized immigrants who don't have criminal records: 5,441 during the first few months of the year, compared with 2,278 last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior official with Immigration and Customs Enforcement tells NPR that the agency has been able to \"open the aperture\" on the types of immigrants it can target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525584236/525833294\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reactions across the country reflect a divided America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're seeing mothers and fathers torn away from their families, many with no criminal histories at all, or with just minor past convictions,\" says Tom Jawetz, a vice president at the Center for American Progress, a left-leaning think tank in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Hvidston sees it differently. She's the director of We the People Rising, an organization in California that advocates tougher enforcement. \"I have not heard a presidential candidate in my lifetime address this topic,\" Hvidston says. \"And I think he does want to take action against more criminal activity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"d9XrXgxS2wMNQ7pXOsa9tcPJvsDGPbfT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Courts have twice blocked Trump's effort to suspend the U.S. refugee program. In the meantime, the administration has simply stopped accepting as many refugees. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrapsnet.org/admissions-and-arrivals/\" target=\"_blank\">numbers have dropped significantly\u003c/a>: from nearly 10,000 a month last fall to just 2,070 in March, according to the State Department's Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still have families who are separated, who we want to see rejoined,\" said Rebecca Liberato, a case manager in the Jersey City, N.J., office of Church World Service, a refugee resettlement agency. \"They're scared for their loved ones across seas as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week, a federal judge in San Francisco \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/25/federal-judge-blocks-trump-order-on-sanctuary-city-funding/\" target=\"_blank\">blocked another Trump executive order\u003c/a>, this one punishing so-called sanctuary cities that limit cooperation with federal authorities. But that's not stopping the administration's agenda. In fact, it's signing up other cities to help enforce immigration law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Trump%27s+First+100+Days%2C+A+Dramatic+Reduction+In+Immigration&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nearly 100 days into his administration, President Trump has drastically reduced the flow of immigration, both legal and illegal, to the U.S. He's been able to accomplish that without any new legislation — and without many of his signature ideas solidly in place, including executive orders that have been put on hold by the courts and a proposed wall on the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a matter of months, the Trump administration has made it harder to get into the U.S for all kinds of people. From refugees and visa holders, to asylum seekers and illegal border-crossers arriving at the southern border, the numbers have plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this may be just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leaked draft of a progress report shows that the Department of Homeland Security has begun laying the groundwork to do more. The agency has identified more detention beds for immigrants in the country illegally, set aside money to start designing the border wall and sped up the hiring of thousands of federal immigration agents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's an effort now to deter, to terrify,\" says Donald Kerwin, executive director of the Center for Migration Studies, a think tank in New York devoted to protecting the rights of migrants. Kerwin says even Trump's own rhetoric is aimed at deterring immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What they're trying to do are very splashy, draconian enforcement efforts that are really meant to tell people: nobody is safe, and nobody should come that's not documented,\" Kerwin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[RefugeeAdmissions]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That message may be getting through. Apprehensions at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration\" target=\"_blank\">southern border fell dramatically\u003c/a> from more than 40,000 per month late last year to 18,754 in February, and just 12,193 in March. The administration is going out of its way to highlight those numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Last month was the lowest month for immigration illegally into our country in 17 years,\" said Attorney General Jeff Sessions at a news conference in El Paso, Texas, last week. \"That is a remarkable thing to accomplish.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Away from the border, arrests by immigration agents were up by about a third during the first three months of the year, to 21,362, compared with 16,104 during the same period in 2016, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2017/apr/detainers_arrests.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">data provided by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement\u003c/a>. The data also show that federal agents are arresting more unauthorized immigrants who don't have criminal records: 5,441 during the first few months of the year, compared with 2,278 last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior official with Immigration and Customs Enforcement tells NPR that the agency has been able to \"open the aperture\" on the types of immigrants it can target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/525584236/525833294\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reactions across the country reflect a divided America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're seeing mothers and fathers torn away from their families, many with no criminal histories at all, or with just minor past convictions,\" says Tom Jawetz, a vice president at the Center for American Progress, a left-leaning think tank in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Hvidston sees it differently. She's the director of We the People Rising, an organization in California that advocates tougher enforcement. \"I have not heard a presidential candidate in my lifetime address this topic,\" Hvidston says. \"And I think he does want to take action against more criminal activity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Courts have twice blocked Trump's effort to suspend the U.S. refugee program. In the meantime, the administration has simply stopped accepting as many refugees. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrapsnet.org/admissions-and-arrivals/\" target=\"_blank\">numbers have dropped significantly\u003c/a>: from nearly 10,000 a month last fall to just 2,070 in March, according to the State Department's Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still have families who are separated, who we want to see rejoined,\" said Rebecca Liberato, a case manager in the Jersey City, N.J., office of Church World Service, a refugee resettlement agency. \"They're scared for their loved ones across seas as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week, a federal judge in San Francisco \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/25/federal-judge-blocks-trump-order-on-sanctuary-city-funding/\" target=\"_blank\">blocked another Trump executive order\u003c/a>, this one punishing so-called sanctuary cities that limit cooperation with federal authorities. But that's not stopping the administration's agenda. In fact, it's signing up other cities to help enforce immigration law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Trump%27s+First+100+Days%2C+A+Dramatic+Reduction+In+Immigration&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Evidence Puts Ancient Humans in California Far Earlier Than Thought",
"title": "New Evidence Puts Ancient Humans in California Far Earlier Than Thought",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers in Southern California say they've uncovered evidence that humans lived there 130,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it's true, it would be the oldest sign of humans in the Americas ever — predating the best evidence up to now by about 115,000 years. And the claim has scientists wondering whether to believe it or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1992, archaeologists working a highway construction site in San Diego County found the partial skeleton of a mastodon, an elephant-like animal now extinct. Mastodon skeletons aren't so unusual, but there was other strange stuff with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The remains were in association with a number of sharply broken rocks and broken bones,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdnhm.org/consulting-services/paleo-services/about-us/staff/\">Tom Deméré\u003c/a>, a paleontologist at the San Diego Natural History Museum. He says the rocks showed clear marks of having been used as hammers and an anvil. And some of the mastodon bones as well as a tooth showed fractures characteristic of being whacked, apparently with those stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looked like the work of humans. Yet there were no cut marks on the bones showing that the animal was butchered for meat. Deméré thinks these people were after something else. \"The suggestion is that this site is strictly for breaking bone,\" Deméré says, \"to produce blank material, raw material to make bone tools or to extract marrow.\" Marrow is a rich source of fatty calories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11427986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/excavation-site-1_enl-fa3d58b167fbe1047c597ffcc3239d174efa35bc-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Don Swanson, a paleontologist with the San Diego Natural History Museum, points at a rock fragment near a large horizontal mastodon tusk fragment.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11427986\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Swanson, a paleontologist with the San Diego Natural History Museum, points at a rock fragment near a large horizontal mastodon tusk fragment. \u003ccite>(San Diego Natural History Museum/Nature)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scientists knew they'd uncovered something rare. But they didn't realize just how rare for years, until they got a reliable date on how old the bones were by using a uranium-thorium dating technology that didn't exist in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones were 130,000 years old. That's a jaw-dropping date, as other evidence shows that the earliest humans got to the Americas about 15,000 to 20,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is an order of magnitude difference. Wow,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonybrook.edu/experts/profile.php?name=john-shea\">John Shea\u003c/a>, an archaeologist at New York's Stony Brook University who specializes in studying ancient tool-making. \"If it's correct, then there's an extraordinarily ancient dispersal to the New World that has a very different archaeological signature from anything left behind by recent humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shea says it's different because Stone Age toolmakers usually leave behind stone flakes — sharp pieces broken or \"knapped\" from certain kinds of rock that serve as cutting implements. There were none at the California site. Another odd thing: no signs that the mastodon was butchered for the meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is weird,\" Shea says. \"It's an outlier in terms of what archaeological sites from that time range look like everywhere else on the planet.\" He suggests these bones might have been broken up by natural causes — by a mudflow, perhaps, or by the trampling of animals sometime after the mastodon died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another skeptic is \u003ca href=\"http://www.southampton.ac.uk/archaeology/about/staff/scarab.page\">John McNabb\u003c/a>, an archeologist at the University of Southampton in England. His question: How did those people get to California?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty thousand years ago, archaeologists agree, people \u003cem>did\u003c/em> cross over to Alaska from Siberia, perhaps more than once. Sea levels were lower then and there was a land bridge connecting the continents. In an interview with the journal Nature, which \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature22065\">published the California research\u003c/a>, McNabb says that land bridge wasn't there 130,000 years ago. \"The sea lane in between the two continents [was] wider [then],\" he says, \"so that's one problem with this, how do we get humans across?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyfSsgCrjb0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McNabb says what's needed to really prove that this is truly an archaeological site are bones from the people who got there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California team counters that they've spent over 20 years examining the evidence. Team member and archaeologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.capr.tdcart.com/\">Steve Holen\u003c/a> is with the Center for American Paleolithic Research. \"I know people will be skeptical with this because it is so surprising,\" he says, \"and I was skeptical when I first looked at the material myself. But it's definitely an archaeological site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holen says these early people could have come across in boats. As for the broken bones, he says the type of fracture isn't accidental. And the way the hammerstones and bones were distributed in the ground doesn't look natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question the team can't answer is who these people were. A genetic technique that uses mutations in a population's genome as a sort of \"clock\" says the first common ancestor of Native Americans lived about 20,000 years ago. So if there were indeed earlier settlers, it could be they made an arduous migration from Siberia, only to die out without leaving any descendants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Evidence+Suggests+Humans+Arrived+In+The+Americas+Far+Earlier+Than+Thought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers in Southern California say they've uncovered evidence that humans lived there 130,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it's true, it would be the oldest sign of humans in the Americas ever — predating the best evidence up to now by about 115,000 years. And the claim has scientists wondering whether to believe it or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1992, archaeologists working a highway construction site in San Diego County found the partial skeleton of a mastodon, an elephant-like animal now extinct. Mastodon skeletons aren't so unusual, but there was other strange stuff with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The remains were in association with a number of sharply broken rocks and broken bones,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdnhm.org/consulting-services/paleo-services/about-us/staff/\">Tom Deméré\u003c/a>, a paleontologist at the San Diego Natural History Museum. He says the rocks showed clear marks of having been used as hammers and an anvil. And some of the mastodon bones as well as a tooth showed fractures characteristic of being whacked, apparently with those stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looked like the work of humans. Yet there were no cut marks on the bones showing that the animal was butchered for meat. Deméré thinks these people were after something else. \"The suggestion is that this site is strictly for breaking bone,\" Deméré says, \"to produce blank material, raw material to make bone tools or to extract marrow.\" Marrow is a rich source of fatty calories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11427986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/excavation-site-1_enl-fa3d58b167fbe1047c597ffcc3239d174efa35bc-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Don Swanson, a paleontologist with the San Diego Natural History Museum, points at a rock fragment near a large horizontal mastodon tusk fragment.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11427986\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Swanson, a paleontologist with the San Diego Natural History Museum, points at a rock fragment near a large horizontal mastodon tusk fragment. \u003ccite>(San Diego Natural History Museum/Nature)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scientists knew they'd uncovered something rare. But they didn't realize just how rare for years, until they got a reliable date on how old the bones were by using a uranium-thorium dating technology that didn't exist in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones were 130,000 years old. That's a jaw-dropping date, as other evidence shows that the earliest humans got to the Americas about 15,000 to 20,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is an order of magnitude difference. Wow,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonybrook.edu/experts/profile.php?name=john-shea\">John Shea\u003c/a>, an archaeologist at New York's Stony Brook University who specializes in studying ancient tool-making. \"If it's correct, then there's an extraordinarily ancient dispersal to the New World that has a very different archaeological signature from anything left behind by recent humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shea says it's different because Stone Age toolmakers usually leave behind stone flakes — sharp pieces broken or \"knapped\" from certain kinds of rock that serve as cutting implements. There were none at the California site. Another odd thing: no signs that the mastodon was butchered for the meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is weird,\" Shea says. \"It's an outlier in terms of what archaeological sites from that time range look like everywhere else on the planet.\" He suggests these bones might have been broken up by natural causes — by a mudflow, perhaps, or by the trampling of animals sometime after the mastodon died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another skeptic is \u003ca href=\"http://www.southampton.ac.uk/archaeology/about/staff/scarab.page\">John McNabb\u003c/a>, an archeologist at the University of Southampton in England. His question: How did those people get to California?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty thousand years ago, archaeologists agree, people \u003cem>did\u003c/em> cross over to Alaska from Siberia, perhaps more than once. Sea levels were lower then and there was a land bridge connecting the continents. In an interview with the journal Nature, which \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature22065\">published the California research\u003c/a>, McNabb says that land bridge wasn't there 130,000 years ago. \"The sea lane in between the two continents [was] wider [then],\" he says, \"so that's one problem with this, how do we get humans across?\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/HyfSsgCrjb0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/HyfSsgCrjb0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>McNabb says what's needed to really prove that this is truly an archaeological site are bones from the people who got there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California team counters that they've spent over 20 years examining the evidence. Team member and archaeologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.capr.tdcart.com/\">Steve Holen\u003c/a> is with the Center for American Paleolithic Research. \"I know people will be skeptical with this because it is so surprising,\" he says, \"and I was skeptical when I first looked at the material myself. But it's definitely an archaeological site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holen says these early people could have come across in boats. As for the broken bones, he says the type of fracture isn't accidental. And the way the hammerstones and bones were distributed in the ground doesn't look natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question the team can't answer is who these people were. A genetic technique that uses mutations in a population's genome as a sort of \"clock\" says the first common ancestor of Native Americans lived about 20,000 years ago. So if there were indeed earlier settlers, it could be they made an arduous migration from Siberia, only to die out without leaving any descendants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Evidence+Suggests+Humans+Arrived+In+The+Americas+Far+Earlier+Than+Thought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Yosemite Rangers Use GPS to Save Bears From Cars",
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"content": "\u003cp>People love seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/nature/bears.htm\">black bears\u003c/a> when they visit Yosemite National Park. But encounters don't always go well. The park has come up with a new way to keep humans and bears safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresno State University student Quiang Chang was walking recently with his friends along the rushing Merced River. It was his fifth time visiting Yosemite National Park, and he hadn't seen a bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if they appear, Chang said, \"I probably would just quietly ... just observe them and take a picture.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/524409047/524936093\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://keepbearswild.org/bear-encounters/\">Keeping a healthy distance\u003c/a> from bears is exactly what park officials want people to do. But training the public to think this way hasn't been easy, says National Park Service spokesman Scott Gediman. Twenty years ago, human-bear encounters in Yosemite were very common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was not atypical to have three or four vehicles broken into every night,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bears would rip open car doors or smash windows \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/30/us/to-bears-in-yosemite-cars-are-like-cookie-jars.html\">in search of food\u003c/a>. But others are craftier. One park visitor even took a video of a bear opening a car door with its paws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11418747\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11418747\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-4-7cd4d9e51fe5551ebbb2cbe1f8553e25fa59b56f-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Yosemite National Park wildlife biologist Ryan Leahy says he hopes the website keeps both people and bears safe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yosemite National Park wildlife biologist Ryan Leahy says he hopes the website keeps both people and bears safe. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1998, there were 1,600 encounters with bears. Now, there are fewer than 100 every year, says Yosemite National Park wildlife biologist Ryan Leahy. That's because park rangers have worked to educate the public on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/bears.htm\">storing food properly\u003c/a>, and Leahy says they now use technology to track the bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leahy works in a cabin on the edge of Yosemite Valley. He's tracking bears online in real time using the GPS collars the animals wear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, he says, human interaction with bears often resulted in having to kill the animals. By using these tracking tools, fewer and fewer bears are killed. If a bear gets too close to people, Leahy's team can scare it away, catch it or relocate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracking data from the past few years points to another trend: Bears are being hit by cars, and speeding is now their biggest threat. Leahy says 28 were hit last year, and many of them died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're talking about 10 percent of our bears potentially being hit by vehicles each year,\" he says. \"Just slowing down a little bit will give you that stopping distance required to prevent a collision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11418748\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11418748\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Black bears are tracked in Yosemite using telemetry and GPS collars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black bears are tracked in Yosemite using telemetry and GPS collars. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key, he says, is education. His team has created an \u003ca href=\"http://keepbearswild.org/bear-tracker/\">interactive map-based website\u003c/a> where the public can track the lives of selected bears and see general areas where they're hit most often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leahy says the bears' locations are delayed on the site so people aren't able to track them in real time. On the site, park visitors can also learn about how to be safe if a bear is around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what we want to do with this website in a positive way is engage people before they get here: 'Hey, here's the real story about black bears in Yosemite National Park,' \" Leahy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes the site means fewer midnight calls with a dented car and either a dead or wounded bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/people/ezra-david-romero#stream/0\">Ezra David Romero\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a reporter with NPR member station Valley Public Radio. You can follow him\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ezraromero\">@ezraromero\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 Valley Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kvpr.org/\">Valley Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Yosemite+Rangers+Use+Technology+To+Save+Bears+From+Cars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People love seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/nature/bears.htm\">black bears\u003c/a> when they visit Yosemite National Park. But encounters don't always go well. The park has come up with a new way to keep humans and bears safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresno State University student Quiang Chang was walking recently with his friends along the rushing Merced River. It was his fifth time visiting Yosemite National Park, and he hadn't seen a bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if they appear, Chang said, \"I probably would just quietly ... just observe them and take a picture.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/524409047/524936093\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://keepbearswild.org/bear-encounters/\">Keeping a healthy distance\u003c/a> from bears is exactly what park officials want people to do. But training the public to think this way hasn't been easy, says National Park Service spokesman Scott Gediman. Twenty years ago, human-bear encounters in Yosemite were very common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was not atypical to have three or four vehicles broken into every night,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bears would rip open car doors or smash windows \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/30/us/to-bears-in-yosemite-cars-are-like-cookie-jars.html\">in search of food\u003c/a>. But others are craftier. One park visitor even took a video of a bear opening a car door with its paws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11418747\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11418747\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-4-7cd4d9e51fe5551ebbb2cbe1f8553e25fa59b56f-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Yosemite National Park wildlife biologist Ryan Leahy says he hopes the website keeps both people and bears safe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yosemite National Park wildlife biologist Ryan Leahy says he hopes the website keeps both people and bears safe. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1998, there were 1,600 encounters with bears. Now, there are fewer than 100 every year, says Yosemite National Park wildlife biologist Ryan Leahy. That's because park rangers have worked to educate the public on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/bears.htm\">storing food properly\u003c/a>, and Leahy says they now use technology to track the bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leahy works in a cabin on the edge of Yosemite Valley. He's tracking bears online in real time using the GPS collars the animals wear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, he says, human interaction with bears often resulted in having to kill the animals. By using these tracking tools, fewer and fewer bears are killed. If a bear gets too close to people, Leahy's team can scare it away, catch it or relocate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracking data from the past few years points to another trend: Bears are being hit by cars, and speeding is now their biggest threat. Leahy says 28 were hit last year, and many of them died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're talking about 10 percent of our bears potentially being hit by vehicles each year,\" he says. \"Just slowing down a little bit will give you that stopping distance required to prevent a collision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11418748\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11418748\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Black bears are tracked in Yosemite using telemetry and GPS collars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/248424-photo-3-577eedb4615d69db7fa31c13313bd910f0acb832.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black bears are tracked in Yosemite using telemetry and GPS collars. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key, he says, is education. His team has created an \u003ca href=\"http://keepbearswild.org/bear-tracker/\">interactive map-based website\u003c/a> where the public can track the lives of selected bears and see general areas where they're hit most often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leahy says the bears' locations are delayed on the site so people aren't able to track them in real time. On the site, park visitors can also learn about how to be safe if a bear is around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what we want to do with this website in a positive way is engage people before they get here: 'Hey, here's the real story about black bears in Yosemite National Park,' \" Leahy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes the site means fewer midnight calls with a dented car and either a dead or wounded bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/people/ezra-david-romero#stream/0\">Ezra David Romero\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a reporter with NPR member station Valley Public Radio. You can follow him\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ezraromero\">@ezraromero\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 Valley Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kvpr.org/\">Valley Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Yosemite+Rangers+Use+Technology+To+Save+Bears+From+Cars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "When Active-Duty Service Members Struggle to Feed Their Families",
"title": "When Active-Duty Service Members Struggle to Feed Their Families",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Kara Dethlefsen lined up early on a recent morning for the food pantry at the Camp Pendleton Marine Base near San Diego. She and her husband, both active-duty Marines, took turns holding their 4-month-old daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We most like to get the avocados, lemons, some vegetables to cook up,\" says Dethlefsen, 27, who first heard about the pantry from an on-base nurse after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This probably saves us anywhere from $100-300 each time we come,\" she says. That's key for her young family. Her husband is getting ready to transition to civilian life after five years of military service, and they're not sure what financial challenges that could bring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The food pantry is run by Saddleback Church, one of several faith-based groups that operate on base to bring donated food to military families every month. The pantry offers fresh fruit and vegetables, canned food, meat and baby items like diapers. Typically, about 100 families show up, according to Saddleback pastor Steve Mahnke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always tell my friends, my neighbors, I show them what I got and they seem to be coming,\" says Sarai Vizcarrondo, 41, as she pushed a cart of produce and canned goods to her car. She says the pantry helps meet the needs of her family, which includes two teenage children and her husband, an active-duty Marine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though families cite different reasons for coming, the pantry's popularity points to a real need among service members, says Abby Leibman, president and CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://mazon.org/\">MAZON: A Jewish Response to Hunger\u003c/a>, an advocacy group based in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11416898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11416898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-800x600.jpe\" alt=\"A volunteer with the Saddleback Church prepares produce as part of the group's food pantry at Camp Pendleton. The church typically serves about 100 active duty military families as part of its monthly food pantry.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-800x600.jpe 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-160x120.jpe 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-1020x764.jpe 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-1180x884.jpe 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-960x719.jpe 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-240x180.jpe 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-375x281.jpe 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-520x390.jpe 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db.jpe 1289w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A volunteer with the Saddleback Church prepares produce as part of the group's food pantry at Camp Pendleton. The church typically serves about 100 active-duty military families as part of its monthly food pantry. \u003ccite>(Dorian Merina/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"There's nothing that makes you feel more vulnerable or undermines your ability to live your life [more] than not knowing if you're going to be able to feed your family,\" says Leibman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her group tracks food assistance programs, such as pantries, available to military families across the country. She says there are hundreds of pantries on or near most bases or installations that are designed specifically for active-duty military families. She says that's a \"serious indicator\" of need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's about a system that was designed to support them that is failing in that goal,\" says Leibman. \"We have a military that takes care of its own. Well, here's a place where it's failing, so it needs to course correct.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Calls for Better Data, Swifter Response\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In July 2016, the Government Accountability Office \u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-561\">concluded\u003c/a> that the Department of Defense was not fully collecting or analyzing data on how many service members were in need of food assistance or enrolled in federal programs such as SNAP, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap\">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program\u003c/a> (also known as food stamps), and WIC, the program for \u003ca href=\"https://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/women-infants-and-children-wic\">Women, Infants and Children\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the GAO found troubling signs that some military families were in need. For example, nearly one in four children at DOD schools are eligible for free meals, a program that's based on income. Also, about 23,000 active-duty service members rely on SNAP benefits, according to the 2013 Census Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, families spent about $67 million in food stamps at commissaries -- the discount stores on military bases, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which administers SNAP. The largest share was in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11416899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11416899\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-800x600.jpe\" alt=\"Hundreds of pantries on or near most bases or installations, like this one at Camp Pendleton, are designed specifically for active-duty military families.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-800x600.jpe 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-160x120.jpe 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-1020x765.jpe 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-1180x885.jpe 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-960x720.jpe 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-240x180.jpe 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-375x281.jpe 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-520x390.jpe 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b.jpe 1295w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of pantries on or near most bases or installations, like this one at Camp Pendleton, are designed specifically for active-duty military families. \u003ccite>(Dorian Merina/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This suggests that people serving our country may be having difficulty making ends meet,\" stated the GAO report, which called on the Department of Defense to do a better job tracking service members' eligibility and use of food-assistance programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without more complete survey data, DOD will not understand the prevalence of need among service members to effectively target its support,\" the report concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Pentagon said it concurred with the GAO recommendations -- but nearly a year later, it still hasn't changed how it tracks the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This particular issue crosses multiple offices within the DOD in terms of policy responsibility,\" says Johnny Michael, a Pentagon spokesman. \"Each of those offices takes their specific policies very seriously. They look at things like the GAO report and try to improve whichever policy they're responsible for in terms of taking care of our service members.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He declined to comment on whether specific offices, such as the Defense Health Agency or the Defense Manpower Data Center, both cited in the GAO report, have made specific changes or had changes underway in response to the report. But he adds, \"They have read it and they are certainly taking those recommendations into consideration.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Lower Enlisted Ranks the Most Vulnerable\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When her husband was stationed at San Diego's naval base in 2010, Ashley Butler began a meticulous accounting of their household expenses. She tracked gas costs. She bought items in bulk. She limited trips to see family back in Wichita, Kansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her husband was an enlisted naval seaman, and with two young daughters under 10, they were finding it hard to make ends meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You stretch as much as you possibly can,\" she says. \"It's stressful because you want to make sure you can feed your family.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They qualified for WIC, and Butler, who was 27 at the time, went to the food pantries nearby. But feeding her family was still a challenge -- and she knew other families who were having a hard time, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11416900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11416900\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-800x600.jpe\" alt=\"Lt. Cmdr. Corey Thornton is the chaplain at the Camp Pendleton Marine Base and helps facilitate the church groups that run the on-base food pantries for military families. "The Marine Corps sees family readiness as integral to the mission itself," he says. "If the family is not OK, then the Marine that's serving in that command is not OK."\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-800x600.jpe 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-160x120.jpe 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-1020x765.jpe 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-1180x885.jpe 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-960x720.jpe 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-240x180.jpe 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-375x281.jpe 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-520x390.jpe 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722.jpe 1295w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lt. Cmdr. Corey Thornton is the chaplain at the Camp Pendleton Marine Base and helps facilitate the church groups that run the on-base food pantries for military families. \"The Marine Corps sees family readiness as integral to the mission itself,\" he says. \"If the family is not OK, then the Marine that's serving in that command is not OK.\" \u003ccite>(Dorian Merina/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The people who are struggling don't want to talk about it, they're embarrassed by it,\" she says, adding that her own relatives shared the misconception that all military members earn a high salary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People need to be made aware that this is happening,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Service members who qualify and receive federal food assistance make up a small percentage of the overall active-duty population -- barely 2 percent of the force, according to the USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that number tends to draw from a particular slice of the military: lower-ranking enlisted members with children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An enlisted service member, for example, \u003ca href=\"http://militarypay.defense.gov/Portals/3/Documents/ActiveDutyTables/basicpay2016.pdf?ver=2017-02-22-123838-630\">starts out earning\u003c/a> $1,449 per month. In a family with three children, that salary could make them eligible to receive SNAP benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pentagon notes that the pay scale rises as a service member stays on duty. Troops also receive additional benefits, including health and dental care, child care and, at times, a housing allowance. By the time a service member rises to an E-4 rank, he or she earns $2,046 monthly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are indications that food stamp data provide only a partial picture of need. For example, in a recent survey run by military spouses, called \u003ca href=\"https://bluestarfam.org/about/\">Blue Star Families\u003c/a>, 7 percent of active-duty families said they faced food insecurity over the past year. Taken as a percentage of the overall active-duty population, that would be more than 80,000 families nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler, the Navy spouse from San Diego, moved with her family to Ridgecrest, California, about three hours north of Los Angeles, in 2014. Her husband has since been promoted, which has helped ease the financial pressure. But the move also came with another challenge: The remote area lacks support programs like the food pantries and discount food stores of San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"XZmFOvlnIiGHWyeIc83hGeC1femxxcAV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still struggle,\" she says, adding that her husband first joined the military because he was drawn by a sense of duty to serve his country. \"I feel like we're being penalized because he wants to do good, and I shouldn't have to feel that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Closing a Loophole\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the short term, advocates are calling on the government to close a loophole that currently prevents more military families from being eligible for SNAP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the funds that a service member receives for living off-base, known as the Basic Allowance for Housing, are counted toward eligibility for SNAP. When that's added to a family's income, it pushes some into an income bracket too high to receive food aid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Susan Davis, a California Democrat, has introduced legislation in Congress that would change that. The bill, titled the \u003ca href=\"https://susandavis.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/congresswoman-susan-davis-introduces-the-military-hunger-prevention-act\">Military Prevention Hunger Act\u003c/a>, has been referred to the military personnel and nutrition subcommittees in the House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abby Leibman, of the advocacy group MAZON, says she supports the measure, which her group estimates could double the number of military families who get SNAP. But she says there's a larger issue that society as a whole must grapple with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This part of our community is not being served and that's our responsibility, because they are sacrificing so much for us,\" says Leibman. \"It becomes our obligation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by the \u003ca href=\"http://americanhomefront.wunc.org/\">American Homefront Project \u003c/a>-- a collaboration of North Carolina Public Radio-WUNC, KPCC-Los Angeles, and WUSF-Tampa, with funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the Bob Woodruff Foundation. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/dorian-merina\">Dorian Merina\u003c/a> is a reporter with KPCC.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 Southern California Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kpcc.org/\">Southern California Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Active-Duty+Service+Members+Struggle+To+Feed+Their+Families&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "About 23,000 military families rely on food stamps. But advocates say that number is only a partial picture of the need.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kara Dethlefsen lined up early on a recent morning for the food pantry at the Camp Pendleton Marine Base near San Diego. She and her husband, both active-duty Marines, took turns holding their 4-month-old daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We most like to get the avocados, lemons, some vegetables to cook up,\" says Dethlefsen, 27, who first heard about the pantry from an on-base nurse after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This probably saves us anywhere from $100-300 each time we come,\" she says. That's key for her young family. Her husband is getting ready to transition to civilian life after five years of military service, and they're not sure what financial challenges that could bring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The food pantry is run by Saddleback Church, one of several faith-based groups that operate on base to bring donated food to military families every month. The pantry offers fresh fruit and vegetables, canned food, meat and baby items like diapers. Typically, about 100 families show up, according to Saddleback pastor Steve Mahnke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always tell my friends, my neighbors, I show them what I got and they seem to be coming,\" says Sarai Vizcarrondo, 41, as she pushed a cart of produce and canned goods to her car. She says the pantry helps meet the needs of her family, which includes two teenage children and her husband, an active-duty Marine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though families cite different reasons for coming, the pantry's popularity points to a real need among service members, says Abby Leibman, president and CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://mazon.org/\">MAZON: A Jewish Response to Hunger\u003c/a>, an advocacy group based in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11416898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11416898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-800x600.jpe\" alt=\"A volunteer with the Saddleback Church prepares produce as part of the group's food pantry at Camp Pendleton. The church typically serves about 100 active duty military families as part of its monthly food pantry.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-800x600.jpe 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-160x120.jpe 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-1020x764.jpe 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-1180x884.jpe 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-960x719.jpe 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-240x180.jpe 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-375x281.jpe 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db-520x390.jpe 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_produce-b62b8e26c0ae3ac6a571b6965968f446ac9bf6db.jpe 1289w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A volunteer with the Saddleback Church prepares produce as part of the group's food pantry at Camp Pendleton. The church typically serves about 100 active-duty military families as part of its monthly food pantry. \u003ccite>(Dorian Merina/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"There's nothing that makes you feel more vulnerable or undermines your ability to live your life [more] than not knowing if you're going to be able to feed your family,\" says Leibman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her group tracks food assistance programs, such as pantries, available to military families across the country. She says there are hundreds of pantries on or near most bases or installations that are designed specifically for active-duty military families. She says that's a \"serious indicator\" of need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's about a system that was designed to support them that is failing in that goal,\" says Leibman. \"We have a military that takes care of its own. Well, here's a place where it's failing, so it needs to course correct.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Calls for Better Data, Swifter Response\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In July 2016, the Government Accountability Office \u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-561\">concluded\u003c/a> that the Department of Defense was not fully collecting or analyzing data on how many service members were in need of food assistance or enrolled in federal programs such as SNAP, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap\">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program\u003c/a> (also known as food stamps), and WIC, the program for \u003ca href=\"https://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/women-infants-and-children-wic\">Women, Infants and Children\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the GAO found troubling signs that some military families were in need. For example, nearly one in four children at DOD schools are eligible for free meals, a program that's based on income. Also, about 23,000 active-duty service members rely on SNAP benefits, according to the 2013 Census Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, families spent about $67 million in food stamps at commissaries -- the discount stores on military bases, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which administers SNAP. The largest share was in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11416899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11416899\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-800x600.jpe\" alt=\"Hundreds of pantries on or near most bases or installations, like this one at Camp Pendleton, are designed specifically for active-duty military families.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-800x600.jpe 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-160x120.jpe 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-1020x765.jpe 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-1180x885.jpe 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-960x720.jpe 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-240x180.jpe 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-375x281.jpe 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b-520x390.jpe 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foostamp_volunteers-4af454d3d13cf908c1933633d436b16a5b4f5e1b.jpe 1295w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of pantries on or near most bases or installations, like this one at Camp Pendleton, are designed specifically for active-duty military families. \u003ccite>(Dorian Merina/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This suggests that people serving our country may be having difficulty making ends meet,\" stated the GAO report, which called on the Department of Defense to do a better job tracking service members' eligibility and use of food-assistance programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without more complete survey data, DOD will not understand the prevalence of need among service members to effectively target its support,\" the report concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Pentagon said it concurred with the GAO recommendations -- but nearly a year later, it still hasn't changed how it tracks the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This particular issue crosses multiple offices within the DOD in terms of policy responsibility,\" says Johnny Michael, a Pentagon spokesman. \"Each of those offices takes their specific policies very seriously. They look at things like the GAO report and try to improve whichever policy they're responsible for in terms of taking care of our service members.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He declined to comment on whether specific offices, such as the Defense Health Agency or the Defense Manpower Data Center, both cited in the GAO report, have made specific changes or had changes underway in response to the report. But he adds, \"They have read it and they are certainly taking those recommendations into consideration.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Lower Enlisted Ranks the Most Vulnerable\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When her husband was stationed at San Diego's naval base in 2010, Ashley Butler began a meticulous accounting of their household expenses. She tracked gas costs. She bought items in bulk. She limited trips to see family back in Wichita, Kansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her husband was an enlisted naval seaman, and with two young daughters under 10, they were finding it hard to make ends meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You stretch as much as you possibly can,\" she says. \"It's stressful because you want to make sure you can feed your family.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They qualified for WIC, and Butler, who was 27 at the time, went to the food pantries nearby. But feeding her family was still a challenge -- and she knew other families who were having a hard time, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11416900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11416900\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-800x600.jpe\" alt=\"Lt. Cmdr. Corey Thornton is the chaplain at the Camp Pendleton Marine Base and helps facilitate the church groups that run the on-base food pantries for military families. "The Marine Corps sees family readiness as integral to the mission itself," he says. "If the family is not OK, then the Marine that's serving in that command is not OK."\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-800x600.jpe 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-160x120.jpe 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-1020x765.jpe 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-1180x885.jpe 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-960x720.jpe 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-240x180.jpe 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-375x281.jpe 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722-520x390.jpe 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/foodstamp_chaplain-82a7869ffe5a9cd80b7c2774616b6e67b7884722.jpe 1295w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lt. Cmdr. Corey Thornton is the chaplain at the Camp Pendleton Marine Base and helps facilitate the church groups that run the on-base food pantries for military families. \"The Marine Corps sees family readiness as integral to the mission itself,\" he says. \"If the family is not OK, then the Marine that's serving in that command is not OK.\" \u003ccite>(Dorian Merina/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The people who are struggling don't want to talk about it, they're embarrassed by it,\" she says, adding that her own relatives shared the misconception that all military members earn a high salary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People need to be made aware that this is happening,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Service members who qualify and receive federal food assistance make up a small percentage of the overall active-duty population -- barely 2 percent of the force, according to the USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that number tends to draw from a particular slice of the military: lower-ranking enlisted members with children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An enlisted service member, for example, \u003ca href=\"http://militarypay.defense.gov/Portals/3/Documents/ActiveDutyTables/basicpay2016.pdf?ver=2017-02-22-123838-630\">starts out earning\u003c/a> $1,449 per month. In a family with three children, that salary could make them eligible to receive SNAP benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pentagon notes that the pay scale rises as a service member stays on duty. Troops also receive additional benefits, including health and dental care, child care and, at times, a housing allowance. By the time a service member rises to an E-4 rank, he or she earns $2,046 monthly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are indications that food stamp data provide only a partial picture of need. For example, in a recent survey run by military spouses, called \u003ca href=\"https://bluestarfam.org/about/\">Blue Star Families\u003c/a>, 7 percent of active-duty families said they faced food insecurity over the past year. Taken as a percentage of the overall active-duty population, that would be more than 80,000 families nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler, the Navy spouse from San Diego, moved with her family to Ridgecrest, California, about three hours north of Los Angeles, in 2014. Her husband has since been promoted, which has helped ease the financial pressure. But the move also came with another challenge: The remote area lacks support programs like the food pantries and discount food stores of San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still struggle,\" she says, adding that her husband first joined the military because he was drawn by a sense of duty to serve his country. \"I feel like we're being penalized because he wants to do good, and I shouldn't have to feel that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Closing a Loophole\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the short term, advocates are calling on the government to close a loophole that currently prevents more military families from being eligible for SNAP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the funds that a service member receives for living off-base, known as the Basic Allowance for Housing, are counted toward eligibility for SNAP. When that's added to a family's income, it pushes some into an income bracket too high to receive food aid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Susan Davis, a California Democrat, has introduced legislation in Congress that would change that. The bill, titled the \u003ca href=\"https://susandavis.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/congresswoman-susan-davis-introduces-the-military-hunger-prevention-act\">Military Prevention Hunger Act\u003c/a>, has been referred to the military personnel and nutrition subcommittees in the House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abby Leibman, of the advocacy group MAZON, says she supports the measure, which her group estimates could double the number of military families who get SNAP. But she says there's a larger issue that society as a whole must grapple with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This part of our community is not being served and that's our responsibility, because they are sacrificing so much for us,\" says Leibman. \"It becomes our obligation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by the \u003ca href=\"http://americanhomefront.wunc.org/\">American Homefront Project \u003c/a>-- a collaboration of North Carolina Public Radio-WUNC, KPCC-Los Angeles, and WUSF-Tampa, with funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the Bob Woodruff Foundation. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/dorian-merina\">Dorian Merina\u003c/a> is a reporter with KPCC.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 Southern California Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kpcc.org/\">Southern California Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Active-Duty+Service+Members+Struggle+To+Feed+Their+Families&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Shadow of an Animal' Sneaks Into Woman's Bedroom and Snatches Dog",
"title": "'Shadow of an Animal' Sneaks Into Woman's Bedroom and Snatches Dog",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>It's the stuff of nightmares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A woman in Pescadero said she was sleeping with her child and her dog when she awoke around 3 a.m. on Monday to the sound of the 15-pound Portuguese Podengo barking aggressively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she looked up, she saw \"a shadow of an animal\" enter the room through the open French doors, take the dog from the foot of the bed and walk out, according to \u003ca href=\"http://smcsheriff.com/sites/default/files/articles/17-3887%20Mountain%20Lion.pdf\">the San Mateo County Sheriff's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The woman took a flashlight outside to look for the dog but found only large wet paw prints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After calling 911, deputies came to search the area and said the paw prints resembled those of a mountain lion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are very shaken up about what happened,\" Detective Salvador Zuno was quoted as saying by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-mountain-lion-takes-dog-pescadero-20170417-story.html\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newspaper reports it's still too early to confirm whether the animal was indeed a mountain lion. Wildlife sightings are not uncommon in the area around Pescadero and the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"PsCm8vb5Wq0l4u6f09YbPBRziDfbKF5D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions have the greatest range of any living mammal in the Americas, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Mammals/Mountain-Lion.aspx\">National Wildlife Federation\u003c/a>. From mountains to forests, from deserts to wetlands, mountain lions can call it home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild/Lion\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> says more than half of the state is mountain lion habitat. The animals are generally found where deer — a favorite food — are found. And while it is in their nature to avoid humans, mountain lions will go after pets, livestock and, in rare cases, people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department suggests deer-proofing the landscape around homes and trimming bush to reduce hiding places for mountain lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Mateo County Sheriff's Office also reminds residents to lock and secure windows and doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's the stuff of nightmares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A woman in Pescadero said she was sleeping with her child and her dog when she awoke around 3 a.m. on Monday to the sound of the 15-pound Portuguese Podengo barking aggressively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she looked up, she saw \"a shadow of an animal\" enter the room through the open French doors, take the dog from the foot of the bed and walk out, according to \u003ca href=\"http://smcsheriff.com/sites/default/files/articles/17-3887%20Mountain%20Lion.pdf\">the San Mateo County Sheriff's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The woman took a flashlight outside to look for the dog but found only large wet paw prints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After calling 911, deputies came to search the area and said the paw prints resembled those of a mountain lion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are very shaken up about what happened,\" Detective Salvador Zuno was quoted as saying by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-mountain-lion-takes-dog-pescadero-20170417-story.html\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newspaper reports it's still too early to confirm whether the animal was indeed a mountain lion. Wildlife sightings are not uncommon in the area around Pescadero and the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions have the greatest range of any living mammal in the Americas, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Mammals/Mountain-Lion.aspx\">National Wildlife Federation\u003c/a>. From mountains to forests, from deserts to wetlands, mountain lions can call it home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild/Lion\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> says more than half of the state is mountain lion habitat. The animals are generally found where deer — a favorite food — are found. And while it is in their nature to avoid humans, mountain lions will go after pets, livestock and, in rare cases, people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department suggests deer-proofing the landscape around homes and trimming bush to reduce hiding places for mountain lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Mateo County Sheriff's Office also reminds residents to lock and secure windows and doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Moonscape to Lush: Photographs Capture California Drought's Story",
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"content": "\u003cp>In California, an extremely wet winter put an end to the state's record-breaking drought. Heavy rainfall also produced welcome spring scenes — like replenished reservoirs and fields in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a completely different look,\" says Justin Sullivan, a Getty Images photographer who took before-and-after photos of drought-stricken areas. \"It's just like a velvety green, lush landscape now — compared to just dry, brown, almost like a moonscape before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan's photos show how one of the wettest winters on record is bringing the land back to life. In early 2014, Sullivan documented the drought at its worst. He shot photos from a helicopter above reservoirs like Lake Oroville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little surprising to see the recessed water in reservoirs that reveals banks that are 50, 60, 100 feet tall,\" he says on NPR's \u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em>. \"They look like little mini-mountains and then a little river running through them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11415029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sulivan-composite-02_custom-420c71c9f3efcd396c6337e12577eb946f2875a9-e1492541174471.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11415029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sulivan-composite-02_custom-420c71c9f3efcd396c6337e12577eb946f2875a9-e1492541174471.jpg\" alt=\"The Enterprise Bridge in Oroville, during severe drought in 2014 (left) and this April, during the week that the majority of the state's drought emergency is due to be lifted.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"641\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enterprise Bridge in Oroville, during severe drought in 2014 (left) and this April, during the week that the majority of the state's drought emergency is due to be lifted. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California Gov. Jerry Brown declared an end to the state's drought emergency. Now, many of those desolate landscapes Sullivan captured look completely different. So he went back and tried to re-create the same shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11415030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sullivan-composite-01_custom-6563d6bc6deaf1ac10eb3e978ef24d51ea6e63ca-e1492541378673.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11415030 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sullivan-composite-01_custom-6563d6bc6deaf1ac10eb3e978ef24d51ea6e63ca-e1492541378673.jpg\" alt=\"A dog walker on a dried section of Bernal Heights Park in 2014 in San Francisco (left). When Sullivan returned to the hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking her dog in almost the exact same spot.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"637\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dog walker on a dried section of Bernal Heights Park in 2014 in San Francisco (left). When Sullivan returned to the hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking her dog in almost the exact same spot. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We just wanted to show the contrast,\" he says, adding that it was a tricky assignment. \"Obviously, landscapes change over the course of three years. Trees grow bigger. So it was difficult to just remember in your mind exactly what lens you used and how you approached it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan downloaded the 2014 images onto his iPad and brought it with him when he shot the \"after\" photos. In trying to re-create the exact same frame, Sullivan had some luck on his side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/523969466/524301409\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one side-by-side set of photos, the 2014 version shows a man walking his dog. The man is surrounded by dead grass, with the San Francisco skyline in the background. When Sullivan returned to the (now green, grassy) hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking another dog in almost the exact same spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes they just work out perfectly,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=From+Moonscape+To+Lush%3A+Photographs+Capture+California+Drought%27s+Story&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In California, an extremely wet winter put an end to the state's record-breaking drought. Heavy rainfall also produced welcome spring scenes — like replenished reservoirs and fields in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a completely different look,\" says Justin Sullivan, a Getty Images photographer who took before-and-after photos of drought-stricken areas. \"It's just like a velvety green, lush landscape now — compared to just dry, brown, almost like a moonscape before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan's photos show how one of the wettest winters on record is bringing the land back to life. In early 2014, Sullivan documented the drought at its worst. He shot photos from a helicopter above reservoirs like Lake Oroville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little surprising to see the recessed water in reservoirs that reveals banks that are 50, 60, 100 feet tall,\" he says on NPR's \u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em>. \"They look like little mini-mountains and then a little river running through them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11415029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sulivan-composite-02_custom-420c71c9f3efcd396c6337e12577eb946f2875a9-e1492541174471.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11415029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sulivan-composite-02_custom-420c71c9f3efcd396c6337e12577eb946f2875a9-e1492541174471.jpg\" alt=\"The Enterprise Bridge in Oroville, during severe drought in 2014 (left) and this April, during the week that the majority of the state's drought emergency is due to be lifted.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"641\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enterprise Bridge in Oroville, during severe drought in 2014 (left) and this April, during the week that the majority of the state's drought emergency is due to be lifted. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California Gov. Jerry Brown declared an end to the state's drought emergency. Now, many of those desolate landscapes Sullivan captured look completely different. So he went back and tried to re-create the same shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11415030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sullivan-composite-01_custom-6563d6bc6deaf1ac10eb3e978ef24d51ea6e63ca-e1492541378673.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11415030 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sullivan-composite-01_custom-6563d6bc6deaf1ac10eb3e978ef24d51ea6e63ca-e1492541378673.jpg\" alt=\"A dog walker on a dried section of Bernal Heights Park in 2014 in San Francisco (left). When Sullivan returned to the hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking her dog in almost the exact same spot.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"637\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dog walker on a dried section of Bernal Heights Park in 2014 in San Francisco (left). When Sullivan returned to the hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking her dog in almost the exact same spot. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We just wanted to show the contrast,\" he says, adding that it was a tricky assignment. \"Obviously, landscapes change over the course of three years. Trees grow bigger. So it was difficult to just remember in your mind exactly what lens you used and how you approached it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan downloaded the 2014 images onto his iPad and brought it with him when he shot the \"after\" photos. In trying to re-create the exact same frame, Sullivan had some luck on his side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/523969466/524301409\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one side-by-side set of photos, the 2014 version shows a man walking his dog. The man is surrounded by dead grass, with the San Francisco skyline in the background. When Sullivan returned to the (now green, grassy) hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking another dog in almost the exact same spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes they just work out perfectly,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=From+Moonscape+To+Lush%3A+Photographs+Capture+California+Drought%27s+Story&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "We Asked People What They Know About Taxes. See If You Know The Answers",
"title": "We Asked People What They Know About Taxes. See If You Know The Answers",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Back in 2012, Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney's campaign suffered a blow when a tape was leaked of him grousing that 47 percent of Americans don't pay federal income tax. It was one of the biggest gaffes of the presidential campaign, but \u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/documents/document.html?id=3671669-NPR-Ipsos-Tax-Poll\">a new poll conducted by Ipsos for NPR\u003c/a> suggests that many Americans forgot it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way Romney characterized those who don't pay federal income taxes is what got him in trouble, but the figure was roughly true. The new poll, however, shows that a majority think that the share of Americans paying no federal income tax is far lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poll gave respondents four options — 39 percent said that only 11 percent of Americans pay zero or negative income tax, and 31 percent said that only 27 percent pay zero or negative income tax. Only 21 percent got it right — right now, around 45 percent pay no federal income tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poll, released the day before Americans' taxes are due, delved into what Americans know and what they believe is wrong with the U.S. tax code — and what they know is limited and at times contradictory. But this isn't just about pointing out what Americans know and don't know. Rather, there could be important policy implications for Americans' misperceptions about the tax system. For example, this question dovetails with questions about what people think the lowest-income Americans' tax rate \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Americans underestimate the share of Americans who don't pay federal income taxes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given four choices of how many Americans pay zero or negative federal income taxes (11, 27, 45, or 63 percent), fully 70 percent of poll respondents chose the options \u003cem>under \u003c/em>the correct answer, which was 45 percent. Some of these people simply have no taxable income, and others get money back as a result of refundable tax credits like the Earned Income Tax Credit. (Of course, these people might pay other taxes, like payroll taxes, as well as whatever sales and property taxes their states impose.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode3]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of Americans believe lower-income people pay too much income tax (with heavy partisan differences — around 8-in-10 Democrats, 6-in-10 independents, and half of Republicans agreed with that statement). In addition, 60 percent of Americans believe taxes should be lowered for people making $49,000 or less (again, with Democrats and independents being somewhat more likely than Republicans to say those taxes should be lowered).\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode4]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Taking these two ideas together — that people (mistakenly) think very few of their fellow Americans pay zero federal income tax, and that a majority of Americans think low-income people pay too much in income tax — there are a couple of possible conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that if more Americans knew how many others do not end up paying federal income taxes, they would say tax rates should stay the same or even be raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then again, it's possible that Americans nevertheless would think their poorest fellow citizens do need more money, regardless of how the current tax code looks. That might mean they would advocate expanding the EITC or other tax breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When it comes to taxes paid by the rich, things get complicated.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We posed the following statement to people as a true or false question: \"For the highest earners, the percent of federal income taxes they pay now is significantly higher than it was in 1980.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode1]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In retrospect, there are multiple ways to interpret this question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If \"percent\" is taken as \"rate\" here, the answer is \"false.\" In 1980, the top marginal income tax rate was \u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/historical-highest-marginal-income-tax-rates\">70 percent\u003c/a>. Today, it's 39.6 percent (something about half of Americans know, per our poll).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if \"percent\" is taken as \"share\" here, the answer is \"true.\" That is, the share of federal income tax revenue that the richest Americans pay \u003ca href=\"https://files.taxfoundation.org/legacy/docs/TF_FF491_Summary%20of%20the%20Latest%20Federal%20Income%20Tax%20Data%2C_2015%20Update.pdf\">has gone up since 1980\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How does that work? As the Tax Policy Center's Roberton Williams explained to NPR, the share of income going to the rich has climbed in a big way over the last few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how Americans think about this could affect what they think should happen to the top tax rates on the richest. In 1980, the top 10 percent brought in 32 percent of all adjusted gross income, according to the Tax Foundation. \u003ca href=\"https://files.taxfoundation.org/legacy/docs/TF_FF491_Summary%20of%20the%20Latest%20Federal%20Income%20Tax%20Data%2C_2015%20Update.pdf\">In 2013\u003c/a>, it was 46 percent. For example, many Americans also believe taxes should be raised on the richest. The top tax bracket starts at \u003ca href=\"https://taxfoundation.org/2017-tax-brackets/\">$418,400\u003c/a> right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poll shows that 70 percent of Americans believe taxes should be raised on people making $250,000 to just under $1 million, and that 75 percent believe they should be raised on people making $1 million or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's already a sizable majority, but depending on whether people knew tax rates on the richest had indeed fallen (or, alternately, that the rich now pay a higher share in taxes), it could change what they think should happen to those marginal rates. (Of course, it's also possible that historical rates wouldn't affect their views at all.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those views differ widely by party; Democrats are much more likely to believe that taxes should be raised on the rich than Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans also appear to have strong views on how people earn their money. We asked people to what degree they agreed with this statement: \"The tax rate on income from work should be lower than the tax rate on income from wealth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode2]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Across the board, regardless of party, Americans agreed — 75 percent said they did, including 77 percent of Democrats, 71 percent of Republicans and 84 percent of independents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is another result that might make the richest Americans squirm. The rich tend to earn their income in a different way from most other Americans. Besides paychecks, many make money from \u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/how-are-capital-gains-taxed\">capital gains\u003c/a> — income they get from selling investments like stocks. Most of those capital gains are taxed at a rate far below that top income tax rate. (People at any income level of course can have those kinds of investments, but capital gains are \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/11/25/7280309/the-rich-are-getting-richer-but-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-their\">overwhelmingly concentrated\u003c/a> at the top of the income spectrum.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top rate that the highest-income Americans will pay on most capital gains is 20 percent, around half the top marginal rate for ordinary income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Americans overestimate how important income taxes are to government revenue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the poll's respondents (with very little variance by party) said they believe 75 percent of the federal government's revenue comes from personal income taxes. In reality, it's \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbpp.org/research/policy-basics-where-do-federal-tax-revenues-come-from\">just under half\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode5]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of all the taxes Americans pay, income tax probably requires the most thought. After all, payroll tax comes automatically out of each paycheck. Sales tax is imposed at the cash register. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe it makes sense that Americans think all that work they put into filling out their forms ends up doing the lion's share of funding the government.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>What else we learned\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Beyond all this, there were a few more fascinating findings in the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phrasing matters.\u003c/strong> One thing we learned is that using the phrase \"death tax\" instead of \"estate tax\" seems to make people more opposed to that tax — but, interestingly, that effect appears to be by far largest among Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-five percent of all people said the \"estate tax\" should be abolished, compared to 76 percent who said the \"death tax\" should be. However, among Democrats that swing was far larger: only half said they wanted to abolish the \"estate tax,\" but 71 percent said the same of the \"death tax.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode6]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The estate tax affects \u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/how-many-people-pay-estate-tax\">fewer than 1 in 500\u003c/a> estates. Many opponents of the estate tax — \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/policy/finance/238862-both-parties-fired-up-over-vote-on-estate-tax-repeal\">who have tended to be\u003c/a> Republicans — use \"death tax\" as a euphemism. This shows that to the extent that phrasing helps them, it could be helping them pick people up across the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On tax policy, views aren't always all that partisan. \u003c/strong>Democrats are often seen as the party that wants a more progressive system — Hillary Clinton, for example, ran for president in 2016 with a tax plan that would have \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2016/03/04/hillary_clinton_s_tax_plan_is_really_progressive.html\">ramped up taxes\u003c/a> for the ultra-rich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in our poll, nearly half of Democrats — 45 percent — agreed with the proposition that \"federal income taxes should be cut for all income levels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, Republicans — the party that has spoken of \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/07/16/takers-just-as-likely-to-vote-republican-as-makers-data-show/?utm_term=.68836cf97a6f\">\"makers\" and \"takers\"\u003c/a> — were split roughly evenly on the idea that tax cuts for the wealthy lead to economic growth. (Democrats and independents tended to disagree — that is, to say that tax cuts for the wealthy do \u003cem>not \u003c/em>lead to that growth.) Incidentally, it's not at all clear that this is true; \u003ca href=\"http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/docs/ydepot/semin/texte1112/STA2012OPT.pdf\">one recent comparison\u003c/a> of tax rates and growth rates across advanced economies found no strong linkage between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are only two examples, but they suggest that partisan messaging in Washington on some specific issues doesn't necessarily filter down to Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Americans agree: Taxes are too complicated (but that's no reason to cheat). \u003c/strong>There are a few more areas where Americans tend to agree across party lines: nearly 9 in 10 believe the tax code is too complicated, three-quarters say it's not OK for people to underreport income on their taxes, and 77 percent say their own personal federal income taxes are too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, 72 percent knew that taxes are due on April 18. For those remaining 28 percent, it might be time to file that extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The poll was conducted online on April 11-12, with a sample of 1,010 adults age 18 or older. For all respondents, the poll has a credibility interval of plus or minus 3.5 percentage points. The credibility interval is plus or minus 5.7 percentage points for Democrats, plus or minus 6.1 percentage points for Republicans, and plus or minus 8.3 percentage points for independents.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back in 2012, Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney's campaign suffered a blow when a tape was leaked of him grousing that 47 percent of Americans don't pay federal income tax. It was one of the biggest gaffes of the presidential campaign, but \u003ca href=\"https://apps.npr.org/documents/document.html?id=3671669-NPR-Ipsos-Tax-Poll\">a new poll conducted by Ipsos for NPR\u003c/a> suggests that many Americans forgot it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way Romney characterized those who don't pay federal income taxes is what got him in trouble, but the figure was roughly true. The new poll, however, shows that a majority think that the share of Americans paying no federal income tax is far lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poll gave respondents four options — 39 percent said that only 11 percent of Americans pay zero or negative income tax, and 31 percent said that only 27 percent pay zero or negative income tax. Only 21 percent got it right — right now, around 45 percent pay no federal income tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poll, released the day before Americans' taxes are due, delved into what Americans know and what they believe is wrong with the U.S. tax code — and what they know is limited and at times contradictory. But this isn't just about pointing out what Americans know and don't know. Rather, there could be important policy implications for Americans' misperceptions about the tax system. For example, this question dovetails with questions about what people think the lowest-income Americans' tax rate \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Americans underestimate the share of Americans who don't pay federal income taxes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given four choices of how many Americans pay zero or negative federal income taxes (11, 27, 45, or 63 percent), fully 70 percent of poll respondents chose the options \u003cem>under \u003c/em>the correct answer, which was 45 percent. Some of these people simply have no taxable income, and others get money back as a result of refundable tax credits like the Earned Income Tax Credit. (Of course, these people might pay other taxes, like payroll taxes, as well as whatever sales and property taxes their states impose.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode3]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of Americans believe lower-income people pay too much income tax (with heavy partisan differences — around 8-in-10 Democrats, 6-in-10 independents, and half of Republicans agreed with that statement). In addition, 60 percent of Americans believe taxes should be lowered for people making $49,000 or less (again, with Democrats and independents being somewhat more likely than Republicans to say those taxes should be lowered).\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode4]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Taking these two ideas together — that people (mistakenly) think very few of their fellow Americans pay zero federal income tax, and that a majority of Americans think low-income people pay too much in income tax — there are a couple of possible conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that if more Americans knew how many others do not end up paying federal income taxes, they would say tax rates should stay the same or even be raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then again, it's possible that Americans nevertheless would think their poorest fellow citizens do need more money, regardless of how the current tax code looks. That might mean they would advocate expanding the EITC or other tax breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When it comes to taxes paid by the rich, things get complicated.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We posed the following statement to people as a true or false question: \"For the highest earners, the percent of federal income taxes they pay now is significantly higher than it was in 1980.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode1]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In retrospect, there are multiple ways to interpret this question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If \"percent\" is taken as \"rate\" here, the answer is \"false.\" In 1980, the top marginal income tax rate was \u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/historical-highest-marginal-income-tax-rates\">70 percent\u003c/a>. Today, it's 39.6 percent (something about half of Americans know, per our poll).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if \"percent\" is taken as \"share\" here, the answer is \"true.\" That is, the share of federal income tax revenue that the richest Americans pay \u003ca href=\"https://files.taxfoundation.org/legacy/docs/TF_FF491_Summary%20of%20the%20Latest%20Federal%20Income%20Tax%20Data%2C_2015%20Update.pdf\">has gone up since 1980\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How does that work? As the Tax Policy Center's Roberton Williams explained to NPR, the share of income going to the rich has climbed in a big way over the last few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how Americans think about this could affect what they think should happen to the top tax rates on the richest. In 1980, the top 10 percent brought in 32 percent of all adjusted gross income, according to the Tax Foundation. \u003ca href=\"https://files.taxfoundation.org/legacy/docs/TF_FF491_Summary%20of%20the%20Latest%20Federal%20Income%20Tax%20Data%2C_2015%20Update.pdf\">In 2013\u003c/a>, it was 46 percent. For example, many Americans also believe taxes should be raised on the richest. The top tax bracket starts at \u003ca href=\"https://taxfoundation.org/2017-tax-brackets/\">$418,400\u003c/a> right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The poll shows that 70 percent of Americans believe taxes should be raised on people making $250,000 to just under $1 million, and that 75 percent believe they should be raised on people making $1 million or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's already a sizable majority, but depending on whether people knew tax rates on the richest had indeed fallen (or, alternately, that the rich now pay a higher share in taxes), it could change what they think should happen to those marginal rates. (Of course, it's also possible that historical rates wouldn't affect their views at all.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those views differ widely by party; Democrats are much more likely to believe that taxes should be raised on the rich than Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans also appear to have strong views on how people earn their money. We asked people to what degree they agreed with this statement: \"The tax rate on income from work should be lower than the tax rate on income from wealth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode2]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Across the board, regardless of party, Americans agreed — 75 percent said they did, including 77 percent of Democrats, 71 percent of Republicans and 84 percent of independents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is another result that might make the richest Americans squirm. The rich tend to earn their income in a different way from most other Americans. Besides paychecks, many make money from \u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/how-are-capital-gains-taxed\">capital gains\u003c/a> — income they get from selling investments like stocks. Most of those capital gains are taxed at a rate far below that top income tax rate. (People at any income level of course can have those kinds of investments, but capital gains are \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/11/25/7280309/the-rich-are-getting-richer-but-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-their\">overwhelmingly concentrated\u003c/a> at the top of the income spectrum.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top rate that the highest-income Americans will pay on most capital gains is 20 percent, around half the top marginal rate for ordinary income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Americans overestimate how important income taxes are to government revenue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the poll's respondents (with very little variance by party) said they believe 75 percent of the federal government's revenue comes from personal income taxes. In reality, it's \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbpp.org/research/policy-basics-where-do-federal-tax-revenues-come-from\">just under half\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode5]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of all the taxes Americans pay, income tax probably requires the most thought. After all, payroll tax comes automatically out of each paycheck. Sales tax is imposed at the cash register. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe it makes sense that Americans think all that work they put into filling out their forms ends up doing the lion's share of funding the government.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>What else we learned\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Beyond all this, there were a few more fascinating findings in the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phrasing matters.\u003c/strong> One thing we learned is that using the phrase \"death tax\" instead of \"estate tax\" seems to make people more opposed to that tax — but, interestingly, that effect appears to be by far largest among Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-five percent of all people said the \"estate tax\" should be abolished, compared to 76 percent who said the \"death tax\" should be. However, among Democrats that swing was far larger: only half said they wanted to abolish the \"estate tax,\" but 71 percent said the same of the \"death tax.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout noborder\">[TaxCode6]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The estate tax affects \u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/how-many-people-pay-estate-tax\">fewer than 1 in 500\u003c/a> estates. Many opponents of the estate tax — \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/policy/finance/238862-both-parties-fired-up-over-vote-on-estate-tax-repeal\">who have tended to be\u003c/a> Republicans — use \"death tax\" as a euphemism. This shows that to the extent that phrasing helps them, it could be helping them pick people up across the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On tax policy, views aren't always all that partisan. \u003c/strong>Democrats are often seen as the party that wants a more progressive system — Hillary Clinton, for example, ran for president in 2016 with a tax plan that would have \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2016/03/04/hillary_clinton_s_tax_plan_is_really_progressive.html\">ramped up taxes\u003c/a> for the ultra-rich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in our poll, nearly half of Democrats — 45 percent — agreed with the proposition that \"federal income taxes should be cut for all income levels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, Republicans — the party that has spoken of \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/07/16/takers-just-as-likely-to-vote-republican-as-makers-data-show/?utm_term=.68836cf97a6f\">\"makers\" and \"takers\"\u003c/a> — were split roughly evenly on the idea that tax cuts for the wealthy lead to economic growth. (Democrats and independents tended to disagree — that is, to say that tax cuts for the wealthy do \u003cem>not \u003c/em>lead to that growth.) Incidentally, it's not at all clear that this is true; \u003ca href=\"http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/docs/ydepot/semin/texte1112/STA2012OPT.pdf\">one recent comparison\u003c/a> of tax rates and growth rates across advanced economies found no strong linkage between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are only two examples, but they suggest that partisan messaging in Washington on some specific issues doesn't necessarily filter down to Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Americans agree: Taxes are too complicated (but that's no reason to cheat). \u003c/strong>There are a few more areas where Americans tend to agree across party lines: nearly 9 in 10 believe the tax code is too complicated, three-quarters say it's not OK for people to underreport income on their taxes, and 77 percent say their own personal federal income taxes are too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, 72 percent knew that taxes are due on April 18. For those remaining 28 percent, it might be time to file that extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The poll was conducted online on April 11-12, with a sample of 1,010 adults age 18 or older. For all respondents, the poll has a credibility interval of plus or minus 3.5 percentage points. The credibility interval is plus or minus 5.7 percentage points for Democrats, plus or minus 6.1 percentage points for Republicans, and plus or minus 8.3 percentage points for independents.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Researchers Find a New Way to Make Water From Thin Air",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers have come up with a new way to extract water from thin air. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't the first technology that can turn water vapor in the atmosphere into liquid water that people can drink, but researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and UC Berkeley say their approach uses less power and works in drier environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach makes use of a substance called a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6149/1230444\">MOF\u003c/a>, a metal-organic framework. As the name suggests, these are materials made of metals mixed with organic compounds. Powders made from MOFs are very porous, so researchers have proposed using them to store hydrogen or methane fuels or to capture carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MIT's \u003ca href=\"http://meche.mit.edu/people/faculty/enwang@mit.edu\">Evelyn Wang\u003c/a> and her Berkeley colleague \u003ca href=\"http://yaghi.berkeley.edu/\">Omar Yaghi\u003c/a> decided to try using MOFs to capture water. MOF powders can not only suck up liquid water, they can also absorb water vapor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's plenty of water vapor in the atmosphere. Even in the driest place on the planet there are tons of water molecules floating overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers built a small prototype water collector that contains a thin layer of MOF powder. The powder absorbs water vapor until it is saturated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you achieve that maximum amount,\" Wang says, \"you apply some type of heat to the system to release that water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the water is released, it collects in the bottom of the prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other compounds that can suck water from the air, \u003ca href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zeolites/\">zeolites\u003c/a> for example, but Wang says it takes a significant amount of energy to get these materials to release the water. Not so with a MOF device. \"The amount of energy required is very low,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the prototype, the heat needed to drive the water out of the MOF comes from ambient sunlight — no external power supply is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11408634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11408634\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Even in Chile's Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth, there are water molecules floating overhead.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even in Chile's Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth, there are water molecules floating overhead. \u003ccite>(MARTIN BERNETTI/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As they report \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2017/04/12/science.aam8743\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> Wang and her colleagues tested the prototype of their MOF-based device on the roof of a building at MIT, and it worked great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's just a prototype. It used only a fraction of an ounce of the MOF powder. \"So the amount of water that we've shown is also pretty small,\" says Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Wang's calculations, a full-size system using about 2 pounds of MOF powder could deliver close to three quarts of water per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she expects scaling up the prototype won't be all that expensive. Although MOFs are a relatively new material, \"there are companies that already make various MOFS at very large bulk scales,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many steps before a mass-produced MOF-based water collector becomes a reality. It hasn't been shown, for example, that the water released by the MOF powder is free of contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's conceivable that someday if you're visiting Death Valley, one of the driest places in the United States, you'll be able to wet your whistle with a device based on Wang and Yaghi's concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Find+A+New+Way+To+Make+Water+From+Thin+Air&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers have come up with a new way to extract water from thin air. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't the first technology that can turn water vapor in the atmosphere into liquid water that people can drink, but researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and UC Berkeley say their approach uses less power and works in drier environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach makes use of a substance called a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6149/1230444\">MOF\u003c/a>, a metal-organic framework. As the name suggests, these are materials made of metals mixed with organic compounds. Powders made from MOFs are very porous, so researchers have proposed using them to store hydrogen or methane fuels or to capture carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MIT's \u003ca href=\"http://meche.mit.edu/people/faculty/enwang@mit.edu\">Evelyn Wang\u003c/a> and her Berkeley colleague \u003ca href=\"http://yaghi.berkeley.edu/\">Omar Yaghi\u003c/a> decided to try using MOFs to capture water. MOF powders can not only suck up liquid water, they can also absorb water vapor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's plenty of water vapor in the atmosphere. Even in the driest place on the planet there are tons of water molecules floating overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers built a small prototype water collector that contains a thin layer of MOF powder. The powder absorbs water vapor until it is saturated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you achieve that maximum amount,\" Wang says, \"you apply some type of heat to the system to release that water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the water is released, it collects in the bottom of the prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other compounds that can suck water from the air, \u003ca href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zeolites/\">zeolites\u003c/a> for example, but Wang says it takes a significant amount of energy to get these materials to release the water. Not so with a MOF device. \"The amount of energy required is very low,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the prototype, the heat needed to drive the water out of the MOF comes from ambient sunlight — no external power supply is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11408634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11408634\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Even in Chile's Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth, there are water molecules floating overhead.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even in Chile's Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth, there are water molecules floating overhead. \u003ccite>(MARTIN BERNETTI/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As they report \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2017/04/12/science.aam8743\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> Wang and her colleagues tested the prototype of their MOF-based device on the roof of a building at MIT, and it worked great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's just a prototype. It used only a fraction of an ounce of the MOF powder. \"So the amount of water that we've shown is also pretty small,\" says Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Wang's calculations, a full-size system using about 2 pounds of MOF powder could deliver close to three quarts of water per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she expects scaling up the prototype won't be all that expensive. Although MOFs are a relatively new material, \"there are companies that already make various MOFS at very large bulk scales,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many steps before a mass-produced MOF-based water collector becomes a reality. It hasn't been shown, for example, that the water released by the MOF powder is free of contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's conceivable that someday if you're visiting Death Valley, one of the driest places in the United States, you'll be able to wet your whistle with a device based on Wang and Yaghi's concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Find+A+New+Way+To+Make+Water+From+Thin+Air&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Wells Fargo Claws Back $75 Million More From 2 Executives Over Fake Accounts",
"title": "Wells Fargo Claws Back $75 Million More From 2 Executives Over Fake Accounts",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two executives who were publicly excoriated over Wells Fargo's opening of millions of bogus accounts must give back millions more dollars in pay, the bank's board announced Monday. The board is clawing back an additional $47 million from Carrie Tolstedt, who headed the troubled sales division, and $28 million from former CEO John Stumpf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stumpf \"was too slow\" to see problems in sales practices that brought a $185 million punishment from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/08/493130449/wells-fargo-to-pay-around-190-million-over-fake-accounts-that-sparked-bonuses\">Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\u003c/a>, according to a 110-page report released Monday by Wells Fargo's board. The report says he also failed to protect the bank's reputation from what the CFPB has called \"the widespread illegal practice of secretly opening unauthorized deposit and credit card accounts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 5,300 Wells Fargo employees lost their jobs over the fake-accounts scandal — a number far higher than the bank's board says it was initially led to believe. The report says Stumpf \"did not appreciate the scope and severity of the problem\" and that he \"continued to publicly support the appropriateness of Wells Fargo's sales goals and to highlight that the vast majority of Wells Fargo employees 'got it right.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"BMToZ4W659K4wxX8RqIsiZXqUYM2ibA1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Stumpf and Tolstedt had previously been forced to return tens of millions of dollars. With the new clawbacks, Wells Fargo's board says, the bank has now recovered more than $180 million in executive compensation over the scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that total, $69 million has come from Stumpf and $67 million from Tolstedt, the bank says. Stumpf \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/12/wells-fargo-ceo-john-stumpf-resigns-amid-scandal/\" target=\"_blank\">resigned in October of 2016\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wells Fargo report cites \"distortion\" of the sales culture and management system in the unit that was at the heart of the scandal, as well as other organizational issues, as reasons why essential problems weren't addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Describing a system that sometimes \"imposed excessive pressure\" on lower-rung workers during Tolstedt's long tenure, the report says employees in the Community Bank division were ranked against each other on \"scorecards\" that were updated daily. Workers were paid and promoted based on sales goals that executives knew were often unattainable, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"o4ij1tnrVUihiFQSjXGB4KFdeSypBzK2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Wells Fargo employees who tried to raise red flags about the sales practices \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/10/21/498804659/former-wells-fargo-employees-join-class-action-lawsuit\">have told NPR's Chris Arnold\u003c/a> that they were fired or pushed to resign — and an investigation showed that the bank had put black marks against those employees' names in a permanent national database used by banks and regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how executives responded to problems within the sales division, the report states, \"Tolstedt and certain of her inner circle were insular and defensive and did not like to be challenged or hear negative information.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tolstedt's current perspective isn't represented in the report — its authors say she \"declined, on advice of counsel, to be interviewed as part of this investigation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report notes that in January, Wells Fargo changed its incentive program to focus on \"customer service rather than selling products.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we've previously reported:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When accusations of fraud were circulating last fall, it emerged that Tolstedt was set to leave Wells Fargo with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/13/493791920/wells-fargo-units-leader-departs-with-125-million-after-group-incurs-record-fine\">$124.6 million in stock and options\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stumpf \u003ca href=\"https://www08.wellsfargomedia.com/assets/pdf/about/investor-relations/annual-reports/2016-proxy-statement.pdf\">made $19.3 million in annual compensation \u003c/a>(including a performance bonus of $12.5 million) in 2015.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On Capitol Hill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/20/494738797/you-should-resign-watch-sen-elizabeth-warren-grill-wells-fargo-ceo-john-stumpf\">Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D- Mass., accused Stumpf\u003c/a> of netting more than $200 million after the sales practices boosted the bank's stock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In February, two cities \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/08/514133514/two-cities-vote-to-pull-more-than-3-billion-from-wells-fargo-over-dakota-pipelin\">pulled more than $3 billion\u003c/a> in annual cash flow from Wells Fargo over its role in the Dakota Access Pipeline project.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wells+Fargo+Claws+Back+%2475+Million+More+From+2+Executives+Over+Fake+Accounts&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Former CEO John Stumpf 'was too slow' to realize the risk of sales practices, the bank's board says. The scandal also brought a $185 million punishment from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two executives who were publicly excoriated over Wells Fargo's opening of millions of bogus accounts must give back millions more dollars in pay, the bank's board announced Monday. The board is clawing back an additional $47 million from Carrie Tolstedt, who headed the troubled sales division, and $28 million from former CEO John Stumpf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stumpf \"was too slow\" to see problems in sales practices that brought a $185 million punishment from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/08/493130449/wells-fargo-to-pay-around-190-million-over-fake-accounts-that-sparked-bonuses\">Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\u003c/a>, according to a 110-page report released Monday by Wells Fargo's board. The report says he also failed to protect the bank's reputation from what the CFPB has called \"the widespread illegal practice of secretly opening unauthorized deposit and credit card accounts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 5,300 Wells Fargo employees lost their jobs over the fake-accounts scandal — a number far higher than the bank's board says it was initially led to believe. The report says Stumpf \"did not appreciate the scope and severity of the problem\" and that he \"continued to publicly support the appropriateness of Wells Fargo's sales goals and to highlight that the vast majority of Wells Fargo employees 'got it right.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Stumpf and Tolstedt had previously been forced to return tens of millions of dollars. With the new clawbacks, Wells Fargo's board says, the bank has now recovered more than $180 million in executive compensation over the scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that total, $69 million has come from Stumpf and $67 million from Tolstedt, the bank says. Stumpf \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/12/wells-fargo-ceo-john-stumpf-resigns-amid-scandal/\" target=\"_blank\">resigned in October of 2016\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wells Fargo report cites \"distortion\" of the sales culture and management system in the unit that was at the heart of the scandal, as well as other organizational issues, as reasons why essential problems weren't addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Describing a system that sometimes \"imposed excessive pressure\" on lower-rung workers during Tolstedt's long tenure, the report says employees in the Community Bank division were ranked against each other on \"scorecards\" that were updated daily. Workers were paid and promoted based on sales goals that executives knew were often unattainable, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Wells Fargo employees who tried to raise red flags about the sales practices \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/10/21/498804659/former-wells-fargo-employees-join-class-action-lawsuit\">have told NPR's Chris Arnold\u003c/a> that they were fired or pushed to resign — and an investigation showed that the bank had put black marks against those employees' names in a permanent national database used by banks and regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how executives responded to problems within the sales division, the report states, \"Tolstedt and certain of her inner circle were insular and defensive and did not like to be challenged or hear negative information.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tolstedt's current perspective isn't represented in the report — its authors say she \"declined, on advice of counsel, to be interviewed as part of this investigation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report notes that in January, Wells Fargo changed its incentive program to focus on \"customer service rather than selling products.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we've previously reported:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When accusations of fraud were circulating last fall, it emerged that Tolstedt was set to leave Wells Fargo with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/13/493791920/wells-fargo-units-leader-departs-with-125-million-after-group-incurs-record-fine\">$124.6 million in stock and options\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stumpf \u003ca href=\"https://www08.wellsfargomedia.com/assets/pdf/about/investor-relations/annual-reports/2016-proxy-statement.pdf\">made $19.3 million in annual compensation \u003c/a>(including a performance bonus of $12.5 million) in 2015.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On Capitol Hill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/20/494738797/you-should-resign-watch-sen-elizabeth-warren-grill-wells-fargo-ceo-john-stumpf\">Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D- Mass., accused Stumpf\u003c/a> of netting more than $200 million after the sales practices boosted the bank's stock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In February, two cities \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/08/514133514/two-cities-vote-to-pull-more-than-3-billion-from-wells-fargo-over-dakota-pipelin\">pulled more than $3 billion\u003c/a> in annual cash flow from Wells Fargo over its role in the Dakota Access Pipeline project.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wells+Fargo+Claws+Back+%2475+Million+More+From+2+Executives+Over+Fake+Accounts&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Trump Orders Syria Airstrikes After 'Assad Choked Out the Lives' of Civilians",
"title": "Trump Orders Syria Airstrikes After 'Assad Choked Out the Lives' of Civilians",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 11:30 p.m. PST\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has launched airstrikes in Syria in response to deadly chemical attacks allegedly ordered by the country's president, Bashar al-Assad, against his own people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Tonight I ordered a targeted military strike on the airfield in Syria from where the chemical attack was launched,\" the president announced Thursday night from his Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Fla., where he is meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping. \"It is in this vital national security interest of the United States to prevent and deter the spread and use of deadly chemical weapons.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AmDeWdQqpM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision to launch airstrikes Thursday evening was a departure for Trump, who has been slow to embrace an interventionist foreign policy. The chemical attack has been seen as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/04/05/522704455/after-syria-gas-attack-world-awaits-what-kind-of-leader-trump-will-be\">key test of Trump's leadership\u003c/a> on the world stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. fired 59 Tomahawk missiles from the USS Porter and USS Ross destroyers in the Eastern Mediterranean against the Shayrat air base, where the U.S. says the planes that carried out a chemical weapons attack originated. The missiles targeted aircraft and aircraft shelters, ammunition, air defense systems and radars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11395687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/170309-n-ji086-303_custom-6532fca314463715d5061f8cf900b4a0b57ebcd4-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The guided-missile destroyer USS Porter (DDG 78) transits the Mediterranean Sea on March 9, 2017. The United States launched dozens of Tomahawk missiles against a single site in Syria, according to a Pentagon official.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11395687\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The guided-missile destroyer USS Porter (DDG 78) transits the Mediterranean Sea on March 9, 2017. The United States launched dozens of Tomahawk missiles against a single site in Syria, according to a Pentagon official. \u003ccite>(Seaman Ford Williams/U.S. Navy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>U.S. officials said planners did everything possible to avoid civilian casualties and are still doing battle damage assessment to determine the exact results of the raid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moscow says strike violates international law\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russia was warned in multiple conversations that this air base was going to be targeted, officials said. There were Russians at the base. Russian President Vladimir Putin has called the idea that Assad was behind the attacks simply \"groundless accusations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov, in his regular Friday morning briefing, said the U.S. strike constituted \"aggression against a sovereign state in violation of international law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peskov said Russian President Vladimir Putin believed the strike was based on a \"made-up pretext\" to distract attention from civilian deaths in Iraq, an apparent reference to U.S. airstrikes in Mosul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Trump said Thursday night that \"there can be no dispute that Syria used banned chemical weapons, violated its obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention and ignored the urging of the U.N. Security Council.\" He concluded his statement by saying:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Tonight I call on all civilized nations to join us in seeking to end the slaughter and bloodshed in Syria and also to end terrorism of all kinds and all types. We ask for God's wisdom as we face the challenge of our very troubled world. We pray for the lives of the wounded and for the souls of those who passed. And we hope that as long as America stands for justice, that peace and harmony will, in the end, prevail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The chemical attacks earlier this week killed more than 100 Syrians, including many children. On Wednesday, Trump said that the attacks \"crossed a lot of lines for me\" and hinted that he might pursue some sort of military action in response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretary of State Rex Tillerson told reporters in Florida after the president spoke that they had a \"very high level of confidence that the attacks were carried out under aircraft under the direction of [Assad's] regime\" and a \"very high confidence that the attacks involved the use of sarin nerve gas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike.png\" alt=\"map-syria-airstrike\" width=\"450\" height=\"338\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11395848\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike.png 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike-160x120.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike-240x180.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike-375x282.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House national security adviser H.R. McMaster said at the briefing that the military planners took \"great pains\" to avoid risk to \"third country nationals at that airport — I think you read Russians from that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"We weighed the risk associated with any military action, but we weighed that against the risk of inaction ... which is the risk of [these] continued egregious, inhumane attacks on innocent civilians with chemical weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were measures put in place to avoid hitting what we believe is a storage of sarin ... [so] that it would not be ignited and cause a hazard to civilians or anyone else.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In his initial response to the Syrian attacks on Tuesday, Trump cast blame on former President Barack Obama for failing to act enough on the situation and engaging after Assad first crossed the \"red line\" Obama drew following Assad's use of chemical weapons in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as NPR's Tamara Keith \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/04/04/522627064/on-the-record-president-trump-vs-private-citizen-trump-on-syria\">noted\u003c/a>, Trump himself had argued then as a private citizen that the U.S. should not become engaged in the conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the president's full remarks from Thursday night:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"On Tuesday Syrian President Bashar al-Assad launched a horrible chemical attack on innocent civilians using a deadly nerve agent. Assad choked out the lives of helpless men, women and children. It was a slow and brutal death for so many. Even beautiful babies were cruelly murdered at this very barbaric attack. No child of God should ever suffer such horror. Tonight I ordered a targeted military strike on the airfield in Syria from where the chemical attack was launched. It is in this vital national security interest of the United States to prevent and deter the spread and use of deadly chemical weapons. There can be no dispute that Syria used banned chemical weapons, violated its obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention and ignored the urging of the U.N. Security Council. Numerous previous attempts at changing Assad's behavior have all failed, and failed very dramatically. As a result, the refugee crisis continues to deepen and the region continues to destabilize, threatening the United States and its allies. Tonight I call on all civilized nations to join us in seeking to end the slaughter and bloodshed in Syria and also to end terrorism of all kinds and all types. We ask for God's wisdom as we face the challenge of our very troubled world. We pray for the lives of the wounded and for the souls of those who passed. And we hope that as long as America stands for justice, that peace and harmony will, in the end, prevail. Good night and God bless America and the entire world.\"'\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Congressional reaction is mixed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Intelligence Committee ranking member Adam Schiff, D-Calif., said the president needs to coordinate any future action with Congress:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"This strike will not hasten an end to the Assad regime, but it may deter its further use of chemical weapons. Nevertheless. this missile strike and the military action of our forces already in Syria have yet to be authorized by Congress. I will be reintroducing an authorization for use of military force against ISIS and al-Qaida when Congress returns to session. Congress cannot abdicate its responsibility any longer and should vote on any use of force not made in self-defense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Ed Royce, R-Calif., agreed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Assad was warned, repeatedly, by the U.S. and the U.N. that the intentional targeting of innocent men, women and children is intolerable. Now Assad has been caught red-handed carrying out another abhorrent chemical attack, and the administration has taken a measured response. Moving ahead, the administration must work with Congress and lay out clear policy goals for Syria and the region.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Orders+Syria+Airstrikes+After+%27Assad+Choked+Out+The+Lives%27+Of+Civilians&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 11:30 p.m. PST\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has launched airstrikes in Syria in response to deadly chemical attacks allegedly ordered by the country's president, Bashar al-Assad, against his own people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Tonight I ordered a targeted military strike on the airfield in Syria from where the chemical attack was launched,\" the president announced Thursday night from his Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Fla., where he is meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping. \"It is in this vital national security interest of the United States to prevent and deter the spread and use of deadly chemical weapons.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4AmDeWdQqpM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4AmDeWdQqpM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The decision to launch airstrikes Thursday evening was a departure for Trump, who has been slow to embrace an interventionist foreign policy. The chemical attack has been seen as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/04/05/522704455/after-syria-gas-attack-world-awaits-what-kind-of-leader-trump-will-be\">key test of Trump's leadership\u003c/a> on the world stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. fired 59 Tomahawk missiles from the USS Porter and USS Ross destroyers in the Eastern Mediterranean against the Shayrat air base, where the U.S. says the planes that carried out a chemical weapons attack originated. The missiles targeted aircraft and aircraft shelters, ammunition, air defense systems and radars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11395687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/170309-n-ji086-303_custom-6532fca314463715d5061f8cf900b4a0b57ebcd4-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The guided-missile destroyer USS Porter (DDG 78) transits the Mediterranean Sea on March 9, 2017. The United States launched dozens of Tomahawk missiles against a single site in Syria, according to a Pentagon official.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11395687\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The guided-missile destroyer USS Porter (DDG 78) transits the Mediterranean Sea on March 9, 2017. The United States launched dozens of Tomahawk missiles against a single site in Syria, according to a Pentagon official. \u003ccite>(Seaman Ford Williams/U.S. Navy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>U.S. officials said planners did everything possible to avoid civilian casualties and are still doing battle damage assessment to determine the exact results of the raid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moscow says strike violates international law\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russia was warned in multiple conversations that this air base was going to be targeted, officials said. There were Russians at the base. Russian President Vladimir Putin has called the idea that Assad was behind the attacks simply \"groundless accusations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov, in his regular Friday morning briefing, said the U.S. strike constituted \"aggression against a sovereign state in violation of international law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peskov said Russian President Vladimir Putin believed the strike was based on a \"made-up pretext\" to distract attention from civilian deaths in Iraq, an apparent reference to U.S. airstrikes in Mosul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Trump said Thursday night that \"there can be no dispute that Syria used banned chemical weapons, violated its obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention and ignored the urging of the U.N. Security Council.\" He concluded his statement by saying:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Tonight I call on all civilized nations to join us in seeking to end the slaughter and bloodshed in Syria and also to end terrorism of all kinds and all types. We ask for God's wisdom as we face the challenge of our very troubled world. We pray for the lives of the wounded and for the souls of those who passed. And we hope that as long as America stands for justice, that peace and harmony will, in the end, prevail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The chemical attacks earlier this week killed more than 100 Syrians, including many children. On Wednesday, Trump said that the attacks \"crossed a lot of lines for me\" and hinted that he might pursue some sort of military action in response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretary of State Rex Tillerson told reporters in Florida after the president spoke that they had a \"very high level of confidence that the attacks were carried out under aircraft under the direction of [Assad's] regime\" and a \"very high confidence that the attacks involved the use of sarin nerve gas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike.png\" alt=\"map-syria-airstrike\" width=\"450\" height=\"338\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11395848\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike.png 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike-160x120.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike-240x180.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/map-syria-airstrike-375x282.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House national security adviser H.R. McMaster said at the briefing that the military planners took \"great pains\" to avoid risk to \"third country nationals at that airport — I think you read Russians from that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"We weighed the risk associated with any military action, but we weighed that against the risk of inaction ... which is the risk of [these] continued egregious, inhumane attacks on innocent civilians with chemical weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were measures put in place to avoid hitting what we believe is a storage of sarin ... [so] that it would not be ignited and cause a hazard to civilians or anyone else.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In his initial response to the Syrian attacks on Tuesday, Trump cast blame on former President Barack Obama for failing to act enough on the situation and engaging after Assad first crossed the \"red line\" Obama drew following Assad's use of chemical weapons in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as NPR's Tamara Keith \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/04/04/522627064/on-the-record-president-trump-vs-private-citizen-trump-on-syria\">noted\u003c/a>, Trump himself had argued then as a private citizen that the U.S. should not become engaged in the conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the president's full remarks from Thursday night:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"On Tuesday Syrian President Bashar al-Assad launched a horrible chemical attack on innocent civilians using a deadly nerve agent. Assad choked out the lives of helpless men, women and children. It was a slow and brutal death for so many. Even beautiful babies were cruelly murdered at this very barbaric attack. No child of God should ever suffer such horror. Tonight I ordered a targeted military strike on the airfield in Syria from where the chemical attack was launched. It is in this vital national security interest of the United States to prevent and deter the spread and use of deadly chemical weapons. There can be no dispute that Syria used banned chemical weapons, violated its obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention and ignored the urging of the U.N. Security Council. Numerous previous attempts at changing Assad's behavior have all failed, and failed very dramatically. As a result, the refugee crisis continues to deepen and the region continues to destabilize, threatening the United States and its allies. Tonight I call on all civilized nations to join us in seeking to end the slaughter and bloodshed in Syria and also to end terrorism of all kinds and all types. We ask for God's wisdom as we face the challenge of our very troubled world. We pray for the lives of the wounded and for the souls of those who passed. And we hope that as long as America stands for justice, that peace and harmony will, in the end, prevail. Good night and God bless America and the entire world.\"'\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Congressional reaction is mixed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Intelligence Committee ranking member Adam Schiff, D-Calif., said the president needs to coordinate any future action with Congress:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"This strike will not hasten an end to the Assad regime, but it may deter its further use of chemical weapons. Nevertheless. this missile strike and the military action of our forces already in Syria have yet to be authorized by Congress. I will be reintroducing an authorization for use of military force against ISIS and al-Qaida when Congress returns to session. Congress cannot abdicate its responsibility any longer and should vote on any use of force not made in self-defense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Ed Royce, R-Calif., agreed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Assad was warned, repeatedly, by the U.S. and the U.N. that the intentional targeting of innocent men, women and children is intolerable. Now Assad has been caught red-handed carrying out another abhorrent chemical attack, and the administration has taken a measured response. Moving ahead, the administration must work with Congress and lay out clear policy goals for Syria and the region.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Orders+Syria+Airstrikes+After+%27Assad+Choked+Out+The+Lives%27+Of+Civilians&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "PHOTOS: The Many Possible Shapes of Trump's Border Wall",
"title": "PHOTOS: The Many Possible Shapes of Trump's Border Wall",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>By the time bidding closed Tuesday, there was no lack of companies competing to build the wall President Trump has proposed for the border between the U.S. and Mexico. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_BORDER_WALL?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2017-04-04-10-05-14\">by The Associated Press' count\u003c/a>, upwards of 200 organizations had expressed interest in designing and building it for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-requests-proposals-border-wall-prototypes\">Customs and Border Protection\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their common goal, the companies submitting bids have followed some radically different paths in their approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the submissions are walls with solar panels, wire mesh and sloped, slippery surfaces. There are even walls that are no walls at all — statements standing instead as protests of a policy that from the start has \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/24/most-americans-continue-to-oppose-u-s-border-wall-doubt-mexico-would-pay-for-it/\">drawn a lot of resistance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/04/522652528/bids-for-trump-s-border-wall-are-due-today\">As NPR's Richard Gonzales reports\u003c/a>, the CBP plans to announce the finalists for the contract in June, at which point the companies still in the running would be expected to build a prototype roughly 30 feet long and anywhere from18 to 30 feet tall. The AP notes the prototypes are expected to cost about $200,000 to $500,000 each; estimates for the cost of the wall covering the 2,000-mile border, however, range \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602494/bad-math-props-up-trumps-border-wall/\">up to $38 billion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a glimpse of just a few of the designs vying to stand between the U.S. and Mexico, complete with renderings and explanations of how they could take shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>The WireWall\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393681\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-800x600.jpg\" alt='The WireWall fence now in place in California on the border with Mexico. Riverdale Mills says the fence is produced using the same manufacturing process as its \"marquee marine wire mesh\" designed for lobster traps used in New England.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393681\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e.jpg 1587w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WireWall fence now in place in California on the border with Mexico. Riverdale Mills says the fence is produced using the same manufacturing process as its \"marquee marine wire mesh\" designed for lobster traps used in New England. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Riverdale Mills)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The proposal from \u003ca href=\"https://riverdale.com/\">Riverdale Mills Corporation\u003c/a> employs wire mesh, which is already used along the Mexican border with California and Arizona. Riverdale says the material can be manufactured up to 20 feet tall and installed up to 6 feet below ground, to prevent tunneling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The configurations of the wire mesh make it virtually impossible to climb or cut,\" Jane Meehan Lanzillo, director of corporate communications for Riverdale, tells NPR in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Solar Panels\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"This rendering depicts solar panels snaking along the border. Gleason Partners, the company behind the proposal, believes that the energy provided by the panels would offer the U.S. a financial boon.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This rendering depicts solar panels snaking along the border. Gleason Partners, the company behind the proposal, believes that the energy provided by the panels would offer the U.S. a financial boon. \u003ccite>(Gleason Partners)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I like the wall to be able to pay for itself,\" Thomas Gleason, managing partner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.strutchannelfittings.com/About-Us_ep_7.html\">Gleason Partners LLC\u003c/a>, tells the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's proposal sets solar panels on sections of the wall, generating what it says would be approximately 2.0 megawatts of electricity per hour, according to the wire service.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Maximum-Security Wire Mesh\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/final-rendering-9b-_custom-bc72a54d44aabccc8d0e1156d34618ce0b7148ba-800x521.jpg\" alt=\"The Penna Group rendering, which displays two groups on either side watching each other through the mesh.\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Penna Group rendering, which displays two groups on either side watching each other through the mesh. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Penna Group)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Composed of high-density steel packed into double wire mesh, the Penna Group's proposed wall takes its cue from maximum security prisons. \"Nearly impossible to climb,\" it would also be built to withstand pick axes, acetylene torches and other handheld weapons, with the first 12 feet of its 30-foot height packed more densely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Evangelista-Ysasaga, CEO of the Penna Group, speaks to the aesthetics of the U.S.-facing side of the wall, telling NPR \"the wire mesh panels will be emblazoned with the Seal of the United States.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>The Security Curtain Wall\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393683\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-800x662.jpg\" alt=\"Between its sloped surface and the walkway near the top, the security curtain wall aims to make climbing an impossible task for those seeking to cross the border.\" width=\"800\" height=\"662\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-800x662.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-160x132.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-1020x845.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-1180x977.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-960x795.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-240x199.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-375x311.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-520x431.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6.jpg 1547w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Between its sloped surface and the walkway near the top, the security curtain wall aims to make climbing an impossible task for those seeking to cross the border. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Diego Project Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its face pitched at an angle, the proposed wall put forth by \u003ca href=\"https://sdpmpsc.sharepoint.com/Pages/default.aspx\">San Diego Project Management, PSC\u003c/a>, borrows medieval concepts to give to give guards a better view of possible \"villains\" approaching the wall — and with its walkway toward the top, it gives those guards a place to patrol from a height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The surface finish on the south side of the wall is of the same quality as the finish on a smooth floor slab,\" Patrick J. Balcazar, principal and managing partner at SDPM, writes in his proposal. \"Smooth surface on the glacis [sloped] and [vertical] surfaces make climbing harder, and there are no handholds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Hadrian's Wall\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/img_1897-48dbfac4be0a1957afb5f260e6e793b1b7819d69-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Hadrian Construction Company's wall, here modeled in miniature, would be paneled according to its Tridipanel system.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393684\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hadrian Construction Company's wall, here modeled in miniature, would be paneled according to its Tridipanel system. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Hadrian Construction Company)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's impossible to avoid: For a man bidding to build a massive wall, Rod Hadrian has a rather serendipitous name. Namesake of the Roman emperor who built the wall that once marked off the northernmost edge of the ancient empire — the wall that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/08/30/344031401/the-wall-that-defined-scotlands-past-and-the-vote-on-its-future\">still stands in ruins\u003c/a> in the U.K. today — Hadrian Construction Company has proposed a wall constructed in prefabricated panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tridipanel.com/\">Its Tridipanel design\u003c/a> makes for something of a zig-zag shape, which he says would create a 30-foot wall that's at once lightweight and strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Adorned With Decoration\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"This is a close-up rendering of the iCON Wall Solution by Concrete Contractors Interstate. Between the polish and the stones, the company behind this proposal wants to make it as easy on the eyes as it is hard to cross.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393694\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a close-up rendering of the iCON Wall Solution by Concrete Contractors Interstate. Between the polish and the stones, the company behind this proposal wants to make it as easy on the eyes as it is hard to cross.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(iCON Wall Solution by Single Eagle dba Concrete Contractors Interstate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The border wall should be \"a piece of art,\" Russ Baumgartner, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.seicci.com/\">Concrete Contractors Interstate\u003c/a> of San Diego, tells the AP. The wire service says the company's proposal calls for stones and artifacts set in polished concrete, reflecting the areas the wall wends through and rendering both sides \"aesthetically pleasing\" — unlike the CBP's callout, which asks only that the U.S. side be pleasant to look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Above, you can see a detail of the kind of decorative stones Baumgartner has in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Wall To End All Walls\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393680\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ground-view-near-hyperloop02-web-03f33002b1140ea02a122aa11f808de83a4ec8ff-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Quite unlike the other proposals on this list, the Otra Nation concept condemns barriers altogether. Rather than impede movement between regions, its hyperloop transit system would accelerate travel, effectively rendering the border moot.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393680\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quite unlike the other proposals on this list, the Otra Nation concept condemns barriers altogether. Rather than impede movement between regions, its hyperloop transit system would accelerate travel, effectively rendering the border moot. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Otra Nation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is reasonable to conclude that this proposal is not exactly what Trump has in mind for his signature campaign promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We propose a trans-national 'New Deal' to build an innovative shared co-nation based on local economic empowerment, energy independence and revolutionary infrastructure and transit,\" says the \u003ca href=\"http://www.otranation.com/team\">MADE Collective\u003c/a>, a cross-disciplinary team that argues for the creation of what it calls \u003ca href=\"http://www.otranation.com/features/background\">the Otra Nation\u003c/a> — a \"regenerative co-nation shared by citizens of both Mexico and the United Stated and co-maintained by respective governments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a boundary between two states, the Otra Nation proposal envisions the construction of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.otranation.com/features/hyperloop-transit\">hyperloop transit system\u003c/a> and the rights to \u003ca href=\"http://www.otranation.com/features/otra-id\">cross open borders\u003c/a> of the three North American countries without impediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>The Wall Of Sound\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/BSM38HQgSLG/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of at least three protest proposals ginned up by \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/jmeridian.studio/\">J.M. Design Studio\u003c/a> of Pittsburgh, this one calls for \"a semi-continuous wall of nearly 10 million pipe organs.\" The long line of 30-foot organs breaks in regular intervals, offering border-crossers the opportunity to walk straight through — but not before playing a ditty of their choosing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Meridian — an artist who says Trump's actual border wall is \"preposterous for so many reasons,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/graphics/trump-mexico-wall-bid-examples/\">according to the Wall Street Journal\u003c/a> — also proposes a wall of hammocks and a wall of refugees' gravestones for passersby to \"consider the danger, terror, and horror they must have faced in trying to cross.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=PHOTOS%3A+The+Many+Possible+Shapes+Of+Trump%27s+Border+Wall&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The bidding period has closed for the companies hoping to design and deliver the president's signature campaign promise. Here's a glimpse of some proposals, from wire mesh to 30-foot pipe organs.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By the time bidding closed Tuesday, there was no lack of companies competing to build the wall President Trump has proposed for the border between the U.S. and Mexico. In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_BORDER_WALL?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2017-04-04-10-05-14\">by The Associated Press' count\u003c/a>, upwards of 200 organizations had expressed interest in designing and building it for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-requests-proposals-border-wall-prototypes\">Customs and Border Protection\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their common goal, the companies submitting bids have followed some radically different paths in their approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the submissions are walls with solar panels, wire mesh and sloped, slippery surfaces. There are even walls that are no walls at all — statements standing instead as protests of a policy that from the start has \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/24/most-americans-continue-to-oppose-u-s-border-wall-doubt-mexico-would-pay-for-it/\">drawn a lot of resistance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/04/522652528/bids-for-trump-s-border-wall-are-due-today\">As NPR's Richard Gonzales reports\u003c/a>, the CBP plans to announce the finalists for the contract in June, at which point the companies still in the running would be expected to build a prototype roughly 30 feet long and anywhere from18 to 30 feet tall. The AP notes the prototypes are expected to cost about $200,000 to $500,000 each; estimates for the cost of the wall covering the 2,000-mile border, however, range \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602494/bad-math-props-up-trumps-border-wall/\">up to $38 billion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a glimpse of just a few of the designs vying to stand between the U.S. and Mexico, complete with renderings and explanations of how they could take shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>The WireWall\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393681\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-800x600.jpg\" alt='The WireWall fence now in place in California on the border with Mexico. Riverdale Mills says the fence is produced using the same manufacturing process as its \"marquee marine wire mesh\" designed for lobster traps used in New England.' width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393681\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/u_s_mexico_border_fence_in_ca-068b3f8b2ca0deddb502484ddf8a516ee84e313e.jpg 1587w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WireWall fence now in place in California on the border with Mexico. Riverdale Mills says the fence is produced using the same manufacturing process as its \"marquee marine wire mesh\" designed for lobster traps used in New England. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Riverdale Mills)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The proposal from \u003ca href=\"https://riverdale.com/\">Riverdale Mills Corporation\u003c/a> employs wire mesh, which is already used along the Mexican border with California and Arizona. Riverdale says the material can be manufactured up to 20 feet tall and installed up to 6 feet below ground, to prevent tunneling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The configurations of the wire mesh make it virtually impossible to climb or cut,\" Jane Meehan Lanzillo, director of corporate communications for Riverdale, tells NPR in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Solar Panels\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"This rendering depicts solar panels snaking along the border. Gleason Partners, the company behind the proposal, believes that the energy provided by the panels would offer the U.S. a financial boon.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ap_17094728697212_custom-a39b32b4296017ed445e59904fe97b339354e1d4-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This rendering depicts solar panels snaking along the border. Gleason Partners, the company behind the proposal, believes that the energy provided by the panels would offer the U.S. a financial boon. \u003ccite>(Gleason Partners)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I like the wall to be able to pay for itself,\" Thomas Gleason, managing partner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.strutchannelfittings.com/About-Us_ep_7.html\">Gleason Partners LLC\u003c/a>, tells the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's proposal sets solar panels on sections of the wall, generating what it says would be approximately 2.0 megawatts of electricity per hour, according to the wire service.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Maximum-Security Wire Mesh\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/final-rendering-9b-_custom-bc72a54d44aabccc8d0e1156d34618ce0b7148ba-800x521.jpg\" alt=\"The Penna Group rendering, which displays two groups on either side watching each other through the mesh.\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Penna Group rendering, which displays two groups on either side watching each other through the mesh. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Penna Group)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Composed of high-density steel packed into double wire mesh, the Penna Group's proposed wall takes its cue from maximum security prisons. \"Nearly impossible to climb,\" it would also be built to withstand pick axes, acetylene torches and other handheld weapons, with the first 12 feet of its 30-foot height packed more densely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Evangelista-Ysasaga, CEO of the Penna Group, speaks to the aesthetics of the U.S.-facing side of the wall, telling NPR \"the wire mesh panels will be emblazoned with the Seal of the United States.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>The Security Curtain Wall\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393683\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-800x662.jpg\" alt=\"Between its sloped surface and the walkway near the top, the security curtain wall aims to make climbing an impossible task for those seeking to cross the border.\" width=\"800\" height=\"662\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-800x662.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-160x132.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-1020x845.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-1180x977.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-960x795.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-240x199.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-375x311.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6-520x431.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2a_custom-46f4270c2e995f97b1768becce4e3a84dba163d6.jpg 1547w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Between its sloped surface and the walkway near the top, the security curtain wall aims to make climbing an impossible task for those seeking to cross the border. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Diego Project Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its face pitched at an angle, the proposed wall put forth by \u003ca href=\"https://sdpmpsc.sharepoint.com/Pages/default.aspx\">San Diego Project Management, PSC\u003c/a>, borrows medieval concepts to give to give guards a better view of possible \"villains\" approaching the wall — and with its walkway toward the top, it gives those guards a place to patrol from a height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The surface finish on the south side of the wall is of the same quality as the finish on a smooth floor slab,\" Patrick J. Balcazar, principal and managing partner at SDPM, writes in his proposal. \"Smooth surface on the glacis [sloped] and [vertical] surfaces make climbing harder, and there are no handholds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Hadrian's Wall\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/img_1897-48dbfac4be0a1957afb5f260e6e793b1b7819d69-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Hadrian Construction Company's wall, here modeled in miniature, would be paneled according to its Tridipanel system.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393684\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hadrian Construction Company's wall, here modeled in miniature, would be paneled according to its Tridipanel system. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Hadrian Construction Company)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's impossible to avoid: For a man bidding to build a massive wall, Rod Hadrian has a rather serendipitous name. Namesake of the Roman emperor who built the wall that once marked off the northernmost edge of the ancient empire — the wall that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/08/30/344031401/the-wall-that-defined-scotlands-past-and-the-vote-on-its-future\">still stands in ruins\u003c/a> in the U.K. today — Hadrian Construction Company has proposed a wall constructed in prefabricated panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tridipanel.com/\">Its Tridipanel design\u003c/a> makes for something of a zig-zag shape, which he says would create a 30-foot wall that's at once lightweight and strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Adorned With Decoration\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"This is a close-up rendering of the iCON Wall Solution by Concrete Contractors Interstate. Between the polish and the stones, the company behind this proposal wants to make it as easy on the eyes as it is hard to cross.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393694\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Adorned.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a close-up rendering of the iCON Wall Solution by Concrete Contractors Interstate. Between the polish and the stones, the company behind this proposal wants to make it as easy on the eyes as it is hard to cross.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(iCON Wall Solution by Single Eagle dba Concrete Contractors Interstate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The border wall should be \"a piece of art,\" Russ Baumgartner, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.seicci.com/\">Concrete Contractors Interstate\u003c/a> of San Diego, tells the AP. The wire service says the company's proposal calls for stones and artifacts set in polished concrete, reflecting the areas the wall wends through and rendering both sides \"aesthetically pleasing\" — unlike the CBP's callout, which asks only that the U.S. side be pleasant to look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Above, you can see a detail of the kind of decorative stones Baumgartner has in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Wall To End All Walls\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11393680\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/ground-view-near-hyperloop02-web-03f33002b1140ea02a122aa11f808de83a4ec8ff-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Quite unlike the other proposals on this list, the Otra Nation concept condemns barriers altogether. Rather than impede movement between regions, its hyperloop transit system would accelerate travel, effectively rendering the border moot.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11393680\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quite unlike the other proposals on this list, the Otra Nation concept condemns barriers altogether. Rather than impede movement between regions, its hyperloop transit system would accelerate travel, effectively rendering the border moot. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Otra Nation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is reasonable to conclude that this proposal is not exactly what Trump has in mind for his signature campaign promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We propose a trans-national 'New Deal' to build an innovative shared co-nation based on local economic empowerment, energy independence and revolutionary infrastructure and transit,\" says the \u003ca href=\"http://www.otranation.com/team\">MADE Collective\u003c/a>, a cross-disciplinary team that argues for the creation of what it calls \u003ca href=\"http://www.otranation.com/features/background\">the Otra Nation\u003c/a> — a \"regenerative co-nation shared by citizens of both Mexico and the United Stated and co-maintained by respective governments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a boundary between two states, the Otra Nation proposal envisions the construction of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.otranation.com/features/hyperloop-transit\">hyperloop transit system\u003c/a> and the rights to \u003ca href=\"http://www.otranation.com/features/otra-id\">cross open borders\u003c/a> of the three North American countries without impediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>The Wall Of Sound\u003c/h3>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of at least three protest proposals ginned up by \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/jmeridian.studio/\">J.M. Design Studio\u003c/a> of Pittsburgh, this one calls for \"a semi-continuous wall of nearly 10 million pipe organs.\" The long line of 30-foot organs breaks in regular intervals, offering border-crossers the opportunity to walk straight through — but not before playing a ditty of their choosing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Meridian — an artist who says Trump's actual border wall is \"preposterous for so many reasons,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/graphics/trump-mexico-wall-bid-examples/\">according to the Wall Street Journal\u003c/a> — also proposes a wall of hammocks and a wall of refugees' gravestones for passersby to \"consider the danger, terror, and horror they must have faced in trying to cross.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=PHOTOS%3A+The+Many+Possible+Shapes+Of+Trump%27s+Border+Wall&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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