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"content": "\u003cp>A composting program at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wesleyschool.org/\">The Wesley School\u003c/a> in Los Angeles is helping kindergarten through eighth-grade students get hands-on experience with making dirt while also teaching them ways to address human-driven climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past year, all the leftover food waste from the school has gone into composting containers rather than a landfill where it would just decompose and produce planet-warming gasses. [aside postID=science_1985830 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/12/GettyImages-1419796991-1020x667.jpg']\u003ca href=\"https://www.jennisilverstein.com/\">Jennifer Silverstein,\u003c/a> a therapist, a social worker, and part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatepsychology.us/\">Climate Psychology Alliance of North America, \u003c/a>says the school’s composting program checks a lot of the boxes for effective, positive climate education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of [teaching kids] just, ‘all these horrible things are happening,’ it’s like, ‘all these horrible things are happening, and there’s all these adults out there who are really actively trying to make it better. And here’s ways you can participate,'” Silverstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school’s composting program started in 2022, and in October this year, the school held a celebration to reveal what happened inside a series of five-foot-tall containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“OK! Want to crack this baby open?” says Steven Wynbrandt, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wynbrandtfarms.com/\">local farmer\u003c/a> and composting consultant who has helped the school with its program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “Yeah!” from the dozens of students to his question is deafening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They pepper Wynbrandt with questions as he breaks the ties that hold the container closed: “Is it going to smell?” “What’s it going to look like?” “Is it going to spill out?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rich black compost spills out from the container.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t stink at all!” says one of the kids. “It smells earthy!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 5,200 pounds of food waste diverted from a landfill is \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/snep/composting-food-waste-keeping-good-thing-going#:~:text=In%20addition%2C%20composting%20lowers%20greenhouse,in%20the%20presence%20of%20oxygen.\">great news for the climate\u003c/a>. Food that breaks down in a landfill produces \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/gmi/importance-methane\">methane\u003c/a> — one of the most potent planet-warming gasses. But transforming organic material into compost means there’s less methane going into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wesley School staff could have easily tossed the school’s food waste into a city-provided green bin. California law requires municipal food waste to be recycled. But taking it out of sight, which would have been easier, would have missed the point, says science teacher Johnna Hampton-Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it’s invisible like that, they don’t see it,” she says. “They know, but it doesn’t sink in.” [aside postID=news_11967943 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/EdSource01-1020x755.jpeg']When sixth grader Finn saw the finished compost pile, it sank in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s my orange chicken in there,” he says. “That’s not just like any food. Somewhere in there is \u003cem>my \u003c/em>food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school will use the compost on plants around campus. Some will be offered to families that want to use it at home, and whatever is left will be donated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifth grader Kingston was excited to learn his food waste will help grow new food on campus. “It feels good that you’re doing something that helps the planet, instead of just sitting and watching it get destroyed,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the response Wynbrandt wants. He wants to work with more schools like The Wesley School to start these composting programs. “A lot of us, especially kids, feel really overwhelmed and powerless and don’t know what to do,” Wynbrandt says about the climate crisis. “This is quite an existential crisis, and how do we make a difference? How do we make a dent?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Therapist Jennifer Silverstein says part of helping youth understand the gravity of human-caused climate change is to build their tolerance to new — and sometimes devastating — information. She says during those difficult conversations, it helps to allow them to be outside in nature, and participate in collective action. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Leo, a fifth grader, The Wesley School in Los Angeles\"]‘Knowing I’m a part of something good just helps me sleep at night. If we can just work together, it’s all going to be OK and everything’s going to work out fine.’[/pullquote]Fifth grader Sloan felt so empowered by the school’s compositing program she decided to take climate action outside of school. Along with several other fifth graders, Sloane says, “We did a lemonade stand at our friend’s house and we made over $200, and we donated it to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/\">NRDC\u003c/a>,” the Natural Resources Defense Council. They also helped create a petition to replace the plastic forks and spoons in the school cafeteria with compostable ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifth grader Leo says he’s found the composting program helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing I’m a part of something good just helps me sleep at night,” he says. “If we can just work together, it’s all going to be OK and everything’s going to work out fine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October it took two hours for the container of compost to be emptied and prepared to receive the next day’s lunch leftovers. The other four containers remain full of food waste that’s in the process of breaking down. Decorated posters on the outside of each container indicate when in the new year they can be opened so that the next generation of plants on campus can benefit from the rich soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A student project has revealed yet another power of artificial intelligence — it can be extremely good at geolocating where photos are taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, known as Predicting Image Geolocations (or PIGEON, for short), was designed by three Stanford graduate students to identify locations on Google Street View. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Jay Stanley, senior policy analyst, American Civil Liberties Union\"]‘From a privacy point of view, your location can be a very sensitive set of information.’[/pullquote]But when presented with a few personal photos it had never seen before, the program was, in the majority of cases, able to make accurate guesses about where the photos were taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like so many applications of AI, this new power is likely to be a double-edged sword: It may help people identify the locations of old snapshots from relatives or allow field biologists to conduct rapid surveys of entire regions for invasive plant species, to name but a few of many likely beneficial applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it could also be used to expose information about individuals they never intended to share, says Jay Stanley, a senior policy analyst at the American Civil Liberties Union who studies technology. Stanley worries that similar technology, which he feels will almost certainly become widely available, could be used for government surveillance, corporate tracking, or even stalking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From a privacy point of view, your location can be a very sensitive set of information,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>AI has arrived at your destination\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It all began with a class at Stanford: Computer Science 330, Deep Multi-task and Meta Learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three friends, Michal Skreta, Silas Alberti and Lukas Haas, needed a project, and they shared a common hobby:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During that time, we were actually big players of a Swedish game called GeoGuessr,” Skreta says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.geoguessr.com/\">GeoGuessr\u003c/a> is an online game that challenges players to geolocate photos. It has a pretty straightforward setup, Skreta says: “You enter the game, you’re placed somewhere in the world on Google Street View, and you’re supposed to place a pin on the map that is your best guess of the location.” [aside postID=news_11960814 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/091123-PHOTO-AI-RM-01-KQED-1020x673.jpg']The game has over 50 million players who compete in world championships, adds Silas Alberti, another member of the project. “It has YouTubers, Twitch streamers, pro players.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students wanted to see if they could build an AI player that could do better than humans. They started with an existing system for analyzing images called \u003ca href=\"https://openai.com/research/clip\">CLIP\u003c/a>. It’s a neural network program that can learn about visual images just by reading text about them, and it’s built by OpenAI, the same company that makes ChatGPT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford students trained their version of the system with images from Google Street View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We created our own dataset of around 500,000 street view images,” Alberti says. “That’s actually not that much data, [and] we were able to get quite spectacular performance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team added additional pieces to the program, including one that helped the AI classify images by their position on the globe. When completed, the PIGEON system could identify the location of a Google Street View image anywhere on Earth. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Silas Alberti, PhD student, Stanford University\"]‘We created our own dataset of around 500,000 street view images. That’s actually not that much data, [and] we were able to get quite spectacular performance.’[/pullquote]It guesses the correct country 95% of the time and can usually pick a location within about 25 miles of the actual site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, they pitted their algorithm against a human. Specifically, a really good human named Trevor Rainbolt. Rainbolt is a legend in geoguessing circles —he recently geolocated \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/C0P96JBS-ei/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==\">a photo of a random tree\u003c/a> in Illinois, just for kicks — but he met his match with PIGEON. In \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/ts5lPDV--cU?si=6yPIPfSyMmVHZh8r\">a head-to-head competition\u003c/a>, he lost multiple rounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We weren’t the first AI that played against Rainbolt,” Alberti says. “We’re just the first AI that won against Rainbolt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Noticing the little things\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>PIGEON excels because it can pick up on all the little clues humans can, and many more subtle ones, like slight differences in foliage, soil, and weather. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Michal Skreta, student, Stanford University\"]‘You like this destination in Italy; where in the world could you go if you want to see something similar?’[/pullquote]The group says the technology has all kinds of potential applications. It could identify roads or power lines that need fixing, help monitor biodiversity, or be used as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skreta believes ordinary people will also find it useful: “You like this destination in Italy; where in the world could you go if you want to see something similar?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test PIGEON’s performance, I gave it five personal photos from a trip I took across America years ago, none of which have been published online. Some photos were snapped in cities, but a few were taken in places nowhere near roads or other easily recognizable landmarks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That didn’t seem to matter much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It guessed a campsite in Yellowstone within around 35 miles of the actual location. The program placed another photo, taken on a street in San Francisco, within a few city blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every photo was an easy match: The program mistakenly linked one image taken on the front range of Wyoming to a spot along the front range of Colorado, more than a hundred miles away. And it guessed that a picture of the Snake River Canyon in Idaho was of the Kawarau Gorge in New Zealand (in fairness, the two landscapes look remarkably similar). [aside label='More Stories on Artificial Intelligence' tag='artificial-intelligence']The ACLU’s Jay Stanley thinks despite these stumbles, the program clearly shows the potential power of AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that this was done as a student project makes you wonder what could be done by, for example, Google,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google already has a feature known as “location estimation,” which uses AI to guess a photo’s location. Currently, it only uses a catalog of roughly a million landmarks rather than the\u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/products/maps/street-view-15-new-features/#:~:text=Fast%20forward%20to%20today%3A%20There,from%20their%20phone%20or%20computer.\"> 220 billion street-view images\u003c/a> that Google has collected. The company told NPR that users \u003ca href=\"https://support.google.com/photos/answer/6153599?hl=en&co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid\">can disable the feature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley worries that companies might soon use AI to track where you’ve traveled or that governments might check your photos to see if you’ve visited a country on a watchlist. Stalking and abuse are also obvious threats, he says. In the past, Stanley says, people have been able to remove GPS location tagging from photos they post online. That may not work anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford graduate students are well aware of the risks. They’ve written \u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.05845\">a paper\u003c/a> on their technique, which they co-authored with their professor, Chelsea Finn — but they’ve held back from making their full model publicly available precisely because of these concerns, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Stanley thinks using AI for geolocation will become even more powerful going forward. He doubts there’s much to be done — except to be aware of what’s in the background photos you post online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>AI has arrived at your destination\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It all began with a class at Stanford: Computer Science 330, Deep Multi-task and Meta Learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three friends, Michal Skreta, Silas Alberti and Lukas Haas, needed a project, and they shared a common hobby:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During that time, we were actually big players of a Swedish game called GeoGuessr,” Skreta says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.geoguessr.com/\">GeoGuessr\u003c/a> is an online game that challenges players to geolocate photos. It has a pretty straightforward setup, Skreta says: “You enter the game, you’re placed somewhere in the world on Google Street View, and you’re supposed to place a pin on the map that is your best guess of the location.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The game has over 50 million players who compete in world championships, adds Silas Alberti, another member of the project. “It has YouTubers, Twitch streamers, pro players.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students wanted to see if they could build an AI player that could do better than humans. They started with an existing system for analyzing images called \u003ca href=\"https://openai.com/research/clip\">CLIP\u003c/a>. It’s a neural network program that can learn about visual images just by reading text about them, and it’s built by OpenAI, the same company that makes ChatGPT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford students trained their version of the system with images from Google Street View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We created our own dataset of around 500,000 street view images,” Alberti says. “That’s actually not that much data, [and] we were able to get quite spectacular performance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team added additional pieces to the program, including one that helped the AI classify images by their position on the globe. When completed, the PIGEON system could identify the location of a Google Street View image anywhere on Earth. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It guesses the correct country 95% of the time and can usually pick a location within about 25 miles of the actual site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, they pitted their algorithm against a human. Specifically, a really good human named Trevor Rainbolt. Rainbolt is a legend in geoguessing circles —he recently geolocated \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/C0P96JBS-ei/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==\">a photo of a random tree\u003c/a> in Illinois, just for kicks — but he met his match with PIGEON. In \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/ts5lPDV--cU?si=6yPIPfSyMmVHZh8r\">a head-to-head competition\u003c/a>, he lost multiple rounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We weren’t the first AI that played against Rainbolt,” Alberti says. “We’re just the first AI that won against Rainbolt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Noticing the little things\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>PIGEON excels because it can pick up on all the little clues humans can, and many more subtle ones, like slight differences in foliage, soil, and weather. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The group says the technology has all kinds of potential applications. It could identify roads or power lines that need fixing, help monitor biodiversity, or be used as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skreta believes ordinary people will also find it useful: “You like this destination in Italy; where in the world could you go if you want to see something similar?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test PIGEON’s performance, I gave it five personal photos from a trip I took across America years ago, none of which have been published online. Some photos were snapped in cities, but a few were taken in places nowhere near roads or other easily recognizable landmarks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That didn’t seem to matter much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It guessed a campsite in Yellowstone within around 35 miles of the actual location. The program placed another photo, taken on a street in San Francisco, within a few city blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every photo was an easy match: The program mistakenly linked one image taken on the front range of Wyoming to a spot along the front range of Colorado, more than a hundred miles away. And it guessed that a picture of the Snake River Canyon in Idaho was of the Kawarau Gorge in New Zealand (in fairness, the two landscapes look remarkably similar). \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The ACLU’s Jay Stanley thinks despite these stumbles, the program clearly shows the potential power of AI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that this was done as a student project makes you wonder what could be done by, for example, Google,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google already has a feature known as “location estimation,” which uses AI to guess a photo’s location. Currently, it only uses a catalog of roughly a million landmarks rather than the\u003ca href=\"https://blog.google/products/maps/street-view-15-new-features/#:~:text=Fast%20forward%20to%20today%3A%20There,from%20their%20phone%20or%20computer.\"> 220 billion street-view images\u003c/a> that Google has collected. The company told NPR that users \u003ca href=\"https://support.google.com/photos/answer/6153599?hl=en&co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid\">can disable the feature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley worries that companies might soon use AI to track where you’ve traveled or that governments might check your photos to see if you’ve visited a country on a watchlist. Stalking and abuse are also obvious threats, he says. In the past, Stanley says, people have been able to remove GPS location tagging from photos they post online. That may not work anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford graduate students are well aware of the risks. They’ve written \u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.05845\">a paper\u003c/a> on their technique, which they co-authored with their professor, Chelsea Finn — but they’ve held back from making their full model publicly available precisely because of these concerns, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Stanley thinks using AI for geolocation will become even more powerful going forward. He doubts there’s much to be done — except to be aware of what’s in the background photos you post online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Legal scholars and activists — mostly on the left — have argued for months that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/09/25/1200130870/14th-amendment-disqualify-trump-explained\">Civil War-era constitutional clause\u003c/a> should disqualify former President Donald Trump, the current Republican frontrunner, from holding office again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They contend that Trump’s words and actions on and around the Jan. 6 U.S. Capitol attack violate \u003ca href=\"https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/amendment-14/section-3/\">Section 3 of the 14th Amendment\u003c/a>, which bars from office anyone who “engaged in insurrection or rebellion” against the United States. And liberal-leaning groups have brought that argument to \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfaremedia.org/current-projects/the-trump-trials/section-3-litigation-tracker\">court in many states\u003c/a>. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Colorado Supreme Court\"]‘Because he is disqualified, it would be a wrongful act under the Election Code for the Secretary to list him as a candidate on the presidential primary ballot.’[/pullquote]Colorado became the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/2023/12/19/colorado-supreme-court-disqualifies-trump-from-ballot/?utm_source=npr_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20231220&utm_term=9158209&utm_campaign=news&utm_id=50220589&orgid=305&utm_att1=\">first to agree on Tuesday\u003c/a> when its Supreme Court ruled that Trump is disqualified from appearing on its state primary ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because he is disqualified, it would be a wrongful act under the Election Code for the Secretary to list him as a candidate on the presidential primary ballot,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/20/1220583273/trump-colorado-supreme-court-ruling\">reads the 213-page opinion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landmark 4-3 ruling — which overturns a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/2023/11/17/judge-rules-trump-will-appear-on-colorados-2024-gop-primary-ballot/\">district court decision\u003c/a> from last month — is the first time a high court in any state has found that Section 3 applies to both Trump’s conduct and the office of the presidency itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices — all appointed by Democratic governors in the increasingly blue state — acknowledge that this amounts to “uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And “to maintain the status quo,” they stayed their ruling until Jan. 4, the day before the secretary of state’s deadline to certify primary ballots (Colorado’s presidential primary will be held on March 5). That means that if the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear the case and is still in process by that date, Trump’s name should be included on the ballot after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump campaign spokesperson Steven Cheung called the decision “completely flawed” and pledged to “swiftly file an appeal to the United States Supreme Court and a concurrent request for a stay of this deeply undemocratic decision.” [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Justin Levitt, constitutional law professor, Loyola Law School\"]‘All of this is extremely important for a couple months down the road where we’re going to get to have this fight again. But the immediate impact is very unlikely to be determinative in the primary.’[/pullquote]For his part, President Biden said Wednesday that Trump “certainly supported an insurrection, but added: “Now whether the 14th Amendment applies, I’ll let the court make that decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what could happen next in Colorado and beyond?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Levitt, a constitutional law professor at Loyola Law School, told NPR that as long as there’s a petition for U.S. Supreme Court review in place by Jan. 5, there’s a “99.9%” chance that Trump will remain on the Colorado primary ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if Trump — with his consistently steady lead in GOP polls — does win the primary, Levitt expects there will be a similar legal effort to keep him off the general election ballot for the same reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this is extremely important for a couple months down the road where we’re going to get to have this fight again,” he adds. “But the immediate impact is very unlikely to be determinative in the primary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Republicans threaten to withdraw from the Colorado primary\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Prominent Republicans — including Trump’s rivals for the presidential nomination — are lining up to slam the Colorado court’s decision and are already promising to take action against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ronna McDaniel, chair of the Republican National Committee, \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/GOPChairwoman/status/1737261244187279567?s=20\">wrote online that\u003c/a> “our legal team looks forward to helping fight for a victory,” referring to Trump’s expected appeal. [aside label='More Stories on California Politics' tag='donald-trump']Just hours after the ruling Tuesday, Trump’s team sent an email with the subject line “REMOVED FROM THE BALLOT,” urging supporters to give to his campaign. This is \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/4331390-trump-fundraises-colorado-14th-amendment-case/\">not the first such ask\u003c/a> related to the Colorado case from Trump, who has been known to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/04/1191279975/raising-money-poll-numbers-donald-trump-teflon-don-indictments-criminal-charges\">fundraise off his legal woes\u003c/a> — and whose political persona is driven by a narrative of being persecuted by enemies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado Republican Party similarly launched an \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/cologop/status/1737267579566080398?s=20\">online campaign\u003c/a> urging donors to “help us keep Trump on the ballot and fight this election interference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado Republicans \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/cologop/status/1737292783835103476?s=20\">also threatened\u003c/a> to withdraw from the primary and convert to a party-run \u003ca href=\"https://www.usa.gov/primaries-caucuses\">caucus system\u003c/a> if the ruling stands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not gonna take this lying down, and if need be, we’re going to withdraw from the primary and go to a strict caucus process that would allow our voters to choose Donald Trump if they want,” state Rep. Dave Williams, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/07/1192255293/state-gop-woes-colorado-michigan\">staunchly conservative\u003c/a> chair of the Colorado Republican Party, \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/abbydphillip/status/1737329736773140906?s=20\">told CNN\u003c/a> on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be easier said than done, however, since the RNC has already approved the state party’s nomination plan, \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ramaswamy-pledges-withdraw-colorado-gop-primary-solidarity-trump/story?id=105794659\">ABC News reports\u003c/a>. Williams told the outlet that Colorado Republicans would “seek a waiver and probably get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even some of Trump’s GOP challengers are siding with him in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivek Ramaswamy pledged in a \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/VivekGRamaswamy/status/1737290316527370495?s=20\">statement and video\u003c/a> to withdraw from the Colorado GOP primary ballot “until Trump is also allowed to be on the ballot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, who’s campaigned to stop Trump from returning to office, criticized the court’s ruling shortly after it came out. \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/GovChristie/status/1737271157940769005?s=20\">Speaking at an event\u003c/a> in New Hampshire, he said Trump shouldn’t be prevented from being president by any court but rather by the country’s voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Colorado’s decision could mean for the country\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Legal experts and election officials have long predicted the Trump 14th Amendment challenges would end up in front of the U.S. Supreme Court, to be decided for the country as a whole rather than on a state-by-state basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Courts have ruled against similar efforts in Arizona, Minnesota and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/trump-insurrection-14th-amendment-michigan-appeal-c6b66ef9ed85734305ff2dd27023447d\">Michigan\u003c/a>, though other legal battles are still pending — or have yet to be introduced — in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levitt, of Loyola said Colorado’s decision won’t directly impact any of these other cases. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Justin Levitt, constitutional law professor, Loyola Law School\"]‘There are a lot of questions that, if we get to November and the American people decide they don’t want him as their chief executive, that the courts never have to decide.’[/pullquote]The “thoughtful” opinion gives other courts something to look at, to see if they agree or disagree, he noted. But he said the incentives remain basically the same for Trump’s team to slow the process down and for the other side to speed things up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It punts this a few months down the road but doesn’t actually stop the clock on any of the other proceedings,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Supreme Court has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/13/1185496055/supreme-court-conservative-majority-thomas-trump-bush\">conservative supermajority\u003c/a>, including three justices appointed by Trump himself, it’s unclear how it would rule on the Colorado appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kim Wehle, a professor at the University of Baltimore School of Law, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/20/1220559030/constitutional-scholar-discusses-colorado-ruling-baaring-trump-from-primary-ball\">told \u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that she believes the Supreme Court would take this case seriously because of the massive implications it holds not just for 2024 but for future elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there should be an incentive along the way to say to would-be presidents, ‘Listen, don’t do what happened on Jan. 6, there’ll be consequences for it,'” she added. “But we’re in a politicized world, and we have, arguably, a politicized Supreme Court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say it could choose to send the case back to the state level or avoid ruling on the merits in some other way (like focusing on the wording of the clause, as the lower court in Colorado did).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the only consequential case regarding Trump at the Supreme Court. The federal special counsel has asked the justices to quickly decide whether the former president \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/11/1218558297/trump-immunity-supreme-court-election-case\">enjoyed broad immunity\u003c/a> from criminal charges as a result of his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When considering the 14th Amendment, Levitt says the tough question is not whether Trump is qualified to hold office but who gets to make that call. He believes the courts will want to leave it up to voters and says he’s a little skeptical that “the law is going to decide this issue before the people do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of questions that, if we get to November and the American people decide they don’t want him as their chief executive, that the courts never have to decide,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Vanessa Romo contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Colorado became the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/2023/12/19/colorado-supreme-court-disqualifies-trump-from-ballot/?utm_source=npr_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20231220&utm_term=9158209&utm_campaign=news&utm_id=50220589&orgid=305&utm_att1=\">first to agree on Tuesday\u003c/a> when its Supreme Court ruled that Trump is disqualified from appearing on its state primary ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because he is disqualified, it would be a wrongful act under the Election Code for the Secretary to list him as a candidate on the presidential primary ballot,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/20/1220583273/trump-colorado-supreme-court-ruling\">reads the 213-page opinion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landmark 4-3 ruling — which overturns a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/2023/11/17/judge-rules-trump-will-appear-on-colorados-2024-gop-primary-ballot/\">district court decision\u003c/a> from last month — is the first time a high court in any state has found that Section 3 applies to both Trump’s conduct and the office of the presidency itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices — all appointed by Democratic governors in the increasingly blue state — acknowledge that this amounts to “uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And “to maintain the status quo,” they stayed their ruling until Jan. 4, the day before the secretary of state’s deadline to certify primary ballots (Colorado’s presidential primary will be held on March 5). That means that if the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear the case and is still in process by that date, Trump’s name should be included on the ballot after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump campaign spokesperson Steven Cheung called the decision “completely flawed” and pledged to “swiftly file an appeal to the United States Supreme Court and a concurrent request for a stay of this deeply undemocratic decision.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘All of this is extremely important for a couple months down the road where we’re going to get to have this fight again. But the immediate impact is very unlikely to be determinative in the primary.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For his part, President Biden said Wednesday that Trump “certainly supported an insurrection, but added: “Now whether the 14th Amendment applies, I’ll let the court make that decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what could happen next in Colorado and beyond?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Levitt, a constitutional law professor at Loyola Law School, told NPR that as long as there’s a petition for U.S. Supreme Court review in place by Jan. 5, there’s a “99.9%” chance that Trump will remain on the Colorado primary ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if Trump — with his consistently steady lead in GOP polls — does win the primary, Levitt expects there will be a similar legal effort to keep him off the general election ballot for the same reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this is extremely important for a couple months down the road where we’re going to get to have this fight again,” he adds. “But the immediate impact is very unlikely to be determinative in the primary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Republicans threaten to withdraw from the Colorado primary\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Prominent Republicans — including Trump’s rivals for the presidential nomination — are lining up to slam the Colorado court’s decision and are already promising to take action against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ronna McDaniel, chair of the Republican National Committee, \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/GOPChairwoman/status/1737261244187279567?s=20\">wrote online that\u003c/a> “our legal team looks forward to helping fight for a victory,” referring to Trump’s expected appeal. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Just hours after the ruling Tuesday, Trump’s team sent an email with the subject line “REMOVED FROM THE BALLOT,” urging supporters to give to his campaign. This is \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/4331390-trump-fundraises-colorado-14th-amendment-case/\">not the first such ask\u003c/a> related to the Colorado case from Trump, who has been known to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/04/1191279975/raising-money-poll-numbers-donald-trump-teflon-don-indictments-criminal-charges\">fundraise off his legal woes\u003c/a> — and whose political persona is driven by a narrative of being persecuted by enemies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Colorado Republican Party similarly launched an \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/cologop/status/1737267579566080398?s=20\">online campaign\u003c/a> urging donors to “help us keep Trump on the ballot and fight this election interference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado Republicans \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/cologop/status/1737292783835103476?s=20\">also threatened\u003c/a> to withdraw from the primary and convert to a party-run \u003ca href=\"https://www.usa.gov/primaries-caucuses\">caucus system\u003c/a> if the ruling stands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not gonna take this lying down, and if need be, we’re going to withdraw from the primary and go to a strict caucus process that would allow our voters to choose Donald Trump if they want,” state Rep. Dave Williams, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/07/1192255293/state-gop-woes-colorado-michigan\">staunchly conservative\u003c/a> chair of the Colorado Republican Party, \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/abbydphillip/status/1737329736773140906?s=20\">told CNN\u003c/a> on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be easier said than done, however, since the RNC has already approved the state party’s nomination plan, \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ramaswamy-pledges-withdraw-colorado-gop-primary-solidarity-trump/story?id=105794659\">ABC News reports\u003c/a>. Williams told the outlet that Colorado Republicans would “seek a waiver and probably get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even some of Trump’s GOP challengers are siding with him in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivek Ramaswamy pledged in a \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/VivekGRamaswamy/status/1737290316527370495?s=20\">statement and video\u003c/a> to withdraw from the Colorado GOP primary ballot “until Trump is also allowed to be on the ballot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, who’s campaigned to stop Trump from returning to office, criticized the court’s ruling shortly after it came out. \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/GovChristie/status/1737271157940769005?s=20\">Speaking at an event\u003c/a> in New Hampshire, he said Trump shouldn’t be prevented from being president by any court but rather by the country’s voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Colorado’s decision could mean for the country\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Legal experts and election officials have long predicted the Trump 14th Amendment challenges would end up in front of the U.S. Supreme Court, to be decided for the country as a whole rather than on a state-by-state basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Courts have ruled against similar efforts in Arizona, Minnesota and \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/trump-insurrection-14th-amendment-michigan-appeal-c6b66ef9ed85734305ff2dd27023447d\">Michigan\u003c/a>, though other legal battles are still pending — or have yet to be introduced — in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levitt, of Loyola said Colorado’s decision won’t directly impact any of these other cases. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘There are a lot of questions that, if we get to November and the American people decide they don’t want him as their chief executive, that the courts never have to decide.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The “thoughtful” opinion gives other courts something to look at, to see if they agree or disagree, he noted. But he said the incentives remain basically the same for Trump’s team to slow the process down and for the other side to speed things up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It punts this a few months down the road but doesn’t actually stop the clock on any of the other proceedings,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Supreme Court has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/13/1185496055/supreme-court-conservative-majority-thomas-trump-bush\">conservative supermajority\u003c/a>, including three justices appointed by Trump himself, it’s unclear how it would rule on the Colorado appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kim Wehle, a professor at the University of Baltimore School of Law, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/20/1220559030/constitutional-scholar-discusses-colorado-ruling-baaring-trump-from-primary-ball\">told \u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that she believes the Supreme Court would take this case seriously because of the massive implications it holds not just for 2024 but for future elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there should be an incentive along the way to say to would-be presidents, ‘Listen, don’t do what happened on Jan. 6, there’ll be consequences for it,'” she added. “But we’re in a politicized world, and we have, arguably, a politicized Supreme Court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say it could choose to send the case back to the state level or avoid ruling on the merits in some other way (like focusing on the wording of the clause, as the lower court in Colorado did).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the only consequential case regarding Trump at the Supreme Court. The federal special counsel has asked the justices to quickly decide whether the former president \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/12/11/1218558297/trump-immunity-supreme-court-election-case\">enjoyed broad immunity\u003c/a> from criminal charges as a result of his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When considering the 14th Amendment, Levitt says the tough question is not whether Trump is qualified to hold office but who gets to make that call. He believes the courts will want to leave it up to voters and says he’s a little skeptical that “the law is going to decide this issue before the people do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of questions that, if we get to November and the American people decide they don’t want him as their chief executive, that the courts never have to decide,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Vanessa Romo contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67650247\">unearthed a largely intact skull\u003c/a> of an immense and deadly sea creature that stalked the waters off England’s coast millions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not something you would have wanted to encounter on an afternoon swim. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Steve Etches, paleontologist\"]‘It’s one of the best fossils I’ve ever worked on. What makes it unique is it’s complete.’[/pullquote]Just the skull of the pliosaur, a marine reptile, was around six feet long, indicating how massive the sea monster would have been. It had a parietal — or third — eye and glands on its snout that may have helped it locate prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when it did find prey — such as other reptiles or even fellow pliosaurs — it would chomp down with its 130 teeth in a bite far stronger than a crocodile’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert told BBC News the pliosaur was “sort of like an underwater T. rex.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the fearsome animals existed contemporaneously with dinosaurs, the pliosaur is more \u003ca href=\"https://australian.museum/learn/dinosaurs/fact-sheets/pliosaur/\">closely related\u003c/a> to lizards or snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the newly discovered fossil is one of the most intact pliosaur skulls ever found, and it’s set to be featured in a BBC One special hosted by David Attenborough on New Year’s Day. (In the U.S., it will air on PBS on Feb. 14.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the best fossils I’ve ever worked on,” paleontologist Steve Etches told BBC News. “What makes it unique is it’s complete.” [aside postID=science_1982750 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/004_KQED_OBVelellaVelella_05182023-1020x680.jpg']Etches’ friend, Phil Jacobs, first spotted the skull’s snout during a walk on the beach near Kimmeridge Bay in Dorset, along England’s World Heritage Jurassic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists then spent months digging out the rest of the fossil from a cliffside along the beach and cleaning it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Etches says he’ll display the skull in his museum in Kimmeridge, the Etches Collection, next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he believes there’s more to the fossil still waiting to be found in the cliffs, which he says are quickly eroding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I stake my life the rest of the animal is there,” Etches told BBC News. “And it won’t be very long before the rest of the pliosaur drops out and gets lost. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Etches’ friend, Phil Jacobs, first spotted the skull’s snout during a walk on the beach near Kimmeridge Bay in Dorset, along England’s World Heritage Jurassic Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists then spent months digging out the rest of the fossil from a cliffside along the beach and cleaning it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Etches says he’ll display the skull in his museum in Kimmeridge, the Etches Collection, next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he believes there’s more to the fossil still waiting to be found in the cliffs, which he says are quickly eroding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I stake my life the rest of the animal is there,” Etches told BBC News. “And it won’t be very long before the rest of the pliosaur drops out and gets lost. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>More than 900,000 borrowers have had roughly $44 billion in federal student loan debts approved to be erased in the last year because of a little-understood effort to address past mistakes with federal income-driven (IDR) repayment plans, the U.S. Department of Education announced today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the Department said almost 750,000 borrowers have now received up to $53.5 billion in relief through changes to the once-troubled Public Service Loan Forgiveness plan. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona\"]‘The data released today once again make clear that the Biden-Harris Administration’s relentless efforts to fix the broken student loan system are paying off in a big way.’[/pullquote]Combined, the Biden administration said it had approved the cancellation of nearly $132 billion in federal student loan debts for more than 3.6 million Americans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data released today once again make clear that the Biden-Harris Administration’s relentless efforts to fix the broken student loan system are paying off in a big way. … ” U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona said in a statement. “This level of debt relief is unparalleled, and we have no intention of slowing down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement is the latest result of a complex, slow-moving “account adjustment” the Department promised in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/19/1093310151/student-loans-income-based-repayment\">April 2022\u003c/a>. That effort came after advocates and an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1089750113/student-loan-debt-investigation\">NPR investigation\u003c/a> revealed mistakes and mismanagement of IDR plans, which promise affordable monthly payments based on a borrower’s income and loan forgiveness after 20 or 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the problems the Biden administration committed to address: Some loan servicers weren’t keeping track of borrowers’ progress toward forgiveness, low-income borrowers didn’t always receive credit toward forgiveness when they made their monthly payments, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/19/1144064881/millions-of-student-loan-borrowers-debt-unnecessarily-spent-years-in-forbearance\">millions of borrowers spent long periods in forbearance\u003c/a> because that was easier for servicers than helping borrowers enroll in an IDR plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Department committed to reviewing the loan histories of millions of borrowers and giving them retroactive credit for these mistakes, bringing many of them much closer to loan forgiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This account adjustment has taken considerable time as the Department has been reviewing borrowers’ records in tranches. It \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187660793/student-loan-forgiveness-income-driven-repayment\">announced the first and largest tranche of loan forgiveness in July\u003c/a>, with 804,000 borrowers receiving $39 billion in debt relief. In early October, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/biden-harris-administration-announces-additional-9-billion-student-debt-relief\">it announced a second tranche\u003c/a> of 51,000 borrowers receiving another $2.8 billion in relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday marks the Department’s latest tranche of borrowers – an additional 46,000 who will receive $2.2 billion in relief – under the IDR account adjustment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘I immediately just burst into tears’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the Education Department has also been updating its tally of borrowers who have received debt relief following its efforts to make it easier to qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness, a\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/17/653853227/the-student-loan-whistleblower\"> long-troubled program\u003c/a> that promises debt relief for borrowers who stay current on their payments while working for a decade in public service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoema Dubra is one of those borrowers. She earned her master’s degree from Ole Miss and, until earlier this year, had about $80,000 in student loans. She now works as a speech-language pathologist in the public schools in Dallas. [aside label='More Stories on Student Loans' tag='student-loans']More than once over the years, Dubra struggled to afford her monthly loan payment but didn’t know she could enroll in a more flexible, income-based repayment plan. Instead, when she called her loan servicer for help, she said her loans were put into forbearance, pausing payments but allowing interest to keep accruing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wasn’t alone. According to federal data, nearly 12 million borrowers spent at least 12 straight months in forbearance in the decade before \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/02/1202937029/pause-on-federal-student-loans-ends-millions-have-to-make-payments-again\">the pandemic payment pause\u003c/a>. Nearly 5.5 million borrowers, including Dubra, spent at least \u003cem>three years\u003c/em> in forbearance. Many, perhaps most, could have benefited from income-based repayment had they known about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Dubra was told that, under changes to PSLF rules, her remaining loans had been canceled in return for her decade of service in schools and a stint in a public hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I immediately just burst into tears,” Dubra said. She had called her loan servicer, “and the [call center worker] was so nice, and she said, ‘This is the purpose of this.’ I’ll never forget her saying that. ‘This is why we do this, because you’ve worked so hard to help other people, and now is our time to help you.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 900,000 borrowers have had roughly $44 billion in federal student loan debts approved to be erased in the last year because of a little-understood effort to address past mistakes with federal income-driven (IDR) repayment plans, the U.S. Department of Education announced today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the Department said almost 750,000 borrowers have now received up to $53.5 billion in relief through changes to the once-troubled Public Service Loan Forgiveness plan. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Combined, the Biden administration said it had approved the cancellation of nearly $132 billion in federal student loan debts for more than 3.6 million Americans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data released today once again make clear that the Biden-Harris Administration’s relentless efforts to fix the broken student loan system are paying off in a big way. … ” U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona said in a statement. “This level of debt relief is unparalleled, and we have no intention of slowing down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement is the latest result of a complex, slow-moving “account adjustment” the Department promised in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/19/1093310151/student-loans-income-based-repayment\">April 2022\u003c/a>. That effort came after advocates and an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1089750113/student-loan-debt-investigation\">NPR investigation\u003c/a> revealed mistakes and mismanagement of IDR plans, which promise affordable monthly payments based on a borrower’s income and loan forgiveness after 20 or 25 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the problems the Biden administration committed to address: Some loan servicers weren’t keeping track of borrowers’ progress toward forgiveness, low-income borrowers didn’t always receive credit toward forgiveness when they made their monthly payments, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/19/1144064881/millions-of-student-loan-borrowers-debt-unnecessarily-spent-years-in-forbearance\">millions of borrowers spent long periods in forbearance\u003c/a> because that was easier for servicers than helping borrowers enroll in an IDR plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Department committed to reviewing the loan histories of millions of borrowers and giving them retroactive credit for these mistakes, bringing many of them much closer to loan forgiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This account adjustment has taken considerable time as the Department has been reviewing borrowers’ records in tranches. It \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187660793/student-loan-forgiveness-income-driven-repayment\">announced the first and largest tranche of loan forgiveness in July\u003c/a>, with 804,000 borrowers receiving $39 billion in debt relief. In early October, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/biden-harris-administration-announces-additional-9-billion-student-debt-relief\">it announced a second tranche\u003c/a> of 51,000 borrowers receiving another $2.8 billion in relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday marks the Department’s latest tranche of borrowers – an additional 46,000 who will receive $2.2 billion in relief – under the IDR account adjustment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘I immediately just burst into tears’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the Education Department has also been updating its tally of borrowers who have received debt relief following its efforts to make it easier to qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness, a\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/17/653853227/the-student-loan-whistleblower\"> long-troubled program\u003c/a> that promises debt relief for borrowers who stay current on their payments while working for a decade in public service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoema Dubra is one of those borrowers. She earned her master’s degree from Ole Miss and, until earlier this year, had about $80,000 in student loans. She now works as a speech-language pathologist in the public schools in Dallas. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>More than once over the years, Dubra struggled to afford her monthly loan payment but didn’t know she could enroll in a more flexible, income-based repayment plan. Instead, when she called her loan servicer for help, she said her loans were put into forbearance, pausing payments but allowing interest to keep accruing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wasn’t alone. According to federal data, nearly 12 million borrowers spent at least 12 straight months in forbearance in the decade before \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/02/1202937029/pause-on-federal-student-loans-ends-millions-have-to-make-payments-again\">the pandemic payment pause\u003c/a>. Nearly 5.5 million borrowers, including Dubra, spent at least \u003cem>three years\u003c/em> in forbearance. Many, perhaps most, could have benefited from income-based repayment had they known about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Dubra was told that, under changes to PSLF rules, her remaining loans had been canceled in return for her decade of service in schools and a stint in a public hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I immediately just burst into tears,” Dubra said. She had called her loan servicer, “and the [call center worker] was so nice, and she said, ‘This is the purpose of this.’ I’ll never forget her saying that. ‘This is why we do this, because you’ve worked so hard to help other people, and now is our time to help you.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 9 a.m. Wednesday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Former House Speaker Kevin McCarthy says he will retire from the House of Representatives at the end of this year, departing before the end of his term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy, a Republican from Bakersfield, announced his plans in \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/kevin-mccarthy-my-next-chapter-house-gop-retirement-california-e4e593d7\">an essay\u003c/a> published in the \u003cem>Wall Street Journal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter the odds or personal cost, we did the right thing,” McCarthy wrote. “That may seem out of fashion in Washington these days, but delivering results for the American people is still celebrated across the country. It is in this spirit that I have decided to depart the House at the end of this year to serve America in new ways. I know my work is only getting started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy was removed as speaker earlier this year in a rare House vote. His ouster led to a three-week debacle that left the House unable to function as the Republican conference struggled to reach consensus on a new leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>McCarthy’s departure shrinks Republican majority and could increase chances of a government shutdown\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With McCarthy’s resignation and the recent ouster of New York Republican Rep. George Santos, Speaker Mike Johnson’s wafer-thin majority continues to shrink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After McCarthy’s departure, Republicans will have just a three-vote majority to pass key legislation, including two government funding deadlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York Gov. Kathy Hochul \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GovKathyHochul/status/1732158439047016859\">announced Tuesday that the state will hold a special election\u003c/a> to fill Santos’ seat on Feb. 13, 2024. California will also need to hold a special election to replace McCarthy, which could take weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vacancies put huge pressure on House leaders who were already struggling to pass partisan legislation, with key appropriations bills either failing or being pulled from consideration because of a lack of GOP support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fractious nature of the conference forced Johnson, after days of searching for an alternative, to rely on Democratic votes to keep the government funded through the new year — frustrating party hardliners and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/02/1203008202/mccarthy-speaker-gaetz\">mirroring the decision\u003c/a> that cost McCarthy his speakership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, unless Republicans manage to overcome their so-far intractable differences, McCarthy’s departure could force Johnson to yet again rely on Democrats to advance must-pass legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress must approve new spending authority twice in the coming months. The first deadline is just over six weeks away, on Jan. 19, when the first set of funding bills run out. The remaining spending bills run out on Feb. 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Former+Speaker+Kevin+McCarthy+to+retire+at+the+end+of+the+month&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 9 a.m. Wednesday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Former House Speaker Kevin McCarthy says he will retire from the House of Representatives at the end of this year, departing before the end of his term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy, a Republican from Bakersfield, announced his plans in \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/kevin-mccarthy-my-next-chapter-house-gop-retirement-california-e4e593d7\">an essay\u003c/a> published in the \u003cem>Wall Street Journal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter the odds or personal cost, we did the right thing,” McCarthy wrote. “That may seem out of fashion in Washington these days, but delivering results for the American people is still celebrated across the country. It is in this spirit that I have decided to depart the House at the end of this year to serve America in new ways. I know my work is only getting started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy was removed as speaker earlier this year in a rare House vote. His ouster led to a three-week debacle that left the House unable to function as the Republican conference struggled to reach consensus on a new leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>McCarthy’s departure shrinks Republican majority and could increase chances of a government shutdown\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With McCarthy’s resignation and the recent ouster of New York Republican Rep. George Santos, Speaker Mike Johnson’s wafer-thin majority continues to shrink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After McCarthy’s departure, Republicans will have just a three-vote majority to pass key legislation, including two government funding deadlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York Gov. Kathy Hochul \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GovKathyHochul/status/1732158439047016859\">announced Tuesday that the state will hold a special election\u003c/a> to fill Santos’ seat on Feb. 13, 2024. California will also need to hold a special election to replace McCarthy, which could take weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vacancies put huge pressure on House leaders who were already struggling to pass partisan legislation, with key appropriations bills either failing or being pulled from consideration because of a lack of GOP support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fractious nature of the conference forced Johnson, after days of searching for an alternative, to rely on Democratic votes to keep the government funded through the new year — frustrating party hardliners and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/02/1203008202/mccarthy-speaker-gaetz\">mirroring the decision\u003c/a> that cost McCarthy his speakership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, unless Republicans manage to overcome their so-far intractable differences, McCarthy’s departure could force Johnson to yet again rely on Democrats to advance must-pass legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress must approve new spending authority twice in the coming months. The first deadline is just over six weeks away, on Jan. 19, when the first set of funding bills run out. The remaining spending bills run out on Feb. 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Former+Speaker+Kevin+McCarthy+to+retire+at+the+end+of+the+month&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court hears arguments on Tuesday in an obscure tax case with potentially trillions of dollars in tax consequences for the federal budget. It is a case that has tax law specialists both gobsmacked and alarmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The words of the 16th Amendment to the Constitution do not roll off the tongue. Enacted in 1913, it says: “Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, the amendment was passed to reverse a Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/157/429/\">decision \u003c/a>that basically had made it impossible to have a federal income tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Trump tax cuts at the heart of the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The operative understanding of what the amendment has meant for more than a century is now being challenged by Charles and Kathleen Moore. Backed by anti-regulatory groups, they are specifically challenging a provision in then-President Donald Trump’s huge \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/12/20/572157392/gop-poised-for-tax-victory-after-a-brief-delay\">2017 corporate tax cut,\u003c/a> a provision that helps pay for some of those tax cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moores contend that they have never actually made money from their foreign investment in an Indian company. Yes, they concede their investment has increased in value by well over a half-million dollars. But, they maintain that because they have not yet received any actual money, they are being unconstitutionally taxed on unrealized income. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Paul Ryan, Republican, who shepherded the 2017 tax law through the House\"]‘I’m not for a wealth tax, but I think if you use this as an argument to spike a wealth tax, you’re going to basically get rid of … a third of the tax code.’[/pullquote]Some of the facts the Moores have put forth are disputed, but importantly, the case is widely viewed by advocates on both sides as a preventive strike against any wealth tax of the kind proposed by Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass. Not that anyone thinks such a tax has any chance of passing in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, if the Moores were to win, the federal government could be forced to pay back billions of dollars in corporate tax collections, and the effects of many other tax provisions could be profound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former House Speaker Paul Ryan, a Republican, shepherded the 2017 tax law through the House, including the provision before the Supreme Court on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a person who drafted that … the goal was to finance a conversion from one system to another,” Ryan \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WVWirDCT08&t=1145s\">says\u003c/a>. “I’m not for a wealth tax, but I think if you use this as an argument to spike a wealth tax, you’re going to basically get rid of … a third of the tax code.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The background to the arguments\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Moores are portrayed as sympathetic plaintiffs in Supreme Court briefs and a video posted on the webpage of the anti-regulatory Competitive Enterprise Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Moore described how he invested $40,000 in his friend Ravi Agrawal’s power tool business in India 18 years ago, an investment now worth more than $500,000. “If Indian farmers could be made more productive by bringing power tools to them that are suitable for their types of farms, that would be great,” Moore says in the posted interview on the CEI website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the Moores describe the couple as playing no active role in the company. However, \u003ca href=\"https://www.taxnotes.com/featured-news/records-show-moores-interest-transition-tax-company-changed/2023/10/10/7hg74\">documents \u003c/a>disclosed by the publication Tax Notes show that Charles Moore was far more involved in the company’s management than he suggested. \u003ca href=\"https://www.taxnotes.com/featured-news/records-show-moores-interest-transition-tax-company-changed/2023/10/10/7hg74\">Records \u003c/a>show he served on the board of the company for five years between 2012 and 2017, that he was reimbursed for thousands of dollars in travel expenses to and from India, and that he provided the company short-term infusions of cash that were never used, but repaid with interest 60 days later with 12% interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Callas, who served for 15 years as a Republican staffer for tax-writing committees in Congress, sees all this as suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would you loan a company money for 60 days, have it sit in a bank account, never be used, and then repay it with a big interest rate unless you were just trying to find a way to get money out of the company without calling it that?” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this gets to the critical question posed by the Moores and their objection to paying a one-time $15,000 tax on an investment that is now worth more than 15 times its original value.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why the tax was levied\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The tax was imposed by Congress as a one-time payment to cover the transfer from one international tax rule to another. Under the old system, if you earned foreign income overseas in a foreign corporation that you owned, you wouldn’t have to pay taxes on those earnings until you brought the profits back to the United States. Congress saw that as a perverse incentive to keep profits offshore, and by some estimates, there was as much as $3 trillion in shielded offshore profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to move to a new system, the idea was that a one-time transition tax at a low rate, was needed. For the Moores, their one-time tax was $15,000, coincidentally roughly the amount Charles Moore was reimbursed for travel expenses. The Moores paid the tax and then challenged it in court as unconstitutional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They never saw income. It never hit their bank account. They never got cash. They never got a check,” says Ilya Shapiro of the Manhattan Institute, who wrote a brief siding with the Moores in the case. “Their stake in the company increased, but they did not get any income.” Although the value of the Moores’ investment has grown, he contends, they “have never seen a red cent from this investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Callas, who, with Speaker Ryan, drafted and steered the 2017 tax bill through the Republican House, says the Moores’ tax \u003cem>is \u003c/em>realized income in just the same way that real estate and other business partnerships are taxed, whether or not the income is distributed. Similarly, he says Congress has, over time, used various devices to prevent corporations from setting up what are called corporate pocketbooks to escape paying taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So in the international context, I’m going to set up a corporation in the Cayman Islands … and I’m going to contribute money, capital to it, and that corporation is going to make investments around the world … and as long as the profit stays in my Cayman subsidiary, I would never have to pay any tax. So, we have something in the tax code that Congress enacted in 1962 … that prevents that,” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Broader impact of a ruling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In other words, it’s not just the Moores’ one-time tax at risk in this case. Remember, this is a tax that is expected to yield $340 billion by 2027 from mainly huge corporations, and the lion’s share of those taxes have already been collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, various \u003cem>other\u003c/em> tax regimes have been enacted to prevent tax dodges by the rich, and those too could be at risk, according to Callas. In the Moores’ case, they owned 11% of the Indian company, and under federal law, that is considered a controlling interest, meaning the owners have influence over the timing of any distributions and dividends, a leverage that Congress wanted to rein in to prevent tax avoidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the Supreme Court’s job to second-guess Congress on exactly what percentage of ownership should constitute control,” Callas says. “That’s not their job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And tax law experts, from liberal to conservative, warn that if the Supreme Court were to strike down the tax provision, the effects would be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chye-Ching Huang, director of the NYU Tax Law Center, says, “It would be chaos, and we would be facing a tsunami of tax litigation over years and decades trying to sort through the rubble of this.” [aside label='More Stories on Taxes' tag='taxes']The justices “are not playing with fire,” Callas says. They are playing with “enriched uranium,” and they don’t even know they could “blow up large portions of the tax code.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, a phalanx of conservative, anti-regulatory, and anti-tax groups is arrayed against the tax in Tuesday’s case, including the U.S. Chamber of Commerce — even though they supported the 2017 tax bill that included the provision before the Supreme Court on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That clearly alarms tax experts, including Callas, who served as Speaker Ryan’s chief tax counsel when the bill was negotiated and passed. He notes that at the request of the Chamber of Commerce and other stakeholders, House Republicans made many specific changes to the bill, but there was “no discussion” of any “constitutional vulnerability.” It was “purely a discussion of how to design the policy appropriately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Callas caustically observes, for the chamber and other stakeholders years later “to discover constitutional concerns that they didn’t raise before” strikes me as “opportunistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court hears arguments on Tuesday in an obscure tax case with potentially trillions of dollars in tax consequences for the federal budget. It is a case that has tax law specialists both gobsmacked and alarmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The words of the 16th Amendment to the Constitution do not roll off the tongue. Enacted in 1913, it says: “Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, the amendment was passed to reverse a Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/157/429/\">decision \u003c/a>that basically had made it impossible to have a federal income tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Trump tax cuts at the heart of the case\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The operative understanding of what the amendment has meant for more than a century is now being challenged by Charles and Kathleen Moore. Backed by anti-regulatory groups, they are specifically challenging a provision in then-President Donald Trump’s huge \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/12/20/572157392/gop-poised-for-tax-victory-after-a-brief-delay\">2017 corporate tax cut,\u003c/a> a provision that helps pay for some of those tax cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moores contend that they have never actually made money from their foreign investment in an Indian company. Yes, they concede their investment has increased in value by well over a half-million dollars. But, they maintain that because they have not yet received any actual money, they are being unconstitutionally taxed on unrealized income. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Some of the facts the Moores have put forth are disputed, but importantly, the case is widely viewed by advocates on both sides as a preventive strike against any wealth tax of the kind proposed by Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass. Not that anyone thinks such a tax has any chance of passing in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, if the Moores were to win, the federal government could be forced to pay back billions of dollars in corporate tax collections, and the effects of many other tax provisions could be profound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former House Speaker Paul Ryan, a Republican, shepherded the 2017 tax law through the House, including the provision before the Supreme Court on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a person who drafted that … the goal was to finance a conversion from one system to another,” Ryan \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WVWirDCT08&t=1145s\">says\u003c/a>. “I’m not for a wealth tax, but I think if you use this as an argument to spike a wealth tax, you’re going to basically get rid of … a third of the tax code.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The background to the arguments\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Moores are portrayed as sympathetic plaintiffs in Supreme Court briefs and a video posted on the webpage of the anti-regulatory Competitive Enterprise Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Moore described how he invested $40,000 in his friend Ravi Agrawal’s power tool business in India 18 years ago, an investment now worth more than $500,000. “If Indian farmers could be made more productive by bringing power tools to them that are suitable for their types of farms, that would be great,” Moore says in the posted interview on the CEI website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the Moores describe the couple as playing no active role in the company. However, \u003ca href=\"https://www.taxnotes.com/featured-news/records-show-moores-interest-transition-tax-company-changed/2023/10/10/7hg74\">documents \u003c/a>disclosed by the publication Tax Notes show that Charles Moore was far more involved in the company’s management than he suggested. \u003ca href=\"https://www.taxnotes.com/featured-news/records-show-moores-interest-transition-tax-company-changed/2023/10/10/7hg74\">Records \u003c/a>show he served on the board of the company for five years between 2012 and 2017, that he was reimbursed for thousands of dollars in travel expenses to and from India, and that he provided the company short-term infusions of cash that were never used, but repaid with interest 60 days later with 12% interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Callas, who served for 15 years as a Republican staffer for tax-writing committees in Congress, sees all this as suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would you loan a company money for 60 days, have it sit in a bank account, never be used, and then repay it with a big interest rate unless you were just trying to find a way to get money out of the company without calling it that?” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this gets to the critical question posed by the Moores and their objection to paying a one-time $15,000 tax on an investment that is now worth more than 15 times its original value.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why the tax was levied\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The tax was imposed by Congress as a one-time payment to cover the transfer from one international tax rule to another. Under the old system, if you earned foreign income overseas in a foreign corporation that you owned, you wouldn’t have to pay taxes on those earnings until you brought the profits back to the United States. Congress saw that as a perverse incentive to keep profits offshore, and by some estimates, there was as much as $3 trillion in shielded offshore profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to move to a new system, the idea was that a one-time transition tax at a low rate, was needed. For the Moores, their one-time tax was $15,000, coincidentally roughly the amount Charles Moore was reimbursed for travel expenses. The Moores paid the tax and then challenged it in court as unconstitutional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They never saw income. It never hit their bank account. They never got cash. They never got a check,” says Ilya Shapiro of the Manhattan Institute, who wrote a brief siding with the Moores in the case. “Their stake in the company increased, but they did not get any income.” Although the value of the Moores’ investment has grown, he contends, they “have never seen a red cent from this investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Callas, who, with Speaker Ryan, drafted and steered the 2017 tax bill through the Republican House, says the Moores’ tax \u003cem>is \u003c/em>realized income in just the same way that real estate and other business partnerships are taxed, whether or not the income is distributed. Similarly, he says Congress has, over time, used various devices to prevent corporations from setting up what are called corporate pocketbooks to escape paying taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So in the international context, I’m going to set up a corporation in the Cayman Islands … and I’m going to contribute money, capital to it, and that corporation is going to make investments around the world … and as long as the profit stays in my Cayman subsidiary, I would never have to pay any tax. So, we have something in the tax code that Congress enacted in 1962 … that prevents that,” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Broader impact of a ruling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In other words, it’s not just the Moores’ one-time tax at risk in this case. Remember, this is a tax that is expected to yield $340 billion by 2027 from mainly huge corporations, and the lion’s share of those taxes have already been collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, various \u003cem>other\u003c/em> tax regimes have been enacted to prevent tax dodges by the rich, and those too could be at risk, according to Callas. In the Moores’ case, they owned 11% of the Indian company, and under federal law, that is considered a controlling interest, meaning the owners have influence over the timing of any distributions and dividends, a leverage that Congress wanted to rein in to prevent tax avoidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the Supreme Court’s job to second-guess Congress on exactly what percentage of ownership should constitute control,” Callas says. “That’s not their job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And tax law experts, from liberal to conservative, warn that if the Supreme Court were to strike down the tax provision, the effects would be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chye-Ching Huang, director of the NYU Tax Law Center, says, “It would be chaos, and we would be facing a tsunami of tax litigation over years and decades trying to sort through the rubble of this.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The justices “are not playing with fire,” Callas says. They are playing with “enriched uranium,” and they don’t even know they could “blow up large portions of the tax code.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, a phalanx of conservative, anti-regulatory, and anti-tax groups is arrayed against the tax in Tuesday’s case, including the U.S. Chamber of Commerce — even though they supported the 2017 tax bill that included the provision before the Supreme Court on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That clearly alarms tax experts, including Callas, who served as Speaker Ryan’s chief tax counsel when the bill was negotiated and passed. He notes that at the request of the Chamber of Commerce and other stakeholders, House Republicans made many specific changes to the bill, but there was “no discussion” of any “constitutional vulnerability.” It was “purely a discussion of how to design the policy appropriately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Callas caustically observes, for the chamber and other stakeholders years later “to discover constitutional concerns that they didn’t raise before” strikes me as “opportunistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lincoln-Douglas this was not — though either man would likely eagerly embrace even being mentioned in the same sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a political debate Thursday night in Georgia, but not between two presidential candidates. Instead, it was between one governor and presidential candidate and another governor, who some think might be one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one side, there was Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis, who is of course running for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination, and California Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sure looked like a presidential debate. There were two politicians at lecterns, a moderator and even a whole set made to look like one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was a product of TV, specifically of Fox News and host Sean Hannity. Newsom gained attention some months ago for a peppy interview with Hannity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hannity seemed to enjoy the back and forth, and the duo formed an unlikely \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2023-11-26/fox-news-host-sean-hannity-newsom-desantis-debate\">cable bromance\u003c/a>. Soon after, when DeSantis looked like the principal alternative to former President Trump, Hannity invited DeSantis to take part in a “debate” with Newsom — and he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so this event was birthed. What did we learn?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Newsom again stressed he’s not running — at least right now anyway\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The California governor hasn’t been shy about making a case for a left-of-center vision for the country. His pearly whites and Pat Riley hair haven’t seemed to meet a camera they haven’t liked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has led to speculation that Newsom is really running a shadow campaign, waiting in the wings in case President Biden doesn’t actually run for reelection — despite the fact that Biden is already doing exactly that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"California Gov. Gavin Newsom\"]‘There are profound differences tonight, and I’m happy to engage them. … but one thing we do have in common is neither of us will be the nominee of our party in 2024.’[/pullquote]Newsom tried to dismiss — again — that notion early and often in Thursday night’s debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are profound differences tonight, and I’m happy to engage them,” Newsom said, “but one thing we do have in common is neither of us will be the nominee of our party in 2024.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he’s done in all of his other public events and interviews this year, Newsom defended Biden, but some — even in his own party — still don’t buy the loyal surrogate act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are two additional Democrats running for … president right now,” Pennsylvania Sen. John Fetterman, a Democrat, said earlier this month — ironically from the early caucus state of Iowa. “One is a congressman from Minnesota, the other one is the governor of California, but only one has the guts to announce it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The congressman from Minnesota being Rep. Dean Phillips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I appreciate and respect the work the president is doing,” Newsom said during the debate, adding, “I don’t know how many times I can say it. They’re just making this stuff up about a shadow campaign.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that Newsom has thrust himself into the conversation for the presidency. If he’s not angling to run this cycle, as he says, he certainly appears to be doing so for 2028 — when the country is set to be clear of Trump and Biden.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Because DeSantis is actually running, the stakes were higher for him\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Time is running out for DeSantis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s \u003ca href=\"https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/president-primary-r/2024/iowa/\">trailing Trump by a lot\u003c/a>, there are just 44 days until the Iowa caucuses, and DeSantis needs a strong showing there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear he did enough with this appearance to help himself close the gap, though his team was happy with his performance and cited dozens of conservative commentators who praised him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11968684 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23323001633086_slide-510bf50146135186a44d36dc714b53c53b7906f2-1020x680.jpg']DeSantis’ task was made tougher, though, because Newsom didn’t just want to have a debate on which of theirs is a better-governing philosophy, but also seemed intent on trying to tank DeSantis’ campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Joe Biden will be our nominee in a matter of weeks,” Newsom said, “and in a matter of weeks, Sean, he’ll be endorsing Donald Trump as the nominee for the Republican Party.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At another point, this: “When are you going to drop out and at least give Nikki Haley a shot to take down Donald Trump in his nomination? She laid you out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom clearly seemed to be trying to get under DeSantis’ skin — and he appeared to do so at times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, as both men were talking over each other and the volume got louder, Newsom played his best Joe Cool, threw his hands open, turned to DeSantis and said with a smile, “Hey, Ron, relax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 class=\"edTag\">It’s tough to debate a man with nothing to lose, but DeSantis tried.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Aside from the jabs, DeSantis went after Newsom on his record as California governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was a friendly environment for DeSantis to do so. The topics seemed to benefit his point of view, not unexpectedly, considering the platform. They ranged from:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"edTag\">\n\u003cli>why people are moving out of California,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>taxes,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>immigration,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>violent crime,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>parental rights in schools,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>whether Newsom believed in any restrictions on abortion,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>whether Biden is in “cognitive decline,”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>if Newsom would step in as the nominee if asked at the Democratic convention next year,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>why gas prices are so high in California and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>homelessness.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>You get the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that wind at his back and on a conservative platform, DeSantis was more than happy to contrast his state with Newsom’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “California liberal” reputation is going to be a hurdle for Newsom if he does decide to run at some point. And DeSantis got in a dig — with some family ties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis\"]‘He’s lying to you about all these facts and figures. … throwing stuff out to see what sticks to the wall. This is a slippery, slick politician.’[/pullquote]“I was talking to a fella who had made the move from California to Florida,” DeSantis said before setting up his punch line. “He was telling me that Florida’s much better governed, safer, better budget, lower taxes, then he paused and said, ‘By the way, I’m Gavin Newsom’s father-in-law.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s father-in-law, Kenneth F. Siebel Jr., is an investment manager and longtime GOP donor, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/gavin-newsoms-in-laws-fled-california-florida-during-pandemic-records-show\">Fox News report\u003c/a>. A family trust \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Newsoms-in-laws-gave-money-to-Ron-DeSantis-17413294.php\">gave money\u003c/a> to a pro-DeSantis PAC last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeSantis stressed that Biden, whom he wants to take on in next year’s general election, wants to replicate the California model for the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Newsom was quick to counter, charging that Florida’s tax system hurts working people, that DeSantis bullies the marginalized and that women’s reproductive rights are under assault because of Florida’s six-week abortion ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s lying to you about all these facts and figures,” DeSantis charged, “throwing stuff out to see what sticks to the wall. This is a slippery, slick politician.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeSantis also provocatively went after Newsom on the debate about books in schools and, as he called it, the uncleanliness of California’s cities. He brought on stage with him and displayed for the cameras, what appeared to be a page from a graphic novel — with partially blacked-out images showing sexual acts — that he claimed is in California schools, as well as a map of, well, poop that he said is from an app depicting parts of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">If you liked one or the other coming in — or didn’t like one or the other — you probably didn’t have your mind changed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There couldn’t be two more ideologically opposite philosophies on how to govern than DeSantis’ Florida and Newsom’s California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a conservative, you likely hold up California as everything that’s wrong with America — as outlined in the topics presented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re left of center, you likely see DeSantis and his governance as abhorrent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably didn’t change if you watched this debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, neither man may be elected president in 2024, but this could be a preview of the next presidential cycle when the country is past Trump and Biden, and there is the chance for an American political rebirth when candidates will have to debate — on an actual presidential debate stage — their starkly different for their visions of America in a clash of governing ideologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lincoln-Douglas this was not — though either man would likely eagerly embrace even being mentioned in the same sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a political debate Thursday night in Georgia, but not between two presidential candidates. Instead, it was between one governor and presidential candidate and another governor, who some think might be one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one side, there was Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis, who is of course running for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination, and California Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sure looked like a presidential debate. There were two politicians at lecterns, a moderator and even a whole set made to look like one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was a product of TV, specifically of Fox News and host Sean Hannity. Newsom gained attention some months ago for a peppy interview with Hannity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hannity seemed to enjoy the back and forth, and the duo formed an unlikely \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2023-11-26/fox-news-host-sean-hannity-newsom-desantis-debate\">cable bromance\u003c/a>. Soon after, when DeSantis looked like the principal alternative to former President Trump, Hannity invited DeSantis to take part in a “debate” with Newsom — and he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so this event was birthed. What did we learn?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Newsom again stressed he’s not running — at least right now anyway\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The California governor hasn’t been shy about making a case for a left-of-center vision for the country. His pearly whites and Pat Riley hair haven’t seemed to meet a camera they haven’t liked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has led to speculation that Newsom is really running a shadow campaign, waiting in the wings in case President Biden doesn’t actually run for reelection — despite the fact that Biden is already doing exactly that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Newsom tried to dismiss — again — that notion early and often in Thursday night’s debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are profound differences tonight, and I’m happy to engage them,” Newsom said, “but one thing we do have in common is neither of us will be the nominee of our party in 2024.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he’s done in all of his other public events and interviews this year, Newsom defended Biden, but some — even in his own party — still don’t buy the loyal surrogate act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are two additional Democrats running for … president right now,” Pennsylvania Sen. John Fetterman, a Democrat, said earlier this month — ironically from the early caucus state of Iowa. “One is a congressman from Minnesota, the other one is the governor of California, but only one has the guts to announce it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The congressman from Minnesota being Rep. Dean Phillips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I appreciate and respect the work the president is doing,” Newsom said during the debate, adding, “I don’t know how many times I can say it. They’re just making this stuff up about a shadow campaign.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that Newsom has thrust himself into the conversation for the presidency. If he’s not angling to run this cycle, as he says, he certainly appears to be doing so for 2028 — when the country is set to be clear of Trump and Biden.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Because DeSantis is actually running, the stakes were higher for him\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Time is running out for DeSantis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s \u003ca href=\"https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/president-primary-r/2024/iowa/\">trailing Trump by a lot\u003c/a>, there are just 44 days until the Iowa caucuses, and DeSantis needs a strong showing there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear he did enough with this appearance to help himself close the gap, though his team was happy with his performance and cited dozens of conservative commentators who praised him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>DeSantis’ task was made tougher, though, because Newsom didn’t just want to have a debate on which of theirs is a better-governing philosophy, but also seemed intent on trying to tank DeSantis’ campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Joe Biden will be our nominee in a matter of weeks,” Newsom said, “and in a matter of weeks, Sean, he’ll be endorsing Donald Trump as the nominee for the Republican Party.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At another point, this: “When are you going to drop out and at least give Nikki Haley a shot to take down Donald Trump in his nomination? She laid you out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom clearly seemed to be trying to get under DeSantis’ skin — and he appeared to do so at times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, as both men were talking over each other and the volume got louder, Newsom played his best Joe Cool, threw his hands open, turned to DeSantis and said with a smile, “Hey, Ron, relax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 class=\"edTag\">It’s tough to debate a man with nothing to lose, but DeSantis tried.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Aside from the jabs, DeSantis went after Newsom on his record as California governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was a friendly environment for DeSantis to do so. The topics seemed to benefit his point of view, not unexpectedly, considering the platform. They ranged from:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"edTag\">\n\u003cli>why people are moving out of California,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>taxes,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>immigration,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>violent crime,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>parental rights in schools,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>whether Newsom believed in any restrictions on abortion,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>whether Biden is in “cognitive decline,”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>if Newsom would step in as the nominee if asked at the Democratic convention next year,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>why gas prices are so high in California and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>homelessness.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>You get the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that wind at his back and on a conservative platform, DeSantis was more than happy to contrast his state with Newsom’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “California liberal” reputation is going to be a hurdle for Newsom if he does decide to run at some point. And DeSantis got in a dig — with some family ties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I was talking to a fella who had made the move from California to Florida,” DeSantis said before setting up his punch line. “He was telling me that Florida’s much better governed, safer, better budget, lower taxes, then he paused and said, ‘By the way, I’m Gavin Newsom’s father-in-law.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s father-in-law, Kenneth F. Siebel Jr., is an investment manager and longtime GOP donor, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/gavin-newsoms-in-laws-fled-california-florida-during-pandemic-records-show\">Fox News report\u003c/a>. A family trust \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Newsoms-in-laws-gave-money-to-Ron-DeSantis-17413294.php\">gave money\u003c/a> to a pro-DeSantis PAC last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeSantis stressed that Biden, whom he wants to take on in next year’s general election, wants to replicate the California model for the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Newsom was quick to counter, charging that Florida’s tax system hurts working people, that DeSantis bullies the marginalized and that women’s reproductive rights are under assault because of Florida’s six-week abortion ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s lying to you about all these facts and figures,” DeSantis charged, “throwing stuff out to see what sticks to the wall. This is a slippery, slick politician.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeSantis also provocatively went after Newsom on the debate about books in schools and, as he called it, the uncleanliness of California’s cities. He brought on stage with him and displayed for the cameras, what appeared to be a page from a graphic novel — with partially blacked-out images showing sexual acts — that he claimed is in California schools, as well as a map of, well, poop that he said is from an app depicting parts of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">If you liked one or the other coming in — or didn’t like one or the other — you probably didn’t have your mind changed\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There couldn’t be two more ideologically opposite philosophies on how to govern than DeSantis’ Florida and Newsom’s California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a conservative, you likely hold up California as everything that’s wrong with America — as outlined in the topics presented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re left of center, you likely see DeSantis and his governance as abhorrent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably didn’t change if you watched this debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, neither man may be elected president in 2024, but this could be a preview of the next presidential cycle when the country is past Trump and Biden, and there is the chance for an American political rebirth when candidates will have to debate — on an actual presidential debate stage — their starkly different for their visions of America in a clash of governing ideologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom is not currently running for president. But that’s not stopping him from facing off in a debate Thursday evening with a governor who is waging a 2024 presidential campaign: Florida Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the culmination of a long-standing feud between the two men. With the debate airing in primetime at 9 p.m. EST on Fox News Channel, it will give them both a platform to appear presidential, even though Newsom has sworn, again and again, that he’s simply out there helping Democrats keep the White House for President Biden.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A supporting role that could turn into a leading act\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But in recent months, Newsom has repeatedly made forays into both national and foreign affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, he traveled to both Israel and China to meet with top leaders. This spring, Newsom took his family on a tour of Southern red states. He’s also run TV ads in Florida and Washington, D.C., attacking Florida’s new abortion law, which would ban abortions after six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September, he showed up in the spin room at the GOP presidential debate in Simi Valley, California to spar with Sean Hannity on Hannity’s Fox News show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Salena Zito, national political reporter, Washington Examiner\"]‘Both men are the future of their parties. Both men run prosperous, successful states. … They could both walk out of this and both gain support.’[/pullquote]“He’s become the face of the loyal opposition,” said Democratic political strategist Dane Strother, who works on races across the country. “When he went to the Republican debate, he was, in essence, the Democratic response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strother is an outspoken fan of Newsom who predicts that the California governor “will be president. The only question is when.” He said at this point, it’s all an upside for Newsom as he travels around being one of Biden’s top surrogates and positioning himself for an eventual run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like getting in the right place for a rebound on a basketball court. You’re just waiting for the ball to come. You’re getting in the right place,” Strother said. “You know, does that get under the skin of the Biden people? I don’t think so because Gavin has been so overboard in support of the president.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s enthusiastic support for Biden does seem to know no bounds. Again and again, he demurs when asked about his own White House ambitions, like when he appeared on Chris Cuomo’s News Nation show in September and was pressed on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have deep respect, reverence for Joe Biden as a person — his character, his decency, and his capacity to do great things,” Newsom said. “That’s why I am not worthy of that conversation. This guy deserves it and we, as members of his party, deserve to have his back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Newsom could help Biden with progressive voters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Those close to Newsom say that the governor is in constant contact with Biden’s inner circle and has sought the president’s blessing before undertaking high-profile events, like the China trip. But Newsom’s youth (he’s 56, to Biden’s 81) has raised some questions about whether his visibility could draw a negative contrast with the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Swanson, a political consultant in California, said while Newsom clearly is taking the steps to prepare for an eventual White House run, she doesn’t think the president’s campaign is worried about Newsom eclipsing Biden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, Swanson thinks the Biden campaign likely sees him as an asset who can speak directly to a certain type of voter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The president has to appeal to a pretty broad audience,” she said. “And at the moment, Governor Newsom brings you … a state of almost 40 million people. And he can talk about really progressive policies that President Biden might not be able to talk about right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thad Kousser, a political science professor at UC San Diego, agreed, noting that Newsom has made himself a spokesman for progressive values, from abortion access to LGBTQ rights. That’s particularly important, he said, since some data and polls are showing that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/09/14/1199336114/for-young-americans-politics-breaks-the-american-dream-instead-of-building-it\">Biden is weaker with young voters\u003c/a> and voters of color who may be more excited by a more unabashedly liberal message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what a proxy does for you, right? A proxy can rally the base and energize your base without worrying about turning off the middle,” Kousser said. “His base is not yet — is not excited and solidly behind him. And so Joe Biden will welcome anything that keeps progressives, younger voters in the fold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swanson also pointed out that Biden knows what it’s like to be a surrogate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gavin Newsom has to walk the line of running a shadow campaign while being President Biden’s biggest cheerleader. And the funny thing is if anyone understands that and all of the politics behind that, it’s Joe Biden. That was a man who waited in the wings for a very long time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Republican side, DeSantis is also positioning himself as the standard bearer of conservative values — the mirror image of Newsom on issues like abortion and LGBTQ rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means at this matchup — unlike most presidential debates — both could come out as winners, said Salena Zito, a national political reporter at the conservative Washington Examiner and columnist at the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s smart for both Newsom and DeSantis to do this debate. It’s in the spirit of the Lincoln-Douglas debates,” she said, which took place when both men were competing not for the presidency but for the U.S. Senate. “Both men are the future of their parties. Both men run prosperous, successful states. … They could both walk out of this and both gain support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zito believes Newsom is playing a long game by continually showing up on Fox News and in red and purple states. That could lead to some swing voters considering him — whenever he’s on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A good politician goes there. In other words, they show up, and they show up in places where you least expect them to show up,” she said. “There are going to be people that look at that and say, you know what? I appreciate that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Debating+Ron+DeSantis+could+benefit+Gavin+Newsom%27s+political+ambitions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom is not currently running for president. But that’s not stopping him from facing off in a debate Thursday evening with a governor who is waging a 2024 presidential campaign: Florida Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the culmination of a long-standing feud between the two men. With the debate airing in primetime at 9 p.m. EST on Fox News Channel, it will give them both a platform to appear presidential, even though Newsom has sworn, again and again, that he’s simply out there helping Democrats keep the White House for President Biden.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A supporting role that could turn into a leading act\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But in recent months, Newsom has repeatedly made forays into both national and foreign affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, he traveled to both Israel and China to meet with top leaders. This spring, Newsom took his family on a tour of Southern red states. He’s also run TV ads in Florida and Washington, D.C., attacking Florida’s new abortion law, which would ban abortions after six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September, he showed up in the spin room at the GOP presidential debate in Simi Valley, California to spar with Sean Hannity on Hannity’s Fox News show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“He’s become the face of the loyal opposition,” said Democratic political strategist Dane Strother, who works on races across the country. “When he went to the Republican debate, he was, in essence, the Democratic response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strother is an outspoken fan of Newsom who predicts that the California governor “will be president. The only question is when.” He said at this point, it’s all an upside for Newsom as he travels around being one of Biden’s top surrogates and positioning himself for an eventual run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like getting in the right place for a rebound on a basketball court. You’re just waiting for the ball to come. You’re getting in the right place,” Strother said. “You know, does that get under the skin of the Biden people? I don’t think so because Gavin has been so overboard in support of the president.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s enthusiastic support for Biden does seem to know no bounds. Again and again, he demurs when asked about his own White House ambitions, like when he appeared on Chris Cuomo’s News Nation show in September and was pressed on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have deep respect, reverence for Joe Biden as a person — his character, his decency, and his capacity to do great things,” Newsom said. “That’s why I am not worthy of that conversation. This guy deserves it and we, as members of his party, deserve to have his back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Newsom could help Biden with progressive voters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Those close to Newsom say that the governor is in constant contact with Biden’s inner circle and has sought the president’s blessing before undertaking high-profile events, like the China trip. But Newsom’s youth (he’s 56, to Biden’s 81) has raised some questions about whether his visibility could draw a negative contrast with the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Swanson, a political consultant in California, said while Newsom clearly is taking the steps to prepare for an eventual White House run, she doesn’t think the president’s campaign is worried about Newsom eclipsing Biden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, Swanson thinks the Biden campaign likely sees him as an asset who can speak directly to a certain type of voter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The president has to appeal to a pretty broad audience,” she said. “And at the moment, Governor Newsom brings you … a state of almost 40 million people. And he can talk about really progressive policies that President Biden might not be able to talk about right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thad Kousser, a political science professor at UC San Diego, agreed, noting that Newsom has made himself a spokesman for progressive values, from abortion access to LGBTQ rights. That’s particularly important, he said, since some data and polls are showing that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/09/14/1199336114/for-young-americans-politics-breaks-the-american-dream-instead-of-building-it\">Biden is weaker with young voters\u003c/a> and voters of color who may be more excited by a more unabashedly liberal message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what a proxy does for you, right? A proxy can rally the base and energize your base without worrying about turning off the middle,” Kousser said. “His base is not yet — is not excited and solidly behind him. And so Joe Biden will welcome anything that keeps progressives, younger voters in the fold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swanson also pointed out that Biden knows what it’s like to be a surrogate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gavin Newsom has to walk the line of running a shadow campaign while being President Biden’s biggest cheerleader. And the funny thing is if anyone understands that and all of the politics behind that, it’s Joe Biden. That was a man who waited in the wings for a very long time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Republican side, DeSantis is also positioning himself as the standard bearer of conservative values — the mirror image of Newsom on issues like abortion and LGBTQ rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means at this matchup — unlike most presidential debates — both could come out as winners, said Salena Zito, a national political reporter at the conservative Washington Examiner and columnist at the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s smart for both Newsom and DeSantis to do this debate. It’s in the spirit of the Lincoln-Douglas debates,” she said, which took place when both men were competing not for the presidency but for the U.S. Senate. “Both men are the future of their parties. Both men run prosperous, successful states. … They could both walk out of this and both gain support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zito believes Newsom is playing a long game by continually showing up on Fox News and in red and purple states. That could lead to some swing voters considering him — whenever he’s on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A good politician goes there. In other words, they show up, and they show up in places where you least expect them to show up,” she said. “There are going to be people that look at that and say, you know what? I appreciate that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Debating+Ron+DeSantis+could+benefit+Gavin+Newsom%27s+political+ambitions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "climate-funding-is-in-short-supply-some-want-to-rework-the-financial-system",
"title": "With Climate Funding in Short Supply, Some Are Pushing to Change the Global Financing Process",
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"headTitle": "With Climate Funding in Short Supply, Some Are Pushing to Change the Global Financing Process | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Money is one of the biggest obstacles to dealing with climate change — especially in poor countries hit hardest by disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not enough is being spent to cut the pollution that’s heating the planet or on things that could help people adapt to a hotter world, like flood defenses and infrastructure that’s built for more extreme weather. As a result, developing countries, which bear little responsibility for fueling climate change, are at risk of suffering crippling \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">losses and damages\u003c/a> as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That funding shortfall, which has endured for years, will be at the heart of the United Nations climate negotiations that start this week in Dubai. As the United Arab Emirates prepared to host this year’s climate summit, known as COP28, \u003ca href=\"https://www.uae-embassy.org/sites/default/files/2023-07/July%20Embassy_One%20Page_COP28_07.20.2023.pdf\">it \u003c/a>said that “fixing climate finance” is a top priority. That includes making sure wealthy nations finally \u003ca href=\"https://www.cop28.com/en/news/2023/10/COP28-President-calls-for-improved-adaptation-finance-for-vulnerable-nations\">deliver on a long-standing but chronically unmet promise\u003c/a> to give $100 billion a year in climate financing to their poorer neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But talks are already underway to replace that pledge, which is more than a decade old and inadequate for the climate challenges that developing countries face, experts said. As the host of this year’s conference, the UAE will need to lay the groundwork for a \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/NCQG\">new funding target\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather this year has driven home the urgency of talks for greater funding. COP28 comes at the end of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/05/1203821716/earth-is-on-track-for-its-hottest-year-yet-according-to-a-european-climate-agenc\">what will almost certainly be the hottest year ever recorded\u003c/a> on Earth, and developing countries are in “immediate danger,” said Wanjira Mathai, managing director for Africa and global partnerships at the World Resources Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the pressure will be put on very significantly at COP28 for the finance to flow,” Mathai said. “Action has to be the focus going forward. And that action costs” money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11968526\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11968526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A smoke stack with smoke billowing out it, surrounded by wind turbines.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind turbines are seen near the open-cast mining and the coal-fired power station Neurath of German energy giant RWE in Garzweiler, western Germany, on March 15, 2021. On March 16, 2021, the group will present its detailed figures for 2020, for the last time with RWE CEO Rolf Martin Schmitz. Despite the coronavirus pandemic, 2020 was a successful year for RWE. \u003ccite>(na Fassbender/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Developing countries need a lot more money for climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Industrialized countries like the United States built their wealth by producing and using fossil fuels. The U.S. is by far the biggest historical contributor to greenhouse gas emissions that are heating the planet. Developing nations from Peru to the Philippines have contributed far less pollution, but they’re suffering disproportionate harm because of their smaller economies and geographic locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2009, industrialized countries set a goal to give developing nations $100 billion a year by 2020 to help them adapt to climate change. In 2015, countries extended the pledge to 2025. They also said they’d set a new goal that reflects the “needs and priorities of developing countries” before the old one expires. That is the new target that COP28 will help determine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.oecd.org/environment/growth-accelerated-in-the-climate-finance-provided-and-mobilised-in-2021-but-developed-countries-remain-short.htm\">latest assessment by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\u003c/a> (OECD) found developing nations received $89.6 billion from public and private sources in 2021, an increase of almost 8% from the year before, but still short of the $100 billion annual goal. The OECD said wealthy countries appear to have met the funding target in 2022, though the data is preliminary and unverified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent tallies show that what’s currently being spent on climate change is a fraction of what’s actually needed. A report \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/02/1210065704/climate-change-finance-adaptation-gap-developing-countries\">published recently by the U.N.\u003c/a> said developing countries need at least 10 times more money to adapt to the effects of human-driven climate change than what they’ve been getting. The OECD said developing countries will need around $2.4 trillion every year for climate investments between 2026 and 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of underinvestment is becoming clear. Severe flooding in Pakistan in the summer of 2022 that was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/19/1123798981/climate-change-likely-helped-cause-deadly-pakistan-floods-scientists-find\">likely fueled by climate change\u003c/a> killed at least 1,700 people and \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/28/pakistan-flood-damages-and-economic-losses-over-usd-30-billion-and-reconstruction-needs-over-usd-16-billion-new-assessme\">caused more than $30 billion in damage and economic losses\u003c/a>. That’s more than the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/02/1210065704/climate-change-finance-adaptation-gap-developing-countries\">$21.3 billion of public funding \u003c/a>that all developing countries combined received in 2021 to help them adapt to the impacts of global warming, according to the United Nations. Early this year, international donors \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/un-chief-calls-massive-investments-pakistan-recovery-2023-01-09/\">pledged more than $9 billion\u003c/a> to help Pakistan recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves developing nations in a bind. They need help, but whatever money is promised for the future is likely to fall short of what’s needed. And they’ll be relying on wealthier countries that failed to deliver in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That $100 billion is a very important symbol of trust” between wealthy countries and developing nations, “and so, of course, it’s important to keep that going” with a new goal that reflects the climate risks that poor countries face, said Rishikesh Ram Bhandary, assistant director of the Global Economic Governance Initiative at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Bhandary said efforts to boost climate finance have moved beyond national pledges from big historical polluters and are now focused instead on something even larger: overhauling the global financial system to better channel money to vulnerable nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11968528\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11968528 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A woman holding two water containers wades through flood waters. \" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman wades through flood waters to get drinking water at Dera Allah Yar in Jaffarabad district of Balochistan province in Pakistan on Oct. 6, 2022. \u003ccite>(Fida Hussain/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Attention shifts to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A lot of attention is focused on development organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Those institutions take funding from member countries and use it to raise more money from private investors. The institutions then lend those funds to developing countries at lower interest rates than they could typically get on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past year, calls have grown to make those organizations bigger — and better at getting more cheap money to countries that need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finance experts said there are signs that those institutions are starting to respond to the pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is a threat to global peace, security, economic stability, and development,” the heads of the World Bank and IMF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2023/09/07/enhancing-imf-world-bank-collaboration\">joint statement in September\u003c/a>.[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"climate-change\"]Officials from the World Bank and IMF said \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2023/09/07/enhancing-imf-world-bank-collaboration\">they are meeting regularly\u003c/a> to coordinate their climate programs. The World Bank has also \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/10/ceos-and-chairs-to-join-private-sector-investment-lab\">started working with corporate leaders\u003c/a> to figure out ways to increase private investment in emerging markets. And it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2023/10/13/statement-of-the-heads-of-multilateral-development-banks-group-strengthening-our-collaboration-for-greater-impact\">collaborating with multilateral development banks\u003c/a>, like the African Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank, to try to lend more money to developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it announced the bank collaboration in October, the World Bank said measures that had already been implemented or were under consideration could boost the banks’ lending ability by up to $400 billion over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is still just a portion of what is needed. A report commissioned recently by the Group of 20 nations said multilateral development banks \u003ca href=\"https://www.g20.org/content/dam/gtwenty/gtwenty_new/document/Strengthening-MDBs-The-Triple-Agenda_G20-IEG-Report-Volume.pdf\">need to help raise an additional $1.8 trillion per year\u003c/a> of climate investments in developing countries by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The finance needs are huge,” said Aki Kachi, a senior climate policy analyst at the NewClimate Institute, a German nonprofit that advocates for more aggressive action on climate change. “I mean, we’re talking about rebuilding, essentially, the whole global economic system, our energy systems, our transport systems, the way we heat our buildings, the way we cook, the way we farm, how we source our supplies — the natural resources — the transport logistics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about changing a lot,” Kachi adds, “and that takes a lot of money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cutting countries’ debt loads could help them boost their own climate investing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Easing countries’ foreign debt burdens is increasingly seen as a critical way to free up money that developing countries could use to prepare for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 50 countries are facing “severe debt problems,” said Lars Jensen, a senior economist with the U.N. Development Programme. That means those nations often forgo investments in areas like education, health care and climate action in order to continue repaying their overseas lenders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11968530\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11968530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A Black man speaks into a bullhorn, with demonstrators behind him holding flags and a banner that says 'World Bank.'\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Activists hold placards during a demonstration against poverty and climate change during the annual meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Group (WBG), in Marrakesh on October 13, 2023. \u003ccite>(Fadel Senna/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nigeria is one of the countries under serious debt pressure. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/fiscal-policy-options-for-growing-out-of-debt-evidence-from-nigeria/\">estimated 96% of government revenue\u003c/a> went to paying the interest on its loans in 2022. And the country faces “\u003ca href=\"https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/nigeria\">major challenges\u003c/a>” in meeting most of its \u003ca href=\"https://sdgs.un.org/goals\">goals for sustainable development\u003c/a>. Those goals include making cities and communities more resilient to extreme weather and ensuring people have access to clean and affordable energy. Nigeria was hit by intense rain and deadly flooding in 2022, which was \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-exacerbated-heavy-rainfall-leading-to-large-scale-flooding-in-highly-vulnerable-communities-in-west-africa/\">made worse by climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[These] debt troubles are really contributing to a severe development crisis — a systemic development crisis, if you want to call it that — in the Global South,” Jensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some countries simply borrowed too much money and spent it on things that didn’t help their economies, Jensen said many others are victims of factors outside their control such as swings in commodity prices, soaring interest rates and “natural disaster shocks” related to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often, they are hit by a disaster, they do still have to pay their old debt, and then a lot of the disaster help that comes to them is actually in the form of more loans,” which puts them deeper in debt, said Lara Merling, a senior research fellow at the Center for Economic and Policy Research. “That’s kind of the vicious cycle.”[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Lars Jensen, senior economist with the U.N. Development Programme\"]‘[These] debt troubles are really contributing to a severe development crisis — a systemic development crisis, if you want to call it that — in the Global South.’[/pullquote]Soon after floods swamped Pakistan last year, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.undp.org/publications/dfs-avoiding-too-little-too-late-international-debt-relief\">report in October 2022 from the U.N. Development Programme\u003c/a> listed the country as one of 54 developing economies that face serious debt problems. Later that month, Pakistan was approved for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.adb.org/news/1-5-billion-adb-financing-promote-social-protection-food-security-pakistan\">$1.5 billion loan\u003c/a> from the Asian Development Bank to improve food security and support employment in response to the floods and disruptions in global supply chains. That was quickly followed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.adb.org/news/adb-approves-flood-assistance-package-pakistan\">another loan from the bank for $475 million\u003c/a> to help Pakistan pay for flood recovery and reconstruction. Less than a year after those loans were approved, Pakistan had to \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-imf-reach-staff-level-pact-release-stalled-funds-2023-06-30/\">get a bailout this summer from the IMF\u003c/a> to keep from defaulting on its debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vulnerable nations have been pushing for years to get debt relief when disaster hits. Grenada was able to secure a “\u003ca href=\"https://production-new-commonwealth-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/migrated/inline/Introducing%20Hurricance%20Clauses.PDF\">hurricane clause\u003c/a>” in its bonds as part of a debt restructuring in 2015. The provision \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/4917e73a-8305-11e9-b592-5fe435b57a3b\">allows the Caribbean country to temporarily stop paying lenders\u003c/a> if it is struck by a natural disaster. The idea has been catching on. The World Bank \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2023/06/22/comprehensive-toolkit-to-support-countries-after-natural-disasters\">announced a policy in June\u003c/a> to allow certain countries to pause debt repayments in the event of “crisis or catastrophe.” Countries should be able to “focus on meeting the urgent needs of their people instead of on loan repayments,” the World Bank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merling called it the “bare minimum” that lenders can do. She said countries still don’t have good options to restructure their debts. So rather than default, Merling said many countries go for years spending much of their budget paying down debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kenya \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/05/23/1177579336/a-dilemma-for-dozens-of-countries-fund-your-schools-and-hospitals-or-pay-your-de\">suspended salary payments to thousands of government workers\u003c/a> earlier in 2023 to keep from defaulting on its loans. An adviser to Kenyan President William Ruto said \u003ca href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/11/kenya-presidency-rules-out-default-as-cash-crunch-delays-salaries\">defaulting would force the country into dragged-out restructuring\u003c/a> negotiations with lenders. In October, Ruto \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/kenya-china-loans-economy-belt-road-debt-97e352532bf5db3bc40a7370116f4410\">sought $1 billion in loans from China\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[We’ve] seen for those handful of countries that have defaulted and are negotiating, it’s taking years and years” to restructure their debts, Merling said. “And they’re still coming out on the other side with a huge percentage of their revenue dedicated to debt service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It “becomes sort of like a Ponzi scheme,” Merling adds. “Because you’re just borrowing more and more to just keep making interest payments on your previous debt and only really default when things are just impossible and you actually cannot pay anything anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruto and other African leaders recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/opinion/climate-change-africa-debt.html\">called for a global deal for debt relief\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11968532\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A line of people walking on a thin walkway through floodwaters. \" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>The UAE says climate finance for poor countries is a priority at this year’s U.N. talks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The challenge is trying to adjust how global financial systems and organizations operate when countries are already suffering the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s very clear that it’s not changing fast enough,” said Kachi of the NewClimate Institute. “And we really need to accelerate that pace of change drastically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/06/29/pr23246-statement-imf-md-cop28-pres-designate-wb-pres-un-special-envoy-climate-action-finance\">statement issued in June\u003c/a> with the heads of the World Bank and the IMF, Sultan Al Jaber, president of this year’s U.N. climate summit in Dubai, expressed similar frustration. Climate finance “is nowhere near available enough, accessible enough and affordable enough — especially for countries in the Global South,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+funding+is+in+short+supply.+So+some+want+to+rework+the+financial+system&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Efforts to boost climate financing have moved beyond national pledges. Now, the focus is on overhauling organizations like the World Bank and providing countries with debt relief.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Money is one of the biggest obstacles to dealing with climate change — especially in poor countries hit hardest by disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not enough is being spent to cut the pollution that’s heating the planet or on things that could help people adapt to a hotter world, like flood defenses and infrastructure that’s built for more extreme weather. As a result, developing countries, which bear little responsibility for fueling climate change, are at risk of suffering crippling \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">losses and damages\u003c/a> as temperatures rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That funding shortfall, which has endured for years, will be at the heart of the United Nations climate negotiations that start this week in Dubai. As the United Arab Emirates prepared to host this year’s climate summit, known as COP28, \u003ca href=\"https://www.uae-embassy.org/sites/default/files/2023-07/July%20Embassy_One%20Page_COP28_07.20.2023.pdf\">it \u003c/a>said that “fixing climate finance” is a top priority. That includes making sure wealthy nations finally \u003ca href=\"https://www.cop28.com/en/news/2023/10/COP28-President-calls-for-improved-adaptation-finance-for-vulnerable-nations\">deliver on a long-standing but chronically unmet promise\u003c/a> to give $100 billion a year in climate financing to their poorer neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But talks are already underway to replace that pledge, which is more than a decade old and inadequate for the climate challenges that developing countries face, experts said. As the host of this year’s conference, the UAE will need to lay the groundwork for a \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/NCQG\">new funding target\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather this year has driven home the urgency of talks for greater funding. COP28 comes at the end of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/05/1203821716/earth-is-on-track-for-its-hottest-year-yet-according-to-a-european-climate-agenc\">what will almost certainly be the hottest year ever recorded\u003c/a> on Earth, and developing countries are in “immediate danger,” said Wanjira Mathai, managing director for Africa and global partnerships at the World Resources Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the pressure will be put on very significantly at COP28 for the finance to flow,” Mathai said. “Action has to be the focus going forward. And that action costs” money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11968526\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11968526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A smoke stack with smoke billowing out it, surrounded by wind turbines.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1231733965_custom-7b2ef90794da65aabc1b14c933967c504b5bb557-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind turbines are seen near the open-cast mining and the coal-fired power station Neurath of German energy giant RWE in Garzweiler, western Germany, on March 15, 2021. On March 16, 2021, the group will present its detailed figures for 2020, for the last time with RWE CEO Rolf Martin Schmitz. Despite the coronavirus pandemic, 2020 was a successful year for RWE. \u003ccite>(na Fassbender/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Developing countries need a lot more money for climate change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Industrialized countries like the United States built their wealth by producing and using fossil fuels. The U.S. is by far the biggest historical contributor to greenhouse gas emissions that are heating the planet. Developing nations from Peru to the Philippines have contributed far less pollution, but they’re suffering disproportionate harm because of their smaller economies and geographic locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2009, industrialized countries set a goal to give developing nations $100 billion a year by 2020 to help them adapt to climate change. In 2015, countries extended the pledge to 2025. They also said they’d set a new goal that reflects the “needs and priorities of developing countries” before the old one expires. That is the new target that COP28 will help determine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.oecd.org/environment/growth-accelerated-in-the-climate-finance-provided-and-mobilised-in-2021-but-developed-countries-remain-short.htm\">latest assessment by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\u003c/a> (OECD) found developing nations received $89.6 billion from public and private sources in 2021, an increase of almost 8% from the year before, but still short of the $100 billion annual goal. The OECD said wealthy countries appear to have met the funding target in 2022, though the data is preliminary and unverified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent tallies show that what’s currently being spent on climate change is a fraction of what’s actually needed. A report \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/02/1210065704/climate-change-finance-adaptation-gap-developing-countries\">published recently by the U.N.\u003c/a> said developing countries need at least 10 times more money to adapt to the effects of human-driven climate change than what they’ve been getting. The OECD said developing countries will need around $2.4 trillion every year for climate investments between 2026 and 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of underinvestment is becoming clear. Severe flooding in Pakistan in the summer of 2022 that was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/19/1123798981/climate-change-likely-helped-cause-deadly-pakistan-floods-scientists-find\">likely fueled by climate change\u003c/a> killed at least 1,700 people and \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/28/pakistan-flood-damages-and-economic-losses-over-usd-30-billion-and-reconstruction-needs-over-usd-16-billion-new-assessme\">caused more than $30 billion in damage and economic losses\u003c/a>. That’s more than the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/02/1210065704/climate-change-finance-adaptation-gap-developing-countries\">$21.3 billion of public funding \u003c/a>that all developing countries combined received in 2021 to help them adapt to the impacts of global warming, according to the United Nations. Early this year, international donors \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/un-chief-calls-massive-investments-pakistan-recovery-2023-01-09/\">pledged more than $9 billion\u003c/a> to help Pakistan recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves developing nations in a bind. They need help, but whatever money is promised for the future is likely to fall short of what’s needed. And they’ll be relying on wealthier countries that failed to deliver in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That $100 billion is a very important symbol of trust” between wealthy countries and developing nations, “and so, of course, it’s important to keep that going” with a new goal that reflects the climate risks that poor countries face, said Rishikesh Ram Bhandary, assistant director of the Global Economic Governance Initiative at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Bhandary said efforts to boost climate finance have moved beyond national pledges from big historical polluters and are now focused instead on something even larger: overhauling the global financial system to better channel money to vulnerable nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11968528\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11968528 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A woman holding two water containers wades through flood waters. \" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1243768013_custom-adf00878f577cd08028a3981954430c858578770-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman wades through flood waters to get drinking water at Dera Allah Yar in Jaffarabad district of Balochistan province in Pakistan on Oct. 6, 2022. \u003ccite>(Fida Hussain/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Attention shifts to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A lot of attention is focused on development organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Those institutions take funding from member countries and use it to raise more money from private investors. The institutions then lend those funds to developing countries at lower interest rates than they could typically get on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past year, calls have grown to make those organizations bigger — and better at getting more cheap money to countries that need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finance experts said there are signs that those institutions are starting to respond to the pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is a threat to global peace, security, economic stability, and development,” the heads of the World Bank and IMF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2023/09/07/enhancing-imf-world-bank-collaboration\">joint statement in September\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Officials from the World Bank and IMF said \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2023/09/07/enhancing-imf-world-bank-collaboration\">they are meeting regularly\u003c/a> to coordinate their climate programs. The World Bank has also \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/10/ceos-and-chairs-to-join-private-sector-investment-lab\">started working with corporate leaders\u003c/a> to figure out ways to increase private investment in emerging markets. And it is \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2023/10/13/statement-of-the-heads-of-multilateral-development-banks-group-strengthening-our-collaboration-for-greater-impact\">collaborating with multilateral development banks\u003c/a>, like the African Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank, to try to lend more money to developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it announced the bank collaboration in October, the World Bank said measures that had already been implemented or were under consideration could boost the banks’ lending ability by up to $400 billion over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is still just a portion of what is needed. A report commissioned recently by the Group of 20 nations said multilateral development banks \u003ca href=\"https://www.g20.org/content/dam/gtwenty/gtwenty_new/document/Strengthening-MDBs-The-Triple-Agenda_G20-IEG-Report-Volume.pdf\">need to help raise an additional $1.8 trillion per year\u003c/a> of climate investments in developing countries by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The finance needs are huge,” said Aki Kachi, a senior climate policy analyst at the NewClimate Institute, a German nonprofit that advocates for more aggressive action on climate change. “I mean, we’re talking about rebuilding, essentially, the whole global economic system, our energy systems, our transport systems, the way we heat our buildings, the way we cook, the way we farm, how we source our supplies — the natural resources — the transport logistics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about changing a lot,” Kachi adds, “and that takes a lot of money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cutting countries’ debt loads could help them boost their own climate investing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Easing countries’ foreign debt burdens is increasingly seen as a critical way to free up money that developing countries could use to prepare for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 50 countries are facing “severe debt problems,” said Lars Jensen, a senior economist with the U.N. Development Programme. That means those nations often forgo investments in areas like education, health care and climate action in order to continue repaying their overseas lenders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11968530\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11968530\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A Black man speaks into a bullhorn, with demonstrators behind him holding flags and a banner that says 'World Bank.'\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/gettyimages-1722584497_custom-5db4939b55d2bebae9da986d0f89fea929eee1b5-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Activists hold placards during a demonstration against poverty and climate change during the annual meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Group (WBG), in Marrakesh on October 13, 2023. \u003ccite>(Fadel Senna/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nigeria is one of the countries under serious debt pressure. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/fiscal-policy-options-for-growing-out-of-debt-evidence-from-nigeria/\">estimated 96% of government revenue\u003c/a> went to paying the interest on its loans in 2022. And the country faces “\u003ca href=\"https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/nigeria\">major challenges\u003c/a>” in meeting most of its \u003ca href=\"https://sdgs.un.org/goals\">goals for sustainable development\u003c/a>. Those goals include making cities and communities more resilient to extreme weather and ensuring people have access to clean and affordable energy. Nigeria was hit by intense rain and deadly flooding in 2022, which was \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-exacerbated-heavy-rainfall-leading-to-large-scale-flooding-in-highly-vulnerable-communities-in-west-africa/\">made worse by climate change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[These] debt troubles are really contributing to a severe development crisis — a systemic development crisis, if you want to call it that — in the Global South,” Jensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some countries simply borrowed too much money and spent it on things that didn’t help their economies, Jensen said many others are victims of factors outside their control such as swings in commodity prices, soaring interest rates and “natural disaster shocks” related to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often, they are hit by a disaster, they do still have to pay their old debt, and then a lot of the disaster help that comes to them is actually in the form of more loans,” which puts them deeper in debt, said Lara Merling, a senior research fellow at the Center for Economic and Policy Research. “That’s kind of the vicious cycle.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘[These] debt troubles are really contributing to a severe development crisis — a systemic development crisis, if you want to call it that — in the Global South.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Soon after floods swamped Pakistan last year, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.undp.org/publications/dfs-avoiding-too-little-too-late-international-debt-relief\">report in October 2022 from the U.N. Development Programme\u003c/a> listed the country as one of 54 developing economies that face serious debt problems. Later that month, Pakistan was approved for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.adb.org/news/1-5-billion-adb-financing-promote-social-protection-food-security-pakistan\">$1.5 billion loan\u003c/a> from the Asian Development Bank to improve food security and support employment in response to the floods and disruptions in global supply chains. That was quickly followed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.adb.org/news/adb-approves-flood-assistance-package-pakistan\">another loan from the bank for $475 million\u003c/a> to help Pakistan pay for flood recovery and reconstruction. Less than a year after those loans were approved, Pakistan had to \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-imf-reach-staff-level-pact-release-stalled-funds-2023-06-30/\">get a bailout this summer from the IMF\u003c/a> to keep from defaulting on its debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vulnerable nations have been pushing for years to get debt relief when disaster hits. Grenada was able to secure a “\u003ca href=\"https://production-new-commonwealth-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/migrated/inline/Introducing%20Hurricance%20Clauses.PDF\">hurricane clause\u003c/a>” in its bonds as part of a debt restructuring in 2015. The provision \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/4917e73a-8305-11e9-b592-5fe435b57a3b\">allows the Caribbean country to temporarily stop paying lenders\u003c/a> if it is struck by a natural disaster. The idea has been catching on. The World Bank \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2023/06/22/comprehensive-toolkit-to-support-countries-after-natural-disasters\">announced a policy in June\u003c/a> to allow certain countries to pause debt repayments in the event of “crisis or catastrophe.” Countries should be able to “focus on meeting the urgent needs of their people instead of on loan repayments,” the World Bank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merling called it the “bare minimum” that lenders can do. She said countries still don’t have good options to restructure their debts. So rather than default, Merling said many countries go for years spending much of their budget paying down debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kenya \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/05/23/1177579336/a-dilemma-for-dozens-of-countries-fund-your-schools-and-hospitals-or-pay-your-de\">suspended salary payments to thousands of government workers\u003c/a> earlier in 2023 to keep from defaulting on its loans. An adviser to Kenyan President William Ruto said \u003ca href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/11/kenya-presidency-rules-out-default-as-cash-crunch-delays-salaries\">defaulting would force the country into dragged-out restructuring\u003c/a> negotiations with lenders. In October, Ruto \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/kenya-china-loans-economy-belt-road-debt-97e352532bf5db3bc40a7370116f4410\">sought $1 billion in loans from China\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[We’ve] seen for those handful of countries that have defaulted and are negotiating, it’s taking years and years” to restructure their debts, Merling said. “And they’re still coming out on the other side with a huge percentage of their revenue dedicated to debt service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It “becomes sort of like a Ponzi scheme,” Merling adds. “Because you’re just borrowing more and more to just keep making interest payments on your previous debt and only really default when things are just impossible and you actually cannot pay anything anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruto and other African leaders recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/opinion/climate-change-africa-debt.html\">called for a global deal for debt relief\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11968532\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A line of people walking on a thin walkway through floodwaters. \" width=\"2560\" height=\"1705\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-2048x1364.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/11/ap23187339215473_custom-fa40eefc3fa6a8d8792c0c0ca9d9e556a9d511d6-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>The UAE says climate finance for poor countries is a priority at this year’s U.N. talks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The challenge is trying to adjust how global financial systems and organizations operate when countries are already suffering the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s very clear that it’s not changing fast enough,” said Kachi of the NewClimate Institute. “And we really need to accelerate that pace of change drastically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/06/29/pr23246-statement-imf-md-cop28-pres-designate-wb-pres-un-special-envoy-climate-action-finance\">statement issued in June\u003c/a> with the heads of the World Bank and the IMF, Sultan Al Jaber, president of this year’s U.N. climate summit in Dubai, expressed similar frustration. Climate finance “is nowhere near available enough, accessible enough and affordable enough — especially for countries in the Global South,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+funding+is+in+short+supply.+So+some+want+to+rework+the+financial+system&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "How OpenAI's Origins Explain the Sam Altman Drama",
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"content": "\u003cp>OpenAI’s board of directors’ abruptly firing CEO Sam Altman then bringing him back days later did not come out of nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/17/1213892587/chatgpt-open-ai-ceo-sam-altman-ousted\">boardroom drama\u003c/a> represented the boiling over of tensions that have long simmered under the surface of the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following days of upheaval, Altman is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/22/1214621010/openai-reinstates-sam-altman-as-its-chief-executive\">again leading the company\u003c/a> and a newly-formed board of directors is charting the path ahead, but the chaos at OpenAI can be traced back to the unusual way the company was structured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OpenAI was founded in 2015 by Altman, Elon Musk and others as a nonprofit research lab. It was almost like an anti-Big Tech company; it would prioritize principles over profit. It wanted to, as OpenAI \u003ca href=\"https://openai.com/blog/introducing-openai\">put it\u003c/a> back then, develop AI tools that would “benefit humanity as a whole, unconstrained by a need to generate financial return.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2018, two things happened: First, Musk quit the board of OpenAI after he said he invested $50 million, cutting the then-unknown company off from more of the entrepreneur’s crucial financial backing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And secondly, OpenAI’s leaders grew increasingly aware that developing and maintaining advanced artificial intelligence models required an immense amount of computing power, which was incredibly expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Balancing ideals with the need for funding\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A year after Musk left, OpenAI created a for-profit arm. Technically, it is what’s known as a “capped profit” entity, which means investors’ possible profits are capped at a certain amount. Any remaining money is re-invested in the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the nonprofit’s board and mission still governed the company, creating two competing tribes within OpenAI: adherents to the serve-humanity-and-not-shareholders credo and those who subscribed to the more traditional Silicon Valley modus operandi of using investor money to release consumer products into the world as rapidly as possible in hopes of cornering a market and becoming an industry pacesetter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altman, a 38-year-old techno-optimist who previously led the prestigious startup accelerator Y Combinator, tried to thread the needle between the two approaches. He struck something of a middle ground by unveiling new OpenAI tools gradually, first to smaller groups, then larger ones, to fine-tune and refine the tools before making them public.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>ChatGPT’s success attracts Big Tech money\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When OpenAI kicked off a seismic shift in the tech industry with its\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/19/1143912956/chatgpt-ai-chatbot-homework-academia\"> launch of ChatGPT\u003c/a> last year, the company’s most prominent investor, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/02/1159895892/ai-microsoft-bing-chatbot\">Microsoft\u003c/a>, greatly increased its financial stake. It upped its commitment to OpenAI to the tune of $13 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microsoft became the financial engine that powered OpenAI, but the nonprofit’s board of directors still called all the shots. Despite Microsoft’s sizable investment, it did not have a seat on OpenAI’s board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this set the stage for Altman’s sudden ouster from the company earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board itself has still not explained why it fired Altman — beyond saying, in vague terms, that it believed Altman had not been “consistently candid in his communications with the board.” And the company’s structure gives the board that right: it has complete, unchecked power to remove the CEO whenever it sees fit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=forum_2010101891581,mindshift_62317 label='Chat GPT']Sources close to the discussions say before Altman’s termination, he had been at odds with members of the board over the hasty commercialization of OpenAI products. Board members worried whether Altman was considering the risks of AI products seriously enough, or just trying to maintain the company’s dominant position in the crowded and competitive world of generative AI development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers of powerful AI range from supercharging the spread of disinformation, massive job loss and human impersonation exploited by bad actors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question was: Did Altman abandon OpenAI’s founding principles to try to scale up the company and sign up customers as fast as possible? And, if so, did that make him unsuited to helm a nonprofit created to develop AI products “free from financial obligations”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever its reasoning, there was nothing Microsoft, or any company executive, could do when the board moved to jettison Altman. The dramatic gesture, and then reversal, illustrated the tension at the heart of OpenAI’s structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://gist.github.com/matthewlilley/96ad6208d39b14c7e133ac456680fd2d\">anonymous letter \u003c/a>written by former OpenAI employees during the Altman drama called on the board to examine whether Altman was putting commercial products and fundraising goals before the nonprofit’s founding mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We implore you, the Board of Directors, to remain steadfast in your commitment to OpenAI’s original mission and not succumb to the pressures of profit-driven interests,” the letter states. “The future of artificial intelligence and the well-being of humanity depend on your unwavering commitment to ethical leadership and transparency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>An uneasy resolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>OpenAI’s board at first refused to entertain the possibility of Altman returning, but then something happened they could not ignore: 702 out of OpenAI’s 770 employees \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/11/20/technology/letter-to-the-open-ai-board.html\">committed to leaving\u003c/a> the company unless Altman was restored. The employees also asked that a new board be assembled. It was, and Altman was restored as CEO not long after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one former board member sits on the new, temporary board: Adam D’Angelo, the CEO of the question-and-answer site Quora. He had voted for Altman’s ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others, who are familiar to Silicon Valley boards, have taken seats alongside him. They include Bret Taylor, a longtime Silicon Valley executive and former chairman of the board of Twitter, and former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11966824,news_11904502,news_11747046,news_11738391]As it stands, OpenAI’s \u003ca href=\"https://openai.com/charter\">charter\u003c/a> says it is committed to the development of artificial general intelligence, also known as AGI, or a type of AI superintelligence that can outperform humans, that will not “harm humanity or unduly concentrate power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But success in Silicon Valley almost always requires massive scale and the concentration of power — something that allowed OpenAI’s biggest funder, Microsoft, to become one of the most valuable companies in the world. It is hard to imagine Microsoft would invest $13 billion into a company believing it would not one day have an unmovable foothold in the sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the board’s current mission, developing AI systems should be undertaken with the main goal of benefiting all of humanity, with no regard to ever turning a profit for outside investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the for-profit entity of OpenAI will continue to recruit moneyed enthusiasts who want in on the AI goldrush. The two sides are at cross purposes, with no clear way to co-exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new board is expected to grow and include a representative from Microsoft. Among the board’s tasks: taking a hard look at OpenAI’s structure. Does the hybrid model create too much friction? Or is there a way to forge ahead with a middle-of-the-road approach?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>OpenAI’s board of directors’ abruptly firing CEO Sam Altman then bringing him back days later did not come out of nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/17/1213892587/chatgpt-open-ai-ceo-sam-altman-ousted\">boardroom drama\u003c/a> represented the boiling over of tensions that have long simmered under the surface of the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following days of upheaval, Altman is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/11/22/1214621010/openai-reinstates-sam-altman-as-its-chief-executive\">again leading the company\u003c/a> and a newly-formed board of directors is charting the path ahead, but the chaos at OpenAI can be traced back to the unusual way the company was structured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OpenAI was founded in 2015 by Altman, Elon Musk and others as a nonprofit research lab. It was almost like an anti-Big Tech company; it would prioritize principles over profit. It wanted to, as OpenAI \u003ca href=\"https://openai.com/blog/introducing-openai\">put it\u003c/a> back then, develop AI tools that would “benefit humanity as a whole, unconstrained by a need to generate financial return.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2018, two things happened: First, Musk quit the board of OpenAI after he said he invested $50 million, cutting the then-unknown company off from more of the entrepreneur’s crucial financial backing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And secondly, OpenAI’s leaders grew increasingly aware that developing and maintaining advanced artificial intelligence models required an immense amount of computing power, which was incredibly expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Balancing ideals with the need for funding\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A year after Musk left, OpenAI created a for-profit arm. Technically, it is what’s known as a “capped profit” entity, which means investors’ possible profits are capped at a certain amount. Any remaining money is re-invested in the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the nonprofit’s board and mission still governed the company, creating two competing tribes within OpenAI: adherents to the serve-humanity-and-not-shareholders credo and those who subscribed to the more traditional Silicon Valley modus operandi of using investor money to release consumer products into the world as rapidly as possible in hopes of cornering a market and becoming an industry pacesetter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altman, a 38-year-old techno-optimist who previously led the prestigious startup accelerator Y Combinator, tried to thread the needle between the two approaches. He struck something of a middle ground by unveiling new OpenAI tools gradually, first to smaller groups, then larger ones, to fine-tune and refine the tools before making them public.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>ChatGPT’s success attracts Big Tech money\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When OpenAI kicked off a seismic shift in the tech industry with its\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/19/1143912956/chatgpt-ai-chatbot-homework-academia\"> launch of ChatGPT\u003c/a> last year, the company’s most prominent investor, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/02/1159895892/ai-microsoft-bing-chatbot\">Microsoft\u003c/a>, greatly increased its financial stake. It upped its commitment to OpenAI to the tune of $13 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microsoft became the financial engine that powered OpenAI, but the nonprofit’s board of directors still called all the shots. Despite Microsoft’s sizable investment, it did not have a seat on OpenAI’s board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this set the stage for Altman’s sudden ouster from the company earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board itself has still not explained why it fired Altman — beyond saying, in vague terms, that it believed Altman had not been “consistently candid in his communications with the board.” And the company’s structure gives the board that right: it has complete, unchecked power to remove the CEO whenever it sees fit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Sources close to the discussions say before Altman’s termination, he had been at odds with members of the board over the hasty commercialization of OpenAI products. Board members worried whether Altman was considering the risks of AI products seriously enough, or just trying to maintain the company’s dominant position in the crowded and competitive world of generative AI development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers of powerful AI range from supercharging the spread of disinformation, massive job loss and human impersonation exploited by bad actors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question was: Did Altman abandon OpenAI’s founding principles to try to scale up the company and sign up customers as fast as possible? And, if so, did that make him unsuited to helm a nonprofit created to develop AI products “free from financial obligations”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever its reasoning, there was nothing Microsoft, or any company executive, could do when the board moved to jettison Altman. The dramatic gesture, and then reversal, illustrated the tension at the heart of OpenAI’s structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://gist.github.com/matthewlilley/96ad6208d39b14c7e133ac456680fd2d\">anonymous letter \u003c/a>written by former OpenAI employees during the Altman drama called on the board to examine whether Altman was putting commercial products and fundraising goals before the nonprofit’s founding mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We implore you, the Board of Directors, to remain steadfast in your commitment to OpenAI’s original mission and not succumb to the pressures of profit-driven interests,” the letter states. “The future of artificial intelligence and the well-being of humanity depend on your unwavering commitment to ethical leadership and transparency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>An uneasy resolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>OpenAI’s board at first refused to entertain the possibility of Altman returning, but then something happened they could not ignore: 702 out of OpenAI’s 770 employees \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/11/20/technology/letter-to-the-open-ai-board.html\">committed to leaving\u003c/a> the company unless Altman was restored. The employees also asked that a new board be assembled. It was, and Altman was restored as CEO not long after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one former board member sits on the new, temporary board: Adam D’Angelo, the CEO of the question-and-answer site Quora. He had voted for Altman’s ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others, who are familiar to Silicon Valley boards, have taken seats alongside him. They include Bret Taylor, a longtime Silicon Valley executive and former chairman of the board of Twitter, and former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As it stands, OpenAI’s \u003ca href=\"https://openai.com/charter\">charter\u003c/a> says it is committed to the development of artificial general intelligence, also known as AGI, or a type of AI superintelligence that can outperform humans, that will not “harm humanity or unduly concentrate power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But success in Silicon Valley almost always requires massive scale and the concentration of power — something that allowed OpenAI’s biggest funder, Microsoft, to become one of the most valuable companies in the world. It is hard to imagine Microsoft would invest $13 billion into a company believing it would not one day have an unmovable foothold in the sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the board’s current mission, developing AI systems should be undertaken with the main goal of benefiting all of humanity, with no regard to ever turning a profit for outside investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the for-profit entity of OpenAI will continue to recruit moneyed enthusiasts who want in on the AI goldrush. The two sides are at cross purposes, with no clear way to co-exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new board is expected to grow and include a representative from Microsoft. Among the board’s tasks: taking a hard look at OpenAI’s structure. Does the hybrid model create too much friction? Or is there a way to forge ahead with a middle-of-the-road approach?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"soldout": {
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