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"content": "\u003cp>When patients come to Dr. Molly Quinn for infertility treatments, they usually aren't too interested in hearing about the possible downsides, she says. They just want to get pregnant.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ey0hWotixUsdyo0wQnYUMCoyOptxLTRK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she always discusses the risks. For example, there's an increased likelihood of twins or triplets — which increases the chances of \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medical complications\u003c/a> for both moms and babies. And stimulating the ovaries to ripen extra eggs can, in a small number of cases, cause the ovaries to rupture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/molly-quinn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quinn\u003c/a>, an infertility specialist and assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, Los Angeles, now has a new hazard to consider. According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718354809?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> published this month in the \u003cem>Journal of the American College of Cardiology\u003c/em>, children conceived through certain infertility treatments may be at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents shouldn't panic, the study's authors say: The findings are preliminary, and the study cohort was fairly small. Still, they say, it means that families who used infertility treatments should be particularly vigilant about screening for high blood pressure in their children and help them avoid other cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fertility clinics should really ... counsel about potential risks for their kids,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.dbmr.unibe.ch/research/research_groups/personenpool/cardiology/prof_dr_med_scherrer_urs/index_eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Urs Scherrer\u003c/a>, a visiting professor at the University of Bern in Switzerland and a senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scherrer and his colleagues followed the health of children conceived through assisted reproductive technology for more than a decade. \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/assistedreproductivetechnology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ART\u003c/a> is an umbrella term that covers a number of different types of procedures, including in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and eggs are mixed in a lab dish, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in which sperm are inserted directly into eggs. Today, roughly 2 percent of all births in the U.S are conceived via ART.[contextly_sidebar id=\"QmmfxSiEfwbF2B1GB9guL21XilL52eqX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the same team of scientists published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major paper\u003c/a> showing that 65 healthy kids born with the help of ART were more likely than their peers to have early signs of problematic blood vessels. The current study, comparing 54 of those original children with 43 age- and sex-matched peers, shows those early irregularities — signs of \"premature vascular aging\", the scientists say — persist into adolescence and young adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids in the study who were conceived via ART are now 16 years old, on average, but have blood vessels resembling those of middle-aged adults, the scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those differences seemed to be enough to boost the teens' blood pressure. Everyone in the study underwent round-the-clock blood pressure monitoring for 24 hours, and the differences between a group conceived by ART and teens in the control group were significant. The ART group had markedly higher blood pressure; about 15 percent met the criteria for hypertension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a small but \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24270419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">growing\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27420642\">body\u003c/a> of research suggesting that children conceived this way may have an elevated risk of hypertension and its health complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say they don't yet know why that would be true, but they hypothesize that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392256/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">epigenetics\u003c/a> — the interplay of environment and genes — plays a role. Something about the manipulation of the eggs and sperm in the lab might affect which genes are turned on or off as embryos develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical specialists who study high blood pressure in kids called the research striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these kids already have abnormal vasculature is quite concerning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-staff/joseph-t-flynn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Joseph Flynn\u003c/a>, a pediatrician who helped write the American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines about blood pressure management. \"I think the fact that they saw these changes at an early age and that they're still persisting into adolescence is worrisome for these kids.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"85O7WjzrUHwoOFYBW2OgPx9FMGcZx2CI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, it's unclear what the long-term effects on their cardiovascular health will be. Conception through ART, Flynn says, may confer the same amount of risk as, say, teenage smoking or alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinn says she would like to see more longitudinal research that tracks long-term consequences of infertility treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to connect these kinds of studies,\" she says. Such research can be more difficult to do in the United States, she notes, because there is no unified medical record, so it's hard to track the babies who are conceived through ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she says, it's important for all doctors working in the infertility field to acknowledge that the techniques they use are still evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We appreciate that there is quite a bit unknown about we do on a day-to-day basis,\" says Quinn. \"We have to be humble.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/08/21/peds.2017-1904\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends\u003c/a> that every child over the age of 3 get a yearly blood pressure test at the doctor's office — whether or not their parents underwent infertility treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mara Gordon is a family physician in Washington, D.C., and a health and media fellow at NPR and Georgetown University School of Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+IVF+And+Other+Infertility+Tech+Lead+To+Health+Risks+For+The+Baby%3F+Maybe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When patients come to Dr. Molly Quinn for infertility treatments, they usually aren't too interested in hearing about the possible downsides, she says. They just want to get pregnant.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she always discusses the risks. For example, there's an increased likelihood of twins or triplets — which increases the chances of \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medical complications\u003c/a> for both moms and babies. And stimulating the ovaries to ripen extra eggs can, in a small number of cases, cause the ovaries to rupture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/molly-quinn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quinn\u003c/a>, an infertility specialist and assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, Los Angeles, now has a new hazard to consider. According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718354809?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> published this month in the \u003cem>Journal of the American College of Cardiology\u003c/em>, children conceived through certain infertility treatments may be at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents shouldn't panic, the study's authors say: The findings are preliminary, and the study cohort was fairly small. Still, they say, it means that families who used infertility treatments should be particularly vigilant about screening for high blood pressure in their children and help them avoid other cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fertility clinics should really ... counsel about potential risks for their kids,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.dbmr.unibe.ch/research/research_groups/personenpool/cardiology/prof_dr_med_scherrer_urs/index_eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Urs Scherrer\u003c/a>, a visiting professor at the University of Bern in Switzerland and a senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scherrer and his colleagues followed the health of children conceived through assisted reproductive technology for more than a decade. \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/assistedreproductivetechnology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ART\u003c/a> is an umbrella term that covers a number of different types of procedures, including in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and eggs are mixed in a lab dish, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in which sperm are inserted directly into eggs. Today, roughly 2 percent of all births in the U.S are conceived via ART.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the same team of scientists published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major paper\u003c/a> showing that 65 healthy kids born with the help of ART were more likely than their peers to have early signs of problematic blood vessels. The current study, comparing 54 of those original children with 43 age- and sex-matched peers, shows those early irregularities — signs of \"premature vascular aging\", the scientists say — persist into adolescence and young adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids in the study who were conceived via ART are now 16 years old, on average, but have blood vessels resembling those of middle-aged adults, the scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those differences seemed to be enough to boost the teens' blood pressure. Everyone in the study underwent round-the-clock blood pressure monitoring for 24 hours, and the differences between a group conceived by ART and teens in the control group were significant. The ART group had markedly higher blood pressure; about 15 percent met the criteria for hypertension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a small but \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24270419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">growing\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27420642\">body\u003c/a> of research suggesting that children conceived this way may have an elevated risk of hypertension and its health complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say they don't yet know why that would be true, but they hypothesize that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392256/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">epigenetics\u003c/a> — the interplay of environment and genes — plays a role. Something about the manipulation of the eggs and sperm in the lab might affect which genes are turned on or off as embryos develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical specialists who study high blood pressure in kids called the research striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these kids already have abnormal vasculature is quite concerning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-staff/joseph-t-flynn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Joseph Flynn\u003c/a>, a pediatrician who helped write the American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines about blood pressure management. \"I think the fact that they saw these changes at an early age and that they're still persisting into adolescence is worrisome for these kids.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, it's unclear what the long-term effects on their cardiovascular health will be. Conception through ART, Flynn says, may confer the same amount of risk as, say, teenage smoking or alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinn says she would like to see more longitudinal research that tracks long-term consequences of infertility treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to connect these kinds of studies,\" she says. Such research can be more difficult to do in the United States, she notes, because there is no unified medical record, so it's hard to track the babies who are conceived through ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she says, it's important for all doctors working in the infertility field to acknowledge that the techniques they use are still evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We appreciate that there is quite a bit unknown about we do on a day-to-day basis,\" says Quinn. \"We have to be humble.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/08/21/peds.2017-1904\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends\u003c/a> that every child over the age of 3 get a yearly blood pressure test at the doctor's office — whether or not their parents underwent infertility treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mara Gordon is a family physician in Washington, D.C., and a health and media fellow at NPR and Georgetown University School of Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+IVF+And+Other+Infertility+Tech+Lead+To+Health+Risks+For+The+Baby%3F+Maybe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Day-Tripping to the Dispensary: Seniors Hop Aboard the Canna-Bus",
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"content": "\u003cp>Shirley Avedon, 90, had never been a cannabis user. But carpal tunnel syndrome that sends shooting pains into both of her hands and an aversion to conventional steroid and surgical treatments is prompting her to consider some new options.[contextly_sidebar id=\"5ee5PAwSPV305kcHFGTk8K3BJPlD6Byj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very painful, sometimes I can’t even open my hand,” Avedon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the second time in two months, she’s climbed on board a bus that provides seniors at the Laguna Woods Village retirement community in Orange County, with a free shuttle to a nearby marijuana dispensary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The retired manager of an oncology office says she’s seeking the same relief she saw cancer patients get from smoking marijuana 25 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At that time [marijuana] wasn’t legal, so they used to get it off their children,” she said with a laugh. “It was fantastic what it did for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avedon, who doesn’t want to get high from anything she uses, picked up a topical cream on her first trip that was sold as a pain reliever. It contained cannabidiol, or CBD, but was formulated without THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, marijuana’s psychoactive ingredient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helped a little,” she said. “Now I’m going back for the second time hoping they have something better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more states legalize marijuana for medical or recreational use — 30 states plus the District of Columbia to date — the cannabis industry is booming. Among the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300687/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fastest growing group\u003c/a> of users: people over 50, with especially steep increases among those 65 and older. And some dispensaries are tailoring their pitches to seniors like Avedon who are seeking alternative treatments for their aches, pains and other medical conditions.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yVY8GMNy1scMP5h4RfGXepXWi4YTpexN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this particular morning, about 35 seniors climb on board the free shuttle — paid for by Bud and Bloom, a licensed cannabis dispensary in Santa Ana. After about a half-hour drive, the large white bus pulls up to the parking lot of the dispensary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the seniors on board today are repeat customers; the other half are cannabis newbies who’ve never tried it before, said Kandice Hawes, director of community outreach for Bud and Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-444512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Residents of Laguna Woods Village, a retirement community in Orange County, Calif., ride a free shuttle to a marijuana dispensary in August.(STEPHANIE O’NEILL FOR KHN)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Not everybody is coming to be a customer,” Hawes said. “A lot are just coming to be educated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them, Layla Sabet, 72, a first-timer seeking relief from back pain that keeps her awake at night, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m taking so much medication to sleep and still I can’t sleep,” she said. “So I’m trying it for the back pain and the sleep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawes invited the seniors into a large room with chairs and a table set up with free sandwiches and drinks. As they ate, she gave a presentation focused on the potential benefits of cannabis as a reliever of anxiety, insomnia and chronic pain and the various ways people can consume it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several vendors on site took turns speaking to the group about the goods they sell. Then, the seniors entered the dispensary for the chance to buy everything from old-school rolled joints and high-tech vaporizer pens to liquid sublingual tinctures, topical creams and an assortment of sweet, cannabis-infused edibles.[contextly_sidebar id=\"GecDtFoNYBPsmX1oCAw267dH2NyqP03S\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Lebowitz, 75, is a return customer who suffers pain from back surgery two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He prefers to eat his cannabis, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got chocolate and I got gummies,” he told a visitor. “Never had the chocolate before, but I’ve had the gummies and they worked pretty good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gummies” are cannabis-infused chewy candies. His contain both the CBD and THC, two active ingredients in marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Derek Tauchman rings up sales at one of several Bud and Bloom registers in the dispensary. Fear of getting high is the biggest concern expressed by senior consumers, who make up the bulk of the dispensary’s new business, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they don’t realize is there’s so many different ways to medicate now that you don’t have to actually get high to relieve all your aches and pains,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite such enthusiasm, marijuana isn’t well researched, said Dr. David Reuben, the Archstone Foundation professor of medicine and geriatrics at UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While cannabis is legal both medically and recreationally in California, it remains a Schedule 1 substance — meaning it’s illegal under federal law. And that makes it harder to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limited research that exists suggests that marijuana may be helpful in treating pain and nausea, according to a research overview published last year by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Less conclusive research points to it helping with sleep problems and anxiety.[contextly_sidebar id=\"O0pnvY7nsyO04cAtYDrpqvAEjxhmliPb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reuben said he sees a growing number of patients interested in using it for things like anxiety, chronic pain and depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am, in general, fairly supportive of this because these are conditions [for which] there aren’t good alternatives,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reuben cautions his patients that products bought at marijuana dispensaries aren’t FDA-regulated, as are prescription drugs. That means dose and consistency can vary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still so much left to learn about how to package, how to ensure quality and standards,” he said. “So the question is how to make sure the people are getting high-quality product and then testing its effectiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are risks associated with cannabis use too, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/leadership/biographies/elinore-mccance-katz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Elinore McCance-Katz\u003c/a>, who directs the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have an industry that does nothing but blanket our society with messages about the medicinal value of marijuana, people get the idea this is a safe substance to use. And that’s not true,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Side effects can include increased heart rate, nausea and vomiting, and with long-term use, there’s a potential for addiction, some studies say. \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana#ref\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research suggests\u003c/a> that between 9 and 30 percent of those who use marijuana may develop some degree of marijuana use disorder.[contextly_sidebar id=\"6j0KZXlPn7yaSYGjVSehNhYUNN3fBDa4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Reuben said, if it gets patients off more addictive and potentially dangerous prescription drugs — like opioids — all the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Levy, 71, suffers a pinched nerve that shoots pain down both his legs. He uses a topical cream and ingests cannabis gelatin capsules and lozenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no way to measure, but I’d say it gets rid of 90 percent of the pain,” said Levy, who — like other seniors here — pays for these products out-of-pocket, as Medicare doesn’t cover cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got something they say is wonderful and I hope it works,” said Shirley Avedon. “It’s a cream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price tag: $90. Avedon said if it helps ease the carpal tunnel pain she suffers, it’ll be worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s better than having surgery,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precautions To Keep In Mind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though marijuana use remains illegal under federal law, it’s legal in some form in 30 states and the District of Columbia. And a growing number of Americans are considering trying it for health reasons. For people who are, doctors advise the following cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Talk to your doctor.\u003c/strong> Tell your doctor you’re thinking about trying medical marijuana. Although he or she may have some concerns, most doctors won’t judge you for seeking out alternative treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Make sure your prescriber is aware of all the medications you take. Marijuana might have dangerous interactions with prescription medications, particularly medicines that can be sedating, said Dr. Benjamin Han, a geriatrician at New York University School of Medicine who studies marijuana use in the elderly.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ALEswggsqFbUQfgVlASKJNkpkpppsnzm\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watch out for dosing.\u003c/strong> Older adults metabolize drugs differently than young people. If your doctor gives you the go-ahead, try the lowest possible dose first to avoid feeling intoxicated. And be especially careful with edibles. They can have very concentrated doses that don’t take effect right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elderly people are also more sensitive to side effects. If you start to feel unwell, talk to your doctor right away. “When you’re older, you’re more vulnerable to the side effects of everything,” Han said. “I’m cautious about everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Look for licensed providers.\u003c/strong> In some states like California, licensed dispensaries must test for contaminants. Be especially careful with marijuana bought illegally. “If you’re just buying marijuana down the street … you don’t really know what’s in that,” said Dr. Joshua Briscoe, a palliative care doctor at Duke University School of Medicine who has studied the use of marijuana for pain and nausea in older patients. “Buyer, beware.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bottom line:\u003c/strong> The research on medical marijuana is limited. There’s even less we know about marijuana use in older people. Proceed with caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jenny Gold and Mara Gordon contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a partnership that includes \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/news/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a> and Kaiser Health News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"credits\">\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of these topics is supported by \u003ca href=\"http://www.jhartfound.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John A. Hartford Foundation\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"http://www.thescanfoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The SCAN Foundation\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Shirley Avedon, 90, had never been a cannabis user. But carpal tunnel syndrome that sends shooting pains into both of her hands and an aversion to conventional steroid and surgical treatments is prompting her to consider some new options.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very painful, sometimes I can’t even open my hand,” Avedon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the second time in two months, she’s climbed on board a bus that provides seniors at the Laguna Woods Village retirement community in Orange County, with a free shuttle to a nearby marijuana dispensary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The retired manager of an oncology office says she’s seeking the same relief she saw cancer patients get from smoking marijuana 25 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At that time [marijuana] wasn’t legal, so they used to get it off their children,” she said with a laugh. “It was fantastic what it did for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avedon, who doesn’t want to get high from anything she uses, picked up a topical cream on her first trip that was sold as a pain reliever. It contained cannabidiol, or CBD, but was formulated without THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, marijuana’s psychoactive ingredient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helped a little,” she said. “Now I’m going back for the second time hoping they have something better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more states legalize marijuana for medical or recreational use — 30 states plus the District of Columbia to date — the cannabis industry is booming. Among the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300687/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fastest growing group\u003c/a> of users: people over 50, with especially steep increases among those 65 and older. And some dispensaries are tailoring their pitches to seniors like Avedon who are seeking alternative treatments for their aches, pains and other medical conditions.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this particular morning, about 35 seniors climb on board the free shuttle — paid for by Bud and Bloom, a licensed cannabis dispensary in Santa Ana. After about a half-hour drive, the large white bus pulls up to the parking lot of the dispensary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of the seniors on board today are repeat customers; the other half are cannabis newbies who’ve never tried it before, said Kandice Hawes, director of community outreach for Bud and Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-444512\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/canna-bus_01_1350.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Residents of Laguna Woods Village, a retirement community in Orange County, Calif., ride a free shuttle to a marijuana dispensary in August.(STEPHANIE O’NEILL FOR KHN)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Not everybody is coming to be a customer,” Hawes said. “A lot are just coming to be educated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them, Layla Sabet, 72, a first-timer seeking relief from back pain that keeps her awake at night, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m taking so much medication to sleep and still I can’t sleep,” she said. “So I’m trying it for the back pain and the sleep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawes invited the seniors into a large room with chairs and a table set up with free sandwiches and drinks. As they ate, she gave a presentation focused on the potential benefits of cannabis as a reliever of anxiety, insomnia and chronic pain and the various ways people can consume it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several vendors on site took turns speaking to the group about the goods they sell. Then, the seniors entered the dispensary for the chance to buy everything from old-school rolled joints and high-tech vaporizer pens to liquid sublingual tinctures, topical creams and an assortment of sweet, cannabis-infused edibles.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Lebowitz, 75, is a return customer who suffers pain from back surgery two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He prefers to eat his cannabis, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got chocolate and I got gummies,” he told a visitor. “Never had the chocolate before, but I’ve had the gummies and they worked pretty good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gummies” are cannabis-infused chewy candies. His contain both the CBD and THC, two active ingredients in marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Derek Tauchman rings up sales at one of several Bud and Bloom registers in the dispensary. Fear of getting high is the biggest concern expressed by senior consumers, who make up the bulk of the dispensary’s new business, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they don’t realize is there’s so many different ways to medicate now that you don’t have to actually get high to relieve all your aches and pains,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite such enthusiasm, marijuana isn’t well researched, said Dr. David Reuben, the Archstone Foundation professor of medicine and geriatrics at UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While cannabis is legal both medically and recreationally in California, it remains a Schedule 1 substance — meaning it’s illegal under federal law. And that makes it harder to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limited research that exists suggests that marijuana may be helpful in treating pain and nausea, according to a research overview published last year by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Less conclusive research points to it helping with sleep problems and anxiety.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reuben said he sees a growing number of patients interested in using it for things like anxiety, chronic pain and depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am, in general, fairly supportive of this because these are conditions [for which] there aren’t good alternatives,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reuben cautions his patients that products bought at marijuana dispensaries aren’t FDA-regulated, as are prescription drugs. That means dose and consistency can vary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still so much left to learn about how to package, how to ensure quality and standards,” he said. “So the question is how to make sure the people are getting high-quality product and then testing its effectiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are risks associated with cannabis use too, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/leadership/biographies/elinore-mccance-katz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Elinore McCance-Katz\u003c/a>, who directs the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have an industry that does nothing but blanket our society with messages about the medicinal value of marijuana, people get the idea this is a safe substance to use. And that’s not true,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Side effects can include increased heart rate, nausea and vomiting, and with long-term use, there’s a potential for addiction, some studies say. \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana#ref\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research suggests\u003c/a> that between 9 and 30 percent of those who use marijuana may develop some degree of marijuana use disorder.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Reuben said, if it gets patients off more addictive and potentially dangerous prescription drugs — like opioids — all the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Levy, 71, suffers a pinched nerve that shoots pain down both his legs. He uses a topical cream and ingests cannabis gelatin capsules and lozenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no way to measure, but I’d say it gets rid of 90 percent of the pain,” said Levy, who — like other seniors here — pays for these products out-of-pocket, as Medicare doesn’t cover cannabis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got something they say is wonderful and I hope it works,” said Shirley Avedon. “It’s a cream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price tag: $90. Avedon said if it helps ease the carpal tunnel pain she suffers, it’ll be worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s better than having surgery,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precautions To Keep In Mind\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though marijuana use remains illegal under federal law, it’s legal in some form in 30 states and the District of Columbia. And a growing number of Americans are considering trying it for health reasons. For people who are, doctors advise the following cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Talk to your doctor.\u003c/strong> Tell your doctor you’re thinking about trying medical marijuana. Although he or she may have some concerns, most doctors won’t judge you for seeking out alternative treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Make sure your prescriber is aware of all the medications you take. Marijuana might have dangerous interactions with prescription medications, particularly medicines that can be sedating, said Dr. Benjamin Han, a geriatrician at New York University School of Medicine who studies marijuana use in the elderly.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watch out for dosing.\u003c/strong> Older adults metabolize drugs differently than young people. If your doctor gives you the go-ahead, try the lowest possible dose first to avoid feeling intoxicated. And be especially careful with edibles. They can have very concentrated doses that don’t take effect right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elderly people are also more sensitive to side effects. If you start to feel unwell, talk to your doctor right away. “When you’re older, you’re more vulnerable to the side effects of everything,” Han said. “I’m cautious about everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Look for licensed providers.\u003c/strong> In some states like California, licensed dispensaries must test for contaminants. Be especially careful with marijuana bought illegally. “If you’re just buying marijuana down the street … you don’t really know what’s in that,” said Dr. Joshua Briscoe, a palliative care doctor at Duke University School of Medicine who has studied the use of marijuana for pain and nausea in older patients. “Buyer, beware.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bottom line:\u003c/strong> The research on medical marijuana is limited. There’s even less we know about marijuana use in older people. Proceed with caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jenny Gold and Mara Gordon contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a partnership that includes \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/news/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a> and Kaiser Health News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"credits\">\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of these topics is supported by \u003ca href=\"http://www.jhartfound.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John A. Hartford Foundation\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"http://www.thescanfoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The SCAN Foundation\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/_zptWlAxYk0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a relationship ends but love remains, it can be both frustrating and embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dessa, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doomtree.net/dessa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a well-known rapper, singer and writer from Minneapolis,\u003c/a> knows the feeling well. She'd spent years trying to get over an ex-boyfriend, but she was still stuck on him.[contextly_sidebar id=\"mlbMdLIlSsXEMYXBPWlqFIXoZNq8obvy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're not only suffering,\" she says, \"you're just sort of ridiculous. Discipline and dedication are my strong suits — it really bothered me that, no matter how much effort I tried to expend in trying to solve this problem, I was stuck.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things changed when Dessa turned to the frontiers of neuroscience for help. She came across a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_studies_the_brain_in_love\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk by Helen Fisher\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist and visiting research associate at Rutgers University. Using a type of brain scan called functional MRI, or fMRI, Fisher had looked into the brains of love-struck people and noticed that certain parts of their brains were unusually active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you could objectively measure and observe 'love' — that had never occurred to me before,\" Dessa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered: If science could map the sources of love in her brain, could it somehow make that love go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question led her to a controversial therapy technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892319/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurofeedback\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is simple: If you want to learn to lower your heart rate, it helps to be able to hear your pulse. And if you want to change patterns of brain activity, it might be helpful to be able to see what your brain is up to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One flavor of neurofeedback therapy uses a technology called electroencephalography (EEG). A cap full of electrical leads picks up brain waves and translates them into visual or audio cues — like shifting colors on a screen or a series of dings.[contextly_sidebar id=\"1fHutBtcW68QYfMP3EG9cUp4qyVAiRXb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that people can use this feedback to retrain those brain waves, changing underlying patterns in the process — turning down unwanted brain activity or turning up regions that are too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinicians have used neurofeedback to try and treat all kinds of mental health issues: anxiety, depression, autism, and ADHD. And they say they've \u003ca href=\"https://www.isnr.org/in-defense-of-neurofeedback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seen some positive results\u003c/a>. Patients say they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of EEG-neurofeedback has been met with skepticism. Some scientists say the power of this therapy \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_AMP_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may stem from the placebo effect\u003c/a>. (They also point out that a lot of neurofeedback research is done by \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_Brain_Climate_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">people who have a financial stake in the industry\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more rigorous research from the past couple of years supports the idea that, at least in some cases, neurofeedback can be used to train the brain. Most of this research uses fMRI brain scans — not EEG — to peek inside the skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)00095-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one study\u003c/a>, participants learned to turn up a brain region linked to motivation and focus. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28407727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>, patients with depression were able to alleviate some of their symptoms. But scientists doing this research say there's a lot of work to be done before it can be applied clinically.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZTOJcPBkTbqiXR1MSox5O57wZuSuzU4T\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could neurofeedback provide a balm for broken hearts? No research has been done in this area. But that didn't stop Dessa from trying a sort of experiment on herself: nine EEG-neurofeedback sessions aimed at helping her brain escape the rut of romantic obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she felt different when she was done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before, I felt that I was really under the thumb of a fixation and a compulsion,\" she says. \"And now it feels like those feelings have been scaled down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, maybe the neurofeedback had worked as practitioners suggest it does. Or maybe, alternatively, Dessa got the therapy she wanted in other ways — by talking through her experiment, by writing about it, by composing songs for her new album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe, her neurofeedback sessions helped her via the placebo effect. They suggested that her emotions are grounded in a physical organ \u003cem> — \u003c/em>one that she might be able to influence. Maybe simply believing that she wasn't helpless helped her change her mind and heal her heartbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, Dessa is happy to begin to move on and to start a new chapter with her music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've written a bunch of sad rap bangers — I'd like to write other kinds of songs,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Rapper+Tried+To+Use+Neuroscience+To+Get+Over+Her+Ex&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_zptWlAxYk0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_zptWlAxYk0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When a relationship ends but love remains, it can be both frustrating and embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dessa, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doomtree.net/dessa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a well-known rapper, singer and writer from Minneapolis,\u003c/a> knows the feeling well. She'd spent years trying to get over an ex-boyfriend, but she was still stuck on him.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're not only suffering,\" she says, \"you're just sort of ridiculous. Discipline and dedication are my strong suits — it really bothered me that, no matter how much effort I tried to expend in trying to solve this problem, I was stuck.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things changed when Dessa turned to the frontiers of neuroscience for help. She came across a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_studies_the_brain_in_love\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk by Helen Fisher\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist and visiting research associate at Rutgers University. Using a type of brain scan called functional MRI, or fMRI, Fisher had looked into the brains of love-struck people and noticed that certain parts of their brains were unusually active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you could objectively measure and observe 'love' — that had never occurred to me before,\" Dessa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered: If science could map the sources of love in her brain, could it somehow make that love go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question led her to a controversial therapy technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892319/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurofeedback\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is simple: If you want to learn to lower your heart rate, it helps to be able to hear your pulse. And if you want to change patterns of brain activity, it might be helpful to be able to see what your brain is up to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One flavor of neurofeedback therapy uses a technology called electroencephalography (EEG). A cap full of electrical leads picks up brain waves and translates them into visual or audio cues — like shifting colors on a screen or a series of dings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that people can use this feedback to retrain those brain waves, changing underlying patterns in the process — turning down unwanted brain activity or turning up regions that are too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinicians have used neurofeedback to try and treat all kinds of mental health issues: anxiety, depression, autism, and ADHD. And they say they've \u003ca href=\"https://www.isnr.org/in-defense-of-neurofeedback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seen some positive results\u003c/a>. Patients say they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of EEG-neurofeedback has been met with skepticism. Some scientists say the power of this therapy \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_AMP_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may stem from the placebo effect\u003c/a>. (They also point out that a lot of neurofeedback research is done by \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_Brain_Climate_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">people who have a financial stake in the industry\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more rigorous research from the past couple of years supports the idea that, at least in some cases, neurofeedback can be used to train the brain. Most of this research uses fMRI brain scans — not EEG — to peek inside the skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)00095-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one study\u003c/a>, participants learned to turn up a brain region linked to motivation and focus. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28407727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>, patients with depression were able to alleviate some of their symptoms. But scientists doing this research say there's a lot of work to be done before it can be applied clinically.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could neurofeedback provide a balm for broken hearts? No research has been done in this area. But that didn't stop Dessa from trying a sort of experiment on herself: nine EEG-neurofeedback sessions aimed at helping her brain escape the rut of romantic obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she felt different when she was done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before, I felt that I was really under the thumb of a fixation and a compulsion,\" she says. \"And now it feels like those feelings have been scaled down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, maybe the neurofeedback had worked as practitioners suggest it does. Or maybe, alternatively, Dessa got the therapy she wanted in other ways — by talking through her experiment, by writing about it, by composing songs for her new album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe, her neurofeedback sessions helped her via the placebo effect. They suggested that her emotions are grounded in a physical organ \u003cem> — \u003c/em>one that she might be able to influence. Maybe simply believing that she wasn't helpless helped her change her mind and heal her heartbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, Dessa is happy to begin to move on and to start a new chapter with her music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've written a bunch of sad rap bangers — I'd like to write other kinds of songs,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Rapper+Tried+To+Use+Neuroscience+To+Get+Over+Her+Ex&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "For Older, Healthy People, Taking a Daily Aspirin Has No Benefit",
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"content": "\u003cp>Many healthy Americans take a baby aspirin every day to reduce their risk of having a heart attack, getting cancer and even possibly dementia. But is it really a good idea?[contextly_sidebar id=\"TeVgffLo8LYnxiLIJLovHnm2siFYHMFR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results released Sunday from a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1800722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of low-dose aspirin contain a disappointing answer for older, otherwise healthy people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found there was no discernible benefit of aspirin on prolonging independent, healthy life for the elderly,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.hennepinhealthcare.org/provider/anne-m-murray-md/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anne Murray\u003c/a>, a geriatrician and epidemiologist at Hennepin Healthcare in Minneapolis, who helped lead the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study involved more than 19,000 people ages 65 and older in the United States and Australia. The results were published in three papers in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is still strong evidence that a daily baby aspirin can \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduce the risk\u003c/a> that many people who have already suffered a heart attack or stroke will suffer another attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there is some evidence that daily low-dose aspirin may help people younger than 70 who have at least a 10 percent risk of having a heart attack avoid a heart attack or stroke, according to the latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/15/440337151/panel-says-aspirin-lowers-heart-attack-risk-for-some-but-not-all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommendations\u003c/a> from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for older, healthy people, \"the risks outweigh the benefits for taking low-dose aspirin,\" Murray says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"06i7Zbzq5DlgqfooOTFa4lgjt6Ui9wr1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primary risk is bleeding. The study \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1805819\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed\u003c/a> that a daily baby aspirin increases the risk for serious, potentially life-threatening bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surprisingly, those who took daily aspirin also appeared to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1803955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more likely\u003c/a> to die overall, apparently from an increased risk of succumbing to cancer. That was especially unexpected given previous evidence that aspirin might reduce the risk for colorectal cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers stressed, however, that the cancer finding might have been a fluke. There's also a possibility that any colorectal cancer benefit wasn't seen because the subjects had only been followed for about five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the findings raise serious questions as to whether otherwise healthy older people should routinely take low-dose aspirin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of people read, 'Well, aspirin is good for people who have heart problems. Maybe I should take it, even if they haven't really had a heart attack,' \" Murray says. But \"for a long time there's been a need to establish appropriate criteria for when healthy people — elderly people — need aspirin.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why the researchers launched their study, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspree.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ASPREE\u003c/a>, in 2010. It involved 19,114 older people, with 16,703 in Australia and 2,411 in the United States. The U.S. portion included white volunteers ages 70 and older, and African-Americans and Hispanics subjects ages 65 and older.[contextly_sidebar id=\"lMIuMVSFXI9eLmCGzVINxi5SI7xGl6IV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants took either 100 milligrams of aspirin every day or a placebo. People in the study were followed for an average of 4.7 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were hoping that an inexpensive, very accessible medication might be something that we could recommend to elderly to maintain their independence but also decrease their risk of cardiovascular disease,\" Murray says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But based on the findings, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/about/staff/hadley-evan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Evan Hadley\u003c/a> of the National Institute on Aging, which helped fund the study, says any elderly people taking aspirin or thinking about it should think twice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This gives pause and a reason for older people and their physician to think carefully about the decision whether to take low-dose aspirin regularly or not,\" Hadley says. \"And in many cases the right answer may be: Not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Study%3A+A+Daily+Baby+Aspirin+Has+No+Benefit+For+Healthy+Older+People&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there is some evidence that daily low-dose aspirin may help people younger than 70 who have at least a 10 percent risk of having a heart attack avoid a heart attack or stroke, according to the latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/15/440337151/panel-says-aspirin-lowers-heart-attack-risk-for-some-but-not-all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommendations\u003c/a> from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for older, healthy people, \"the risks outweigh the benefits for taking low-dose aspirin,\" Murray says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primary risk is bleeding. The study \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1805819\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed\u003c/a> that a daily baby aspirin increases the risk for serious, potentially life-threatening bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surprisingly, those who took daily aspirin also appeared to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1803955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more likely\u003c/a> to die overall, apparently from an increased risk of succumbing to cancer. That was especially unexpected given previous evidence that aspirin might reduce the risk for colorectal cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers stressed, however, that the cancer finding might have been a fluke. There's also a possibility that any colorectal cancer benefit wasn't seen because the subjects had only been followed for about five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the findings raise serious questions as to whether otherwise healthy older people should routinely take low-dose aspirin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of people read, 'Well, aspirin is good for people who have heart problems. Maybe I should take it, even if they haven't really had a heart attack,' \" Murray says. But \"for a long time there's been a need to establish appropriate criteria for when healthy people — elderly people — need aspirin.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why the researchers launched their study, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspree.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ASPREE\u003c/a>, in 2010. It involved 19,114 older people, with 16,703 in Australia and 2,411 in the United States. The U.S. portion included white volunteers ages 70 and older, and African-Americans and Hispanics subjects ages 65 and older.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants took either 100 milligrams of aspirin every day or a placebo. People in the study were followed for an average of 4.7 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were hoping that an inexpensive, very accessible medication might be something that we could recommend to elderly to maintain their independence but also decrease their risk of cardiovascular disease,\" Murray says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But based on the findings, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/about/staff/hadley-evan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Evan Hadley\u003c/a> of the National Institute on Aging, which helped fund the study, says any elderly people taking aspirin or thinking about it should think twice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This gives pause and a reason for older people and their physician to think carefully about the decision whether to take low-dose aspirin regularly or not,\" Hadley says. \"And in many cases the right answer may be: Not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Study%3A+A+Daily+Baby+Aspirin+Has+No+Benefit+For+Healthy+Older+People&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A doctors group took a stand in support of transgender children Monday, offering advice in what it called “a rapidly evolving” field.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ew5jSTpxA05QNe71t6m93gcXN8jJWF5a\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended support for kids who change their names or hairstyles to affirm their chosen gender identity. The group said children are more likely to have better physical and mental health with such support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy describes interventions including hormones to suppress puberty and even surgery for teens on a case-by-case basis. It calls for advocacy in favor of laws protecting transgender youth from discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations, published in the journal Pediatrics, come at a time when the Trump \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7240e9d0bfa84ed08c17e8e02765258e/Struggle-for-transgender-rights-shifts-to-health-care\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">administration\u003c/a> has put the brakes on such protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/02e14dcaba1f44af8202d390794f8717/Not-just-boy-and-girl;-more-teens-identify-as-transgender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> earlier this year found nearly 3 percent of U.S. youth identify as transgender or by other nontraditional gender terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors group, which represents 67,000 physicians who treat children and young adults, previously has made public statements in response to so-called bathroom legislation involving transgender people, but this is its first policy statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A doctors group took a stand in support of transgender children Monday, offering advice in what it called “a rapidly evolving” field.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended support for kids who change their names or hairstyles to affirm their chosen gender identity. The group said children are more likely to have better physical and mental health with such support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy describes interventions including hormones to suppress puberty and even surgery for teens on a case-by-case basis. It calls for advocacy in favor of laws protecting transgender youth from discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations, published in the journal Pediatrics, come at a time when the Trump \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7240e9d0bfa84ed08c17e8e02765258e/Struggle-for-transgender-rights-shifts-to-health-care\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">administration\u003c/a> has put the brakes on such protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/02e14dcaba1f44af8202d390794f8717/Not-just-boy-and-girl;-more-teens-identify-as-transgender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> earlier this year found nearly 3 percent of U.S. youth identify as transgender or by other nontraditional gender terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors group, which represents 67,000 physicians who treat children and young adults, previously has made public statements in response to so-called bathroom legislation involving transgender people, but this is its first policy statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Seven U.S. states now have adult obesity rates of 35 percent or higher, up from zero states just five years ago, according to federal data released Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=\"99npNiyEmtYPSxMeUr9ZC2OpxalF30tD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2017 data, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, highlight continuing discrepancies in adult obesity rates across geographic areas, race, and education levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven states with obesity rates of at least 35 percent in 2017 were Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and West Virginia, which itself had the highest rate in the country at 38.1 percent. Colorado had the lowest obesity rate, at 22.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii and Washington, D.C., were the only other places where fewer than 1 in 4 adults were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the South and Midwest had the highest prevalence of adult obesity, the data showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 877px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444430\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"877\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg 877w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-800x482.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-768x462.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-240x144.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-375x226.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prevalence of self-reported obesity among U.S. adults by state and territory. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nationally, adults without a high school degree had obesity rates of 35.6 percent, compared with 32.9 percent for people with a high school degree, 31.9 percent of people with some college-level education, and 22.7 percent for college graduates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity rate for black adults was 39 percent, compared with 32.4 percent for Hispanics and 29.3 percent for whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its report, the CDC called for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/strategies/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a comprehensive strategy\u003c/a> to reduce obesity prevalence, with steps including healthy eating, better sleep, stress management, and physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/12/seven-u-s-states-now-have-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seven U.S. states now have adult obesity rates of 35 percent or higher, up from zero states just five years ago, according to federal data released Wednesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2017 data, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, highlight continuing discrepancies in adult obesity rates across geographic areas, race, and education levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven states with obesity rates of at least 35 percent in 2017 were Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and West Virginia, which itself had the highest rate in the country at 38.1 percent. Colorado had the lowest obesity rate, at 22.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii and Washington, D.C., were the only other places where fewer than 1 in 4 adults were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the South and Midwest had the highest prevalence of adult obesity, the data showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 877px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444430\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"877\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg 877w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-800x482.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-768x462.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-240x144.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-375x226.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prevalence of self-reported obesity among U.S. adults by state and territory. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nationally, adults without a high school degree had obesity rates of 35.6 percent, compared with 32.9 percent for people with a high school degree, 31.9 percent of people with some college-level education, and 22.7 percent for college graduates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity rate for black adults was 39 percent, compared with 32.4 percent for Hispanics and 29.3 percent for whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its report, the CDC called for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/strategies/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a comprehensive strategy\u003c/a> to reduce obesity prevalence, with steps including healthy eating, better sleep, stress management, and physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/12/seven-u-s-states-now-have-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Does Marijuana Use Impact Older Adults Differently?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Members of the generation that came of age in the era of marijuana are reaching for weed in their golden years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871618304538?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Drug and Alcohol Dependence \u003c/em>this month suggests that increasing numbers of middle aged and older adults are using marijuana — and using it a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis comes from data gathered in the\u003ca href=\"https://nsduhweb.rti.org/respweb/homepage.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> National Survey on Drug Use and Health\u003c/a> from 2015 and 2016. About 9 percent of U.S. adults between ages 50 and 64 used marijuana in the the previous year, according to survey results. About 3 percent of people over 65 used the drug in that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This appears to be up from years past.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300687/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> In 2013\u003c/a>, the same survey reported that 7 percent of middle-aged Americans used marijuana in the previous year, and only 1.4 percent of people over 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://med.nyu.edu/faculty/benjamin-han\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Benjamin Han\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of internal medicine at New York University School of Medicine and lead author of the study, says he was surprised to learn that many of the older Americans turning to marijuana are new converts to its use. About 45 percent of those over 65 who use the drug said they got started after the age of 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And boomers who use marijuana also seem to be using it more often. Study authors found that 5.7 percent of middle-aged respondents said they'd tried it in the past month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As laws surrounding marijuana use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">become more permissive in many states nationwide\u003c/a>, more Americans of all ages seem to be giving the drug a try — some for recreation, and others in hopes of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/15/620080148/lawmakers-in-illinois-embrace-medical-marijuana-as-an-opioid-alternative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">easing medical ailments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost one quarter of Americans over 65 in the 2016 survey who had used marijuana in the previous year said they gotten the go-ahead from their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2017/Cannabis-Health-Effects/Cannabis-chapter-highlights.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research overview\u003c/a> published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine last year, a still small but growing number of studies suggest that marijuana may be helpful in treating pain, nausea, and spasticity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For these conditions, the effects of cannabinoids are modest,\" the National Academies panel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even modest benefits can be helpful for some patients, says\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.duke.edu/faculty/joshua-c-briscoe-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Dr. Joshua Briscoe\u003c/a>, a palliative care physician at Duke University School of Medicine who studies medical marijuana in the elderly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We prescribe substances that are far more dangerous than cannabinoids,\" says Briscoe, noting that older people can be more likely to experience a medication's side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since marijuana's use is still tightly regulated by the federal government, he adds, it continues to be hard to study, so authoritative research on its harms and benefits is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Han sounds a note of caution for his patients turning to marijuana. He says he first became interested in studying drug and alcohol use in the elderly after doing house calls on his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You see their home environment,\" Han says. \"I would see marijuana. I would see patients' family members engaged in drug use in the other room ... Open bottles of liquor everywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks marijuana use among older people who combine it with other drugs — like opioids or alcohol — might be a particular cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby boomers who've had prior experience with marijuana shouldn't jump to using the same amount they did in their college days, Han says. The potency may be different, as well their ability to metabolize the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A smaller amount is going to hit you a lot harder when you're older,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Han says his study highlights the need for more research on drug use in older adults. \"I get asked a lot, more and more, by my population, 'Hey, should I try marijuana for this? Should I try marijuana for that?'\" Han says. \"It's hard for me to know what to tell patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=More+Older+Americans+Are+Turning+To+Marijuana&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Members of the generation that came of age in the era of marijuana are reaching for weed in their golden years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871618304538?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Drug and Alcohol Dependence \u003c/em>this month suggests that increasing numbers of middle aged and older adults are using marijuana — and using it a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis comes from data gathered in the\u003ca href=\"https://nsduhweb.rti.org/respweb/homepage.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> National Survey on Drug Use and Health\u003c/a> from 2015 and 2016. About 9 percent of U.S. adults between ages 50 and 64 used marijuana in the the previous year, according to survey results. About 3 percent of people over 65 used the drug in that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This appears to be up from years past.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300687/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> In 2013\u003c/a>, the same survey reported that 7 percent of middle-aged Americans used marijuana in the previous year, and only 1.4 percent of people over 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://med.nyu.edu/faculty/benjamin-han\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Benjamin Han\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of internal medicine at New York University School of Medicine and lead author of the study, says he was surprised to learn that many of the older Americans turning to marijuana are new converts to its use. About 45 percent of those over 65 who use the drug said they got started after the age of 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And boomers who use marijuana also seem to be using it more often. Study authors found that 5.7 percent of middle-aged respondents said they'd tried it in the past month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As laws surrounding marijuana use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">become more permissive in many states nationwide\u003c/a>, more Americans of all ages seem to be giving the drug a try — some for recreation, and others in hopes of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/15/620080148/lawmakers-in-illinois-embrace-medical-marijuana-as-an-opioid-alternative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">easing medical ailments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost one quarter of Americans over 65 in the 2016 survey who had used marijuana in the previous year said they gotten the go-ahead from their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2017/Cannabis-Health-Effects/Cannabis-chapter-highlights.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research overview\u003c/a> published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine last year, a still small but growing number of studies suggest that marijuana may be helpful in treating pain, nausea, and spasticity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For these conditions, the effects of cannabinoids are modest,\" the National Academies panel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even modest benefits can be helpful for some patients, says\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.duke.edu/faculty/joshua-c-briscoe-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Dr. Joshua Briscoe\u003c/a>, a palliative care physician at Duke University School of Medicine who studies medical marijuana in the elderly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We prescribe substances that are far more dangerous than cannabinoids,\" says Briscoe, noting that older people can be more likely to experience a medication's side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since marijuana's use is still tightly regulated by the federal government, he adds, it continues to be hard to study, so authoritative research on its harms and benefits is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Han sounds a note of caution for his patients turning to marijuana. He says he first became interested in studying drug and alcohol use in the elderly after doing house calls on his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You see their home environment,\" Han says. \"I would see marijuana. I would see patients' family members engaged in drug use in the other room ... Open bottles of liquor everywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks marijuana use among older people who combine it with other drugs — like opioids or alcohol — might be a particular cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby boomers who've had prior experience with marijuana shouldn't jump to using the same amount they did in their college days, Han says. The potency may be different, as well their ability to metabolize the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A smaller amount is going to hit you a lot harder when you're older,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Han says his study highlights the need for more research on drug use in older adults. \"I get asked a lot, more and more, by my population, 'Hey, should I try marijuana for this? Should I try marijuana for that?'\" Han says. \"It's hard for me to know what to tell patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=More+Older+Americans+Are+Turning+To+Marijuana&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Germ Theory' of Alzheimer's May Trigger a Seismic Shift in Treatment",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dr. Leslie Norins is willing to hand over $1 million of his own money to anyone who can clarify something: Is Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia worldwide, caused by a germ?[contextly_sidebar id=\"MVU0oAlLJAOY5cRLFm8SgRXzH5ufmBIa\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"germ\" he means microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. In other words, Norins, a physician turned publisher, wants to know if Alzheimer's is infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an idea that just a few years ago would've seemed to many an easy way to drain your research budget on bunk science. Money has poured into Alzheimer's research for years, but until very recently not much of it went toward investigating infection in causing dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this \"germ theory\" of Alzheimer's, as Norins calls it, has been fermenting in the literature for decades. Even early 20th century Czech physician Oskar Fischer — who, along with his German contemporary Dr. Alois Alzheimer, was integral in first describing the condition — noted a possible connection between the newly identified dementia and tuberculosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the germ theory gets traction, even in some Alzheimer's patients, it could trigger a seismic shift in how doctors understand and treat the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, would we see a day when dementia is prevented with a vaccine, or treated with antibiotics and antiviral medications? Norins thinks it's worth looking into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norins received his medical degree from Duke in the early 1960s, and after a stint at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention he fell into a lucrative career in medical publishing. He eventually settled in an admittedly aged community in Naples, Fla., where he took an interest in dementia and began reading up on the condition.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Xrb4XR0KXYySlI7ldjHh45GWXuqxKcIS\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After scouring the medical literature he noticed a pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It appeared that many of the reported characteristics of Alzheimer's disease were compatible with an infectious process,\" Norins tells NPR. \"I thought for sure this must have already been investigated, because \u003ca href=\"http://act.alz.org/site/DocServer/2015_Appropriations_Fact_Sheet__FY16_.pdf?docID=3641\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">millions and millions of dollars\u003c/a> have been spent on Alzheimer's research.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But aside from scattered interest through the decades, this wasn't the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Norins launched \u003ca href=\"https://alzgerm.org/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Germ Quest Inc.\u003c/a>, a public benefit corporation he hopes will drive interest into the germ theory of Alzheimer's, and through which his prize will be distributed. A white paper he penned for the site reads: \"From a two-year review of the scientific literature, I believe it's now clear that just one germ — identity not yet specified, and possibly not yet discovered — causes most AD. I'm calling it the 'Alzheimer's Germ.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norins is quick to cite sources and studies supporting his claim, among them a 2010 study published in the \u003cem>Journal of Neurosurgery\u003c/em> showing that \u003ca href=\"http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2010.1.JNS091740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurosurgeons die from Alzheimer's at a seven-fold higher rate\u003c/a> than they do from other disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study from that same year, published in The \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatric Society,\u003c/em> found that people whose \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20722820/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spouses have dementia are at a six-times greater risk\u003c/a> for the condition themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contagion does come to mind. And Norins isn't alone in his thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, 32 researchers from universities around the world signed an editorial in the \u003cem>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease\u003c/em> calling for \"further research on the role of infectious agents in [Alzheimer's] causation.\" Based on much of the same evidence Norins encountered, the authors concluded that clinical trials with antimicrobial drugs in Alzheimer's are now justified.[contextly_sidebar id=\"TlULmPwfIfLNT30W6fAdCGOQeBCymn7e\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reported on an intriguing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/21/621908340/researchers-find-herpes-viruses-in-brains-marked-by-alzheimers-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> in June that suggested that viral infection can influence the progression of Alzheimer's. Led by Mount Sinai genetics professor Joel Dudley, the work was intended to compare the genomes of healthy brain tissue with that affected by dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But something kept getting in the way: herpes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dudley's team noticed an unexpectedly high level of viral DNA from two human herpes viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7. The viruses are common and cause a rash called roseola in young children (not the sexually transmitted disease caused by other strains).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some viruses have the ability to lie dormant in our neurons for decades by incorporating their genomes into our own. The classic example is chickenpox: A childhood viral infection resolves and lurks silently, returning years later as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shingles\u003c/a>, an excruciating rash. Like it or not, nearly all of us are chimeras with viral DNA speckling our genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But having the herpes viruses alone doesn't mean inevitable brain decline. After all, up to 75 percent of us may \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11285567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbor HHV-6\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dudley also noticed that herpes appeared to interact with human genes known to increase Alzheimer's risk. Perhaps, he says, there is some toxic combination of genetic and infectious influence that results in the disease; a combination that sparks what some feel is the main contributor to the disease, an overactive immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's is accumulation of a protein called amyloid in the brain. Many researchers have assumed these aggregates, or plaques, are simply a byproduct of some other process at the core of the disease. Other scientists posit that the protein itself contributes to the condition in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory that amyloid is the root cause of Alzheimer's is losing steam. But the protein may still contribute to the disease, even if it winds up being deemed infectious.[contextly_sidebar id=\"reNe9dG45Jm18II65oxyuE0ETmculfjN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work by Harvard neuroscientist Rudolph Tanzi suggests it might be a bit of both. Along with colleague Robert Moir, Tanzi has shown that amyloid is lethal to viruses and bacteria in the test tube, and also in mice. He now believes the protein is part of our ancient immune system that like antibodies, ramps up its activity to help fend off unwanted bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So does that mean that the microbe is the cause of Alzheimer's, and amyloid a harmless reaction to it? According to Tanzi it's not that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi believes that in many cases of Alzheimer's, microbes are probably the initial seed that sets off a toxic tumble of molecular dominoes. Early in the disease amyloid protein builds up to fight infection, yet too much of the protein begins to impair function of neurons in the brain. The excess amyloid then causes another protein, called tau, to form tangles, which further harm brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Tanzi explains, the ultimate neurological insult in Alzheimer's is the body's reaction to this neurotoxic mess. All the excess protein revs up the immune system, causing inflammation — and it's this inflammation that does the most damage to the Alzheimer's-afflicted brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does this say about the future of treatment? Possibly a lot. Tanzi envisions a day when people are screened at, say, 50 years old. \"If their brains are riddled with too much amyloid,\" he says, \"we knock it down a bit with antiviral medications. It's just like how you are prescribed preventative drugs if your cholesterol is too high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi feels that microbes are just one possible seed for the complex pathology behind Alzheimer's. Genetics may also play a role, as certain genes produce a type of amyloid more prone to clumping up. He also feels environmental factors like pollution might contribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Burke, professor of medicine and psychiatry at Duke University's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, isn't willing to abandon the amyloid theory altogether, but agrees it's time for the field to move on. \"There may be many roads to developing Alzheimer's disease and it would be shortsighted to focus just on amyloid and tau,\" he says. \"A million-dollar prize is attention- getting, but the reward for identifying a treatable target to delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease is invaluable.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"VDtvU3haNd1M74SuCUvVZuAz4hFEV5iO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any treatment that disrupts the cascade leading to amyloid, tau and inflammation could theoretically benefit an at-risk brain. The vast majority of Alzheimer's treatment trials have failed, including many targeting amyloid. But it could be that the patients included were too far along in their disease to reap any therapeutic benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a microbe is responsible for all or some cases of Alzheimer's, perhaps future treatments or preventive approaches will prevent toxin protein buildup in the first place. Both Tanzi and Norins believe Alzheimer's vaccines against viruses like herpes might one day become common practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July of this year, in collaboration with Norins, the Infectious Diseases Society of America announced that they plan to offer two $50,000 grants supporting research into a microbial association with Alzheimer's. According to Norins, this is the first acknowledgement by a leading infectious disease group that Alzheimer's may be microbial in nature – or at least that it's worth exploring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The important thing is not the amount of the money, which is a pittance compared with the $2 billion NIH spends on amyloid and tau research,\" says Norins, \"but rather the respectability and more mainstream status the grants confer on investigating of the infectious possibility. Remember when we thought ulcers were caused by stress?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulcers, we now know, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2005/press-release/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caused by a germ\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003cem> His work has appeared in \u003c/em>Wired, Scientific American\u003cem> and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Medicine. He's also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Infectious+Theory+Of+Alzheimer%27s+Disease+Draws+Fresh+Interest&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Leslie Norins is willing to hand over $1 million of his own money to anyone who can clarify something: Is Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia worldwide, caused by a germ?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"germ\" he means microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. In other words, Norins, a physician turned publisher, wants to know if Alzheimer's is infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an idea that just a few years ago would've seemed to many an easy way to drain your research budget on bunk science. Money has poured into Alzheimer's research for years, but until very recently not much of it went toward investigating infection in causing dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this \"germ theory\" of Alzheimer's, as Norins calls it, has been fermenting in the literature for decades. Even early 20th century Czech physician Oskar Fischer — who, along with his German contemporary Dr. Alois Alzheimer, was integral in first describing the condition — noted a possible connection between the newly identified dementia and tuberculosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the germ theory gets traction, even in some Alzheimer's patients, it could trigger a seismic shift in how doctors understand and treat the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, would we see a day when dementia is prevented with a vaccine, or treated with antibiotics and antiviral medications? Norins thinks it's worth looking into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norins received his medical degree from Duke in the early 1960s, and after a stint at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention he fell into a lucrative career in medical publishing. He eventually settled in an admittedly aged community in Naples, Fla., where he took an interest in dementia and began reading up on the condition.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After scouring the medical literature he noticed a pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It appeared that many of the reported characteristics of Alzheimer's disease were compatible with an infectious process,\" Norins tells NPR. \"I thought for sure this must have already been investigated, because \u003ca href=\"http://act.alz.org/site/DocServer/2015_Appropriations_Fact_Sheet__FY16_.pdf?docID=3641\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">millions and millions of dollars\u003c/a> have been spent on Alzheimer's research.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But aside from scattered interest through the decades, this wasn't the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Norins launched \u003ca href=\"https://alzgerm.org/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Germ Quest Inc.\u003c/a>, a public benefit corporation he hopes will drive interest into the germ theory of Alzheimer's, and through which his prize will be distributed. A white paper he penned for the site reads: \"From a two-year review of the scientific literature, I believe it's now clear that just one germ — identity not yet specified, and possibly not yet discovered — causes most AD. I'm calling it the 'Alzheimer's Germ.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norins is quick to cite sources and studies supporting his claim, among them a 2010 study published in the \u003cem>Journal of Neurosurgery\u003c/em> showing that \u003ca href=\"http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2010.1.JNS091740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurosurgeons die from Alzheimer's at a seven-fold higher rate\u003c/a> than they do from other disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study from that same year, published in The \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatric Society,\u003c/em> found that people whose \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20722820/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spouses have dementia are at a six-times greater risk\u003c/a> for the condition themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contagion does come to mind. And Norins isn't alone in his thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, 32 researchers from universities around the world signed an editorial in the \u003cem>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease\u003c/em> calling for \"further research on the role of infectious agents in [Alzheimer's] causation.\" Based on much of the same evidence Norins encountered, the authors concluded that clinical trials with antimicrobial drugs in Alzheimer's are now justified.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reported on an intriguing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/21/621908340/researchers-find-herpes-viruses-in-brains-marked-by-alzheimers-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> in June that suggested that viral infection can influence the progression of Alzheimer's. Led by Mount Sinai genetics professor Joel Dudley, the work was intended to compare the genomes of healthy brain tissue with that affected by dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But something kept getting in the way: herpes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dudley's team noticed an unexpectedly high level of viral DNA from two human herpes viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7. The viruses are common and cause a rash called roseola in young children (not the sexually transmitted disease caused by other strains).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some viruses have the ability to lie dormant in our neurons for decades by incorporating their genomes into our own. The classic example is chickenpox: A childhood viral infection resolves and lurks silently, returning years later as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shingles\u003c/a>, an excruciating rash. Like it or not, nearly all of us are chimeras with viral DNA speckling our genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But having the herpes viruses alone doesn't mean inevitable brain decline. After all, up to 75 percent of us may \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11285567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbor HHV-6\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dudley also noticed that herpes appeared to interact with human genes known to increase Alzheimer's risk. Perhaps, he says, there is some toxic combination of genetic and infectious influence that results in the disease; a combination that sparks what some feel is the main contributor to the disease, an overactive immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's is accumulation of a protein called amyloid in the brain. Many researchers have assumed these aggregates, or plaques, are simply a byproduct of some other process at the core of the disease. Other scientists posit that the protein itself contributes to the condition in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory that amyloid is the root cause of Alzheimer's is losing steam. But the protein may still contribute to the disease, even if it winds up being deemed infectious.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work by Harvard neuroscientist Rudolph Tanzi suggests it might be a bit of both. Along with colleague Robert Moir, Tanzi has shown that amyloid is lethal to viruses and bacteria in the test tube, and also in mice. He now believes the protein is part of our ancient immune system that like antibodies, ramps up its activity to help fend off unwanted bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So does that mean that the microbe is the cause of Alzheimer's, and amyloid a harmless reaction to it? According to Tanzi it's not that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi believes that in many cases of Alzheimer's, microbes are probably the initial seed that sets off a toxic tumble of molecular dominoes. Early in the disease amyloid protein builds up to fight infection, yet too much of the protein begins to impair function of neurons in the brain. The excess amyloid then causes another protein, called tau, to form tangles, which further harm brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Tanzi explains, the ultimate neurological insult in Alzheimer's is the body's reaction to this neurotoxic mess. All the excess protein revs up the immune system, causing inflammation — and it's this inflammation that does the most damage to the Alzheimer's-afflicted brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does this say about the future of treatment? Possibly a lot. Tanzi envisions a day when people are screened at, say, 50 years old. \"If their brains are riddled with too much amyloid,\" he says, \"we knock it down a bit with antiviral medications. It's just like how you are prescribed preventative drugs if your cholesterol is too high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi feels that microbes are just one possible seed for the complex pathology behind Alzheimer's. Genetics may also play a role, as certain genes produce a type of amyloid more prone to clumping up. He also feels environmental factors like pollution might contribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Burke, professor of medicine and psychiatry at Duke University's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, isn't willing to abandon the amyloid theory altogether, but agrees it's time for the field to move on. \"There may be many roads to developing Alzheimer's disease and it would be shortsighted to focus just on amyloid and tau,\" he says. \"A million-dollar prize is attention- getting, but the reward for identifying a treatable target to delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease is invaluable.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any treatment that disrupts the cascade leading to amyloid, tau and inflammation could theoretically benefit an at-risk brain. The vast majority of Alzheimer's treatment trials have failed, including many targeting amyloid. But it could be that the patients included were too far along in their disease to reap any therapeutic benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a microbe is responsible for all or some cases of Alzheimer's, perhaps future treatments or preventive approaches will prevent toxin protein buildup in the first place. Both Tanzi and Norins believe Alzheimer's vaccines against viruses like herpes might one day become common practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July of this year, in collaboration with Norins, the Infectious Diseases Society of America announced that they plan to offer two $50,000 grants supporting research into a microbial association with Alzheimer's. According to Norins, this is the first acknowledgement by a leading infectious disease group that Alzheimer's may be microbial in nature – or at least that it's worth exploring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The important thing is not the amount of the money, which is a pittance compared with the $2 billion NIH spends on amyloid and tau research,\" says Norins, \"but rather the respectability and more mainstream status the grants confer on investigating of the infectious possibility. Remember when we thought ulcers were caused by stress?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulcers, we now know, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2005/press-release/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caused by a germ\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003cem> His work has appeared in \u003c/em>Wired, Scientific American\u003cem> and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Medicine. He's also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Infectious+Theory+Of+Alzheimer%27s+Disease+Draws+Fresh+Interest&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">A federal appeals court on Monday struck another blow against the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/13/university-of-california-granted-a-key-crispr-patent/\">University of California’s\u003c/a> hopes of invalidating key CRISPR patents \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/15/crispr-patent-ruling/\">held by the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard\u003c/a>, ruling unanimously that a U.S. patent board correctly concluded that the Broad’s patents did not “interfere” with those that UC had applied for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Barring an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, which is highly unlikely to accept the case, or a request for the full U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit to consider the case, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/13/crispr-patent-uc-appeal/\">long and bitter legal saga\u003c/a> is largely over, at least in the U.S. (The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/28/crispr-university-of-california-patent/\">fight over CRISPR patents in Europe\u003c/a> continues.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The Court of Appeals \u003ca href=\"http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision\u003c/a> held that there was “no interference in fact” between CRISPR patents awarded to the Broad and CRISPR patents that UC had applied for. That is what three judges on the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, part of the U.S. patent office, had ruled unanimously in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The decision turned on two key and related points: whether the work that Broad scientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> did to make CRISPR edit the genome of mammalian cells was “obvious” in light of what Jennifer Doudna, of the University of California, Berkeley, and her colleagues accomplished in editing free floating DNA in test tubes, and whether Zhang and other scientists trying to do that had a “reasonable expectation of success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">There was “conflicting evidence,” patent expert Jacob Sherkow of New York Law School said in an interview, on whether any sufficiently skilled scientist could have taken Doudna’s breakthrough (done with her key collaborator, Emmanuelle Charpentier) using CRISPR in test tubes and turned it into a system that worked in human and other mammalian cells, as Zhang (and other scientists) did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in her sweeping opinion, Judge Kimberly Moore wrote that “substantial evidence supports [PTAB’s] finding that there was not a reasonable expectation of success, and we affirm…. [PTAB] did not err in its analysis.” The decision, said Sherkow, “is absolutely 100 percent correct on the law,” leaving UC essentially no path to a re-hearing by the full court, let alone by the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTAB had ruled that Zhang’s success was by no means assured, citing Doudna’s own comments about how techniques that work in bacteria or test tubes often fail in higher-order cells, and that what Zhang did to turn CRISPR, a bacterial immune system, into a human-genome-editing tool was far from obvious. In an analysis that could well make scientists think twice about discussing the challenges of building on very basic discoveries, Moore cited Doudna’s acknowledgement of a “huge bottleneck” in modifying the genomes of humans and other animals, after Doudna and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> doing so in their test tube DNA in 2012. Doudna had also said that “2012 paper was a big success, but there was a problem. We weren’t sure if CRISPR/Cas9 would work in eukaryotes,” and conceded having “many frustrations” in getting CRISPR-Cas9 to work in human cells.” Those words came back to haunt her and sink UC’s hopes for a foundational CRISPR patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central issue before the appeals court was whether the patent board had based its pro-Broad decision on “substantial evidence.” That, Sherkow \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jsherkow/status/1039159547049504769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted,\u003c/a>was “an extremely high bar.” The appeals court ruled that the board did have substantial evidence for its decision that the Broad’s CRISPR patents did not overlap with UC’s, nor were they obvious from UC’s. That leaves UC extremely little ground on which to base any appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Broad called the court’s decision “correct,” upholding a PTAB ruling that “was clearly supported by sufficient evidence and followed applicable legal standards.’ As for what happens now, the Broad said, “It is time for all institutions to move beyond litigation. We should work together to ensure wide, open access to this transformative technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court decision, in the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/30/crispr-patent-appeal-hearing/\">argued\u003c/a> on April 30, clarifies the commercial landscape only partly, however. It allows the Broad to keep its patents, the first of which was awarded in 2014, on the foundational CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology for eukaryotic cells invented by Zhang. And it lets the Broad’s many licensees (notably Editas Medicine, which paid the Broad’s eight-figure legal costs) breathe easier. Since CRISPR Therapeutics licensed Charpentier’s invention (which is covered by the UC patent) and Intellia Therapeutics licensed Doudna’s, they now face a tougher but not impossible IP landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wall Street reacted calmly to the news, which analysts and investors had largely expected. Stocks of the major CRISPR companies were largely unchanged in midday trading, with Editas and Intellia slightly up and CRISPR Therapeutics down just under 3 percent. Gena Wang, a biotech analyst at Barclays, said any additional appeals by UC are unlikely to succeed, meaning the Broad should retain its U.S. patents. “We believe cross-licensing likely could occur and do not expect these proceedings to have direct impact on the clinical development of each company,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>With additional reporting by Adam Feuerstein\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story has been updated with additional analysis and expert comment. It\u003c/em> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was \u003cem>originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">A federal appeals court on Monday struck another blow against the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/13/university-of-california-granted-a-key-crispr-patent/\">University of California’s\u003c/a> hopes of invalidating key CRISPR patents \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/15/crispr-patent-ruling/\">held by the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard\u003c/a>, ruling unanimously that a U.S. patent board correctly concluded that the Broad’s patents did not “interfere” with those that UC had applied for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Barring an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, which is highly unlikely to accept the case, or a request for the full U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit to consider the case, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/13/crispr-patent-uc-appeal/\">long and bitter legal saga\u003c/a> is largely over, at least in the U.S. (The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/28/crispr-university-of-california-patent/\">fight over CRISPR patents in Europe\u003c/a> continues.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The Court of Appeals \u003ca href=\"http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision\u003c/a> held that there was “no interference in fact” between CRISPR patents awarded to the Broad and CRISPR patents that UC had applied for. That is what three judges on the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, part of the U.S. patent office, had ruled unanimously in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The decision turned on two key and related points: whether the work that Broad scientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> did to make CRISPR edit the genome of mammalian cells was “obvious” in light of what Jennifer Doudna, of the University of California, Berkeley, and her colleagues accomplished in editing free floating DNA in test tubes, and whether Zhang and other scientists trying to do that had a “reasonable expectation of success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">There was “conflicting evidence,” patent expert Jacob Sherkow of New York Law School said in an interview, on whether any sufficiently skilled scientist could have taken Doudna’s breakthrough (done with her key collaborator, Emmanuelle Charpentier) using CRISPR in test tubes and turned it into a system that worked in human and other mammalian cells, as Zhang (and other scientists) did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in her sweeping opinion, Judge Kimberly Moore wrote that “substantial evidence supports [PTAB’s] finding that there was not a reasonable expectation of success, and we affirm…. [PTAB] did not err in its analysis.” The decision, said Sherkow, “is absolutely 100 percent correct on the law,” leaving UC essentially no path to a re-hearing by the full court, let alone by the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTAB had ruled that Zhang’s success was by no means assured, citing Doudna’s own comments about how techniques that work in bacteria or test tubes often fail in higher-order cells, and that what Zhang did to turn CRISPR, a bacterial immune system, into a human-genome-editing tool was far from obvious. In an analysis that could well make scientists think twice about discussing the challenges of building on very basic discoveries, Moore cited Doudna’s acknowledgement of a “huge bottleneck” in modifying the genomes of humans and other animals, after Doudna and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> doing so in their test tube DNA in 2012. Doudna had also said that “2012 paper was a big success, but there was a problem. We weren’t sure if CRISPR/Cas9 would work in eukaryotes,” and conceded having “many frustrations” in getting CRISPR-Cas9 to work in human cells.” Those words came back to haunt her and sink UC’s hopes for a foundational CRISPR patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central issue before the appeals court was whether the patent board had based its pro-Broad decision on “substantial evidence.” That, Sherkow \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jsherkow/status/1039159547049504769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted,\u003c/a>was “an extremely high bar.” The appeals court ruled that the board did have substantial evidence for its decision that the Broad’s CRISPR patents did not overlap with UC’s, nor were they obvious from UC’s. That leaves UC extremely little ground on which to base any appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Broad called the court’s decision “correct,” upholding a PTAB ruling that “was clearly supported by sufficient evidence and followed applicable legal standards.’ As for what happens now, the Broad said, “It is time for all institutions to move beyond litigation. We should work together to ensure wide, open access to this transformative technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court decision, in the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/30/crispr-patent-appeal-hearing/\">argued\u003c/a> on April 30, clarifies the commercial landscape only partly, however. It allows the Broad to keep its patents, the first of which was awarded in 2014, on the foundational CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology for eukaryotic cells invented by Zhang. And it lets the Broad’s many licensees (notably Editas Medicine, which paid the Broad’s eight-figure legal costs) breathe easier. Since CRISPR Therapeutics licensed Charpentier’s invention (which is covered by the UC patent) and Intellia Therapeutics licensed Doudna’s, they now face a tougher but not impossible IP landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wall Street reacted calmly to the news, which analysts and investors had largely expected. Stocks of the major CRISPR companies were largely unchanged in midday trading, with Editas and Intellia slightly up and CRISPR Therapeutics down just under 3 percent. Gena Wang, a biotech analyst at Barclays, said any additional appeals by UC are unlikely to succeed, meaning the Broad should retain its U.S. patents. “We believe cross-licensing likely could occur and do not expect these proceedings to have direct impact on the clinical development of each company,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>With additional reporting by Adam Feuerstein\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story has been updated with additional analysis and expert comment. It\u003c/em> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was \u003cem>originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Researcher Battling Cancer Explores Alternatives To Opioid Treatments",
"title": "A Researcher Battling Cancer Explores Alternatives To Opioid Treatments",
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"content": "\u003cp>The explosion of deaths related to opioid misuse has underscored a pressing need for better ways of treating pain, especially chronic pain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Lrxhc0PiaxvZNwtQRWNC315GUyNFIRBB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duquesne University pharmacology associate professor Jelena Janjic thinks she's on to one. It involves using a patient's own immune system to deliver non-opioid pain medication to places in the body where there's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's idea, which draws from the field of cancer research, is to insert tiny amounts of over-the-counter pain medications into minute carriers called nanoparticles, and then inject these into pain patients. The medicines would then travel through the body to places where there is inflammation, and relieve the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic has a special reason for wanting to develop new medicines for chronic pain: She suffers from it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a patient, I want an answer,\" she says. \"I want to figure out this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no question that the need for better, non-addictive medications is real and urgent. Researchers have come up with\u003ca href=\"https://www.painnewsnetwork.org/stories/2018/6/2/new-treatments-on-the-horizon-for-chronic-pain\"> some ideas\u003c/a>, but so far none has made it to market. Finding new treatments is difficult for any disease and it's proving especially difficult for chronic pain because the underlying causes are poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting to modulate inflammation as way to treat pain \"is an active area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/node/8824\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael L. Oshinsky\u003c/a>, Program Director, Pain and Migraine, at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.[contextly_sidebar id=\"wUYL0s18LxOkY4wdczUfG5sVi8cK5dSj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oshinsky says Janjic's idea of targeting the immune system with nanoparticles carrying pain relievers makes sense, although he cautions that the relationship between inflammation and pain is not well understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's path to this research began in 2010. She has a doctorate in medicinal chemistry, and she had recently moved to Duquesne University where she had set up a lab focused on using nanomedicine techniques to treat cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What seemed like out of nowhere, of the blue, she started to suffer bouts of severe pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The one that hit me real hard was the whole body, from head to toe,\" she says. \"I've had on and off chronic pain since I was a teenager, but this was different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August that year, just before her students arrived back to school, she ended up in the emergency room with pain that was almost intolerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors' diagnosis was discouraging. They told her she had a chronic pain syndrome. They said there wasn't much they could do about it, and they said it was for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicines they gave her helped with the pain somewhat, but left her feeling like she was living in a fog. She was having trouble remembering things, trouble taking notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Things were weird. So I decided I am going to do research on myself,\" Janjic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control her own pain, she turned to mindfulness meditation and other non-medical interventions, including composing music and playing the piano. It's not as if the pain magically went away, she says, but she was able to carry on with her life. Some days were worse than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also wanted to find a medical solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made one important treatment decision early on: She didn't want to take opioids for her pain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"QMwX3Yw6AeYbgPKNOtGQ6rPZrGu4Q9y4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the time I could have got them very easily,\" Janjic says. \"I said, 'What are you going to give me when I'm 67, or 87, if I take them now?' I knew they don't work long-term very well. So almost the refusal of opioids precipitated everything else that happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking for alternatives to opioids, she dove into the scientific literature, to learn all she could about chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chronic pain syndromes are not well understood. With acute pain, it's usually possible to identify the cause—an injury of some sort, or inflammation caused by an infection. Chronic pain may be linked to an initial mishap, but may persist long after the initial cause of the pain has disappeared. Sometimes there's no good explanation of the pain at all, a frustrating circumstance for both doctor and patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to her research, Janjic started paying close attention to her own condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I started to understand that my body was actually inflamed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflammation occurs when our bodies' immune system tries to deal with some damage, maybe from an invading virus or bacteria, and sends a barrage of immune cells to the affected area. On the one hand this is a good thing, since the cells fight the infection. But on the other, it can stimulate nerve cells in a particular part of the body, causing pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic also noticed something important about her pain: it varied both in intensity and in location. Sometimes it was in her knees, sometimes in her shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says none of the medicines available today responded to pain's \"diversity within the body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I [started] to understand the fluctuation,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She realized that the fluctuation meant more immune cells were going to the part of the body where the pain was. She figured if she could get pain medicine into immune cells, that medicine would ride with those cells to where it was needed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YRLyRHWtPrWD1BScVQCmWanq4QjZQPO0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she got into pain research, Janjic was working on something called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cancer nanomedicine\u003c/a>. Cancer nanomedicines work by putting anti-cancer drugs into tiny containers called nanoparticles, and then injecting them into cancer patients, where they enter the patients' immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what did I already know how to do? Mess with the immune system with nanomedicines,\" Janjic says. \"And that's how the idea of pain nanomedicine was born.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many years of tinkering, she's started to get positive results. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jni-journal.com/article/S0165-5728(18)30012-2/fulltext\">recently published study,\u003c/a> she showed that when researchers put a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug into a nanoparticle, and then injected that into a rat, it reduced the rat's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic says her approach doesn't try to disable the immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You still want them to fight infection, you still want them to do what they're supposed to do,\" she says. \"But we almost try to stop them from going into override and causing chronic pain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic, who is also the founder and co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.duq.edu/about/centers-and-institutes/chronic-pain-research-consortium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chronic Pain Research Consortium\u003c/a> at Duquesne University, is collaborating with several labs to try pairing different pain medications with different kinds of nano-particles to see what works best. So far progress is slow. And if one of the candidates shows real promise it will be years before anything can be tested in human patients and ultimately approved by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic credits her own experience with pain for helping her gain a better understanding of pain and how to treat it. She thinks researchers would learn a lot from routinely talking to the people they're trying to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My take home message is, 'Ask the patient first,' \" Janjic says. \"Ask the kid who's ten. Ask the grandpa with rheumatoid arthritis what that feels like. This is what I really want to see flourish. Maybe this already happening somewhere. If it is, I want to know. If you are inspiring your research this way, then I want to talk to you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Inspired+By+Her+Own+Pain%2C+A+Researcher+Explores+Alternatives+To+Opioid+Treatments&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The explosion of deaths related to opioid misuse has underscored a pressing need for better ways of treating pain, especially chronic pain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duquesne University pharmacology associate professor Jelena Janjic thinks she's on to one. It involves using a patient's own immune system to deliver non-opioid pain medication to places in the body where there's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's idea, which draws from the field of cancer research, is to insert tiny amounts of over-the-counter pain medications into minute carriers called nanoparticles, and then inject these into pain patients. The medicines would then travel through the body to places where there is inflammation, and relieve the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic has a special reason for wanting to develop new medicines for chronic pain: She suffers from it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a patient, I want an answer,\" she says. \"I want to figure out this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no question that the need for better, non-addictive medications is real and urgent. Researchers have come up with\u003ca href=\"https://www.painnewsnetwork.org/stories/2018/6/2/new-treatments-on-the-horizon-for-chronic-pain\"> some ideas\u003c/a>, but so far none has made it to market. Finding new treatments is difficult for any disease and it's proving especially difficult for chronic pain because the underlying causes are poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting to modulate inflammation as way to treat pain \"is an active area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/node/8824\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael L. Oshinsky\u003c/a>, Program Director, Pain and Migraine, at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oshinsky says Janjic's idea of targeting the immune system with nanoparticles carrying pain relievers makes sense, although he cautions that the relationship between inflammation and pain is not well understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's path to this research began in 2010. She has a doctorate in medicinal chemistry, and she had recently moved to Duquesne University where she had set up a lab focused on using nanomedicine techniques to treat cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What seemed like out of nowhere, of the blue, she started to suffer bouts of severe pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The one that hit me real hard was the whole body, from head to toe,\" she says. \"I've had on and off chronic pain since I was a teenager, but this was different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August that year, just before her students arrived back to school, she ended up in the emergency room with pain that was almost intolerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors' diagnosis was discouraging. They told her she had a chronic pain syndrome. They said there wasn't much they could do about it, and they said it was for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicines they gave her helped with the pain somewhat, but left her feeling like she was living in a fog. She was having trouble remembering things, trouble taking notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Things were weird. So I decided I am going to do research on myself,\" Janjic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control her own pain, she turned to mindfulness meditation and other non-medical interventions, including composing music and playing the piano. It's not as if the pain magically went away, she says, but she was able to carry on with her life. Some days were worse than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also wanted to find a medical solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made one important treatment decision early on: She didn't want to take opioids for her pain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the time I could have got them very easily,\" Janjic says. \"I said, 'What are you going to give me when I'm 67, or 87, if I take them now?' I knew they don't work long-term very well. So almost the refusal of opioids precipitated everything else that happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking for alternatives to opioids, she dove into the scientific literature, to learn all she could about chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chronic pain syndromes are not well understood. With acute pain, it's usually possible to identify the cause—an injury of some sort, or inflammation caused by an infection. Chronic pain may be linked to an initial mishap, but may persist long after the initial cause of the pain has disappeared. Sometimes there's no good explanation of the pain at all, a frustrating circumstance for both doctor and patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to her research, Janjic started paying close attention to her own condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I started to understand that my body was actually inflamed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflammation occurs when our bodies' immune system tries to deal with some damage, maybe from an invading virus or bacteria, and sends a barrage of immune cells to the affected area. On the one hand this is a good thing, since the cells fight the infection. But on the other, it can stimulate nerve cells in a particular part of the body, causing pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic also noticed something important about her pain: it varied both in intensity and in location. Sometimes it was in her knees, sometimes in her shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says none of the medicines available today responded to pain's \"diversity within the body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I [started] to understand the fluctuation,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She realized that the fluctuation meant more immune cells were going to the part of the body where the pain was. She figured if she could get pain medicine into immune cells, that medicine would ride with those cells to where it was needed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she got into pain research, Janjic was working on something called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cancer nanomedicine\u003c/a>. Cancer nanomedicines work by putting anti-cancer drugs into tiny containers called nanoparticles, and then injecting them into cancer patients, where they enter the patients' immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what did I already know how to do? Mess with the immune system with nanomedicines,\" Janjic says. \"And that's how the idea of pain nanomedicine was born.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many years of tinkering, she's started to get positive results. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jni-journal.com/article/S0165-5728(18)30012-2/fulltext\">recently published study,\u003c/a> she showed that when researchers put a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug into a nanoparticle, and then injected that into a rat, it reduced the rat's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic says her approach doesn't try to disable the immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You still want them to fight infection, you still want them to do what they're supposed to do,\" she says. \"But we almost try to stop them from going into override and causing chronic pain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic, who is also the founder and co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.duq.edu/about/centers-and-institutes/chronic-pain-research-consortium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chronic Pain Research Consortium\u003c/a> at Duquesne University, is collaborating with several labs to try pairing different pain medications with different kinds of nano-particles to see what works best. So far progress is slow. And if one of the candidates shows real promise it will be years before anything can be tested in human patients and ultimately approved by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic credits her own experience with pain for helping her gain a better understanding of pain and how to treat it. She thinks researchers would learn a lot from routinely talking to the people they're trying to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gwyneth Paltrow's lifestyle company goop has agreed to pay $145,000 in civil penalties over products including egg-shaped stones that are meant to be inserted into the vagina to improve health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutors in eight California counties jointly announced the settlement on Tuesday after a task-force investigation found some of goop's health claims were unfounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement involves advertisements saying goop's Jade Egg and Rose Quartz Egg could balance hormones, regulate menstrual cycles and improve bladder control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the penalty, the company will provide refunds to customers who ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A goop statement says the settlement acknowledges no liability on the company's part and addresses only advertising, not the products themselves. The statement says there is honest disagreement between the sides, but goop wanted to settle the matter quickly and amicably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A goop statement says the settlement acknowledges no liability on the company's part and addresses only advertising, not the products themselves. The statement says there is honest disagreement between the sides, but goop wanted to settle the matter quickly and amicably.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics is recommending children be vaccinated with injectable flu vaccine for the coming season, rather than the nasal spray vaccine FluMist, unless a child will only be vaccinated if he or she can forgo a needle, or if a doctor runs out of flu shots.[contextly_sidebar id=\"hDOkDX1TSKq0uExbrwfmFky6j6An7v9D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AAP feels that the flu shot should be the primary vaccine choice for all children,” said Dr. Henry Bernstein, a pediatrician and an ex-officio member of the AAP’s committee on infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That advice puts the AAP’s annual flu vaccine recommendations slightly at odds with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/rr6703a1.htm?s_cid=rr6703a1_w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, which state that any of the flu vaccines available for children could be used for the coming flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both, however, share an end goal: getting more children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza can be deadly for children. In the past flu season, 180 children under the age of 18 died from the flu, making it the second most deadly flu season — after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic — since the CDC started recording pediatric flu deaths in the winter of 2005-2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC recommends everyone over the age of 6 months be vaccinated every year against the flu, unless there is a medical reason to avoid the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet only about 60 percent of children between the ages of 6 months and 17 years got vaccinated against flu in 2016-2017, the most recent year for which data are available. Roughly eight out of every 10 children who died from flu weren’t vaccinated, said Dr. Lisa Grohskopf, a medical officer in the CDC’s influenza division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The differing advice from the CDC and the AAP on AstraZeneca’s FluMist could befuddle parents and pediatricians.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ns1NFKxqZaS66Mu22mM7Fucp2b9WmmE4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question that ideally we would like for the CDC and the AAP to be completely harmonized” when it comes to recommendations, said Bernstein who is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which guides the CDC on vaccine decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both groups are harmonized in wanting as many children to receive flu vaccine as possible each and every year,” said Bernstein. “When recommendations are not perfectly harmonized, it does pose the possibility for confusion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But any confusion might be mitigated by the fact that finding FluMist might not be easy this flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision to once again recommend it — effectively giving doctors and pharmacists a go-head to use it again — was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/21/flu-flumist-vaccine/\">made by the ACIP in late February\u003c/a>. 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By the 2016-2017 flu season, the CDC’s vaccine advisers recommended it not be used in the U.S. ACIP retained that position for the following flu season as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was vaccine effectiveness studies that are done every year showed FluMist had not been offering much if any protection against the influenza A virus family H1N1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t clear why the vaccine’s performance was so poor in the U.S. during the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 seasons. To make matters more confounding, other countries that use FluMist — Canada, Finland, and Britain among them — did not see the puzzling lack of effectiveness.[contextly_sidebar id=\"plRGl9fWXC0hyQTXcSoyNMZbRMqtlHfF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike injectable flu vaccine, FluMist contains live viruses. The viruses in the vaccine, which is puffed up a nostril of the recipient, initiate the infection process, thereby activating an immune response. But the viruses in the vaccine are weakened and don’t induce illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to its U.S. performance problems, AstraZeneca reformulated the H1N1 portion of the vaccine. There is some evidence that suggests the updated vaccine may be more effective — although the company hasn’t been able to do studies in children to confirm that. H3N2 viruses have dominated in the last two flu seasons here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They provided some evidence that appeared promising that the new virus that’s going to go into the vaccine this season in the U.S. is a bit more fit,” said Grohskopf. “It is promising evidence that what is at least believed to be the root cause of the problem has been fixed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernstein said the AAP was not as convinced by the data as the CDC. He voted against recommending FluMist for the 2018-2019 season at the February ACIP meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another place the CDC and AAP advice diverges slightly relates to when children should be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP recommendations, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics, suggest pediatricians should start urging parents to vaccinate their children as soon as flu vaccine becomes available. That can be as early as late July or August, which — depending on when flu activity picks up — is often months ahead of when children will face a flu threat. Flu season often peaks in January or February, and influenza B viruses, which are particularly hard on children, often circulate late in the winter.[contextly_sidebar id=\"99nVOxVZDXqlh05RmfHN75NAR5MEv5RW\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some studies that have shown protection from flu vaccine starts to wear off as the season wears on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC’s recommendations, published Aug. 24, suggested people should be vaccinated by the end of October, when flu activity can start to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grohskopf acknowledged the variability and unpredictability of influenza makes it tough to know when to advise people to get the vaccine. “What we can say is the best time to get vaccinated is probably a couple of weeks before flu starts circulating where you are. But we can never really tell people when that is,” she admitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear though, she said. Parents of young children should start the vaccination process earlier. That’s because children under 8 years old who haven’t had at least two flu vaccines in their life need two doses of vaccine given at least four weeks apart. The second shot should be by the end of October, the CDC guidance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/03/flumist-vaccine-recommendations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics is recommending children be vaccinated with injectable flu vaccine for the coming season, rather than the nasal spray vaccine FluMist, unless a child will only be vaccinated if he or she can forgo a needle, or if a doctor runs out of flu shots.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AAP feels that the flu shot should be the primary vaccine choice for all children,” said Dr. Henry Bernstein, a pediatrician and an ex-officio member of the AAP’s committee on infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That advice puts the AAP’s annual flu vaccine recommendations slightly at odds with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/rr6703a1.htm?s_cid=rr6703a1_w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, which state that any of the flu vaccines available for children could be used for the coming flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both, however, share an end goal: getting more children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza can be deadly for children. In the past flu season, 180 children under the age of 18 died from the flu, making it the second most deadly flu season — after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic — since the CDC started recording pediatric flu deaths in the winter of 2005-2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC recommends everyone over the age of 6 months be vaccinated every year against the flu, unless there is a medical reason to avoid the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet only about 60 percent of children between the ages of 6 months and 17 years got vaccinated against flu in 2016-2017, the most recent year for which data are available. Roughly eight out of every 10 children who died from flu weren’t vaccinated, said Dr. Lisa Grohskopf, a medical officer in the CDC’s influenza division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The differing advice from the CDC and the AAP on AstraZeneca’s FluMist could befuddle parents and pediatricians.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question that ideally we would like for the CDC and the AAP to be completely harmonized” when it comes to recommendations, said Bernstein who is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which guides the CDC on vaccine decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both groups are harmonized in wanting as many children to receive flu vaccine as possible each and every year,” said Bernstein. “When recommendations are not perfectly harmonized, it does pose the possibility for confusion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But any confusion might be mitigated by the fact that finding FluMist might not be easy this flu season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision to once again recommend it — effectively giving doctors and pharmacists a go-head to use it again — was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/21/flu-flumist-vaccine/\">made by the ACIP in late February\u003c/a>. By that point, though, many flu vaccine orders would already have been placed for the 2018-2019 season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While dozens of lots of vaccine products made by Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, and Seqirus have been given the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Post-MarketActivities/LotReleases/ucm613863.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green light for distribution\u003c/a> by the Food and Drug Administration, no lots of FluMist had cleared that hurdle as of Aug. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been a rocky few years for FluMist, which once was deemed more effective in children than injectable flu vaccine. But just after ACIP gave FluMist a rare preferential recommendation in 2014, performance problems came into view. By the 2016-2017 flu season, the CDC’s vaccine advisers recommended it not be used in the U.S. ACIP retained that position for the following flu season as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was vaccine effectiveness studies that are done every year showed FluMist had not been offering much if any protection against the influenza A virus family H1N1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t clear why the vaccine’s performance was so poor in the U.S. during the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 seasons. To make matters more confounding, other countries that use FluMist — Canada, Finland, and Britain among them — did not see the puzzling lack of effectiveness.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike injectable flu vaccine, FluMist contains live viruses. The viruses in the vaccine, which is puffed up a nostril of the recipient, initiate the infection process, thereby activating an immune response. But the viruses in the vaccine are weakened and don’t induce illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to its U.S. performance problems, AstraZeneca reformulated the H1N1 portion of the vaccine. There is some evidence that suggests the updated vaccine may be more effective — although the company hasn’t been able to do studies in children to confirm that. H3N2 viruses have dominated in the last two flu seasons here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They provided some evidence that appeared promising that the new virus that’s going to go into the vaccine this season in the U.S. is a bit more fit,” said Grohskopf. “It is promising evidence that what is at least believed to be the root cause of the problem has been fixed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernstein said the AAP was not as convinced by the data as the CDC. He voted against recommending FluMist for the 2018-2019 season at the February ACIP meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another place the CDC and AAP advice diverges slightly relates to when children should be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP recommendations, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics, suggest pediatricians should start urging parents to vaccinate their children as soon as flu vaccine becomes available. That can be as early as late July or August, which — depending on when flu activity picks up — is often months ahead of when children will face a flu threat. Flu season often peaks in January or February, and influenza B viruses, which are particularly hard on children, often circulate late in the winter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some studies that have shown protection from flu vaccine starts to wear off as the season wears on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC’s recommendations, published Aug. 24, suggested people should be vaccinated by the end of October, when flu activity can start to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grohskopf acknowledged the variability and unpredictability of influenza makes it tough to know when to advise people to get the vaccine. “What we can say is the best time to get vaccinated is probably a couple of weeks before flu starts circulating where you are. But we can never really tell people when that is,” she admitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear though, she said. Parents of young children should start the vaccination process earlier. That’s because children under 8 years old who haven’t had at least two flu vaccines in their life need two doses of vaccine given at least four weeks apart. The second shot should be by the end of October, the CDC guidance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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