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"content": "\u003cp>Alzheimer's is currently the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the Alzheimer's Association. About 5.7 million Americans currently suffer from the disease, with around a half-million new cases diagnosed every year. Fourteen million Americans are projected to have Alzheimer's by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A review of 112 experimental Alzheimer's drugs in clinical trials shows only one aimed at slowing the course of the disease in patients with moderate to severe forms of the disease.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That is an enormous toll taken on patients and families. But unfortunately, the outlook on finding a cure is equally grim, as STAT reporter Sharon Begley recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/15/alzheimers-patients-drug-development-outrage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>. After more than 20 years of failure to reverse or slow the disease by targeting amyloid plaques in the brain, Begley writes, there are now literally \u003cem>no experimental drugs in late-stage clinical trials\u003c/em> to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's, the latter of which is characterized by extreme confusion requiring round-the-clock care patient care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begley spoke about her reporting with KQED's Brian Watt on Friday. The following is a transcript of the interview, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lack of progress in Alzheimer's drug development\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last drug for Alzheimer's was approved in 2003. So 15 years and we have had nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The drug companies have spent and lost billions of dollars trying to find something that works for Alzheimer's patients. And they're giving up.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I talked about the situation with patient advocates and neurologists and people in the lab desperately trying to come up with something to help people. One expert used a term that made me just sit up and practically gasp. He called it \"therapeutic nihilism.\" And by that he meant the disease has proved so challenging to scientists that people have almost given up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studies, drug after drug has failed. The drug companies have spent and lost billions of dollars trying to find something that works for Alzheimer's patients. And they're giving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the contrast between activism around HIV/AIDS and the lack of advocacy around Alzheimer's \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of attention, drug development, et cetera for HIV/AIDS have been hugely impressive. And that's why I contrasted it with Alzheimer's, wondering: Where is the outrage over the lack of progress?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there you have things like the age of patients. With HIV/AIDS, the tragic toll was, at least initially, on men in their prime. For Alzheimer's, primarily affecting people 65 and older, there's at least some sentiment that they've had a good life, that's the way it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lack of drugs being tested for moderate to severe Alzheimer's\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's what's called a pipeline analysis done every year by researchers at the Cleveland Clinic. They look at all the experimental compounds being tested in patients, and they ask, \"What kind of patients are they being tested in?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are 5.5 million people and growing that already have the disease. So what we're essentially saying to them is that it's really unfortunate but we have nothing that will help you.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They broke it down into people who do not have Alzheimer's but have some of the risk factors, and people who have mild, moderate or severe Alzheimer's. What really made me sit up was that the number of drugs being tested to see whether they can stop or even reverse the actual course of the disease in people with moderate or severe Alzheimer's is 1 out of 112.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all hope they can stop Alzheimer's at earlier stages. We all know somebody who has Alzheimer's, and when they first get it if you could look at that person and say, wow, you don't actually have a diagnosis yet, but you're on the cusp, so here's a drug that will help you from getting Alzheimer's ... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are 5.5 million people and growing that already have the disease. So what we're essentially saying to them is that it's really unfortunate but we have nothing that will help you. And if there's nothing in the pipeline for people with moderate to severe Alzheimer's, that means there will be nothing for anybody who is diagnosed in 2018, in 2019, and probably for the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>On the response from patient advocates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought I would call them and give them a softball. Let them say, \"This is untenable. We know it's expensive, but these drug companies just really have to step up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I will simply note without comment that the patient advocacy groups get buckets of money from drug developers.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Instead they told me things like, \"Boy, it's really hard to develop drugs. It's understandable that the drug companies have pulled back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I will simply note without comment that the patient advocacy groups get buckets of money from drug developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The market for preventing the development of Alzheimer's is much greater than for even the people who have it. If you develop something to prevent Alzheimer's that you can give to tens of millions of healthy people, that would be a huge profit boost for your company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I think it would be naïve of anyone to say that there are no financial considerations here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alzheimer's is currently the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the Alzheimer's Association. About 5.7 million Americans currently suffer from the disease, with around a half-million new cases diagnosed every year. Fourteen million Americans are projected to have Alzheimer's by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A review of 112 experimental Alzheimer's drugs in clinical trials shows only one aimed at slowing the course of the disease in patients with moderate to severe forms of the disease.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That is an enormous toll taken on patients and families. But unfortunately, the outlook on finding a cure is equally grim, as STAT reporter Sharon Begley recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/15/alzheimers-patients-drug-development-outrage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>. After more than 20 years of failure to reverse or slow the disease by targeting amyloid plaques in the brain, Begley writes, there are now literally \u003cem>no experimental drugs in late-stage clinical trials\u003c/em> to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's, the latter of which is characterized by extreme confusion requiring round-the-clock care patient care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begley spoke about her reporting with KQED's Brian Watt on Friday. The following is a transcript of the interview, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lack of progress in Alzheimer's drug development\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last drug for Alzheimer's was approved in 2003. So 15 years and we have had nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The drug companies have spent and lost billions of dollars trying to find something that works for Alzheimer's patients. And they're giving up.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I talked about the situation with patient advocates and neurologists and people in the lab desperately trying to come up with something to help people. One expert used a term that made me just sit up and practically gasp. He called it \"therapeutic nihilism.\" And by that he meant the disease has proved so challenging to scientists that people have almost given up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studies, drug after drug has failed. The drug companies have spent and lost billions of dollars trying to find something that works for Alzheimer's patients. And they're giving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the contrast between activism around HIV/AIDS and the lack of advocacy around Alzheimer's \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of attention, drug development, et cetera for HIV/AIDS have been hugely impressive. And that's why I contrasted it with Alzheimer's, wondering: Where is the outrage over the lack of progress?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there you have things like the age of patients. With HIV/AIDS, the tragic toll was, at least initially, on men in their prime. For Alzheimer's, primarily affecting people 65 and older, there's at least some sentiment that they've had a good life, that's the way it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lack of drugs being tested for moderate to severe Alzheimer's\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's what's called a pipeline analysis done every year by researchers at the Cleveland Clinic. They look at all the experimental compounds being tested in patients, and they ask, \"What kind of patients are they being tested in?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are 5.5 million people and growing that already have the disease. So what we're essentially saying to them is that it's really unfortunate but we have nothing that will help you.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They broke it down into people who do not have Alzheimer's but have some of the risk factors, and people who have mild, moderate or severe Alzheimer's. What really made me sit up was that the number of drugs being tested to see whether they can stop or even reverse the actual course of the disease in people with moderate or severe Alzheimer's is 1 out of 112.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all hope they can stop Alzheimer's at earlier stages. We all know somebody who has Alzheimer's, and when they first get it if you could look at that person and say, wow, you don't actually have a diagnosis yet, but you're on the cusp, so here's a drug that will help you from getting Alzheimer's ... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are 5.5 million people and growing that already have the disease. So what we're essentially saying to them is that it's really unfortunate but we have nothing that will help you. And if there's nothing in the pipeline for people with moderate to severe Alzheimer's, that means there will be nothing for anybody who is diagnosed in 2018, in 2019, and probably for the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>On the response from patient advocates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought I would call them and give them a softball. Let them say, \"This is untenable. We know it's expensive, but these drug companies just really have to step up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I will simply note without comment that the patient advocacy groups get buckets of money from drug developers.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Instead they told me things like, \"Boy, it's really hard to develop drugs. It's understandable that the drug companies have pulled back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I will simply note without comment that the patient advocacy groups get buckets of money from drug developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The market for preventing the development of Alzheimer's is much greater than for even the people who have it. If you develop something to prevent Alzheimer's that you can give to tens of millions of healthy people, that would be a huge profit boost for your company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I think it would be naïve of anyone to say that there are no financial considerations here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nLB0LaskunDkFSzX8O5LVSxfj3Ayt7CZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"FMPymRVSamCP4f8RpmzlwSdu0yioj0rt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. Doctors hope it will give a way to address a host of diseases that can’t be treated well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, a Phoenix-area man with Hunter syndrome, Brian Madeux, became the first person to test this inside the body. He lacks a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain large sugar compounds called GAGs. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through an IV, Madeux received many copies of a corrective gene and a gene-editing tool called zinc finger nucleases to help put it in a precise spot in his DNA. He was one of the two patients given a very low dose of the treatment, because this first-in-human testing called for extreme caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Madeux and the other low-dose patient, levels of the tell-tale sugar compounds in urine rose 9 percent on average after four months. Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.[contextly_sidebar id=\"g6IAb2xjtv0z0Te9cBhCwQAn8pi68Yxx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. Two of the main types of these sugars that accumulate in tissues declined 32 percent and 61 percent, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet known if declines like these can improve patients’ health or slow the progression of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not proof that this is a successful therapy yet, that these patients had enough gene editing to now supply them with the enzyme they need for the rest of their life,” Muenzer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said an important goal was met: the treatment seems safe. There were two serious side effects — one patient was hospitalized for bronchitis and another for an irregular heartbeat — but those were deemed due to their disease and pre-existing conditions, not the gene treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood tests did not detect the missing enzyme. Company scientists said this could be because any that was being made was rapidly used by cells rather than getting into the bloodstream — an explanation some outside experts agreed with. What counts, they said, was seeing the result of enzyme activity, the drop in sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Steps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more patients have been given the highest dose being tested — 10 times the starting dose — for a total of six patients in the study. The next step is to start taking patients off the weekly enzyme treatments they’ve been receiving to see if the gene therapy has changed their bodies so they make enough of the enzyme themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More results are expected at a medical meeting in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to see sustained levels for this to be practical. If this only works for six months, that’s not very beneficial,” Muenzer said. “Time’s going to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview at his home in Arizona last month, Madeux, 45, told The Associated Press he volunteered for the study in hope of being able to stop the weekly, three-hour enzyme infusions, but also to help find a treatment for future generations with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m old and having Hunter’s has done a lot of damage to my body,” Madeux said. “I’m actually pretty lucky I’ve lived this long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. 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Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. 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"content": "\u003cp>Theranos — the Silicon Valley blood-testing startup whose former top executives are accused of carrying out a massive, years-long fraud — is shutting down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Taylor, who became CEO in June, said Theranos will dissolve after it attempts to pay creditors with its remaining cash. The news was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/blood-testing-firm-theranos-to-dissolve-1536115130\">reported\u003c/a> by \u003cem>The Wall Street Journal\u003c/em>, which published \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/Theranos_Stockholders_Letter_2018.pdf?mod=article_inline\">the letter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter explains that the company \"intends to enter into an assignment for the benefit of creditors.\" This arrangement would allow for all of Theranos' assets, other than its intellectual property, to be assigned to a third party in trust for the company's creditors. The company says it has about $5 million remaining in cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because the Company's cash is not nearly sufficient to pay all of its creditors in full, there will be no distributions to shareholders,\" the letter states. After the assignment process, the company intends to dissolve. The \u003cem>Journal \u003c/em>reports that most of the company's remaining employees worked their last day on Aug. 31, while Taylor and a few others have just a few more days on the payroll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under founder and now-former CEO Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos raised more than $700 million from investors and was valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\">$9 billion\u003c/a> at its peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes had claimed that the company's technology could run comprehensive lab tests using just a few drops of blood — a pitch that appealed to Walgreens, which partnered with Theranos to offer the blood tests in its stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, in a criminal indictment, the Justice Department says that Holmes and her then-boyfriend, former President and COO Ramesh \"Sunny\" Balwani, perpetrated \"a multi-million dollar scheme to defraud investors, and a separate scheme to defraud doctors and patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They each face nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Holmes and Balwani knew that many of their representations about the analyzer were false,\" the Justice Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/theranos-founder-and-former-chief-operating-officer-charged-alleged-wire-fraud-schemes\">said\u003c/a> when the charges were announced in June. \"For example, allegedly, Holmes and Balwani knew that the analyzer, in truth, had accuracy and reliability problems, performed a limited number of tests, was slower than some competing devices, and, in some respects, could not compete with existing, more conventional machines. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR's James Doubek \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/15/593809254/sec-charges-theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-with-elaborate-years-long-fraud\">reported\u003c/a> in March, Holmes has already settled civil charges brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission, agreeing to pay a $500,000 penalty and to refrain from serving as a director or officer of a publicly traded company for 10 years. As part of the settlement, Holmes and Theranos did not admit or deny the allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balwani continues to fight the SEC's charges against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Theranos%2C+Blood-Testing+Company+Plagued+By+Scandal%2C+Says+It+Will+Dissolve&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Theranos — the Silicon Valley blood-testing startup whose former top executives are accused of carrying out a massive, years-long fraud — is shutting down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Taylor, who became CEO in June, said Theranos will dissolve after it attempts to pay creditors with its remaining cash. The news was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/blood-testing-firm-theranos-to-dissolve-1536115130\">reported\u003c/a> by \u003cem>The Wall Street Journal\u003c/em>, which published \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/Theranos_Stockholders_Letter_2018.pdf?mod=article_inline\">the letter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter explains that the company \"intends to enter into an assignment for the benefit of creditors.\" This arrangement would allow for all of Theranos' assets, other than its intellectual property, to be assigned to a third party in trust for the company's creditors. The company says it has about $5 million remaining in cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because the Company's cash is not nearly sufficient to pay all of its creditors in full, there will be no distributions to shareholders,\" the letter states. After the assignment process, the company intends to dissolve. The \u003cem>Journal \u003c/em>reports that most of the company's remaining employees worked their last day on Aug. 31, while Taylor and a few others have just a few more days on the payroll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under founder and now-former CEO Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos raised more than $700 million from investors and was valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\">$9 billion\u003c/a> at its peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes had claimed that the company's technology could run comprehensive lab tests using just a few drops of blood — a pitch that appealed to Walgreens, which partnered with Theranos to offer the blood tests in its stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, in a criminal indictment, the Justice Department says that Holmes and her then-boyfriend, former President and COO Ramesh \"Sunny\" Balwani, perpetrated \"a multi-million dollar scheme to defraud investors, and a separate scheme to defraud doctors and patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They each face nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Holmes and Balwani knew that many of their representations about the analyzer were false,\" the Justice Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/theranos-founder-and-former-chief-operating-officer-charged-alleged-wire-fraud-schemes\">said\u003c/a> when the charges were announced in June. \"For example, allegedly, Holmes and Balwani knew that the analyzer, in truth, had accuracy and reliability problems, performed a limited number of tests, was slower than some competing devices, and, in some respects, could not compete with existing, more conventional machines. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR's James Doubek \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/15/593809254/sec-charges-theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-with-elaborate-years-long-fraud\">reported\u003c/a> in March, Holmes has already settled civil charges brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission, agreeing to pay a $500,000 penalty and to refrain from serving as a director or officer of a publicly traded company for 10 years. As part of the settlement, Holmes and Theranos did not admit or deny the allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balwani continues to fight the SEC's charges against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Theranos%2C+Blood-Testing+Company+Plagued+By+Scandal%2C+Says+It+Will+Dissolve&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How to Plan a Wedding in the Global Warming Era",
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"content": "\u003cp>Melting cakes and melting guests. Wilting flowers and wilting brides. A hot day can spell disaster for a wedding unless there's detailed preparation beforehand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States, on average, experiences about 74 \"mild weather days\" every year, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-016-1885-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a 2017 study\u003c/a> in the Journal of Climatic Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is 74 chances to hold the perfect outdoor wedding with tolerable temperatures, low humidity and nearly no precipitation, according to Sarah Kapnick, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate scientist and co-author of that study. She says it was inspired by frequent requests from worried friends to predict the weather on their wedding days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the odds are better if the wedding is held in generally temperate San Diego (180 mild weather days per year) rather than boggy Washington, D.C. (81 mild weather days per year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But overall, the globe is set to lose four mild weather days in the next two decades and a total of nine by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[That means] the summers in the United States [are] getting hotter. They're also becoming more humid, particularly in the South and Southeast,\" Kapnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those shifts in temperature are leading to shifts in the wedding industry as bakers, photographers, florists and the couples they serve think more critically about how to beat the heat on this all-important day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Date: Fall is the New Summer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter, it's actually getting warmer. And so you're having more mild weather days in the winter, and also in the shoulder seasons: spring and fall,\" Kapnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those shoulder seasons have become increasingly popular for weddings. \u003ca href=\"https://go.weddingwire.com/newlywed-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to WeddingWire's annual survey\u003c/a> of newlyweds, fewer than a third of all weddings now occur in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, wedding dates in May, June and July were most common. But in 2017, September, October and November took the top spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no conclusive evidence to suggest the shift is because of rising temperatures, but Kapnick says that the fall presents a lower risk of heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are looking to get married often outside, often during pleasant weather where people can be active: They can be dancing, they can be enjoying themselves,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though, of course, thousands of weddings still take place across the country each summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ceremony: Shorten It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.P. Reynolds has been marrying couples in Southern California for more than 20 years. He says he's often the first to bake in the hot sun at an outdoor wedding, standing patiently as the entire wedding party glides down the aisle. He also gets an extended view of the misery of guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People look so uncomfortable. They're fanning themselves. They're squinting. They're using the programs as shades,\" he says. \"And they're not interested in listening to someone do a reading about what is the art of marriage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds says he's adjusting to higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has cut down his average ceremony time by about 10 minutes and limits couples to one reading. \"But I don't want the ceremony to be wham bam. There needs to be a certain texture to the ceremony,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flowers: Think Tropical\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawna Yamamoto, a floral designer in Orange County, Calif., urges couples to choose tropical flowers for hot, outdoor weddings, which fare best in high temperatures and usually last longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Roses, for example, are grown in South America. The temperatures are pretty much the same year-round there, and they're a very hardy flower,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After flowers are chosen, it's a race to order and arrange them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a standard rule that a flower should have a shelf life of seven days from the time they're cut. But that starts from the grower,\" explains Yamamoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamamoto uses a walk-in fridge and a refrigerated truck and insulates flowers in plastic wrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she has more advice for couples: \"Rely heavily on the professional. Be open to what's in season and what's readily available. The overall look can be achieved with different flowers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silk flowers are also a convincing option, points out Rrivre Davies, a Los Angeles wedding designer and president of the Wedding International Professionals Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Food: Use Twice the Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caterers are used to handling the heat. \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/youth/restaurant/cooking_heat.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to\u003c/a> the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, temperatures can reach 110 degrees in a busy kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Davies says, wedding caterers these days often need more air conditioning in their workstations — whether that's an indoor kitchen or an outdoor tent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the heat can also increase costs passed onto the engaged couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Caterers are telling me that they're looking at the 15-day weather forecast, and if it's going to be hot, they're buying twice the ice they used to buy,\" Davies says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Cake: Frosty or Foam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat can melt exterior decorations on a cake or undermine the structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Bailey, owner of The Butter End Cakery in Los Angeles, had to reroute the duct work in her studio to keep the decorating room cool. She and her staff have also taken to decorating with the lights off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And transporting the cake is even trickier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're having to coordinate timing a lot closer to when guest arrival is, and that makes it harder on our delivery schedule,\" Bailey says. \"We don't want the cake sitting out one minute longer than it has to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has an insulated, refrigerated van that manages \"shock\"— i.e. \"going from an air-conditioned van to a warm environment\" — by slowly warming up during transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the cake may sit for up to six hours until it is cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to take extra care to work with the event planner to ensure the cake is shielded from direct sun,\" Bailey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bakers are increasingly fielding requests from couples who ask for display-only cakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some folks don't even want to take the chance. If we know it's going to be hot, they'll opt for faux tiers,\" Bailey explains. \"The base tier will be real, and the top layers will be foam drums covered in buttercream or fondant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those instances, the guests are served slices from a sheet cake in the kitchen. The faux cake sometimes costs more than the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Venue: Keep it Shady\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davies says event designers should create stylish, covered spaces for outdoor ceremonies or receptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We created wooden pergola structures that we can put fabric on top of,\" Davies says. \"We've hung misters from those or put curtains on the side.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also advises his clients to spend some extra money on air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Photos: Grandma Goes First\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographers have traditionally followed an important courtesy: Snap the young and the elderly before the rest of the wedding party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Paul Rumohr, a wedding photographer in Los Angeles, says this courtesy has become more of a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kids have short attention spans, and in the heat, it's even crazier,\" Rumohr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And heat can also affect the quality of photographs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The better the conditions are, the more likely you are to have great photos,\" Rumohr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People look better in overcast weather than in direct sun, according to Rumohr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the weather was better, I think people would be getting more for their money. We do the best that we can, given the conditions we have,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Dress: Choose Haute Over Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magazines like \u003ca href=\"https://www.brides.com/gallery/wedding-dress-trends-fall-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bride\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.vogue.com/article/spring-2019-bridal-fashion-week-trends\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vogue\u003c/a> set wedding dress trends for 2018: capes, full skirts, jumpsuits and long sleeves. All of these styles cover a lot of skin and likely retain body heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the dress is one part of the wedding where staying cool doesn't really matter, according to Davies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[Dress shops] aren't seeing a big impact in what brides are choosing,\" he says. \"When a bride has spent two or three decades thinking about what she wants to look like on her wedding day, she's not really going to be looking at the weather forecast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most brides, Davies says, try to duck into air conditioning when they can or have a fan handy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Say+%27I+Do%27+Without+The+Sweat%3A+Wedding+Pros+Share+How+They+Beat+The+Heat&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Melting cakes and melting guests. Wilting flowers and wilting brides. A hot day can spell disaster for a wedding unless there's detailed preparation beforehand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States, on average, experiences about 74 \"mild weather days\" every year, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-016-1885-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a 2017 study\u003c/a> in the Journal of Climatic Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is 74 chances to hold the perfect outdoor wedding with tolerable temperatures, low humidity and nearly no precipitation, according to Sarah Kapnick, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate scientist and co-author of that study. She says it was inspired by frequent requests from worried friends to predict the weather on their wedding days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the odds are better if the wedding is held in generally temperate San Diego (180 mild weather days per year) rather than boggy Washington, D.C. (81 mild weather days per year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But overall, the globe is set to lose four mild weather days in the next two decades and a total of nine by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[That means] the summers in the United States [are] getting hotter. They're also becoming more humid, particularly in the South and Southeast,\" Kapnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those shifts in temperature are leading to shifts in the wedding industry as bakers, photographers, florists and the couples they serve think more critically about how to beat the heat on this all-important day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Date: Fall is the New Summer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter, it's actually getting warmer. And so you're having more mild weather days in the winter, and also in the shoulder seasons: spring and fall,\" Kapnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those shoulder seasons have become increasingly popular for weddings. \u003ca href=\"https://go.weddingwire.com/newlywed-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to WeddingWire's annual survey\u003c/a> of newlyweds, fewer than a third of all weddings now occur in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, wedding dates in May, June and July were most common. But in 2017, September, October and November took the top spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no conclusive evidence to suggest the shift is because of rising temperatures, but Kapnick says that the fall presents a lower risk of heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are looking to get married often outside, often during pleasant weather where people can be active: They can be dancing, they can be enjoying themselves,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though, of course, thousands of weddings still take place across the country each summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ceremony: Shorten It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.P. Reynolds has been marrying couples in Southern California for more than 20 years. He says he's often the first to bake in the hot sun at an outdoor wedding, standing patiently as the entire wedding party glides down the aisle. He also gets an extended view of the misery of guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People look so uncomfortable. They're fanning themselves. They're squinting. They're using the programs as shades,\" he says. \"And they're not interested in listening to someone do a reading about what is the art of marriage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds says he's adjusting to higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has cut down his average ceremony time by about 10 minutes and limits couples to one reading. \"But I don't want the ceremony to be wham bam. There needs to be a certain texture to the ceremony,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flowers: Think Tropical\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawna Yamamoto, a floral designer in Orange County, Calif., urges couples to choose tropical flowers for hot, outdoor weddings, which fare best in high temperatures and usually last longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Roses, for example, are grown in South America. The temperatures are pretty much the same year-round there, and they're a very hardy flower,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After flowers are chosen, it's a race to order and arrange them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a standard rule that a flower should have a shelf life of seven days from the time they're cut. But that starts from the grower,\" explains Yamamoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamamoto uses a walk-in fridge and a refrigerated truck and insulates flowers in plastic wrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she has more advice for couples: \"Rely heavily on the professional. Be open to what's in season and what's readily available. The overall look can be achieved with different flowers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silk flowers are also a convincing option, points out Rrivre Davies, a Los Angeles wedding designer and president of the Wedding International Professionals Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Food: Use Twice the Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caterers are used to handling the heat. \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/youth/restaurant/cooking_heat.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to\u003c/a> the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, temperatures can reach 110 degrees in a busy kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Davies says, wedding caterers these days often need more air conditioning in their workstations — whether that's an indoor kitchen or an outdoor tent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the heat can also increase costs passed onto the engaged couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Caterers are telling me that they're looking at the 15-day weather forecast, and if it's going to be hot, they're buying twice the ice they used to buy,\" Davies says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Cake: Frosty or Foam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat can melt exterior decorations on a cake or undermine the structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Bailey, owner of The Butter End Cakery in Los Angeles, had to reroute the duct work in her studio to keep the decorating room cool. She and her staff have also taken to decorating with the lights off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And transporting the cake is even trickier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're having to coordinate timing a lot closer to when guest arrival is, and that makes it harder on our delivery schedule,\" Bailey says. \"We don't want the cake sitting out one minute longer than it has to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has an insulated, refrigerated van that manages \"shock\"— i.e. \"going from an air-conditioned van to a warm environment\" — by slowly warming up during transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the cake may sit for up to six hours until it is cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to take extra care to work with the event planner to ensure the cake is shielded from direct sun,\" Bailey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bakers are increasingly fielding requests from couples who ask for display-only cakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some folks don't even want to take the chance. If we know it's going to be hot, they'll opt for faux tiers,\" Bailey explains. \"The base tier will be real, and the top layers will be foam drums covered in buttercream or fondant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those instances, the guests are served slices from a sheet cake in the kitchen. The faux cake sometimes costs more than the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Venue: Keep it Shady\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davies says event designers should create stylish, covered spaces for outdoor ceremonies or receptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We created wooden pergola structures that we can put fabric on top of,\" Davies says. \"We've hung misters from those or put curtains on the side.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also advises his clients to spend some extra money on air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Photos: Grandma Goes First\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographers have traditionally followed an important courtesy: Snap the young and the elderly before the rest of the wedding party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Paul Rumohr, a wedding photographer in Los Angeles, says this courtesy has become more of a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kids have short attention spans, and in the heat, it's even crazier,\" Rumohr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And heat can also affect the quality of photographs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The better the conditions are, the more likely you are to have great photos,\" Rumohr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People look better in overcast weather than in direct sun, according to Rumohr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the weather was better, I think people would be getting more for their money. We do the best that we can, given the conditions we have,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Dress: Choose Haute Over Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magazines like \u003ca href=\"https://www.brides.com/gallery/wedding-dress-trends-fall-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bride\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.vogue.com/article/spring-2019-bridal-fashion-week-trends\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vogue\u003c/a> set wedding dress trends for 2018: capes, full skirts, jumpsuits and long sleeves. All of these styles cover a lot of skin and likely retain body heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the dress is one part of the wedding where staying cool doesn't really matter, according to Davies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[Dress shops] aren't seeing a big impact in what brides are choosing,\" he says. \"When a bride has spent two or three decades thinking about what she wants to look like on her wedding day, she's not really going to be looking at the weather forecast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most brides, Davies says, try to duck into air conditioning when they can or have a fan handy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Say+%27I+Do%27+Without+The+Sweat%3A+Wedding+Pros+Share+How+They+Beat+The+Heat&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=necffi60Fs4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long seen the potential of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/05/aging-japan-robots-virtual-reality/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virtual reality\u003c/a> in rehabilitating patients with movement disorders. But do treatments using VR have advantages over traditional physical therapy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Levac at Northeastern University’s ReGame laboratory is trying to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t know enough of is when you learn a skill in a virtual environment, to what extent does that actually help you get better at that skill in real life?” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levac’s work focuses on children with cerebral palsy and other movement disorders, and to measure any success, she first must come up with a baseline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent day, Levac was putting 9-year-old Mattea through a series of games developed by the lab to see how she might ordinarily expect a child to perform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While VR won’t replace traditional physical therapy, Levac sees its promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that these games can provide a very useful adjunct that can potentially offer some extra benefits,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/31/virtual-reality-physical-therapy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/necffi60Fs4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/necffi60Fs4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers have long seen the potential of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/05/aging-japan-robots-virtual-reality/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virtual reality\u003c/a> in rehabilitating patients with movement disorders. But do treatments using VR have advantages over traditional physical therapy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Levac at Northeastern University’s ReGame laboratory is trying to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t know enough of is when you learn a skill in a virtual environment, to what extent does that actually help you get better at that skill in real life?” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levac’s work focuses on children with cerebral palsy and other movement disorders, and to measure any success, she first must come up with a baseline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Gun Ranking Shows the Impact of Gun Deaths Worldwide",
"title": "New Gun Ranking Shows the Impact of Gun Deaths Worldwide",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 2016, more than 250,000 people worldwide died as a result of firearms, and half of all of those deaths came from six nations, including the U.S.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Sq405EaoxZZES4Xjef22Cavnquq3czrJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new numbers, from the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s latest study of Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors, offer several new ways to measure the impact of gun deaths worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of all gun-related deaths in 2016 occurred in six nations — Brazil, the United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia and Guatemala. Together, the study published in the journal JAMA noted, these countries hold less than 10 percent of the world’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-444187\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"656\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME.png 656w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-160x90.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-240x135.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-375x211.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-520x293.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, 64 percent of deaths were determined to be homicides, while an additional 27 percent were suicides and 9 percent were accidental shootings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But country to country, looking at the ways people die due to gunfire produces a deeply varied picture, said Christopher Murray, the institute’s director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the number of gun-related homicides, the U.S. ranks 30th worldwide. But suicides linked to guns occurred in the U.S. at a rate of 6.4 per 100,000 deaths — a total of 23,800 people — the second highest rate worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These numbers come days after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/police-said-jacksonville-shooter-clearly-targeted-other-gamers-heres-what-we-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gunman in Jacksonville, Florida,\u003c/a> fatally shot two people and injured 11 more before he killed himself Sunday during a video game tournament in a shopping mall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While mass shootings like these capture the most media attention, they are responsible for a small sliver of overall gun deaths in the United States, gun violence experts Frederick P. Rivara, David M. Studdert and Garen J. Wintemute wrote in an editorial published in JAMA alongside the new report.[contextly_sidebar id=\"SZDflZXxowNtlSQKEIza6tXHHr8FLgte\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the United States and elsewhere, acts of terrorism committed with firearms and other lethal means have changed the way people live, work, travel, and play,” they wrote. “In the United States, armed guards patrol some schools, and some politicians have advocated allowing teachers to carry guns. Although mass shootings and terrorist attacks are the most visible form of gun violence, they account for only a small fraction of the public health burden of firearm-related morbidity and mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-444188\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"849\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024.png 849w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-160x193.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-800x965.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-768x926.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-240x289.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-375x452.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-520x627.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this latest report, researchers pulled data about 195 nations and territories, using nearly 2,900 different sources — a median of nine different datasets per nation. The study looks at data from 1990 to 2016, and was largely based on death certificate reports, Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, 37,200 people died as a result of overall gun use in 2016, the second highest number worldwide. But when it comes to gun deaths per capita, the U.S. ranks 20th, at a rate of 10.6 per 100,000 deaths — putting it on par with the Dominican Republic. Many places with high gun death rates had fewer deaths than the U.S. because of smaller populations. For instance, El Salvador produced the highest combined gun death rate of 39.2 per 100,000 deaths, but recorded 2,500 deaths overall. When it comes to gun-related suicides, Greenland has a higher rate than the U.S. — 22 per 100,000 deaths — but 11 deaths overall.[contextly_sidebar id=\"pS1JGptwnHklq6Q8wfMEcuPaC8OU1zOO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1990, the number of gun deaths has declined, the report said. But nearly every year since then, firearm deaths outside conflict zones outnumbered deaths that occurred as a result of war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We spend a lot of time thinking about conflict, and probably, we should be spending as much or more time thinking about how to reduce firearm-related homicide and suicide,” Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These latest numbers “provide the best data” on global gun deaths, said David Hemenway, who developed and directs the National Violent Death Reporting System at Harvard University. Overall, the report underscores that guns “are a major public health problem, not just in the U.S. but throughout the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without good data, you just don’t have the knowledge you need to make wise decisions,” said Hemenway, who was not involved in the study. More good data like this is crucial if policymakers want to bring death numbers down, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-444189\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024.png 849w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-160x193.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-800x965.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-768x926.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-240x289.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-375x452.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-520x627.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 481px) 100vw, 481px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1996, Congress passed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/what-we-dont-know-about-gun-violence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Dickey Amendment\u003c/a>, which had a chilling effect on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-led research into gun violence. Soon, the CDC withdrew questions from federal surveys about household gun ownership. Hemenway said losing these questions robbed two decades worth of researchers of the ability to gauge how easily Americans could access guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Congress approved funding to allow the CDC to collect data on violent deaths from all 50 states, a huge improvement over the fraction of states that had previously made data available, Hemenway said. This would give researchers and policymakers a clearer picture about how many Americans die nationwide as a result of guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legally procured guns play a role in most deaths by suicide in the U.S., Murray said, which means this kind of information will be even more critical as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/suicide-rate-rising-fastest-among-women-cdc-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nation’s suicide rate\u003c/a> continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you are having thoughts of suicide, go to SpeakingOfSuicide.com/resources or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 (TALK).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Country to country, looking at the ways people die due to gunfire produces a deeply varied picture, say researchers. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2016, more than 250,000 people worldwide died as a result of firearms, and half of all of those deaths came from six nations, including the U.S.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new numbers, from the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s latest study of Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors, offer several new ways to measure the impact of gun deaths worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of all gun-related deaths in 2016 occurred in six nations — Brazil, the United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia and Guatemala. Together, the study published in the journal JAMA noted, these countries hold less than 10 percent of the world’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-444187\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"656\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME.png 656w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-160x90.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-240x135.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-375x211.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-520x293.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, 64 percent of deaths were determined to be homicides, while an additional 27 percent were suicides and 9 percent were accidental shootings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But country to country, looking at the ways people die due to gunfire produces a deeply varied picture, said Christopher Murray, the institute’s director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the number of gun-related homicides, the U.S. ranks 30th worldwide. But suicides linked to guns occurred in the U.S. at a rate of 6.4 per 100,000 deaths — a total of 23,800 people — the second highest rate worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These numbers come days after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/police-said-jacksonville-shooter-clearly-targeted-other-gamers-heres-what-we-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gunman in Jacksonville, Florida,\u003c/a> fatally shot two people and injured 11 more before he killed himself Sunday during a video game tournament in a shopping mall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While mass shootings like these capture the most media attention, they are responsible for a small sliver of overall gun deaths in the United States, gun violence experts Frederick P. Rivara, David M. Studdert and Garen J. Wintemute wrote in an editorial published in JAMA alongside the new report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the United States and elsewhere, acts of terrorism committed with firearms and other lethal means have changed the way people live, work, travel, and play,” they wrote. “In the United States, armed guards patrol some schools, and some politicians have advocated allowing teachers to carry guns. Although mass shootings and terrorist attacks are the most visible form of gun violence, they account for only a small fraction of the public health burden of firearm-related morbidity and mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-444188\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"849\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024.png 849w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-160x193.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-800x965.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-768x926.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-240x289.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-375x452.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-520x627.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this latest report, researchers pulled data about 195 nations and territories, using nearly 2,900 different sources — a median of nine different datasets per nation. The study looks at data from 1990 to 2016, and was largely based on death certificate reports, Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, 37,200 people died as a result of overall gun use in 2016, the second highest number worldwide. But when it comes to gun deaths per capita, the U.S. ranks 20th, at a rate of 10.6 per 100,000 deaths — putting it on par with the Dominican Republic. Many places with high gun death rates had fewer deaths than the U.S. because of smaller populations. For instance, El Salvador produced the highest combined gun death rate of 39.2 per 100,000 deaths, but recorded 2,500 deaths overall. When it comes to gun-related suicides, Greenland has a higher rate than the U.S. — 22 per 100,000 deaths — but 11 deaths overall.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1990, the number of gun deaths has declined, the report said. But nearly every year since then, firearm deaths outside conflict zones outnumbered deaths that occurred as a result of war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We spend a lot of time thinking about conflict, and probably, we should be spending as much or more time thinking about how to reduce firearm-related homicide and suicide,” Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These latest numbers “provide the best data” on global gun deaths, said David Hemenway, who developed and directs the National Violent Death Reporting System at Harvard University. Overall, the report underscores that guns “are a major public health problem, not just in the U.S. but throughout the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without good data, you just don’t have the knowledge you need to make wise decisions,” said Hemenway, who was not involved in the study. More good data like this is crucial if policymakers want to bring death numbers down, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-444189\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024.png 849w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-160x193.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-800x965.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-768x926.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-240x289.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-375x452.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-520x627.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 481px) 100vw, 481px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1996, Congress passed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/what-we-dont-know-about-gun-violence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Dickey Amendment\u003c/a>, which had a chilling effect on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-led research into gun violence. Soon, the CDC withdrew questions from federal surveys about household gun ownership. Hemenway said losing these questions robbed two decades worth of researchers of the ability to gauge how easily Americans could access guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Congress approved funding to allow the CDC to collect data on violent deaths from all 50 states, a huge improvement over the fraction of states that had previously made data available, Hemenway said. This would give researchers and policymakers a clearer picture about how many Americans die nationwide as a result of guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legally procured guns play a role in most deaths by suicide in the U.S., Murray said, which means this kind of information will be even more critical as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/suicide-rate-rising-fastest-among-women-cdc-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nation’s suicide rate\u003c/a> continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you are having thoughts of suicide, go to SpeakingOfSuicide.com/resources or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 (TALK).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why Californians Are Living Longer With Most Types of Cancer",
"title": "Why Californians Are Living Longer With Most Types of Cancer",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>As he grew older, Dale Kunitomi paid closer attention to his health — and to his doctor’s advice. When he noticed rectal bleeding in 2010, he went to see his physician, who ordered a colonoscopy.[contextly_sidebar id=\"vc7B3eLIIv6aV3Hq5qcJq85a0z0PMqRC\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diagnosis: colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kunitomi, now 74, underwent surgery, radiation and chemotherapy — and now he has been cancer-free for seven years. “The things that are said about early detection and living a healthy lifestyle are important,” said Kunitomi, a resident of Ventura County, Calif. “You are foolish if you don’t pay attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians are living longer with most types of cancer, due to earlier detection and more effective treatments, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/13098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new research\u003c/a> from the University of California-Davis. But racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities persist, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published this month, shows that 65 percent of people diagnosed with cancer between 2006 and 2010 survived five years or more from the time their disease was discovered, up from 58 percent for those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994. The researchers drew from data on 1.4 million California adults diagnosed with 27 different kinds of cancer. They found improved survival rates for patients with all but five types of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-Latino whites had the highest five-year survival rate for all cancers combined, followed by Latinos — though Pacific Islanders and Asians, like Kunitomi, had the highest rates for 13 of the cancers studied, including breast, colon, liver and lung. African-Americans had the worst overall prognosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-160x117.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-800x586.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-768x563.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-960x703.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-240x176.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-375x275.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-520x381.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California numbers echo a national trend of significant improvement in cancer survival, one also tempered by racial and ethnic disparities. A recent analysis in the journal Cancer, which relied on death rather than survival rates, found a \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3322/caac.21460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">26 percent decline in cancer mortality\u003c/a> in the United States between 1991 and 2015 — translating to nearly 2.4 million cancer deaths avoided. The study showed mortality rates declined for all the major cancers, including breast, colorectal and prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Otis Brawley, one of the authors of that report and chief medical and scientific officer of the American Cancer Society, attributed the improvement to better screening, detection and treatment — and a decline in smoking. He said cancer deaths likely would drop even further if there were more equal access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment.[contextly_sidebar id=\"fmc02MyXuNyOxUDOEz7MyAsTaZY5UAeN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, the UC-Davis data show that poor Californians don’t live as long with cancer as those of greater means. About three-quarters of the patients at the highest socioeconomic level, with all cancers combined, survived five years or more. Just over half the patients at the lowest levels lived that long. Age was also a major factor: The younger patients were at the time of the diagnosis, the better their chance of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separate research from UC-Davis, published in 2015, showed the impact of health insurance status: Uninsured patients and those on Medi-Cal — California’s version of the federal Medicaid program for low-income people — had worse cancer care and outcomes than people with private insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research published this month showed the most critical factor in survival was finding the cancer early, which the report said underscores the importance of screening. One hundred percent of breast cancer patients survived at least five years if their disease was detected at stage 1. Only 28 percent of patients lived that long if their cancer was found when it was at stage 4, the most advanced stage. Most types of cancer show similarly stark disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stages, which depend in part on the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread, are a gauge of how serious the disease is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The earlier things are picked up, the more likely it is that treatment is successful,” said Dr. Kenneth Kizer, senior author of the study and director of the UC-Davis Institute for Population Health Improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444172\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer screening and treatment for African-Americans lag behind other racial and ethnic groups, said Dr. Nancy Lee, who is on the board of Black Women’s Health Imperative, a national organization that seeks to improve the health of black women. Long-standing and sometimes unrecognized bias in the health care system disadvantages black patients in a way that can compromise their medical outcomes, said Lee, who previously led the cancer division of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White women in California are more likely to get breast cancer, the most common cancer among women, but black women are more likely to die from it, the UC-Davis report found.[contextly_sidebar id=\"VH6Y1JhelA7uLcj4KfqvO237ZI6LRYmK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobby Smith’s wife, an African-American, died 13 years ago after her breast cancer moved into her lymph nodes and eventually metastasized to her brain. Smith said he doesn’t believe doctors gave her all the information she needed to make the best decisions about her treatment. “Health care professionals treat and serve people of color differently,” said Smith, who lives in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC-Davis report used data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccrcal.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Cancer Registry,\u003c/a> a repository of data on cancer patients dating to 1988 that contains information on patient demographics, diagnosis, initial treatment and outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rates reported in the study measure “relative” survival, which represents survival in the absence of other causes of death. The study showed patients with prostate, breast, melanoma and uterine cancers had among the highest survival rates: More than 80 percent of them lived at least five years after their diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survival did not improve for patients with some cancers, including bladder, cervical and testicular. And fewer than 20 percent of patients with cancers of the lung, liver, pancreas and esophagus lived past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For breast cancer patients, five-year survival improved from 85 percent among those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 to 90 percent among those diagnosed between 2006 and 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patterns were similar for lung cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in California and the leading cause of cancer deaths nationwide. The disease tends to be diagnosed late, and patients with stage 4 cancer had just a 4 percent survival rate after five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kizer of UC-Davis said new treatments offer great promise for cancer patients, but how much money they have and who their insurers are may well determine whether or not they reap the benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer is hard enough for people with means and education, said Susan Lasker Hertz, 61, a Colorado nurse who was diagnosed with stage 2 breast cancer in 2009 and then developed leukemia three years later. Hertz, who is now in remission from both cancers, said her knowledge and experience helped her navigate the health care system and get treated quickly after her diagnosis. But it wasn’t easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am an educated, white, highly knowledgeable health care professional,” she said, “and it is still overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN's coverage in California is supported in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueshieldcafoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Shield of California Foundation.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As he grew older, Dale Kunitomi paid closer attention to his health — and to his doctor’s advice. When he noticed rectal bleeding in 2010, he went to see his physician, who ordered a colonoscopy.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diagnosis: colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kunitomi, now 74, underwent surgery, radiation and chemotherapy — and now he has been cancer-free for seven years. “The things that are said about early detection and living a healthy lifestyle are important,” said Kunitomi, a resident of Ventura County, Calif. “You are foolish if you don’t pay attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians are living longer with most types of cancer, due to earlier detection and more effective treatments, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/13098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new research\u003c/a> from the University of California-Davis. But racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities persist, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published this month, shows that 65 percent of people diagnosed with cancer between 2006 and 2010 survived five years or more from the time their disease was discovered, up from 58 percent for those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994. The researchers drew from data on 1.4 million California adults diagnosed with 27 different kinds of cancer. They found improved survival rates for patients with all but five types of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-Latino whites had the highest five-year survival rate for all cancers combined, followed by Latinos — though Pacific Islanders and Asians, like Kunitomi, had the highest rates for 13 of the cancers studied, including breast, colon, liver and lung. African-Americans had the worst overall prognosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-160x117.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-800x586.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-768x563.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-960x703.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-240x176.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-375x275.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-520x381.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California numbers echo a national trend of significant improvement in cancer survival, one also tempered by racial and ethnic disparities. A recent analysis in the journal Cancer, which relied on death rather than survival rates, found a \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3322/caac.21460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">26 percent decline in cancer mortality\u003c/a> in the United States between 1991 and 2015 — translating to nearly 2.4 million cancer deaths avoided. The study showed mortality rates declined for all the major cancers, including breast, colorectal and prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Otis Brawley, one of the authors of that report and chief medical and scientific officer of the American Cancer Society, attributed the improvement to better screening, detection and treatment — and a decline in smoking. He said cancer deaths likely would drop even further if there were more equal access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, the UC-Davis data show that poor Californians don’t live as long with cancer as those of greater means. About three-quarters of the patients at the highest socioeconomic level, with all cancers combined, survived five years or more. Just over half the patients at the lowest levels lived that long. Age was also a major factor: The younger patients were at the time of the diagnosis, the better their chance of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separate research from UC-Davis, published in 2015, showed the impact of health insurance status: Uninsured patients and those on Medi-Cal — California’s version of the federal Medicaid program for low-income people — had worse cancer care and outcomes than people with private insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research published this month showed the most critical factor in survival was finding the cancer early, which the report said underscores the importance of screening. One hundred percent of breast cancer patients survived at least five years if their disease was detected at stage 1. Only 28 percent of patients lived that long if their cancer was found when it was at stage 4, the most advanced stage. Most types of cancer show similarly stark disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stages, which depend in part on the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread, are a gauge of how serious the disease is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The earlier things are picked up, the more likely it is that treatment is successful,” said Dr. Kenneth Kizer, senior author of the study and director of the UC-Davis Institute for Population Health Improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444172\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer screening and treatment for African-Americans lag behind other racial and ethnic groups, said Dr. Nancy Lee, who is on the board of Black Women’s Health Imperative, a national organization that seeks to improve the health of black women. Long-standing and sometimes unrecognized bias in the health care system disadvantages black patients in a way that can compromise their medical outcomes, said Lee, who previously led the cancer division of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White women in California are more likely to get breast cancer, the most common cancer among women, but black women are more likely to die from it, the UC-Davis report found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobby Smith’s wife, an African-American, died 13 years ago after her breast cancer moved into her lymph nodes and eventually metastasized to her brain. Smith said he doesn’t believe doctors gave her all the information she needed to make the best decisions about her treatment. “Health care professionals treat and serve people of color differently,” said Smith, who lives in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC-Davis report used data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccrcal.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Cancer Registry,\u003c/a> a repository of data on cancer patients dating to 1988 that contains information on patient demographics, diagnosis, initial treatment and outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rates reported in the study measure “relative” survival, which represents survival in the absence of other causes of death. The study showed patients with prostate, breast, melanoma and uterine cancers had among the highest survival rates: More than 80 percent of them lived at least five years after their diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survival did not improve for patients with some cancers, including bladder, cervical and testicular. And fewer than 20 percent of patients with cancers of the lung, liver, pancreas and esophagus lived past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For breast cancer patients, five-year survival improved from 85 percent among those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 to 90 percent among those diagnosed between 2006 and 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patterns were similar for lung cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in California and the leading cause of cancer deaths nationwide. The disease tends to be diagnosed late, and patients with stage 4 cancer had just a 4 percent survival rate after five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kizer of UC-Davis said new treatments offer great promise for cancer patients, but how much money they have and who their insurers are may well determine whether or not they reap the benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer is hard enough for people with means and education, said Susan Lasker Hertz, 61, a Colorado nurse who was diagnosed with stage 2 breast cancer in 2009 and then developed leukemia three years later. Hertz, who is now in remission from both cancers, said her knowledge and experience helped her navigate the health care system and get treated quickly after her diagnosis. But it wasn’t easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am an educated, white, highly knowledgeable health care professional,” she said, “and it is still overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>After learning an ingredient used to make a widely prescribed heart drug contained a substance linked to cancer, the Food and Drug Administration is now testing all drugs in that class for traces of the toxic material.[contextly_sidebar id=\"M4JEVSEfDDhDw0n3meqWeaJPT6i8AOwO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The probe into angiotensin II receptor blockers is part of a widening investigation into a mystery over an impurity known as NDMA, which was found last month in generic valsartan blood pressure pills made by Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical. NDMA, which is considered a possible carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency, is an organic chemical once used to make rocket fuel and is an unintended by-product of certain chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The finding caused widespread concern and product recalls by several manufacturers as the FDA and regulators from other countries scrambled to determine how the substance found its way into the medicine. The FDA issued a statement saying it believes the problem occurred “through a specific sequence of steps in the manufacturing process,” but the agency is “still not 100 percent sure this is the root cause.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous companies either manufacture or repackage these drugs, which are regularly used to combat high blood pressure and heart failure. As of now, they noted that more than half of all valsartan medicines that are on the market are being recalled.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sIS8BD5zF1nXJWO6PonqzMGSpfqDl0Bs\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The episode underscores ongoing concerns about the quality of the pharmaceutical supply chain emanating from countries such as China and India that are large ingredients manufacturers, but have a history of inconsistent — some say inadequate — government oversight. A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2017/01/17/fda-drug-safety-inspections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> by the U.S. Government Accountability Office found the FDA was struggling to assess its overseas inspection efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of such concerns, the FDA statement took pains to explain the steps taken by the agency to respond to the NDMA problem. These included \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alerts\u003c/a> issued to patients and health care providers on the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">web site\u003c/a>; analysis by FDA staff at its St. Louis laboratory; communicating with regulators in Canada, Europe, and Japan; and inspecting Zhejiang Huahai facilities in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the FDA reiterated an earlier alert that attempted to put the risk into context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency estimated that if 8,000 people took the highest valsartan dose of 320 mg in a pill containing NDMA daily for four years — which is the amount of time the FDA believes the affected pill had been on the U.S. market — there may be one additional case of cancer over their lifetimes beyond the average cancer rate among Americans.[contextly_sidebar id=\"enNQmG13yKJp90szHVrMT1LH85pc4uKY\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This estimate represented the highest possible level of NDMA exposure. It was a measure of the risk under the most extreme circumstances. Most patients who were exposed to the impurity through the use of valsartan received less exposure than this worst-case scenario,” Gottlieb and Woodcock wrote in a bid to reassure the public about the likelihood of the risk of developing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, they added that they plan to use what they learn from this scare to “inform assessments of product applications being submitted and currently reviewed by the FDA. We will disseminate that information to manufacturers of all drugs and to the scientific community and re-evaluate our existing guidance to manufacturers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After learning an ingredient used to make a widely prescribed heart drug contained a substance linked to cancer, the Food and Drug Administration is now testing all drugs in that class for traces of the toxic material.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The probe into angiotensin II receptor blockers is part of a widening investigation into a mystery over an impurity known as NDMA, which was found last month in generic valsartan blood pressure pills made by Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical. NDMA, which is considered a possible carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency, is an organic chemical once used to make rocket fuel and is an unintended by-product of certain chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The finding caused widespread concern and product recalls by several manufacturers as the FDA and regulators from other countries scrambled to determine how the substance found its way into the medicine. The FDA issued a statement saying it believes the problem occurred “through a specific sequence of steps in the manufacturing process,” but the agency is “still not 100 percent sure this is the root cause.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous companies either manufacture or repackage these drugs, which are regularly used to combat high blood pressure and heart failure. As of now, they noted that more than half of all valsartan medicines that are on the market are being recalled.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The episode underscores ongoing concerns about the quality of the pharmaceutical supply chain emanating from countries such as China and India that are large ingredients manufacturers, but have a history of inconsistent — some say inadequate — government oversight. A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2017/01/17/fda-drug-safety-inspections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> by the U.S. Government Accountability Office found the FDA was struggling to assess its overseas inspection efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of such concerns, the FDA statement took pains to explain the steps taken by the agency to respond to the NDMA problem. These included \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alerts\u003c/a> issued to patients and health care providers on the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">web site\u003c/a>; analysis by FDA staff at its St. Louis laboratory; communicating with regulators in Canada, Europe, and Japan; and inspecting Zhejiang Huahai facilities in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the FDA reiterated an earlier alert that attempted to put the risk into context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency estimated that if 8,000 people took the highest valsartan dose of 320 mg in a pill containing NDMA daily for four years — which is the amount of time the FDA believes the affected pill had been on the U.S. market — there may be one additional case of cancer over their lifetimes beyond the average cancer rate among Americans.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This estimate represented the highest possible level of NDMA exposure. It was a measure of the risk under the most extreme circumstances. Most patients who were exposed to the impurity through the use of valsartan received less exposure than this worst-case scenario,” Gottlieb and Woodcock wrote in a bid to reassure the public about the likelihood of the risk of developing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, they added that they plan to use what they learn from this scare to “inform assessments of product applications being submitted and currently reviewed by the FDA. We will disseminate that information to manufacturers of all drugs and to the scientific community and re-evaluate our existing guidance to manufacturers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study suggests that ketamine, an increasingly popular treatment for depression, has something in common with drugs like fentanyl and oxycodone.[contextly_sidebar id=\"GKOXapuQ5qMV9rgSB9dSKa6ZDrVupWf3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small study found evidence that ketamine's effectiveness with depression, demonstrated in many small studies over the past decade, comes from its interaction with the brain's opioid system. A Stanford University team \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported \u003c/a>their findings Wednesday in \u003cem>The American Journal of Psychiatry\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think ketamine is acting as an opioid,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/people/alan-f-schatzberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Schatzberg\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University. \"That's why you're getting these rapid effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, most researchers have attributed ketamine's success to its effect on the brain's glutamate system, which is involved in learning and memory. The opioid system, in contrast, controls pain, reward and addictive behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ketamine is an anesthetic that is frequently given to children in the emergency room. It is also a popular but illicit party drug that can cause an out-of-body experience at high doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the past few years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/20/520169959/ketamine-for-severe-depression-how-do-you-not-offer-this-drug-to-people\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ketamine has seen increasing use\u003c/a> as an off-label treatment that doctors prescribe for patients with severe depression that doesn't respond to other drugs. Unlike conventional antidepressants like Prozac, which can take weeks to work, an infusion or nasal administration of ketamine typically produces results in hours.[contextly_sidebar id=\"b9ZDNeJgwwqSZavOYEHiljP4WWMQlDiK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study's findings suggests that taking ketamine for depression could lead to abuse or addiction, says Schatzberg, who has financial ties to several drug companies. Ketamine has a less potent effect on opioid receptors than drugs like fentanyl or oxycodone, he says, \"but that doesn't mean it's safer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers say the study's implications aren't so clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results are quite intriguing,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/labs-at-nimh/principal-investigators/carlos-zarate.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carlos Zarate Jr.\u003c/a>, an investigator at the National Institute of Mental Health who has been studying ketamine's effects on depression for more than a decade. \"However, this study is preliminary and its results need to be replicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study is \"interesting and exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/psychiatry/people/ronald_duman-1.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ronald Duman\u003c/a>, a professor of psychiatry and neurobiology at Yale University who has published research showing how ketamine causes brain cells to form new connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Duman isn't convinced that ketamine's effect on the opioid system is the key to its effectiveness in treating depression. He notes that ketamine's effect on the brain's glutamate system is quite powerful, while the drug has \"a relatively low affinity for opiate receptors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team decided to conduct its study after seeing research that suggested drugs that work on the glutamate system alone aren't very effective antidepressants, Schatzberg says. They researchers also knew that opioid drugs had once been used to treat depression but were largely abandoned because of concern about abuse.[contextly_sidebar id=\"a3FmE4rjr7xcOG9MhJ9mEKI27rlhXnjE\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the team designed an experiment that would treat patients with depression in two ways. The first was by giving them an infusion of ketamine alone. The second involved giving each patient the drug naltrexone, which blocks the effects of opioid drugs, before the patient got an infusion of ketamine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis of a dozen patients who got both treatments showed a dramatic difference. Seven of the 12 saw their depression symptoms decrease by at least 50 percent a day after they got ketamine alone. But when they got naltrexone first, there was \"virtually no effect,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/carolyn-rodriguez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carolyn Rodriguez\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who has pioneered the use of ketamine to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder, says the study doesn't prove that the drug works primarily through the brain's opioid system. Instead, she calls the result \"the beginning of a conversation\" and says it \"highlights that ketamine's mechanism of action is complicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez has served as a consultant for several drug companies including Allergan, which is developing a depression drug that acts like ketamine in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that ketamine's effect on opioid receptors may provide immediate but short-term relief of depression symptoms, Rodriguez says, while the drug's effect on the glutamate system may be what makes that relief last for a week or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ketamine%2C+A+Promising+Depression+Treatment%2C+Seems+To+Act+Like+An+Opioid&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study suggests that ketamine, an increasingly popular treatment for depression, has something in common with drugs like fentanyl and oxycodone.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small study found evidence that ketamine's effectiveness with depression, demonstrated in many small studies over the past decade, comes from its interaction with the brain's opioid system. A Stanford University team \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported \u003c/a>their findings Wednesday in \u003cem>The American Journal of Psychiatry\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think ketamine is acting as an opioid,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/people/alan-f-schatzberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Schatzberg\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University. \"That's why you're getting these rapid effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, most researchers have attributed ketamine's success to its effect on the brain's glutamate system, which is involved in learning and memory. The opioid system, in contrast, controls pain, reward and addictive behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ketamine is an anesthetic that is frequently given to children in the emergency room. It is also a popular but illicit party drug that can cause an out-of-body experience at high doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the past few years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/20/520169959/ketamine-for-severe-depression-how-do-you-not-offer-this-drug-to-people\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ketamine has seen increasing use\u003c/a> as an off-label treatment that doctors prescribe for patients with severe depression that doesn't respond to other drugs. Unlike conventional antidepressants like Prozac, which can take weeks to work, an infusion or nasal administration of ketamine typically produces results in hours.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study's findings suggests that taking ketamine for depression could lead to abuse or addiction, says Schatzberg, who has financial ties to several drug companies. Ketamine has a less potent effect on opioid receptors than drugs like fentanyl or oxycodone, he says, \"but that doesn't mean it's safer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers say the study's implications aren't so clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results are quite intriguing,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/labs-at-nimh/principal-investigators/carlos-zarate.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carlos Zarate Jr.\u003c/a>, an investigator at the National Institute of Mental Health who has been studying ketamine's effects on depression for more than a decade. \"However, this study is preliminary and its results need to be replicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study is \"interesting and exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/psychiatry/people/ronald_duman-1.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ronald Duman\u003c/a>, a professor of psychiatry and neurobiology at Yale University who has published research showing how ketamine causes brain cells to form new connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Duman isn't convinced that ketamine's effect on the opioid system is the key to its effectiveness in treating depression. He notes that ketamine's effect on the brain's glutamate system is quite powerful, while the drug has \"a relatively low affinity for opiate receptors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team decided to conduct its study after seeing research that suggested drugs that work on the glutamate system alone aren't very effective antidepressants, Schatzberg says. They researchers also knew that opioid drugs had once been used to treat depression but were largely abandoned because of concern about abuse.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the team designed an experiment that would treat patients with depression in two ways. The first was by giving them an infusion of ketamine alone. The second involved giving each patient the drug naltrexone, which blocks the effects of opioid drugs, before the patient got an infusion of ketamine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis of a dozen patients who got both treatments showed a dramatic difference. Seven of the 12 saw their depression symptoms decrease by at least 50 percent a day after they got ketamine alone. But when they got naltrexone first, there was \"virtually no effect,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/carolyn-rodriguez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carolyn Rodriguez\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who has pioneered the use of ketamine to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder, says the study doesn't prove that the drug works primarily through the brain's opioid system. Instead, she calls the result \"the beginning of a conversation\" and says it \"highlights that ketamine's mechanism of action is complicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez has served as a consultant for several drug companies including Allergan, which is developing a depression drug that acts like ketamine in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that ketamine's effect on opioid receptors may provide immediate but short-term relief of depression symptoms, Rodriguez says, while the drug's effect on the glutamate system may be what makes that relief last for a week or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ketamine%2C+A+Promising+Depression+Treatment%2C+Seems+To+Act+Like+An+Opioid&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Experts Warn Era of Killer Robots Not Far as Technological Advances Outpace Regulations",
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"content": "\u003cp>Experts from scores of countries are meeting to discuss ways to define and deal with “killer robots” — futuristic weapons systems that could conduct war without human intervention.[contextly_sidebar id=\"JwnbIGuA2qmrjP4cyRW3G5jeg9YBMKbr\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weeklong gathering that opened Monday is the second at U.N. offices in Geneva this year to focus on such lethal autonomous weapons systems and to explore possibilities for regulating them, among other issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, fully autonomous, computer-controlled weapons don’t exist yet, U.N. officials say. The debate is still in its infancy, and the experts have at times grappled with basic definitions. The United States has argued that it’s premature to establish a definition of such systems, much less regulate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Some top advocacy groups say governments and militaries should be prevented from developing such systems, which have sparked fears and led some critics to envisage harrowing scenarios about their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the meeting got underway, Amnesty International urged countries to work toward a ban.[contextly_sidebar id=\"0OgluTdEZx9UFQGbj03uYz6oMpORelQX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer robots are “no longer the stuff of science fiction,” Rasha Abdul Rahim, an artificial intelligence researcher for the human rights organization, said. Rahim warned that technological advances are outpacing international law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the trouble for activists, however, is that the U.N.-backed conference that convened the meeting works by consensus. A single participating country — like a big military power — therefore could scuttle efforts to reach an international ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amandeep Gill, who is chairing the meeting and a former Indian ambassador to the U.N.-backed Conference on Disarmament, said progress is being made. He summarized three general camps of countries: One seeks a formal, legal ban on such weapons; another wants a political, but non-binding agreement; and a third wants no changes at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are coming closer to an agreement on what should be the guiding principles — guiding the behavior of states and guiding the development and deployment of such systems around the world,” Gill told reporters Monday. “And this is not an insignificant outcome.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"7CVR44SpGjuPwzybFHNCXk25HyuLfGfX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a news conference hosted by the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Jody Williams said the group wanted “meaningful human control” when it comes to the use of military weapons and negotiations toward a ban on computer-controlled weapons systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a lot of movement within the governments: We’re up to 26 now that have called for a ban,” said Williams, who won the 1997 Nobel for her work against land mines. “Logic would dictate — at least in my thinking — that there would be a mandate toward negotiating a binding instrument, and that’s what we’re pushing for here this week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget render-late-effect tbl-feed-container tbl-feed-full-width\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"tbl-feed-header\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Experts from scores of countries are meeting to discuss ways to define and deal with “killer robots” — futuristic weapons systems that could conduct war without human intervention.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weeklong gathering that opened Monday is the second at U.N. offices in Geneva this year to focus on such lethal autonomous weapons systems and to explore possibilities for regulating them, among other issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, fully autonomous, computer-controlled weapons don’t exist yet, U.N. officials say. The debate is still in its infancy, and the experts have at times grappled with basic definitions. The United States has argued that it’s premature to establish a definition of such systems, much less regulate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Some top advocacy groups say governments and militaries should be prevented from developing such systems, which have sparked fears and led some critics to envisage harrowing scenarios about their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the meeting got underway, Amnesty International urged countries to work toward a ban.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer robots are “no longer the stuff of science fiction,” Rasha Abdul Rahim, an artificial intelligence researcher for the human rights organization, said. Rahim warned that technological advances are outpacing international law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the trouble for activists, however, is that the U.N.-backed conference that convened the meeting works by consensus. A single participating country — like a big military power — therefore could scuttle efforts to reach an international ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amandeep Gill, who is chairing the meeting and a former Indian ambassador to the U.N.-backed Conference on Disarmament, said progress is being made. He summarized three general camps of countries: One seeks a formal, legal ban on such weapons; another wants a political, but non-binding agreement; and a third wants no changes at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are coming closer to an agreement on what should be the guiding principles — guiding the behavior of states and guiding the development and deployment of such systems around the world,” Gill told reporters Monday. “And this is not an insignificant outcome.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a news conference hosted by the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Jody Williams said the group wanted “meaningful human control” when it comes to the use of military weapons and negotiations toward a ban on computer-controlled weapons systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a lot of movement within the governments: We’re up to 26 now that have called for a ban,” said Williams, who won the 1997 Nobel for her work against land mines. “Logic would dictate — at least in my thinking — that there would be a mandate toward negotiating a binding instrument, and that’s what we’re pushing for here this week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget render-late-effect tbl-feed-container tbl-feed-full-width\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"tbl-feed-header\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why is a Consumer Group Fighting to Stop a Nationwide Study Of Sepsis?",
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"content": "\u003cp>A consumer advocacy organization is asking federal health officials Tuesday to halt a large medical study being conducted at major universities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public Citizen says that the study, involving treatment for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sepsis,\u003c/a> puts patients at risk and will at best produce confusing results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03434028?term=NCT03434028&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CLOVERS study\u003c/a> seeks to answer a key question about sepsis, which is a common and life-threatening response to infection. Sepsis kills more than 250,000 Americans a year, often by triggering the failure of multiple organs. As patients' blood vessels get leaky as a result of sepsis, it becomes difficult to maintain safe fluid balance and blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors use a combination of IV fluids and blood-pressure medicines called vasopressors, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, to manage this life-threatening complication. But there is no consensus about the best strategy. Some doctors prefer to give lots of fluids and use drugs sparingly; others take the opposite approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, trying to find the sweet spot — or the 'Goldilocks place' — is important,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.surgery.emory.edu/about-us/faculty_directory/faculty_profile_craig_coopersmith.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Craig Coopersmith\u003c/a>, director of the surgical transplant intensive care unit at Emory University Hospital and an expert on sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CLOVERS trial is an attempt to find that sweet spot. Patients who volunteer for the study are put into one of two groups: One gets plentiful fluids; the other gets limited fluids and more medication. Unlike most research, this study lacks a control group — people who receive the typically given amounts of IV fluids and drugs — as a comparison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem is, both of those experimental ways for treating sepsis may do worse,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.citizen.org/about/michael-carome-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Michael Carome,\u003c/a> head of the Public Citizen Health Research Group, which has lodged a complaint with federal health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be higher mortality rates for both groups compared to usual care,\" Carome says, and without a comparison group there's no way to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if people on one of these experimental treatments do better than those on the other, that doesn't mean it would be better than usual care, he says. This study can't answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carome is also alarmed that, in certain unusual circumstances, the protocol calls for holding off on treating dangerously low blood pressure for several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one caring for a sepsis patient would normally do that as part of usual care,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, designed at Harvard and funded by the National Institutes of Health, went through multiple reviews by people who concluded that it didn't pose an undue risk to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But the fact that it got through these layers of review with these serious design flaws signals that our system for protecting human subjects is broken,\" Carome says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coopersmith, who is not involved with the CLOVERS study, reviewed Public Citizen's complaint at NPR's request. He doesn't share Carome's sense of alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coopersmith agrees that including a comparison group that received the standard of care would be a better study design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, \"there's no clear standard of care for the first 24 hours,\" he says. Standard protocols for sepsis treatment dictate what doctors should do during the first six hours of treatment only, whereas the CLOVERS study is guiding treatment over a longer time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he agrees with Carome that the study won't clearly show that one of these experimental treatments is better than a more middle-of-the road approach to fluids and blood pressure medication; so sepsis doctors won't get clear guidance from the results. But the findings might help nudge doctors in one direction or another, he says, if it helps resolve the question of what's better — limited fluids or a lot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the concerns about how to deal with a patient with very low blood pressure, Coopersmith says, \"in a very narrow patient population for a narrow period of time, there is a theoretical chance that someone could have what I would consider to be too low a blood pressure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he were a doctor involved in this trial and encountered that, he says, he would deviate from the protocol and treat that patient with standard care. He expects his colleagues would do that as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study isn't designed the way he would have done it, Coopersmith says, but, he \"would be comfortable enrolling patients in this trial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cvbr.hms.harvard.edu/researchers/shapiro.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nathan Shapiro\u003c/a>, a professor of Emergency Medicine at Harvard's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and one of the principal investigators for the CLOVERS study, stands by it. He declined a request for an interview, but sent a written response to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The study protocol was designed by expert clinicians in emergency and critical care medicine representing nearly 50 hospitals in the United States and follows a well-accepted design,\" he writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office for Human Research Protections\u003c/a> says the office has not yet seen the Public Citizen complaint, but will review the allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Harris can be reached at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Critics+Trying+To+Stop+A+Big+Study+Of+Sepsis+Say+The+Research+Puts+Patients+At+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A consumer advocacy organization is asking federal health officials Tuesday to halt a large medical study being conducted at major universities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public Citizen says that the study, involving treatment for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sepsis,\u003c/a> puts patients at risk and will at best produce confusing results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03434028?term=NCT03434028&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CLOVERS study\u003c/a> seeks to answer a key question about sepsis, which is a common and life-threatening response to infection. Sepsis kills more than 250,000 Americans a year, often by triggering the failure of multiple organs. As patients' blood vessels get leaky as a result of sepsis, it becomes difficult to maintain safe fluid balance and blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors use a combination of IV fluids and blood-pressure medicines called vasopressors, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, to manage this life-threatening complication. But there is no consensus about the best strategy. Some doctors prefer to give lots of fluids and use drugs sparingly; others take the opposite approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, trying to find the sweet spot — or the 'Goldilocks place' — is important,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.surgery.emory.edu/about-us/faculty_directory/faculty_profile_craig_coopersmith.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Craig Coopersmith\u003c/a>, director of the surgical transplant intensive care unit at Emory University Hospital and an expert on sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CLOVERS trial is an attempt to find that sweet spot. Patients who volunteer for the study are put into one of two groups: One gets plentiful fluids; the other gets limited fluids and more medication. Unlike most research, this study lacks a control group — people who receive the typically given amounts of IV fluids and drugs — as a comparison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem is, both of those experimental ways for treating sepsis may do worse,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.citizen.org/about/michael-carome-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Michael Carome,\u003c/a> head of the Public Citizen Health Research Group, which has lodged a complaint with federal health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be higher mortality rates for both groups compared to usual care,\" Carome says, and without a comparison group there's no way to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if people on one of these experimental treatments do better than those on the other, that doesn't mean it would be better than usual care, he says. This study can't answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carome is also alarmed that, in certain unusual circumstances, the protocol calls for holding off on treating dangerously low blood pressure for several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one caring for a sepsis patient would normally do that as part of usual care,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, designed at Harvard and funded by the National Institutes of Health, went through multiple reviews by people who concluded that it didn't pose an undue risk to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But the fact that it got through these layers of review with these serious design flaws signals that our system for protecting human subjects is broken,\" Carome says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coopersmith, who is not involved with the CLOVERS study, reviewed Public Citizen's complaint at NPR's request. He doesn't share Carome's sense of alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coopersmith agrees that including a comparison group that received the standard of care would be a better study design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, \"there's no clear standard of care for the first 24 hours,\" he says. Standard protocols for sepsis treatment dictate what doctors should do during the first six hours of treatment only, whereas the CLOVERS study is guiding treatment over a longer time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he agrees with Carome that the study won't clearly show that one of these experimental treatments is better than a more middle-of-the road approach to fluids and blood pressure medication; so sepsis doctors won't get clear guidance from the results. But the findings might help nudge doctors in one direction or another, he says, if it helps resolve the question of what's better — limited fluids or a lot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the concerns about how to deal with a patient with very low blood pressure, Coopersmith says, \"in a very narrow patient population for a narrow period of time, there is a theoretical chance that someone could have what I would consider to be too low a blood pressure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he were a doctor involved in this trial and encountered that, he says, he would deviate from the protocol and treat that patient with standard care. He expects his colleagues would do that as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study isn't designed the way he would have done it, Coopersmith says, but, he \"would be comfortable enrolling patients in this trial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cvbr.hms.harvard.edu/researchers/shapiro.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nathan Shapiro\u003c/a>, a professor of Emergency Medicine at Harvard's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and one of the principal investigators for the CLOVERS study, stands by it. He declined a request for an interview, but sent a written response to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The study protocol was designed by expert clinicians in emergency and critical care medicine representing nearly 50 hospitals in the United States and follows a well-accepted design,\" he writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office for Human Research Protections\u003c/a> says the office has not yet seen the Public Citizen complaint, but will review the allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Harris can be reached at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Critics+Trying+To+Stop+A+Big+Study+Of+Sepsis+Say+The+Research+Puts+Patients+At+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Discover Neuron That is Unique to the Human Brain",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have taken another step toward understanding what makes the human brain unique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team has identified a kind of brain cell that exists in people but not mice, the team \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-018-0205-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This particular type of cell had properties that had never actually been described in another species,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/about/team/staff-profiles/ed-lein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Lein\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an investigator at the \u003cem>Allen Institute for Brain Science \u003c/em>in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding could help explain why many experimental treatments for brain disorders have worked in mice, but failed in people. It could also provide new clues to scientists who study human brain disorders ranging from autism to Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be that in order to fully understand psychiatric disorders, we need to get access to these special types of neurons that exist only in humans,\" says \u003ca href=\"National%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health,%20which%20helped%20fund%20the%20research.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Gordon\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have suggested several other brain cells that might be unique to humans. But these cells have either been \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17441195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found in other species\u003c/a>, or the evidence for them has been less convincing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is still possible that these newly identified neurons will also be found the brains of primates like monkeys or chimps, Lein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain cells have been named \"rose hip neurons\" by a team at the University of Szeged in Hungary, which played a key role in the discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scientist named \u003ca href=\"http://tamaslab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gábor Tamás\u003c/a> and members of his lab were studying brain cells called inhibitory neurons, which act like the brakes in a car. They tell other brain cells when to slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamas was recording electrical signals from inhibitory neurons taken from the cortex of two men who had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the course of doing these recordings, he started to notice a very distinctive type of cell that, to him, had the shape of a rose after the petals have fallen off,\" Lein says. \"So he called them the rose hip cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By chance, scientists at the Allen Institute had also identified these cells using an entirely different approach, a new technique that allowed them to detect the genes that are switched on in human brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the researchers combined what they had learned and confirmed that rose hip cells were a distinct subtype of inhibitory neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding challenges earlier evidence that the human brain is merely bigger and more sophisticated than a mouse brain. At some point, humans acquired at least one kind of brain cell that a mouse doesn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren't sure exactly what rose hip cells do, though they appear to be involved in the controlling the flow of information in specific areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But regardless of their precise function, the discovery of rose hip neurons has implications for brain research. For one thing, \"it throws some doubt on the ability to use the mouse to study certain elements of human function and disease,\" Lein says. And because rose hip neurons are a type of inhibitory neuron, they could play a role in mental illness, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These types of cells [inhibitory neurons] are extremely important,\" he says. And when there's dysfunction in them, he says, that can \"directly be linked to different types of neuropsychiatric disease, like schizophrenia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The identification of rose hip neurons is part of a much larger \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-brain-initiative-launches-cell-census\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effort\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health to identify every type of cell found in the brains of mice, monkeys and people. It is also part of the federal \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/02/fact-sheet-brain-initiative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRAIN Initiative\u003c/a> announced by President Barack Obama in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These initiatives are taking advantage of new technologies that are likely to reveal other brain cells that exist in people but not animals, Gordon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's very, very likely that this is the tip of the iceberg,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Human+Brain+Unique%3F+A+Newly+Discovered+Neuron+May+Be+A+Clue&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The human brain isn't just bigger than a mouse brain. It contains at least one kind of brain cell that isn't found in rodents.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have taken another step toward understanding what makes the human brain unique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team has identified a kind of brain cell that exists in people but not mice, the team \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-018-0205-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This particular type of cell had properties that had never actually been described in another species,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/about/team/staff-profiles/ed-lein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Lein\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an investigator at the \u003cem>Allen Institute for Brain Science \u003c/em>in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding could help explain why many experimental treatments for brain disorders have worked in mice, but failed in people. It could also provide new clues to scientists who study human brain disorders ranging from autism to Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be that in order to fully understand psychiatric disorders, we need to get access to these special types of neurons that exist only in humans,\" says \u003ca href=\"National%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health,%20which%20helped%20fund%20the%20research.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Gordon\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have suggested several other brain cells that might be unique to humans. But these cells have either been \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17441195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found in other species\u003c/a>, or the evidence for them has been less convincing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is still possible that these newly identified neurons will also be found the brains of primates like monkeys or chimps, Lein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain cells have been named \"rose hip neurons\" by a team at the University of Szeged in Hungary, which played a key role in the discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scientist named \u003ca href=\"http://tamaslab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gábor Tamás\u003c/a> and members of his lab were studying brain cells called inhibitory neurons, which act like the brakes in a car. They tell other brain cells when to slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamas was recording electrical signals from inhibitory neurons taken from the cortex of two men who had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the course of doing these recordings, he started to notice a very distinctive type of cell that, to him, had the shape of a rose after the petals have fallen off,\" Lein says. \"So he called them the rose hip cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By chance, scientists at the Allen Institute had also identified these cells using an entirely different approach, a new technique that allowed them to detect the genes that are switched on in human brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the researchers combined what they had learned and confirmed that rose hip cells were a distinct subtype of inhibitory neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding challenges earlier evidence that the human brain is merely bigger and more sophisticated than a mouse brain. At some point, humans acquired at least one kind of brain cell that a mouse doesn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren't sure exactly what rose hip cells do, though they appear to be involved in the controlling the flow of information in specific areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But regardless of their precise function, the discovery of rose hip neurons has implications for brain research. For one thing, \"it throws some doubt on the ability to use the mouse to study certain elements of human function and disease,\" Lein says. And because rose hip neurons are a type of inhibitory neuron, they could play a role in mental illness, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These types of cells [inhibitory neurons] are extremely important,\" he says. And when there's dysfunction in them, he says, that can \"directly be linked to different types of neuropsychiatric disease, like schizophrenia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The identification of rose hip neurons is part of a much larger \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-brain-initiative-launches-cell-census\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effort\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health to identify every type of cell found in the brains of mice, monkeys and people. It is also part of the federal \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/02/fact-sheet-brain-initiative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRAIN Initiative\u003c/a> announced by President Barack Obama in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These initiatives are taking advantage of new technologies that are likely to reveal other brain cells that exist in people but not animals, Gordon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's very, very likely that this is the tip of the iceberg,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Human+Brain+Unique%3F+A+Newly+Discovered+Neuron+May+Be+A+Clue&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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