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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nAmong the heap of statewide propositions California voters weigh in on next month, two are literally life and death decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Proposition-62-and-66-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: California's Death Penalty Debate (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's statewide voter guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-62\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 62\u003c/a> would abolish capital punishment in California, making life without the possibility of parole the maximum punishment for murder. The \u003ca href=\"http://yeson62.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 62 \u003c/a>campaign argues that the death penalty in California is a failed, immoral and incredibly expensive system, costing taxpayers upwards of $150 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-66\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 66\u003c/a> would not only keep the state's death penalty intact, it would speed up the notoriously long appeals process for those cases, potentially accelerating the rate of executions. The \u003ca href=\"http://noprop62yesprop66.com/2016/07/yes-on-prop-66-death-penalty-reform-fixing-californias-broken-system/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 66 campaign\u003c/a> advocates for reforming the system by making it more efficient. \"Mend, don't end, California's death penalty\" is its slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the extreme unlikelihood that both measures receive more than 50 percent approval, only the one with the most votes would be enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>An Indecisive History\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California has had a tough time making up its mind about the death penalty. In 1872, the state authorized capital punishment in its penal code (until then, executions were generally conducted by county sheriffs). 23 years later, a guy named Jose Gabriel, convicted of murdering an elderly couple, was hung inside San Quentin Prison, marking California’s first official execution at the hands of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next 75-odd years, California executed nearly 500 inmates, four of them women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then things got really confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 1972, the California Supreme Court ruled that the state’s death penalty law constituted cruel and unusual punishment.. But just nine months later, California voters approved a ballot initiative that amended the state constitution to make capital punishment permissible. A year later, the state passed legislation that actually made the death penalty mandatory for certain crimes. But once again, the state Supreme Court struck back, ruling that law unconstitutional as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward six years. In 1978, California voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_7,_the_Death_Penalty_Act_%281978%29\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 7\u003c/a> by a whopping 70 percent. The initiative not only reinstated the state's death penalty, but also broadened the list of circumstances under which a convicted prisoner could receive a death sentence. It also increased prison terms for first and second degree murder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its this law that currently stands in California. The last attempt to abolish capital punishment in California came in 2012, when voters narrowly defeated \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_34,_the_End_the_Death_Penalty_Initiative_(2012)\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 34\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Slow and expensive\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 1978, the state has only executed 13 prisoners (a 14th was convicted in California but executed in Missouri). More death row inmates in California have died from natural causes than been executed. The last execution - of \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/17/local/me-allen17\" target=\"_blank\">Clarence Ray Allen\u003c/a> - in January 2006. There are nearly 750 prisoners currently residing on California's death row, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiGiuPwwOXPAhXJhlQKHYd8BigQFggeMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2Fcapital_punishment%2Fdocs%2Fcondemnedinmatelistsecure.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHf-XW9urxRM87uMh7B1QqSYnsfpA&sig2=VEuKpiWwFE3G3qtuQfpahg&cad=rja\" target=\"_blank\">California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation\u003c/a>. The vast majority of them are men housed at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, less than 20 miles from downtown San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, many capital punishment opponents in California argue for repealing the death penalty largely on economic grounds. They contend that the current system is horribly inefficient and a financial burden to the already cash-strapped state. Due to the number of legal appeals and required long-term special supervision for death row inmates, the financial costs of executing a prisoner far outweigh that of life imprisonment. Repealing the death penalty would save the state an estimated $100 million a year, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/laoapp/ballot_source/Propositions.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of the death penalty argue that criminals convicted of the most heinous crimes deserve to be put to death. Some believe the death penalty deters criminal behavior, and for the families and friends of victims, is the only way that justice can be truly served.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The U.S. stands alone\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Among western democracies, the U.S. stands alone in its continued use of capital punishment. Since 1976, when the Supreme Court ended a brief moratorium, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/number-executions-state-and-region-1976\" target=\"_blank\">more than 1400 inmates\u003c/a> have been executed. Of these, Texas has led the way, executing nearly 540 inmates in the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/c4163d48-0559-11e5-a30f-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The death penalty is legal in 31 states, including California, where a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2012/10/23/should-california-kill-its-death-penalty/\" target=\"_blank\">2012 voter initiative\u003c/a> to abolish it was narrowly defeated. 17 states have had executions in the last five years. However, executions have been idled in a growing number of states with large death row populations, including California and Pennsylvania, due to ongoing appeals and other legal constraints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice also remains legal in the federal justice system, as evidenced by the recent death sentence of Boston Marathon bomber \u003cspan class=\"_dwd st s std\">Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. But he now joins more than 60 other death row inmates in a federal system that has conducted only three executions in the last half century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of factors, including recent high-profile botched executions, lethal injection drug shortages, last minute exonerations, evidence of racial discrimination in sentencing, huge legal costs and dropping crime rates have all contributed to a growing uneasiness with capital punishment among both liberals and a growing number of conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a solid majority of Americans still believe that convicted murderers should be executed, support has waned considerably in recent decades, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/1606/death-penalty.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">recent polls\u003c/a>. Of the 19 states (and Washington D.C.) that have abolished the death penalty, six have done so in the last ten years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the filmmaker\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Jazmin Jones is a filmmaker and graduate of the Bay Area Video Coalition's Digital Pathways Program. She studied at the City College of San Francisco.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nAmong the heap of statewide propositions California voters weigh in on next month, two are literally life and death decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Proposition-62-and-66-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: California's Death Penalty Debate (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's statewide voter guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-62\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 62\u003c/a> would abolish capital punishment in California, making life without the possibility of parole the maximum punishment for murder. The \u003ca href=\"http://yeson62.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 62 \u003c/a>campaign argues that the death penalty in California is a failed, immoral and incredibly expensive system, costing taxpayers upwards of $150 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-66\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 66\u003c/a> would not only keep the state's death penalty intact, it would speed up the notoriously long appeals process for those cases, potentially accelerating the rate of executions. The \u003ca href=\"http://noprop62yesprop66.com/2016/07/yes-on-prop-66-death-penalty-reform-fixing-californias-broken-system/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 66 campaign\u003c/a> advocates for reforming the system by making it more efficient. \"Mend, don't end, California's death penalty\" is its slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the extreme unlikelihood that both measures receive more than 50 percent approval, only the one with the most votes would be enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>An Indecisive History\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California has had a tough time making up its mind about the death penalty. In 1872, the state authorized capital punishment in its penal code (until then, executions were generally conducted by county sheriffs). 23 years later, a guy named Jose Gabriel, convicted of murdering an elderly couple, was hung inside San Quentin Prison, marking California’s first official execution at the hands of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next 75-odd years, California executed nearly 500 inmates, four of them women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then things got really confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 1972, the California Supreme Court ruled that the state’s death penalty law constituted cruel and unusual punishment.. But just nine months later, California voters approved a ballot initiative that amended the state constitution to make capital punishment permissible. A year later, the state passed legislation that actually made the death penalty mandatory for certain crimes. But once again, the state Supreme Court struck back, ruling that law unconstitutional as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward six years. In 1978, California voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_7,_the_Death_Penalty_Act_%281978%29\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 7\u003c/a> by a whopping 70 percent. The initiative not only reinstated the state's death penalty, but also broadened the list of circumstances under which a convicted prisoner could receive a death sentence. It also increased prison terms for first and second degree murder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its this law that currently stands in California. The last attempt to abolish capital punishment in California came in 2012, when voters narrowly defeated \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_34,_the_End_the_Death_Penalty_Initiative_(2012)\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 34\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Slow and expensive\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 1978, the state has only executed 13 prisoners (a 14th was convicted in California but executed in Missouri). More death row inmates in California have died from natural causes than been executed. The last execution - of \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/17/local/me-allen17\" target=\"_blank\">Clarence Ray Allen\u003c/a> - in January 2006. There are nearly 750 prisoners currently residing on California's death row, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiGiuPwwOXPAhXJhlQKHYd8BigQFggeMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2Fcapital_punishment%2Fdocs%2Fcondemnedinmatelistsecure.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHf-XW9urxRM87uMh7B1QqSYnsfpA&sig2=VEuKpiWwFE3G3qtuQfpahg&cad=rja\" target=\"_blank\">California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation\u003c/a>. The vast majority of them are men housed at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, less than 20 miles from downtown San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, many capital punishment opponents in California argue for repealing the death penalty largely on economic grounds. They contend that the current system is horribly inefficient and a financial burden to the already cash-strapped state. Due to the number of legal appeals and required long-term special supervision for death row inmates, the financial costs of executing a prisoner far outweigh that of life imprisonment. Repealing the death penalty would save the state an estimated $100 million a year, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/laoapp/ballot_source/Propositions.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of the death penalty argue that criminals convicted of the most heinous crimes deserve to be put to death. Some believe the death penalty deters criminal behavior, and for the families and friends of victims, is the only way that justice can be truly served.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The U.S. stands alone\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Among western democracies, the U.S. stands alone in its continued use of capital punishment. Since 1976, when the Supreme Court ended a brief moratorium, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/number-executions-state-and-region-1976\" target=\"_blank\">more than 1400 inmates\u003c/a> have been executed. Of these, Texas has led the way, executing nearly 540 inmates in the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/c4163d48-0559-11e5-a30f-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The death penalty is legal in 31 states, including California, where a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2012/10/23/should-california-kill-its-death-penalty/\" target=\"_blank\">2012 voter initiative\u003c/a> to abolish it was narrowly defeated. 17 states have had executions in the last five years. However, executions have been idled in a growing number of states with large death row populations, including California and Pennsylvania, due to ongoing appeals and other legal constraints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice also remains legal in the federal justice system, as evidenced by the recent death sentence of Boston Marathon bomber \u003cspan class=\"_dwd st s std\">Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. But he now joins more than 60 other death row inmates in a federal system that has conducted only three executions in the last half century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of factors, including recent high-profile botched executions, lethal injection drug shortages, last minute exonerations, evidence of racial discrimination in sentencing, huge legal costs and dropping crime rates have all contributed to a growing uneasiness with capital punishment among both liberals and a growing number of conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a solid majority of Americans still believe that convicted murderers should be executed, support has waned considerably in recent decades, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/1606/death-penalty.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">recent polls\u003c/a>. Of the 19 states (and Washington D.C.) that have abolished the death penalty, six have done so in the last ten years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the filmmaker\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Jazmin Jones is a filmmaker and graduate of the Bay Area Video Coalition's Digital Pathways Program. She studied at the City College of San Francisco.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it",
"title": "How the Electoral College Works and Why It's So Controversial",
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"headTitle": "How the Electoral College Works and Why It’s So Controversial | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Here’s a little factual nugget that never fails to baffle:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American voters do not directly elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, you read that correctly: The U.S. president is not chosen through a one-person, one-vote system of direct democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/voterguide\">voters fill out their ballots\u003c/a> in this tightly contested (and seemingly never ending) presidential election, they’re not actually voting for any one person. Instead, they’re throwing their support behind a group of “electors” who belong to a curious institution called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Electoral College\u003c/a> – a mysterious group of 538 members who directly cast the votes that actually determine who the next president will be. The threshold to win: 270 electoral votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t believe me? Check out \u003ca href=\"http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Article II, Section I \u003c/a>of the U.S. Constitution. Says it right there. Honest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for everything you need to know about the Electoral College. And if you’re looking for information about what’s on your ballot, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/voterguide\">take a look at KQED’s Voter Guide\u003c/a>, which unpacks ballot measures and compares candidates in every race in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So, what is this Electoral College?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Every four years, during presidential elections, state political parties each appoint a group of “electors.” They are usually committed party activists who have pledged to support whichever party candidate has won the state’s popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if “Democratic Candidate A” got the most votes from California voters, then each of the Democratic electors from California would, in turn, be expected to throw their support behind that candidate in the Electoral College vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Note that it doesn’t always play out that smoothly – more on that later.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How many electors does each state get?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s based on a simple equation: each state’s total number of congressional representatives plus its two senators.[aside label=”From the 2024 Voter Guide” link1=’https://www.kqed.org/voterguide/president,Learn about the U.S. Presidential Election’ hero=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/80/2024/09/Aside-Presidential-2024-General-Election-1200×1200-1.png]Every state (and Washington, D.C.) is guaranteed at least three electoral votes. So a sparsely populated state like North Dakota – which has two senators but only one congressional representative – gets just three electoral votes. Meanwhile, crowded California – the most populous state – gets 54 electoral votes, based on its 52 congressional representatives and two senators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, California actually has one fewer electoral vote than it did in the 2020 presidential election. That’s because \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2021/04/california-congress-census/\">the state lost one of its House seats\u003c/a> following the release of 2020 Census results, which showed a slight decline in the state’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then you have the U.S territories. Controversially, the more than 4 million people living in places like Puerto Rico and Guam get no electors at all. So even though most of them are U.S. citizens and can participate in their party’s presidential primaries, they have no influence in the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How does a presidential candidate win electors?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The presidential election is a grueling state-by-state battle, and in nearly every one of those states, it’s a winner-take-all scenario. That means the candidate who receives the most popular votes (a plurality) in each state gets all that state’s Republican or Democratic electors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that even if your candidate loses the popular vote by even a single vote, they walk away completely empty handed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So purely hypothetically: If Donald Trump were to very narrowly beat Kamala Harris in a swing state like Michigan – let’s say by 500 votes – he would get all 15 of that state’s electors … and she wouldn’t get any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if this wasn’t complicated enough, there are actually two states that follow different rules. Maine and Nebraska use a proportional system, in which two electors go to the candidate that wins the state’s popular vote and the remaining electors are decided by popular vote \u003cem>within\u003c/em> each congressional district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most previous presidential elections, the electoral process in these two small states has been largely overlooked. But in a presidential race as agonizingly close as this one, that unique electoral calculus could potentially tip the balance. That’s because unlike most of solidly Republican Nebraska, its Second Congressional District – which includes Omaha – \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/10/15/nx-s1-5144673/nebraskas-blue-dot-a-thorn-for-gop-puts-republican-congressional-seat-in-jeopardy\">is considered a “swing district,”\u003c/a> meaning it could go either way in terms of which candidate the majority of its voters choose. And that single electoral vote may be enough to give one of the candidates the 270 electoral votes they need to move into the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why is 270 the magic Electoral College number to win the presidential race?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are 538 electors nationwide, and to win the presidency, a candidate needs half of them (269) plus one – hence the 270.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if a candidate wins a state like California (even by a single measly vote), they’ve just secured 20% of the electoral votes needed to be sitting pretty in the White House come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s why on the campaign trail, the candidates generally don’t spend too much time in relatively small states where electors are scarce (with Nebraska as the big exception). You also usually won’t find them spending too much time campaigning in big but generally politically predictable states like Democratic-leaning California or New York or Republican-leaning Texas or Florida – even though the latter was a prized swing state not too long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the big swing states (a.k.a. the battleground states) – like Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Michigan, Nevada, Arizona – that they’re spending most of their time in, trying hard to win over undecided voters. These are the states that are still up for grabs and chock full of electors; the ones that will almost definitely decide the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site \u003ca href=\"http://www.270towin.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">270 To Win\u003c/a> provides good interactive maps that let you simulate different outcomes. It also shows state-by-state breakdowns and results from previous presidential elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/hlQE4IGFc5A?si=jpb5uHKjlk4hdRvC\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But what if neither candidate gets to 270 Electoral College votes?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The chances of this happening are incredibly slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if it did, the House of Representatives would elect the next president from a pool of the three candidates who received the most electoral votes. Each state delegation has one vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Senate would then elect the vice president, with all 100 senators each casting one vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has only happened once before. In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-decides-outcome-of-presidential-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1824 presidential election\u003c/a>, Andrew Jackson won the most popular vote and led the pack in electoral votes. But because it was a competitive race among four candidates, Jackson fell short of winning the requisite electoral majority. Congress decided the outcome, and ultimately elected Jackson’s rival, John Quincy Adams. Trivial Pursuit, anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When do electors cast their official votes?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Oddly, it’s not until about a month after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Monday following the second Wednesday of December (stay with me here), each state’s electors meet in their respective state capitals and cast their votes – one for president, and one for vice president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These events don’t \u003cem>usually\u003c/em> get a whole lot of attention because everyone already knows that those electors are almost certainly going to vote for the candidate in their own party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,55439,00.html\">Technically, electors \u003cem>can\u003c/em> change their minds\u003c/a>, but it’s only happened a handful of times. These electors are labeled “faithless electors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several weeks later, a joint session of Congress meets to officially count the electoral votes and announce the winner. This process is presided over by the vice president, in his or her role as president of the Senate, who then announces the official winner. This whole process is largely ceremonial, the outcome a foregone conclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in 2020, as you may remember, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/05/1069977469/a-timeline-of-how-the-jan-6-attack-unfolded-including-who-said-what-and-when\">things got pretty crazy\u003c/a> when a mob of pro-Trump supporters stormed the halls of Congress on Jan. 6, in a Hail Mary attempt to stop legislators and Vice President Mike Pence from counting and affirming the results. Things got ugly fast, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-deaths.html\">resulting in the multiple deaths\u003c/a>, including one rioter – an Air Force veteran – who was shot by Capitol Police as she tried to breach the House chamber, along with three police officers (one who was attacked by the mob and two who took their own lives afterward).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, the congressional electoral-count process was postponed and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/2020-election-congress-electoral-college-vote-count/index.html\">taken back up again the following day\u003c/a>, with Pence affirming Joe Biden’s victory. This time around, \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/key-dates#:~:text=The%20electors%20record%20their%20votes,and%20one%20Certificate%20of%20Vote.\">Congress is scheduled\u003c/a> to count the electoral votes on the same day: Jan. 6, 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>This is really confusing. How about a real example?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fine! Let’s look back at the historic 2008 election when Democrat Barack Obama handily defeated Republican John McCain. First off, in terms of electoral votes, Obama killed it – he ended up with more than twice what John McCain had: 365 to 173.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Obama won the election by less than 10 million popular votes. Why? Because he was able to squeak out wins in the big critical swing states (including, at the time: Pennsylvania, Florida and Ohio), amassing all of those electoral votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Can a candidate win the presidency without winning the popular vote?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Indeed they can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has actually occurred five different times: In 1876 and 1888, Rutherford B. Hayes and Benjamin Harrison, respectively, won the White House even though they lost the popular vote (but won the electoral vote). There was also that strange aforementioned 1824 election, decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, which handed the presidency to John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there was the infamous 2000 election, ultimately decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, in which Democrat Al Gore won more popular votes than George W. Bush, but came up short on electoral votes following a controversial Florida recount. Guess who then became a staunch advocate for getting rid of the Electoral College?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently was the 2016 presidential election. Democrat Hillary Clinton got nearly 3 million more popular votes than Republican Donald Trump, but still lost the race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because Trump won a decisive victory in the Electoral College, with 306 pledged electors, based on the 30 states he carried. He did that by not only winning Florida, Iowa and Ohio (which were still considered solid swing states at the time), but also flipping Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin – states that have historically voted Democrat, and that pundits love to refer to as the “Blue Wall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Why did the founders come up with such a zany system? \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Three main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. They sought to steer clear of the British parliamentary model, in which the chief executive (prime minister) is chosen by elected representatives of the majority party. The founders thought that it was more democratic to appoint electors from each state than to have a system in which the president was elected by Congress. Of course, the irony with this logic is that in 1787, only white, landholding men could vote. Not very democratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. It came down to an issue of old-school logistics: Back in the day, long distance communication and travel was, to put it mildly, a challenge. Voting for delegates at a local level was easier and less susceptible to tampering and corruption than was counting every last person’s vote across the whole country.What are some of the arguments for keeping the Electoral College?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. The slavery issue: Back in 1787, as the Founders wrestled over the question of apportionment, the Southern states demanded that enslaved people be included in the general population count, even though they were considered chattel. That’s because the bigger a state’s population, the more representation it would get in Congress and the more federal money it would receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 40%\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,” the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the “compromise,” the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, guaranteeing they would have a much stronger national influence. For more on this, check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/30/929609038/how-electoral-college-came-to-choose-the-president-of-the-u-s\">this episode of Throughline\u003c/a>, NPR’s history podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What are some arguments for keeping the Electoral College?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It’s intended to make candidates pay at least some attention to less-populated states and rural regions (whose electors can add up) rather than focusing entirely on voter-rich urban centers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It avoids the need for a nationwide recount in the event of a very close race.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s consistent with America’s representative system of government.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s in our Constitution and what our founders wanted – so just leave it be!\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>And how about against?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ever since the Founders concocted the Electoral College nearly 240 years ago, there have been hundreds of ultimately unsuccessful attempts to abolish or reform what many consider an inherently flawed system. \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/12/04/abolish-electoral-college-george-wallace-trump-bayh/\">But one effort came pretty darn close\u003c/a>: In 1969, the year after a chaotic presidential election, the House overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment to abolish it altogether. But it ultimately died in the Senate after a group of segregationist Southern senators blocked it from moving forward with a filibuster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are just some of the reasons many people want to get rid of it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Under our current electoral system, not all votes are created equal. One vote in a swing state or less populous state matters more than a vote in a larger Democratic or Republican leaning state. In a direct democracy, everyone’s vote should have the same weight, regardless of geography.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It encourages candidates to focus their campaigns largely in swing states while often ignoring the millions of voters in more populous states that tend to predictably favor one party.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s a super-outdated system that does not reflect the will of the people, enabling a candidate to win the presidency despite losing the popular vote – sometimes by millions of votes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Because it’s a system that was originally designed to benefit slaveholders, and is so deeply rooted in that shameful legacy.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>An earlier version of this story originally published in Oct., 2016.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here’s a little factual nugget that never fails to baffle:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American voters do not directly elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, you read that correctly: The U.S. president is not chosen through a one-person, one-vote system of direct democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/voterguide\">voters fill out their ballots\u003c/a> in this tightly contested (and seemingly never ending) presidential election, they’re not actually voting for any one person. Instead, they’re throwing their support behind a group of “electors” who belong to a curious institution called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Electoral College\u003c/a> – a mysterious group of 538 members who directly cast the votes that actually determine who the next president will be. The threshold to win: 270 electoral votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t believe me? Check out \u003ca href=\"http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Article II, Section I \u003c/a>of the U.S. Constitution. Says it right there. Honest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep reading for everything you need to know about the Electoral College. And if you’re looking for information about what’s on your ballot, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/voterguide\">take a look at KQED’s Voter Guide\u003c/a>, which unpacks ballot measures and compares candidates in every race in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So, what is this Electoral College?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Every four years, during presidential elections, state political parties each appoint a group of “electors.” They are usually committed party activists who have pledged to support whichever party candidate has won the state’s popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if “Democratic Candidate A” got the most votes from California voters, then each of the Democratic electors from California would, in turn, be expected to throw their support behind that candidate in the Electoral College vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Note that it doesn’t always play out that smoothly – more on that later.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How many electors does each state get?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s based on a simple equation: each state’s total number of congressional representatives plus its two senators.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every state (and Washington, D.C.) is guaranteed at least three electoral votes. So a sparsely populated state like North Dakota – which has two senators but only one congressional representative – gets just three electoral votes. Meanwhile, crowded California – the most populous state – gets 54 electoral votes, based on its 52 congressional representatives and two senators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, California actually has one fewer electoral vote than it did in the 2020 presidential election. That’s because \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2021/04/california-congress-census/\">the state lost one of its House seats\u003c/a> following the release of 2020 Census results, which showed a slight decline in the state’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then you have the U.S territories. Controversially, the more than 4 million people living in places like Puerto Rico and Guam get no electors at all. So even though most of them are U.S. citizens and can participate in their party’s presidential primaries, they have no influence in the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How does a presidential candidate win electors?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The presidential election is a grueling state-by-state battle, and in nearly every one of those states, it’s a winner-take-all scenario. That means the candidate who receives the most popular votes (a plurality) in each state gets all that state’s Republican or Democratic electors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that even if your candidate loses the popular vote by even a single vote, they walk away completely empty handed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So purely hypothetically: If Donald Trump were to very narrowly beat Kamala Harris in a swing state like Michigan – let’s say by 500 votes – he would get all 15 of that state’s electors … and she wouldn’t get any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if this wasn’t complicated enough, there are actually two states that follow different rules. Maine and Nebraska use a proportional system, in which two electors go to the candidate that wins the state’s popular vote and the remaining electors are decided by popular vote \u003cem>within\u003c/em> each congressional district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most previous presidential elections, the electoral process in these two small states has been largely overlooked. But in a presidential race as agonizingly close as this one, that unique electoral calculus could potentially tip the balance. That’s because unlike most of solidly Republican Nebraska, its Second Congressional District – which includes Omaha – \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/10/15/nx-s1-5144673/nebraskas-blue-dot-a-thorn-for-gop-puts-republican-congressional-seat-in-jeopardy\">is considered a “swing district,”\u003c/a> meaning it could go either way in terms of which candidate the majority of its voters choose. And that single electoral vote may be enough to give one of the candidates the 270 electoral votes they need to move into the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why is 270 the magic Electoral College number to win the presidential race?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are 538 electors nationwide, and to win the presidency, a candidate needs half of them (269) plus one – hence the 270.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if a candidate wins a state like California (even by a single measly vote), they’ve just secured 20% of the electoral votes needed to be sitting pretty in the White House come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s why on the campaign trail, the candidates generally don’t spend too much time in relatively small states where electors are scarce (with Nebraska as the big exception). You also usually won’t find them spending too much time campaigning in big but generally politically predictable states like Democratic-leaning California or New York or Republican-leaning Texas or Florida – even though the latter was a prized swing state not too long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the big swing states (a.k.a. the battleground states) – like Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Michigan, Nevada, Arizona – that they’re spending most of their time in, trying hard to win over undecided voters. These are the states that are still up for grabs and chock full of electors; the ones that will almost definitely decide the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site \u003ca href=\"http://www.270towin.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">270 To Win\u003c/a> provides good interactive maps that let you simulate different outcomes. It also shows state-by-state breakdowns and results from previous presidential elections.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/hlQE4IGFc5A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/hlQE4IGFc5A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch2>But what if neither candidate gets to 270 Electoral College votes?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The chances of this happening are incredibly slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if it did, the House of Representatives would elect the next president from a pool of the three candidates who received the most electoral votes. Each state delegation has one vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Senate would then elect the vice president, with all 100 senators each casting one vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has only happened once before. In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-decides-outcome-of-presidential-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1824 presidential election\u003c/a>, Andrew Jackson won the most popular vote and led the pack in electoral votes. But because it was a competitive race among four candidates, Jackson fell short of winning the requisite electoral majority. Congress decided the outcome, and ultimately elected Jackson’s rival, John Quincy Adams. Trivial Pursuit, anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When do electors cast their official votes?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Oddly, it’s not until about a month after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Monday following the second Wednesday of December (stay with me here), each state’s electors meet in their respective state capitals and cast their votes – one for president, and one for vice president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These events don’t \u003cem>usually\u003c/em> get a whole lot of attention because everyone already knows that those electors are almost certainly going to vote for the candidate in their own party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,55439,00.html\">Technically, electors \u003cem>can\u003c/em> change their minds\u003c/a>, but it’s only happened a handful of times. These electors are labeled “faithless electors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several weeks later, a joint session of Congress meets to officially count the electoral votes and announce the winner. This process is presided over by the vice president, in his or her role as president of the Senate, who then announces the official winner. This whole process is largely ceremonial, the outcome a foregone conclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in 2020, as you may remember, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/05/1069977469/a-timeline-of-how-the-jan-6-attack-unfolded-including-who-said-what-and-when\">things got pretty crazy\u003c/a> when a mob of pro-Trump supporters stormed the halls of Congress on Jan. 6, in a Hail Mary attempt to stop legislators and Vice President Mike Pence from counting and affirming the results. Things got ugly fast, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-deaths.html\">resulting in the multiple deaths\u003c/a>, including one rioter – an Air Force veteran – who was shot by Capitol Police as she tried to breach the House chamber, along with three police officers (one who was attacked by the mob and two who took their own lives afterward).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, the congressional electoral-count process was postponed and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/2020-election-congress-electoral-college-vote-count/index.html\">taken back up again the following day\u003c/a>, with Pence affirming Joe Biden’s victory. This time around, \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/key-dates#:~:text=The%20electors%20record%20their%20votes,and%20one%20Certificate%20of%20Vote.\">Congress is scheduled\u003c/a> to count the electoral votes on the same day: Jan. 6, 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>This is really confusing. How about a real example?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fine! Let’s look back at the historic 2008 election when Democrat Barack Obama handily defeated Republican John McCain. First off, in terms of electoral votes, Obama killed it – he ended up with more than twice what John McCain had: 365 to 173.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Obama won the election by less than 10 million popular votes. Why? Because he was able to squeak out wins in the big critical swing states (including, at the time: Pennsylvania, Florida and Ohio), amassing all of those electoral votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Can a candidate win the presidency without winning the popular vote?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Indeed they can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has actually occurred five different times: In 1876 and 1888, Rutherford B. Hayes and Benjamin Harrison, respectively, won the White House even though they lost the popular vote (but won the electoral vote). There was also that strange aforementioned 1824 election, decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, which handed the presidency to John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there was the infamous 2000 election, ultimately decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, in which Democrat Al Gore won more popular votes than George W. Bush, but came up short on electoral votes following a controversial Florida recount. Guess who then became a staunch advocate for getting rid of the Electoral College?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently was the 2016 presidential election. Democrat Hillary Clinton got nearly 3 million more popular votes than Republican Donald Trump, but still lost the race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because Trump won a decisive victory in the Electoral College, with 306 pledged electors, based on the 30 states he carried. He did that by not only winning Florida, Iowa and Ohio (which were still considered solid swing states at the time), but also flipping Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin – states that have historically voted Democrat, and that pundits love to refer to as the “Blue Wall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Why did the founders come up with such a zany system? \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Three main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. They sought to steer clear of the British parliamentary model, in which the chief executive (prime minister) is chosen by elected representatives of the majority party. The founders thought that it was more democratic to appoint electors from each state than to have a system in which the president was elected by Congress. Of course, the irony with this logic is that in 1787, only white, landholding men could vote. Not very democratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. It came down to an issue of old-school logistics: Back in the day, long distance communication and travel was, to put it mildly, a challenge. Voting for delegates at a local level was easier and less susceptible to tampering and corruption than was counting every last person’s vote across the whole country.What are some of the arguments for keeping the Electoral College?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. The slavery issue: Back in 1787, as the Founders wrestled over the question of apportionment, the Southern states demanded that enslaved people be included in the general population count, even though they were considered chattel. That’s because the bigger a state’s population, the more representation it would get in Congress and the more federal money it would receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 40%\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,” the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the “compromise,” the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, guaranteeing they would have a much stronger national influence. For more on this, check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/30/929609038/how-electoral-college-came-to-choose-the-president-of-the-u-s\">this episode of Throughline\u003c/a>, NPR’s history podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What are some arguments for keeping the Electoral College?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It’s intended to make candidates pay at least some attention to less-populated states and rural regions (whose electors can add up) rather than focusing entirely on voter-rich urban centers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It avoids the need for a nationwide recount in the event of a very close race.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s consistent with America’s representative system of government.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s in our Constitution and what our founders wanted – so just leave it be!\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>And how about against?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ever since the Founders concocted the Electoral College nearly 240 years ago, there have been hundreds of ultimately unsuccessful attempts to abolish or reform what many consider an inherently flawed system. \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/12/04/abolish-electoral-college-george-wallace-trump-bayh/\">But one effort came pretty darn close\u003c/a>: In 1969, the year after a chaotic presidential election, the House overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment to abolish it altogether. But it ultimately died in the Senate after a group of segregationist Southern senators blocked it from moving forward with a filibuster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are just some of the reasons many people want to get rid of it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Under our current electoral system, not all votes are created equal. One vote in a swing state or less populous state matters more than a vote in a larger Democratic or Republican leaning state. In a direct democracy, everyone’s vote should have the same weight, regardless of geography.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It encourages candidates to focus their campaigns largely in swing states while often ignoring the millions of voters in more populous states that tend to predictably favor one party.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s a super-outdated system that does not reflect the will of the people, enabling a candidate to win the presidency despite losing the popular vote – sometimes by millions of votes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Because it’s a system that was originally designed to benefit slaveholders, and is so deeply rooted in that shameful legacy.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>An earlier version of this story originally published in Oct., 2016.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Is It Healthier to Be a Vegetarian or an Omnivore?",
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"content": "\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: Our award-winning video series Above the Noise took a fresh look at the pros and cons of vegetarianism. Students can \u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/time-to-ditch-meat-and-dairy-video/above-the-noise/\">watch the video\u003c/a> to get a primer on the facts then write their own response.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by the following students from Autumn Marshall’s “Professional Orientation” course at Lipscomb University: Hannah Feiten, Riya Rana, Courtney Brenner, Erick Ramirez, Alexis Burchfield and Constance Fonseca.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/rrXgElc0Bb8\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nVIDEO: Big Think\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/rrXgElc0Bb8\">How Healthy is Vegetarianism…Really?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDr. Marion Nestle, a nutritionist, discusses diets and their impact on human and environmental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is It Healthier to Be a Vegetarian or an Omnivore? \u003cstrong>#DoNowUOmnivore\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowUOmnivore\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Vegetarianism and Omnivorism\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The vegetarian-omnivore debate has been raging for decades, if not centuries. The world of healthcare continues to debate the health benefits, and the pros and cons of each side. In addition, many public figures, from medical professionals to professional athletes, have weighed in on the subject. To clarify terms, a vegetarian is defined as a person who does not eat any meat of any kind—poultry, game, fish, or shellfish. Some versions of vegetarianism allow some animal foods; for example, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarianism-the-basic-facts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lacto-ovo vegetarians\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> eat milk products and eggs, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarian-lifestyle\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">flexitarians\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> occasionally eat meat, poultry, and fish. Depending on dietary preference, eggs, dairy and fish may not be included at all in this diet (\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarian-lifestyle\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">veganism\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> means there are no animal products in the diet). An omnivore, on the other hand, is one who consumes a variety of meat and dairy foods as well as plant food groups, including fruit, vegetables and grains.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A leading concern for those who prefer a vegetarian diet is making sure \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/food-sources-of-important-nutrients-for-vegetarians\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">adequate nutrients\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are supplied, particularly calories and protein. Due to the fact that meat—a main protein source in most Americans diets—is eliminated, vegetarians have to pursue other avenues to get adequate protein, like legumes, soy and nuts. Without meat in the diet, humans \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://authoritynutrition.com/7-evidence-based-health-reasons-to-eat-meat/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cut out vitamin B12 and limit DHA/EPA\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (active forms of omega-3 fats), nutrients which promote brain health. In contrast, a vegetarian diet is shown to have a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarianism-the-basic-facts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lesser risk of certain diseases\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. With the increase in plant-based foods in the diet, more phytochemicals are consumed, thus \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarianism-the-basic-facts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reducing risk of chronic diseases\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> linked with animal fats, such as overweight, obesity, cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Animal products are often high in cholesterol and saturated fat as well, so vegetarians benefit from reducing these unhealthy fats and thus reducing risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_305049\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Omnivore-Meal.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-305049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Omnivore-Meal-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"A well-balanced omnivore plate\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A well-balanced omnivore plate \u003ccite>(Hannah Feiten)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the other hand, studies have shown an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarianism-the-basic-facts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">increased incidence of chronic disease among those who eat meat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Today, meat and poultry are often treated with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0181934-role-of-growth-hormone-gh-in-growth-and-metabolism-of-domestic-poultry.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hormones\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to make the animals \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113314725\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">grow faster and larger\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=251330323\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antibiotics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are used not only to treat, but also to prevent, disease. These methods concern for some consumers. And yet, meat products contain creatine and carnosine, which are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://authoritynutrition.com/7-evidence-based-health-reasons-to-eat-meat/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">beneficial to the brain and muscles\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Meat has demonstrated the capacity to improve bone health, which is beneficial as humans grow older. And, Vitamin B12 is essential to prevention of pernicious anemia, which affects the central nervous system; thus an omnivore’s diet helps to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/health/wellness/preventing-illness/eat-right-for-life\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">protect the brain\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and nerves. The protein found in meat is complete, high biological value protein, which means the proteins are more easily absorbed and utilized by the body. Additionally, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/09/12/492433069/can-a-vegan-diet-give-you-all-you-need-german-nutritionists-say-nein\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">omnivores are less likely to be deficient\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in total calories, Vitamin B12, iron and zinc than their vegetarian counterparts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With pros and cons for each diet, the choice is up to you. What do you think? Is it healthier to be a vegetarian or an omnivore?\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: Authority Nutrition\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://authoritynutrition.com/7-evidence-based-health-reasons-to-eat-meat/\">7 Reasons Not To Avoid Meat\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nRead a nutrition researcher’s take on why meat is not bad for your diet, but why it’s not necessary either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Website: ProCon.org\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://vegetarian.procon.org/\">Should People Become Vegetarian?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nCheck out the top “pro” and “con” arguments for becoming vegetarian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infographic: Culinary Schools.org\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.culinaryschools.org/yum/vegetables/\">Veganism and the Environment: By the Numbers\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLearn about how veganism has a reduced impact on environment versus a diet that contains meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Do Now U is a biweekly activity in collaboration with \u003ca href=\"http://sencer.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SENCER\u003c/a>. SENCER is a community of transformation that consists of educators and administrators in the higher and informal education sectors. SENCER aims to create an intelligent, educated, and empowered citizenry through advancing knowledge in the STEM fields and beyond. SENCER courses show students the direct connections between subject content and the real world issues they care about, and invite students to use these connections to solve today’s most pressing problems.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: Our award-winning video series Above the Noise took a fresh look at the pros and cons of vegetarianism. Students can \u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/time-to-ditch-meat-and-dairy-video/above-the-noise/\">watch the video\u003c/a> to get a primer on the facts then write their own response.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by the following students from Autumn Marshall’s “Professional Orientation” course at Lipscomb University: Hannah Feiten, Riya Rana, Courtney Brenner, Erick Ramirez, Alexis Burchfield and Constance Fonseca.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/rrXgElc0Bb8\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nVIDEO: Big Think\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/rrXgElc0Bb8\">How Healthy is Vegetarianism…Really?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDr. Marion Nestle, a nutritionist, discusses diets and their impact on human and environmental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is It Healthier to Be a Vegetarian or an Omnivore? \u003cstrong>#DoNowUOmnivore\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowUOmnivore\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Vegetarianism and Omnivorism\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The vegetarian-omnivore debate has been raging for decades, if not centuries. The world of healthcare continues to debate the health benefits, and the pros and cons of each side. In addition, many public figures, from medical professionals to professional athletes, have weighed in on the subject. To clarify terms, a vegetarian is defined as a person who does not eat any meat of any kind—poultry, game, fish, or shellfish. Some versions of vegetarianism allow some animal foods; for example, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarianism-the-basic-facts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lacto-ovo vegetarians\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> eat milk products and eggs, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarian-lifestyle\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">flexitarians\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> occasionally eat meat, poultry, and fish. Depending on dietary preference, eggs, dairy and fish may not be included at all in this diet (\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarian-lifestyle\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">veganism\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> means there are no animal products in the diet). An omnivore, on the other hand, is one who consumes a variety of meat and dairy foods as well as plant food groups, including fruit, vegetables and grains.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A leading concern for those who prefer a vegetarian diet is making sure \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/food-sources-of-important-nutrients-for-vegetarians\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">adequate nutrients\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are supplied, particularly calories and protein. Due to the fact that meat—a main protein source in most Americans diets—is eliminated, vegetarians have to pursue other avenues to get adequate protein, like legumes, soy and nuts. Without meat in the diet, humans \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://authoritynutrition.com/7-evidence-based-health-reasons-to-eat-meat/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cut out vitamin B12 and limit DHA/EPA\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (active forms of omega-3 fats), nutrients which promote brain health. In contrast, a vegetarian diet is shown to have a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarianism-the-basic-facts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lesser risk of certain diseases\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. With the increase in plant-based foods in the diet, more phytochemicals are consumed, thus \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarianism-the-basic-facts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reducing risk of chronic diseases\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> linked with animal fats, such as overweight, obesity, cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Animal products are often high in cholesterol and saturated fat as well, so vegetarians benefit from reducing these unhealthy fats and thus reducing risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_305049\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Omnivore-Meal.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-305049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Omnivore-Meal-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"A well-balanced omnivore plate\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A well-balanced omnivore plate \u003ccite>(Hannah Feiten)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the other hand, studies have shown an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/vegetarianism-the-basic-facts\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">increased incidence of chronic disease among those who eat meat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Today, meat and poultry are often treated with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0181934-role-of-growth-hormone-gh-in-growth-and-metabolism-of-domestic-poultry.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hormones\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to make the animals \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113314725\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">grow faster and larger\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=251330323\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antibiotics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are used not only to treat, but also to prevent, disease. These methods concern for some consumers. And yet, meat products contain creatine and carnosine, which are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://authoritynutrition.com/7-evidence-based-health-reasons-to-eat-meat/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">beneficial to the brain and muscles\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Meat has demonstrated the capacity to improve bone health, which is beneficial as humans grow older. And, Vitamin B12 is essential to prevention of pernicious anemia, which affects the central nervous system; thus an omnivore’s diet helps to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/health/wellness/preventing-illness/eat-right-for-life\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">protect the brain\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and nerves. The protein found in meat is complete, high biological value protein, which means the proteins are more easily absorbed and utilized by the body. Additionally, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/09/12/492433069/can-a-vegan-diet-give-you-all-you-need-german-nutritionists-say-nein\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">omnivores are less likely to be deficient\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in total calories, Vitamin B12, iron and zinc than their vegetarian counterparts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With pros and cons for each diet, the choice is up to you. What do you think? Is it healthier to be a vegetarian or an omnivore?\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: Authority Nutrition\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://authoritynutrition.com/7-evidence-based-health-reasons-to-eat-meat/\">7 Reasons Not To Avoid Meat\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nRead a nutrition researcher’s take on why meat is not bad for your diet, but why it’s not necessary either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Website: ProCon.org\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://vegetarian.procon.org/\">Should People Become Vegetarian?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nCheck out the top “pro” and “con” arguments for becoming vegetarian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infographic: Culinary Schools.org\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.culinaryschools.org/yum/vegetables/\">Veganism and the Environment: By the Numbers\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLearn about how veganism has a reduced impact on environment versus a diet that contains meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Do Now U is a biweekly activity in collaboration with \u003ca href=\"http://sencer.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SENCER\u003c/a>. SENCER is a community of transformation that consists of educators and administrators in the higher and informal education sectors. SENCER aims to create an intelligent, educated, and empowered citizenry through advancing knowledge in the STEM fields and beyond. SENCER courses show students the direct connections between subject content and the real world issues they care about, and invite students to use these connections to solve today’s most pressing problems.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Love ’em or hate ’em, ballot propositions are deeply ingrained in California’s political system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nearly every statewide election, voters wade through a stew of local and statewide measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s proposition process was adopted over a century ago to empower citizens through a form of direct democracy. Since then, voters have weighed in on more than 1,000 ballot measures, some super complicated, some controversial, and some just plain odd (like \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_6,_Prohibition_on_Slaughter_of_Horses_for_Human_Consumption_(1998)\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> in 1998, prohibiting the slaughter of horses and sale of horse meat for human consumption, which voters approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do propositions actually make it onto the ballot? What are the different types? And what’s the difference between and initiative and referendum? Comic journalist Andy Warner gets down to the nuts and bolts. And check out our accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/CA-Propositions-Lesson-Plan-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30713\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"2846\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision.png 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision-160x734.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision-240x1102.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision-375x1721.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision-520x2387.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca style=\"font-size: medium;\" href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/how-qualify-initiative/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Secretary of State – How to Qualify an Initiative \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca style=\"font-size: medium;\" href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/how-qualify-initiative/initiative-guide/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Secretary of State – Statewide Initiative Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca style=\"font-size: medium;\" href=\"http://www.iandrinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Initiative and Referendum Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Love ’em or hate ’em, ballot propositions are deeply ingrained in California’s political system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nearly every statewide election, voters wade through a stew of local and statewide measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s proposition process was adopted over a century ago to empower citizens through a form of direct democracy. Since then, voters have weighed in on more than 1,000 ballot measures, some super complicated, some controversial, and some just plain odd (like \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_6,_Prohibition_on_Slaughter_of_Horses_for_Human_Consumption_(1998)\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> in 1998, prohibiting the slaughter of horses and sale of horse meat for human consumption, which voters approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do propositions actually make it onto the ballot? What are the different types? And what’s the difference between and initiative and referendum? Comic journalist Andy Warner gets down to the nuts and bolts. And check out our accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/CA-Propositions-Lesson-Plan-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30713\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"2846\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision.png 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision-160x734.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision-240x1102.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision-375x1721.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Ballot_Initiatives_2016_revision-520x2387.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca style=\"font-size: medium;\" href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/how-qualify-initiative/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Secretary of State – How to Qualify an Initiative \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca style=\"font-size: medium;\" href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/how-qualify-initiative/initiative-guide/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Secretary of State – Statewide Initiative Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca style=\"font-size: medium;\" href=\"http://www.iandrinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Initiative and Referendum Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This post was written by Masha Pershay, KQED Learning intern.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Earth Science Week\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was organized by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.americangeosciences.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">American Geosciences Institute\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> almost two decades ago in order to help people understand and appreciate the earth sciences. This is the perfect time to learn how the atmosphere, the oceans, and earth processes have shaped—and are continuing to shape—our planet. To celebrate this year's Earth Science Week (October 9-15), explore some of geologist Andrew Alden’s geological outings around the Bay Area, and learn the history of rock formations beneath some of the most iconic local landscapes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis beach in Sonoma County is of particular interest for geologists because of the wide range of rocks found here, which have been grouped into a category called \u003ci>Franciscan Melange.\u003c/i> Learn how the subduction zones and tectonic mixing affected the history of the rocks on Shell Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: San Bruno Mountain\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just south of the city of San Francisco, San Bruno Mountain not only offers spectacular views of the bay, but also holds a lot of information about the geological history of the Bay Area. Study the complete anatomy of San Bruno Mountain with the special map provided in this article. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-los-trancos-open-space/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Los Trancos Open Space\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The San Andreas Fault runs through Los Trancos, making it the perfect location for observing this earthquake trail and surrounding landscape features. Using lidar, a laser-based mapping technology, geologists are able to create detailed topographic images of the San Andreas Fault. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Marin Headlands are known for their distinctive cliffs and iconic views of the Golden Gate Bridge, as well as visually stunning rocks called ribbon chert. Learn about the different types of rocks and minerals that make up the Marin Headlands.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Natural Bridges\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Located off the coast of Santa Cruz, Natural Bridges is a fabulous place to observe rocks with intricate patterns that date back as far as 10 million years. Learn about the different processes that rocks undergo throughout their lifetime.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This post was written by Masha Pershay, KQED Learning intern.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Earth Science Week\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was organized by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.americangeosciences.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">American Geosciences Institute\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> almost two decades ago in order to help people understand and appreciate the earth sciences. This is the perfect time to learn how the atmosphere, the oceans, and earth processes have shaped—and are continuing to shape—our planet. To celebrate this year's Earth Science Week (October 9-15), explore some of geologist Andrew Alden’s geological outings around the Bay Area, and learn the history of rock formations beneath some of the most iconic local landscapes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis beach in Sonoma County is of particular interest for geologists because of the wide range of rocks found here, which have been grouped into a category called \u003ci>Franciscan Melange.\u003c/i> Learn how the subduction zones and tectonic mixing affected the history of the rocks on Shell Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: San Bruno Mountain\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just south of the city of San Francisco, San Bruno Mountain not only offers spectacular views of the bay, but also holds a lot of information about the geological history of the Bay Area. Study the complete anatomy of San Bruno Mountain with the special map provided in this article. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-los-trancos-open-space/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Los Trancos Open Space\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The San Andreas Fault runs through Los Trancos, making it the perfect location for observing this earthquake trail and surrounding landscape features. Using lidar, a laser-based mapping technology, geologists are able to create detailed topographic images of the San Andreas Fault. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "VIDEO: What's the Actual Job Description of The President of the United States?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->For what is arguably the most powerful job in the world, the position of President of the United States comes with a surprisingly brief description and strikingly few prerequisites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Download a new lesson plan every Monday, with suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/The-powers-of-the-president-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan:The Powers of the President (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And amid all the hoopla of the presidential election, with so much attention focused on the latest soundbites, gaffes and most recent polling numbers, it's easy to lose sight of what the president is actually supposed to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basics of the job are spelled out in \u003ca href=\"http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii\" target=\"_blank\">Article II\u003c/a> of the U.S. Constitution. To start, you must be at least 35 years old, a native-born citizen and have lived in the United States for a minimum of 14 years. The term is four years, with a chance for another go-around if things work out. And yes, it comes with pretty decent compensation (current salary: $400,000/year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Constitution goes on to identify the president's two main roles: as chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with the authority to send troops into combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the Executive Branch of the federal government, he (or she) enforces U.S. laws, treaties, and court rulings, has the power to make treaties (with two-thirds support of the Senate); can grant reprieves or pardons and appoints federal officials, including Supreme Court justices. The president is also charged with signing legislation from Congress into law, or vetoing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's about all that is set it stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the modern presidency has evolved just a bit from how it was in the early days of the republic. As Joel Achenbach of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/25/AR2008042503098_pf.html\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes, early presidents had almost no staff (let alone indoor plumbing). It wasn't until 1857 that Congress appropriated funding for the president to even hire his own secretary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the nature of the presidency changed dramatically in the 1930s under Franklin D. Roosevelt and the implementation of the New Deal programs. The vastly expanded bureaucracy turned the position into a far more complicated job, requiring a formidable support staff. Today, about 3,000 staffers work in the president's office, not including the 15 departments run by cabinet secretaries and other agencies (CIA , NASA, etc.) that are part of the Executive Branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sure, the job comes with a huge amount of power and responsibility. But can a president really do all the myriad things that the current candidates are pledging to make happen if elected? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as these two Crash Course videos explain, the presidency comes with both formal and informal powers, and that leaves a good part of the job open to interpretation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/5l02sK5LovI\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/fnHb-zyWh14\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->For what is arguably the most powerful job in the world, the position of President of the United States comes with a surprisingly brief description and strikingly few prerequisites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Download a new lesson plan every Monday, with suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/The-powers-of-the-president-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan:The Powers of the President (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And amid all the hoopla of the presidential election, with so much attention focused on the latest soundbites, gaffes and most recent polling numbers, it's easy to lose sight of what the president is actually supposed to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basics of the job are spelled out in \u003ca href=\"http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii\" target=\"_blank\">Article II\u003c/a> of the U.S. Constitution. To start, you must be at least 35 years old, a native-born citizen and have lived in the United States for a minimum of 14 years. The term is four years, with a chance for another go-around if things work out. And yes, it comes with pretty decent compensation (current salary: $400,000/year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Constitution goes on to identify the president's two main roles: as chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with the authority to send troops into combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the Executive Branch of the federal government, he (or she) enforces U.S. laws, treaties, and court rulings, has the power to make treaties (with two-thirds support of the Senate); can grant reprieves or pardons and appoints federal officials, including Supreme Court justices. The president is also charged with signing legislation from Congress into law, or vetoing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's about all that is set it stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the modern presidency has evolved just a bit from how it was in the early days of the republic. As Joel Achenbach of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/25/AR2008042503098_pf.html\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes, early presidents had almost no staff (let alone indoor plumbing). It wasn't until 1857 that Congress appropriated funding for the president to even hire his own secretary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the nature of the presidency changed dramatically in the 1930s under Franklin D. Roosevelt and the implementation of the New Deal programs. The vastly expanded bureaucracy turned the position into a far more complicated job, requiring a formidable support staff. Today, about 3,000 staffers work in the president's office, not including the 15 departments run by cabinet secretaries and other agencies (CIA , NASA, etc.) that are part of the Executive Branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sure, the job comes with a huge amount of power and responsibility. But can a president really do all the myriad things that the current candidates are pledging to make happen if elected? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as these two Crash Course videos explain, the presidency comes with both formal and informal powers, and that leaves a good part of the job open to interpretation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/5l02sK5LovI\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fnHb-zyWh14'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fnHb-zyWh14'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "INTERACTIVE: The Rising Cost of California's Public Universities",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATED Jan. 27\u003c/strong>: \u003cem>The University of California on Thursday approved a nearly 3 percent tuition hike for all 10 campuses, the first increase since 2011.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The UC Board of Regents \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/26/uc-regents-approve-first-tuition-increase-since-2011/\" target=\"_blank\">voted to raise annual tuition\u003c/a> for the 2017-2018 school year by $282, and slap on about $50 in additional fees. It says the move is needed to pay for more faculty and course offerings to accommodate record high enrollment numbers and a drop in state funding. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>That means the cost of tuition and fees and will go up from its current rate of roughly $13,500 to about $13,890 next year. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent college graduate working full time will now make, on average, about $17,500 more per year than someone with only a high school diploma, a difference of roughly $700,000 over a 40-year career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/02/11/the-rising-cost-of-not-going-to-college/\" target=\"_blank\">Pew Research Center analysis\u003c/a>. For young people today, it found, the pay gap between those with and without a college degree is much larger than it's ever been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/01/14/is-college-really-worth-it/\" target=\"_blank\">RELATED: Is College Worth the Cost? [a cartoon explainer]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the cost of NOT going to college has skyrocketed in recent decades. As the once plentiful supply of American manufacturing jobs continues to shrink, a college degree has become increasingly necessary for scoring any kind of reasonably well-paid job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the rub: tuition rates at most public and private universities have also spiked in recent years, thwarting potential students from pursuing degrees, and leaving a rapidly growing number of recent graduates shouldering \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/life/inside_higher_ed/2016/08/no_the_student_loan_crisis_isn_t_overblown.html\" target=\"_blank\">huge amounts of debt\u003c/a>\u003ca> as they prepare to enter the workforce.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, total U.S. student loan debt tops \u003ca href=\"http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g19/HIST/cc_hist_memo_levels.html\" target=\"_blank\">$1.3 trillion\u003c/a>, far outpacing total U.S. credit card debt, and more than four times what it was a decade ago. Roughly seven in 10 seniors (69 percent) graduating from public and nonprofit private colleges in 2014 had student loan debt, with an average of $28,950 per borrower, according to the nonpartisan \u003ca href=\"http://ticas.org/posd/map-state-data-2015#\" target=\"_blank\">Institute for College Access and Success\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conundrum is particularly evident in California, which has some of the highest living costs in the nation and an economy in which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fppic.org/main/publication_quick.asp?i=1112\" target=\"_blank\">high-skilled, educated workers\u003c/a> are increasingly in demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as three decades ago, California’s public university system -- both University of California and California State University campuses -- was a national model of extremely low-cost, high-quality education. In 1980, yearly tuition for California residents at UCs was about $2,680 (in 2016 dollars), and roughly $500 at CSUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed amid California's severe recession and budget crisis in the early 1990s, when the state began to drastically tighten its higher education budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuition and fees more than doubled from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. Although costs then stabilized through the early 2000s, they then resumed their \"dramatic and relentless upward climb,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://calbudgetcenter.org/resources/state-spending-per-student-at-csu-and-uc-remains-near-the-lowest-point-in-more-than-30-years/\" target=\"_blank\">California Budget and Policy Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC tuition is about $12,300 annually, an increase of more than 350 percent since 1980, with graduating seniors who took out loans carrying an average debt of about $20,000 (about $16,000 for \u003ca href=\"http://www.calstate.edu/value/systemwide/\" target=\"_blank\">CSU graduates\u003c/a>). That's still less than the national average, but much higher than it's ever been for graduates of California's public universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript id=\"infogram_0_869ab4f2-e925-4241-9604-2e51bb3479d0\" title=\"UC/CSU tuition\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/js/embed.js?sdV\" type=\"text/javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really changed is who pays for public higher education in California, explains Hans Johnson, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. While the bill used to be primarily footed by the state (through taxpayers), now students and families are paying over half the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the burden of rising costs has fallen hardest on higher-income students. For lower-income students, the impact of higher tuition has actually been softened by “relatively generous” aid programs such as the federal Pell Grants, Cal Grants and the \u003ca href=\"http://admission.universityofcalifornia.edu/paying-for-uc/glossary/blue-and-gold/\" target=\"_blank\">Blue and Gold Opportunity Plan\u003c/a> (for UC students with family incomes under $80,000).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What often gets lost is that a substantial share of students qualify for financial aid,” Johnson says, noting that California -- compared with public universities elsewhere -- still does a good job in enrolling eligible low-income students. “Essentially what we’ve gone from is low-cost low-tuition, low-fee program, to one that is medium to high cost but also high aid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, he adds, this leaves a large group of middle-income students who may not qualify for aid programs but still don't have sufficient resources to pay for college, and end up graduating with a large amount of debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, tuition and fees are only a part of the total funding picture. As the map at right shows, the rapidly rising cost of room and board on many campuses is also a major factor in college affordability. This means that even many students with generous aid packages are still incurring large amounts of debt to pay food and housing costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/viz/6fb35648-3608-11e5-9f22-0e0c41326911/embed_map\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\n\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATED Jan. 27\u003c/strong>: \u003cem>The University of California on Thursday approved a nearly 3 percent tuition hike for all 10 campuses, the first increase since 2011.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The UC Board of Regents \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/26/uc-regents-approve-first-tuition-increase-since-2011/\" target=\"_blank\">voted to raise annual tuition\u003c/a> for the 2017-2018 school year by $282, and slap on about $50 in additional fees. It says the move is needed to pay for more faculty and course offerings to accommodate record high enrollment numbers and a drop in state funding. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>That means the cost of tuition and fees and will go up from its current rate of roughly $13,500 to about $13,890 next year. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent college graduate working full time will now make, on average, about $17,500 more per year than someone with only a high school diploma, a difference of roughly $700,000 over a 40-year career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/02/11/the-rising-cost-of-not-going-to-college/\" target=\"_blank\">Pew Research Center analysis\u003c/a>. For young people today, it found, the pay gap between those with and without a college degree is much larger than it's ever been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/01/14/is-college-really-worth-it/\" target=\"_blank\">RELATED: Is College Worth the Cost? [a cartoon explainer]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the cost of NOT going to college has skyrocketed in recent decades. As the once plentiful supply of American manufacturing jobs continues to shrink, a college degree has become increasingly necessary for scoring any kind of reasonably well-paid job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the rub: tuition rates at most public and private universities have also spiked in recent years, thwarting potential students from pursuing degrees, and leaving a rapidly growing number of recent graduates shouldering \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/life/inside_higher_ed/2016/08/no_the_student_loan_crisis_isn_t_overblown.html\" target=\"_blank\">huge amounts of debt\u003c/a>\u003ca> as they prepare to enter the workforce.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, total U.S. student loan debt tops \u003ca href=\"http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g19/HIST/cc_hist_memo_levels.html\" target=\"_blank\">$1.3 trillion\u003c/a>, far outpacing total U.S. credit card debt, and more than four times what it was a decade ago. Roughly seven in 10 seniors (69 percent) graduating from public and nonprofit private colleges in 2014 had student loan debt, with an average of $28,950 per borrower, according to the nonpartisan \u003ca href=\"http://ticas.org/posd/map-state-data-2015#\" target=\"_blank\">Institute for College Access and Success\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conundrum is particularly evident in California, which has some of the highest living costs in the nation and an economy in which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fppic.org/main/publication_quick.asp?i=1112\" target=\"_blank\">high-skilled, educated workers\u003c/a> are increasingly in demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as three decades ago, California’s public university system -- both University of California and California State University campuses -- was a national model of extremely low-cost, high-quality education. In 1980, yearly tuition for California residents at UCs was about $2,680 (in 2016 dollars), and roughly $500 at CSUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed amid California's severe recession and budget crisis in the early 1990s, when the state began to drastically tighten its higher education budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuition and fees more than doubled from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. Although costs then stabilized through the early 2000s, they then resumed their \"dramatic and relentless upward climb,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://calbudgetcenter.org/resources/state-spending-per-student-at-csu-and-uc-remains-near-the-lowest-point-in-more-than-30-years/\" target=\"_blank\">California Budget and Policy Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC tuition is about $12,300 annually, an increase of more than 350 percent since 1980, with graduating seniors who took out loans carrying an average debt of about $20,000 (about $16,000 for \u003ca href=\"http://www.calstate.edu/value/systemwide/\" target=\"_blank\">CSU graduates\u003c/a>). That's still less than the national average, but much higher than it's ever been for graduates of California's public universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript id=\"infogram_0_869ab4f2-e925-4241-9604-2e51bb3479d0\" title=\"UC/CSU tuition\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/js/embed.js?sdV\" type=\"text/javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really changed is who pays for public higher education in California, explains Hans Johnson, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. While the bill used to be primarily footed by the state (through taxpayers), now students and families are paying over half the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the burden of rising costs has fallen hardest on higher-income students. For lower-income students, the impact of higher tuition has actually been softened by “relatively generous” aid programs such as the federal Pell Grants, Cal Grants and the \u003ca href=\"http://admission.universityofcalifornia.edu/paying-for-uc/glossary/blue-and-gold/\" target=\"_blank\">Blue and Gold Opportunity Plan\u003c/a> (for UC students with family incomes under $80,000).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What often gets lost is that a substantial share of students qualify for financial aid,” Johnson says, noting that California -- compared with public universities elsewhere -- still does a good job in enrolling eligible low-income students. “Essentially what we’ve gone from is low-cost low-tuition, low-fee program, to one that is medium to high cost but also high aid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, he adds, this leaves a large group of middle-income students who may not qualify for aid programs but still don't have sufficient resources to pay for college, and end up graduating with a large amount of debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, tuition and fees are only a part of the total funding picture. As the map at right shows, the rapidly rising cost of room and board on many campuses is also a major factor in college affordability. This means that even many students with generous aid packages are still incurring large amounts of debt to pay food and housing costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/viz/6fb35648-3608-11e5-9f22-0e0c41326911/embed_map\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\n\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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