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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by the following students from Dr. Thomas Wood’s “Mysteries of Migration” course at George Mason University: Caroline Kittle, Elizabeth Rovira, Maria Larios, Clara Ben Ayed, Lauren Murray and Surraya Abbasi.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/475631270/475631271\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nAUDIO: NPR\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/04/25/475631270/national-park-service-celebrates-100th-anniversary\">National Park Service Celebrates 100th Anniversary\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear about some challenges facing our national parks 100 years after the creation of the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is ecotourism helping or hurting our national parks? \u003cstrong>#DoNowUParks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowUParks\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Ecotourism and Our National Parks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Our national parks have been described as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/americasbestidea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">America’s Best Idea\u003c/a>. They belong to all of us and provide tremendous opportunities, but require us to be responsible stewards as well. In 2015, America’s national parks saw their highest visitation rate yet, topping\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npca.org/articles/1138-visits-to-national-parks-in-2015-top-300-million-for-the-first-time\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">300 million\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for the first time ever, just in time for the centennial of the National Park Service (NPS). The NPS used 2016 and the celebration of their hundred years of service as an opportunity to promote their \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/findyourpark.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Find Your Park\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> campaign, their latest effort to get more people outside to learn about and enjoy nature, as well as visit museums, local parks and historic places. In addition, the NPS launched the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"http://everykidinapark.org/about/\">Every Kid in A Park\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">program, which provides every fourth grader and their family free entry to national parks for one year. Some wonder how increased visitation in recent and upcoming years may negatively and positively affect our wild lands, and how we might curb the negative impacts. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ecotourism is an industry that promotes responsible travel to natural areas. It can provide income and promote conservation–rather than exploitation–of natural resources. Sometimes, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ecotourism\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is looked at as a solution to a lack of political will or general apathy toward conservation issues. The idea of ecotourism is to enhance the conservation of wild spaces and species in an ecosystem through the promotion of natural resources as a tourist attraction. As an industry, it also has the potential to lead to some unintended consequences associated with bringing too many people to our wild places. Federal government agencies, including the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service, use a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/cdt/carrying_capacity/verphandbook_1997.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Visitor Experience Resource Protection (VERP)\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> framework to help ensure an appropriate balance of visitation and protection, which can be difficult.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ecotourism has many benefits. It boosts local economic growth, provides jobs and improves conservation awareness as it stimulates the desire to protect our parks. NPS activities provide \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/news/localbenefits13.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">more than 200,000 jobs\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and have $30 billion impact on the economy of the U.S. through visitor spending. Getting outside is also good for people’s physical and mental health, helping with everything from reducing stress to improving memory. Companies are recognizing these benefits for employees, and students’ performance can improve after spending time outside. In addition, our national parks provide a unique American experience, bringing people together to learn about our national heritage. Due to all of these benefits, many people support \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.debate.org/opinions/does-ecotourism-inspire-more-people-to-vacation-in-areas-that-they-otherwise-would-not-visit\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sustainable tourism\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_293863\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-293863\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-400x247.jpg\" alt=\"Vehicles lined up at North Entrance\" width=\"400\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-400x247.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-800x494.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-768x474.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-1440x889.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-1920x1186.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-1180x729.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-960x593.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vehicles lined up at North Entrance \u003ccite>(Yellowstone National Park)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But let’s not fail to consider the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/envi/one.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">drawbacks\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as well. To make an area accessible to visitors, infrastructure has to be built and transportation has to be arranged. The revenue generated for local economies is often seasonal. Areas may start to cater to more tourists, over time changing the landscape that we are trying so hard to protect. There is also the issue of keeping wildlife “wild.” Sometimes increased human interaction with wildlife can be degrading or disruptive to the balance of a natural area’s systems. Wildlife can become \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/11/477693489/wildlife-biologists-manage-bear-interactions-in-americas-national-parks\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">habituated to people\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, or change their behavior to avoid people, decreasing their use of habitat around trails as more people come along. There is also the potential of impacting wildlife directly on roads or in remote areas. Recently, a bear with cubs \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whsv.com/content/news/Shenandoah-National-Park-closes-trail-after-bear-attack-389206592.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">killed a hiker’s dog\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Shenandoah National Park when she encountered the bear near a hiking trail.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/as-national-parks-mark-milestone-visitor-misbehavior-abounds/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Visitors’ poor behavior\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been a growing problem, too. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">especially in national parks.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In the past couple of years, the national parks have made headlines several times because of human misbehavior. In 2015, a family interfered with a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160517-yellowstone-bison-calf-euthanized-danger-in-parks/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bison\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> calf\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Yellowstone National Park, which they had presumed was in danger because it was alone in the snow. Bison are physiologically equipped to handle the harsh winters in the midwest. In the end, the family’s misjudgment cost the bison its life after attempts to reunite it with its herd failed. In another, more subtle case, Big Meadows, in Shenandoah National Park, faces a particular chronic human-wildlife conflict that affects meadow ecology with visitors frequently going off trail. This misstep causes a disruption of the plants in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.trailrunproject.com/gem/317\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the meadow\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which is an especially big problem because \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.guidetosnp.com/web/Extras/BigMeadows.aspx\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Big Meadows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a unique type of wetland and host to the highest concentration of rare plants in Shenandoah National Park. Recently, a woman was sentenced for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1563/nocket-sentenced-for-vandalism.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">vandalizing sites in parks\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> around the country, something that unfortunately has impacted many parks over the years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ecotourism provides benefits to visitors, local economies and our national identity. But it also has drawbacks, impacting wildlife, ecosystems and the historic heritage parks are designed to protect. What do you think? Is ecotourism helping or hurting our national parks?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Audio: NPR\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/11/477693489/wildlife-biologists-manage-bear-interactions-in-americas-national-parks\">Keeping Bears Wild — Or Trying — At National Parks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWith about 1,600 black bears in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and about 10.7 million people visiting every year, wildlife biologists have to balance educating people and protecting the bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Website: National Park Service\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/shen/planyourvisit/leavenotrace.htm\">Leave No Trace\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWatch a video and read the seven principles of “Leave No Trace”–how to minimize human impacts on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Website: National Park Service and National Park Foundation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://findyourpark.com/\">Find Your Park\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFind a national park to visit!\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Do Now U is a biweekly activity in collaboration with \u003ca href=\"http://sencer.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SENCER\u003c/a>. SENCER is a community of transformation that consists of educators and administrators in the higher and informal education sectors. SENCER aims to create an intelligent, educated, and empowered citizenry through advancing knowledge in the STEM fields and beyond. SENCER courses show students the direct connections between subject content and the real world issues they care about, and invite students to use these connections to solve today’s most pressing problems.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by the following students from Dr. Thomas Wood’s “Mysteries of Migration” course at George Mason University: Caroline Kittle, Elizabeth Rovira, Maria Larios, Clara Ben Ayed, Lauren Murray and Surraya Abbasi.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/475631270/475631271\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nAUDIO: NPR\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/04/25/475631270/national-park-service-celebrates-100th-anniversary\">National Park Service Celebrates 100th Anniversary\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear about some challenges facing our national parks 100 years after the creation of the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is ecotourism helping or hurting our national parks? \u003cstrong>#DoNowUParks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowUParks\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Ecotourism and Our National Parks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Our national parks have been described as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/americasbestidea/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">America’s Best Idea\u003c/a>. They belong to all of us and provide tremendous opportunities, but require us to be responsible stewards as well. In 2015, America’s national parks saw their highest visitation rate yet, topping\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npca.org/articles/1138-visits-to-national-parks-in-2015-top-300-million-for-the-first-time\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">300 million\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for the first time ever, just in time for the centennial of the National Park Service (NPS). The NPS used 2016 and the celebration of their hundred years of service as an opportunity to promote their \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/findyourpark.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Find Your Park\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> campaign, their latest effort to get more people outside to learn about and enjoy nature, as well as visit museums, local parks and historic places. In addition, the NPS launched the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"http://everykidinapark.org/about/\">Every Kid in A Park\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">program, which provides every fourth grader and their family free entry to national parks for one year. Some wonder how increased visitation in recent and upcoming years may negatively and positively affect our wild lands, and how we might curb the negative impacts. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ecotourism is an industry that promotes responsible travel to natural areas. It can provide income and promote conservation–rather than exploitation–of natural resources. Sometimes, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ecotourism\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is looked at as a solution to a lack of political will or general apathy toward conservation issues. The idea of ecotourism is to enhance the conservation of wild spaces and species in an ecosystem through the promotion of natural resources as a tourist attraction. As an industry, it also has the potential to lead to some unintended consequences associated with bringing too many people to our wild places. Federal government agencies, including the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service, use a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/cdt/carrying_capacity/verphandbook_1997.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Visitor Experience Resource Protection (VERP)\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> framework to help ensure an appropriate balance of visitation and protection, which can be difficult.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ecotourism has many benefits. It boosts local economic growth, provides jobs and improves conservation awareness as it stimulates the desire to protect our parks. NPS activities provide \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/news/localbenefits13.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">more than 200,000 jobs\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and have $30 billion impact on the economy of the U.S. through visitor spending. Getting outside is also good for people’s physical and mental health, helping with everything from reducing stress to improving memory. Companies are recognizing these benefits for employees, and students’ performance can improve after spending time outside. In addition, our national parks provide a unique American experience, bringing people together to learn about our national heritage. Due to all of these benefits, many people support \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.debate.org/opinions/does-ecotourism-inspire-more-people-to-vacation-in-areas-that-they-otherwise-would-not-visit\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sustainable tourism\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_293863\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-293863\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-400x247.jpg\" alt=\"Vehicles lined up at North Entrance\" width=\"400\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-400x247.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-800x494.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-768x474.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-1440x889.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-1920x1186.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-1180x729.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance-960x593.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Yellowstone-North-Entrance.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vehicles lined up at North Entrance \u003ccite>(Yellowstone National Park)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But let’s not fail to consider the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/envi/one.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">drawbacks\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as well. To make an area accessible to visitors, infrastructure has to be built and transportation has to be arranged. The revenue generated for local economies is often seasonal. Areas may start to cater to more tourists, over time changing the landscape that we are trying so hard to protect. There is also the issue of keeping wildlife “wild.” Sometimes increased human interaction with wildlife can be degrading or disruptive to the balance of a natural area’s systems. Wildlife can become \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/11/477693489/wildlife-biologists-manage-bear-interactions-in-americas-national-parks\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">habituated to people\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, or change their behavior to avoid people, decreasing their use of habitat around trails as more people come along. There is also the potential of impacting wildlife directly on roads or in remote areas. Recently, a bear with cubs \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whsv.com/content/news/Shenandoah-National-Park-closes-trail-after-bear-attack-389206592.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">killed a hiker’s dog\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Shenandoah National Park when she encountered the bear near a hiking trail.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/as-national-parks-mark-milestone-visitor-misbehavior-abounds/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Visitors’ poor behavior\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been a growing problem, too. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">especially in national parks.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In the past couple of years, the national parks have made headlines several times because of human misbehavior. In 2015, a family interfered with a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160517-yellowstone-bison-calf-euthanized-danger-in-parks/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bison\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> calf\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Yellowstone National Park, which they had presumed was in danger because it was alone in the snow. Bison are physiologically equipped to handle the harsh winters in the midwest. In the end, the family’s misjudgment cost the bison its life after attempts to reunite it with its herd failed. In another, more subtle case, Big Meadows, in Shenandoah National Park, faces a particular chronic human-wildlife conflict that affects meadow ecology with visitors frequently going off trail. This misstep causes a disruption of the plants in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.trailrunproject.com/gem/317\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the meadow\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which is an especially big problem because \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.guidetosnp.com/web/Extras/BigMeadows.aspx\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Big Meadows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a unique type of wetland and host to the highest concentration of rare plants in Shenandoah National Park. Recently, a woman was sentenced for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1563/nocket-sentenced-for-vandalism.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">vandalizing sites in parks\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> around the country, something that unfortunately has impacted many parks over the years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ecotourism provides benefits to visitors, local economies and our national identity. But it also has drawbacks, impacting wildlife, ecosystems and the historic heritage parks are designed to protect. What do you think? Is ecotourism helping or hurting our national parks?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Audio: NPR\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/11/477693489/wildlife-biologists-manage-bear-interactions-in-americas-national-parks\">Keeping Bears Wild — Or Trying — At National Parks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWith about 1,600 black bears in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and about 10.7 million people visiting every year, wildlife biologists have to balance educating people and protecting the bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Website: National Park Service\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/shen/planyourvisit/leavenotrace.htm\">Leave No Trace\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWatch a video and read the seven principles of “Leave No Trace”–how to minimize human impacts on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Website: National Park Service and National Park Foundation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://findyourpark.com/\">Find Your Park\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFind a national park to visit!\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Do Now U is a biweekly activity in collaboration with \u003ca href=\"http://sencer.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SENCER\u003c/a>. SENCER is a community of transformation that consists of educators and administrators in the higher and informal education sectors. SENCER aims to create an intelligent, educated, and empowered citizenry through advancing knowledge in the STEM fields and beyond. SENCER courses show students the direct connections between subject content and the real world issues they care about, and invite students to use these connections to solve today’s most pressing problems.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A History of Arguing: The Greatest Hits (and misses) of U.S. Presidential Debates",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/LY1GvXXWdHA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get ready to rumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Debate-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: History of Debates (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Presidental-debate-bingo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Presidential Debate Bingo! (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton takes place Monday night at Hofstra University in New York. It's a highly anticipated face off between two very different candidates who have talked a lot of trash about each other but have yet to engage in direct combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some observers predict this debate will \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/296818-trump-clinton-debate-expected-to-shatter-ratings-records\" target=\"_blank\">shatter viewership records\u003c/a>, as millions of Americans tune in to see how these two strong but strikingly divergent personalities measure up against each other when questioned on some of the most pressing national issues. It also marks the first U.S. presidential debate in history to include a women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of three debates (the other two are on Oct. 9 and Oct. 19), the showdown will be moderated by NBC News anchor Lester Holt, who is expected to divide the 90-minute session into \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/09/19/494621392/first-presidential-debate-to-focus-on-prosperity-security-and-nations-direction\" target=\"_blank\">three different topical segments\u003c/a>: the Direction of America, Achieving Prosperity and Securing America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first ever televised presidential debate didn't happen until 1960. Candidates Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy squared off -- just once -- in front of the camera, an event that proved extremely beneficial to the smoother and more youthful Kennedy, who went on to win the election against his stodgier opponent. It took another 16 years for the next presidential debate to happen. In the 1976 election, when President Gerald Ford faced off against his Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter, he made a notorious gaffe about the Soviet Union, an oversight that proved detrimental to his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since, debates have become a fixture of U.S. presidential elections. It's now standard protocol for candidates to face off three times in the grueling months leading up to Election Day, providing Americans with a rare, unscripted glimpse of their personalities and how they handle themselves under pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the debate system and full-length videos and transcripts of past debates, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.debates.org\" target=\"_blank\">Commission on Presidential Debates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/LY1GvXXWdHA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/LY1GvXXWdHA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Get ready to rumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Debate-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: History of Debates (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Presidental-debate-bingo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Presidential Debate Bingo! (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton takes place Monday night at Hofstra University in New York. It's a highly anticipated face off between two very different candidates who have talked a lot of trash about each other but have yet to engage in direct combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some observers predict this debate will \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/296818-trump-clinton-debate-expected-to-shatter-ratings-records\" target=\"_blank\">shatter viewership records\u003c/a>, as millions of Americans tune in to see how these two strong but strikingly divergent personalities measure up against each other when questioned on some of the most pressing national issues. It also marks the first U.S. presidential debate in history to include a women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of three debates (the other two are on Oct. 9 and Oct. 19), the showdown will be moderated by NBC News anchor Lester Holt, who is expected to divide the 90-minute session into \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/09/19/494621392/first-presidential-debate-to-focus-on-prosperity-security-and-nations-direction\" target=\"_blank\">three different topical segments\u003c/a>: the Direction of America, Achieving Prosperity and Securing America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first ever televised presidential debate didn't happen until 1960. Candidates Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy squared off -- just once -- in front of the camera, an event that proved extremely beneficial to the smoother and more youthful Kennedy, who went on to win the election against his stodgier opponent. It took another 16 years for the next presidential debate to happen. In the 1976 election, when President Gerald Ford faced off against his Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter, he made a notorious gaffe about the Soviet Union, an oversight that proved detrimental to his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since, debates have become a fixture of U.S. presidential elections. It's now standard protocol for candidates to face off three times in the grueling months leading up to Election Day, providing Americans with a rare, unscripted glimpse of their personalities and how they handle themselves under pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the debate system and full-length videos and transcripts of past debates, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.debates.org\" target=\"_blank\">Commission on Presidential Debates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Are Artificially Intelligent Military Systems Worth the Risk?",
"headTitle": "Are Artificially Intelligent Military Systems Worth the Risk? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by Thaddeus Ng, who completed his MS in Computer Science at Southern Connecticut State University.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/476055707/476060541\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nAUDIO: NPR\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/04/28/476055707/weighing-the-good-and-the-bad-of-autonomous-killer-robots-in-battle\">Weighing The Good And The Bad Of Autonomous Killer Robots In Battle\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear about ethical concerns regarding artificial intelligence in military platforms and steps that have been taken to help maintain meaningful control over these systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Are artificially intelligent military systems worth the risk? \u003cstrong>#DoNowUAI\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowUAI\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Military Systems\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the constant race to maintain the military advantage, defense research is often at the forefront of cutting-edge research across a wide variety of fields. This can have longstanding impacts even outside of the armed forces. From radar systems to microwaves, many inventions had their roots in military applications. One field of interest to the military is artificial intelligence (AI), especially in regards to fully autonomous systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_278331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-278331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-400x266.jpg\" alt=\"The MQ-1 Predator unmanned aircraft\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-1440x957.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-1920x1276.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The MQ-1 Predator unmanned aircraft \u003ccite>(U.S. Air Force/Lt Col Leslie Pratt))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Military technology has utilized autonomous weapons since World War II with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/Ethical%20Autonomy%20Working%20Paper_021015_v02.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guided munitions\u003c/a>, however recent developments in technology have brought autonomous systems into the public eye. Drones and remote-controlled vehicles are regularly assigned tasks often considered too mundane or dangerous for humans, such as operating in the aftermath of \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscg.mil/leadership/docs/pdf/ELN/niccoli.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hurricane Katrina\u003c/a>, and assessing and repairing the damage caused by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscg.mil/leadership/docs/pdf/ELN/niccoli.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill\u003c/a> off the Gulf of Mexico. Military drone systems, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MQ-9 Reaper\u003c/a>, have been in broad operation by the CIA for intelligence gathering since 2000. The same drones were armed for military operations following the September 11 attacks. An armed unmanned \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhbar.org/uploads/pdf/bj-springsummer2013-vol54-no1-pg14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Predator drone\u003c/a> performed a targeted killing for the first time on February 4, 2002. Research and usage of unmanned vehicles surged in the early part of this century with the United States military deploying 7,000 unmanned aerial vehicles and 8,000 unmanned ground vehicles \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhbar.org/uploads/pdf/bj-springsummer2013-vol54-no1-pg14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">by 2012\u003c/a>. While unmanned and capable of autonomous flight, there is a key distinction in that current drone systems operated by the U.S. are not fully autonomous. Drones are capable of independently patrolling routes and performing general information, however, platforms like the MQ-9 Reaper still require human authorization for certain actions such as tracking a suspect beyond the prescribed path or applications of lethal force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent trends, however, are moving towards fully autonomous systems that eliminate human involvement. Many nations, in addition to the U.S., have already implemented automated weapons capable of tracking and, if authorized, firing on a target. These include South Korea’s Samsung SGR-A1 “Intelligent Surveillance and Security Guard Robot” deployed for perimeter defense at military installations, and Israel’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/israel-deploying-seeshoot-rws-along-gaza-03354/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See-Shoot\u003c/a> border defense system capable of establishing a mile-deep kill zone along the Palestinian border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Integrating AI weapon systems into military platforms has a broad range of applications, but numerous concerns, both practical and ethical. Autonomous weapon platforms have the potential to significantly reduce the manpower required to performing a myriad of tasks. This is important given that some of these tasks like patrolling and mine clearing, are exceptionally dirty, dull, or dangerous. Autonomous weapon systems can perform the same task for longer durations more reliably. They lack human limitations such as fatigue, boredom and injury. Furthermore, when placed in a combat situation, an autonomous system would have the ability to rapidly analyze data and react, without human limitations, including panic and injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_278306\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-278306\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-400x533.jpg\" alt=\"The terminator, a popular symbol of unchecked artificial intelligence\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The terminator, a popular symbol of unchecked artificial intelligence \u003ccite>(Flickr/Dick Thomas Johnson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Paradoxically, many of the same benefits can be interpreted as causes of concern. War is financially expensive and imposes a significant human cost upon all parties involved. There are concerns that by using autonomous weapon systems that reduce the human cost of war, war becomes an increasingly more viable option instead of a choice of \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/21/military-robots-autonomous-machines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">last resort\u003c/a>. Furthermore, there are concerns about responsibility in the case of an accident. Traditionally, there is a chain of command in which all actions, especially regarding usage of lethal force, are given strict guidelines or are explicitly approved by the person in charge. Failure to adhere to these military laws are punishable by the military justice system. However, AI operates outside of this command structure by design. An artificially controlled weapon analyzes a situation and, based on existing data available to the computer, responds as it best sees fit. If an AI-controlled platform acts disproportionately, there is a lack of oversight, as the platform does not seek external validation for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/21/military-robots-autonomous-machines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">behavior\u003c/a>. The issue of responsibility is further exacerbated when a fully autonomous weapon platform has jurisdiction over the applications of lethal force. In Iraq, there have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/21/military-robots-autonomous-machines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cases\u003c/a> where insurgents crouched in an alleyway were assessed as a threat until closer investigation showed they were either tending to the wounded or the deceased. The distinctions available to define a target as dangerous by AI are not always clear. While a person might realize something was different, which would cause them to hold fire, there are concerns whether a computer would be as discriminating, especially when it comes to lethal force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artificial intelligence can empower our automated platforms, simultaneously reducing the human costs of operation, and expanding the capabilities and tasks these systems are qualified to perform. However, with the numerous legal and ethical concerns about the impact of AI on warfare, is the military benefit gained from AI worth replacing the human behind the trigger?\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Video: PBS NewsHour\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/smart-todays-artificial-intelligence/\">How Smart Is Today’s Artificial Intelligence?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nArtificial intelligence is already in our everyday lives and continues to push boundaries. How big of a threat is AI currently? And how much of a threat will it be in the future, especially in autonomous weapons?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Video: Lockheed Martin\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.military.com/video/forces/technologies/the-future-of-artificial-intelligence/2851612356001\">The Future of Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear about future possibilities for research and exploration using robots and artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: MIT Technology Review\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/539876/military-robots-armed-but-how-dangerous/\">Military Robots: Armed, but How Dangerous?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAn open letter that calls for a ban on “offensive autonomous weapons beyond meaningful human control” has been signed by thousands of scientists and technologists, but experts are divided on the issue of using AI to control lethal weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: NPR\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/28/427189235/researchers-warn-against-autonomous-weapons-arms-race\">Researchers Warn Against ‘Autonomous Weapons’ Arms Race\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA broad look at the dangers posed by fully autonomous systems and the positive changes artificial intelligence can bring to our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Do Now U is a biweekly activity in collaboration with \u003ca href=\"http://sencer.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SENCER\u003c/a>. SENCER is a community of transformation that consists of educators and administrators in the higher and informal education sectors. SENCER aims to create an intelligent, educated, and empowered citizenry through advancing knowledge in the STEM fields and beyond. SENCER courses show students the direct connections between subject content and the real world issues they care about, and invite students to use these connections to solve today’s most pressing problems.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by Thaddeus Ng, who completed his MS in Computer Science at Southern Connecticut State University.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/476055707/476060541\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nAUDIO: NPR\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/04/28/476055707/weighing-the-good-and-the-bad-of-autonomous-killer-robots-in-battle\">Weighing The Good And The Bad Of Autonomous Killer Robots In Battle\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear about ethical concerns regarding artificial intelligence in military platforms and steps that have been taken to help maintain meaningful control over these systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Are artificially intelligent military systems worth the risk? \u003cstrong>#DoNowUAI\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowUAI\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Military Systems\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the constant race to maintain the military advantage, defense research is often at the forefront of cutting-edge research across a wide variety of fields. This can have longstanding impacts even outside of the armed forces. From radar systems to microwaves, many inventions had their roots in military applications. One field of interest to the military is artificial intelligence (AI), especially in regards to fully autonomous systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_278331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-278331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-400x266.jpg\" alt=\"The MQ-1 Predator unmanned aircraft\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-1440x957.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-1920x1276.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/MQ-1-Predator-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The MQ-1 Predator unmanned aircraft \u003ccite>(U.S. Air Force/Lt Col Leslie Pratt))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Military technology has utilized autonomous weapons since World War II with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/Ethical%20Autonomy%20Working%20Paper_021015_v02.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guided munitions\u003c/a>, however recent developments in technology have brought autonomous systems into the public eye. Drones and remote-controlled vehicles are regularly assigned tasks often considered too mundane or dangerous for humans, such as operating in the aftermath of \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscg.mil/leadership/docs/pdf/ELN/niccoli.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hurricane Katrina\u003c/a>, and assessing and repairing the damage caused by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscg.mil/leadership/docs/pdf/ELN/niccoli.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill\u003c/a> off the Gulf of Mexico. Military drone systems, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MQ-9 Reaper\u003c/a>, have been in broad operation by the CIA for intelligence gathering since 2000. The same drones were armed for military operations following the September 11 attacks. An armed unmanned \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhbar.org/uploads/pdf/bj-springsummer2013-vol54-no1-pg14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Predator drone\u003c/a> performed a targeted killing for the first time on February 4, 2002. Research and usage of unmanned vehicles surged in the early part of this century with the United States military deploying 7,000 unmanned aerial vehicles and 8,000 unmanned ground vehicles \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhbar.org/uploads/pdf/bj-springsummer2013-vol54-no1-pg14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">by 2012\u003c/a>. While unmanned and capable of autonomous flight, there is a key distinction in that current drone systems operated by the U.S. are not fully autonomous. Drones are capable of independently patrolling routes and performing general information, however, platforms like the MQ-9 Reaper still require human authorization for certain actions such as tracking a suspect beyond the prescribed path or applications of lethal force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent trends, however, are moving towards fully autonomous systems that eliminate human involvement. Many nations, in addition to the U.S., have already implemented automated weapons capable of tracking and, if authorized, firing on a target. These include South Korea’s Samsung SGR-A1 “Intelligent Surveillance and Security Guard Robot” deployed for perimeter defense at military installations, and Israel’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/israel-deploying-seeshoot-rws-along-gaza-03354/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">See-Shoot\u003c/a> border defense system capable of establishing a mile-deep kill zone along the Palestinian border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Integrating AI weapon systems into military platforms has a broad range of applications, but numerous concerns, both practical and ethical. Autonomous weapon platforms have the potential to significantly reduce the manpower required to performing a myriad of tasks. This is important given that some of these tasks like patrolling and mine clearing, are exceptionally dirty, dull, or dangerous. Autonomous weapon systems can perform the same task for longer durations more reliably. They lack human limitations such as fatigue, boredom and injury. Furthermore, when placed in a combat situation, an autonomous system would have the ability to rapidly analyze data and react, without human limitations, including panic and injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_278306\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-278306\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-400x533.jpg\" alt=\"The terminator, a popular symbol of unchecked artificial intelligence\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/Terminator.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The terminator, a popular symbol of unchecked artificial intelligence \u003ccite>(Flickr/Dick Thomas Johnson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Paradoxically, many of the same benefits can be interpreted as causes of concern. War is financially expensive and imposes a significant human cost upon all parties involved. There are concerns that by using autonomous weapon systems that reduce the human cost of war, war becomes an increasingly more viable option instead of a choice of \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/21/military-robots-autonomous-machines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">last resort\u003c/a>. Furthermore, there are concerns about responsibility in the case of an accident. Traditionally, there is a chain of command in which all actions, especially regarding usage of lethal force, are given strict guidelines or are explicitly approved by the person in charge. Failure to adhere to these military laws are punishable by the military justice system. However, AI operates outside of this command structure by design. An artificially controlled weapon analyzes a situation and, based on existing data available to the computer, responds as it best sees fit. If an AI-controlled platform acts disproportionately, there is a lack of oversight, as the platform does not seek external validation for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/21/military-robots-autonomous-machines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">behavior\u003c/a>. The issue of responsibility is further exacerbated when a fully autonomous weapon platform has jurisdiction over the applications of lethal force. In Iraq, there have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/nov/21/military-robots-autonomous-machines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cases\u003c/a> where insurgents crouched in an alleyway were assessed as a threat until closer investigation showed they were either tending to the wounded or the deceased. The distinctions available to define a target as dangerous by AI are not always clear. While a person might realize something was different, which would cause them to hold fire, there are concerns whether a computer would be as discriminating, especially when it comes to lethal force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artificial intelligence can empower our automated platforms, simultaneously reducing the human costs of operation, and expanding the capabilities and tasks these systems are qualified to perform. However, with the numerous legal and ethical concerns about the impact of AI on warfare, is the military benefit gained from AI worth replacing the human behind the trigger?\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Video: PBS NewsHour\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/smart-todays-artificial-intelligence/\">How Smart Is Today’s Artificial Intelligence?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nArtificial intelligence is already in our everyday lives and continues to push boundaries. How big of a threat is AI currently? And how much of a threat will it be in the future, especially in autonomous weapons?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Video: Lockheed Martin\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.military.com/video/forces/technologies/the-future-of-artificial-intelligence/2851612356001\">The Future of Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear about future possibilities for research and exploration using robots and artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: MIT Technology Review\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/539876/military-robots-armed-but-how-dangerous/\">Military Robots: Armed, but How Dangerous?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAn open letter that calls for a ban on “offensive autonomous weapons beyond meaningful human control” has been signed by thousands of scientists and technologists, but experts are divided on the issue of using AI to control lethal weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: NPR\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/28/427189235/researchers-warn-against-autonomous-weapons-arms-race\">Researchers Warn Against ‘Autonomous Weapons’ Arms Race\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA broad look at the dangers posed by fully autonomous systems and the positive changes artificial intelligence can bring to our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Do Now U is a biweekly activity in collaboration with \u003ca href=\"http://sencer.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SENCER\u003c/a>. SENCER is a community of transformation that consists of educators and administrators in the higher and informal education sectors. SENCER aims to create an intelligent, educated, and empowered citizenry through advancing knowledge in the STEM fields and beyond. SENCER courses show students the direct connections between subject content and the real world issues they care about, and invite students to use these connections to solve today’s most pressing problems.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Where America's Third Parties Stand on the Big Issues of the 2016 Election (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/rqhw6W0K5t0\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cfont size=\"5\">\u003cfont color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003c/font>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Third-party-platform-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Third Party Platforms Lesson Plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The epic perennial battle between Republicans and Democrats that defines America's two-party political system makes it all-too-easy to forget that there are actually other parties out there crusading in the political wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although largely overlooked today in mainstream political circles, third parties -- or minority parties -- have historically played a significant role in national politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the third-party candidates this year mustered the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/09/16/494284705/johnson-stein-officially-dont-make-the-presidential-debate-cut\" target=\"_blank\">requisite polling percentages\u003c/a> (15 percent or higher) to qualify to participate in the upcoming presidential debates. However, thanks largely to the general unpopularity of Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump -- and the ongoing influence of former candidate Bernie Sanders, who railed against the two-party system -- some third party candidates are getting a bit more attention than usual in this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"HgIu6NsbL3VYk4GquuPxtlQ6Yk3RfQxR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, nearly 30 minority parties achieved ballot access in at least one state (including the \u003ca href=\"http://ballot-access.org/2016/02/26/american-shopping-party-qualifies-in-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\">American Shopping Party\u003c/a>, which will be on the ballot in Hawaii).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only three of them, however, are recognized in more than a handful of states:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The Libertarian Party, the largest third party, advocates for personal freedom and very limited government. This year, the party \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Ballot_access_for_presidential_candidates\" target=\"_blank\">qualified to be on the ballot\u003c/a> in every state. Its presidential nominee is \u003ca href=\"https://www.johnsonweld.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Gary Johnson\u003c/a> (who also ran in 2012), the former governor of New Mexico.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Green Party, a left-leaning environmental and social justice party, has so far qualified to be on the ballot in 44 states. Its nominee is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jill2016.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Jill Stein\u003c/a> (who ran in 2012 as well), a physician from Massachusetts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Constitution Party, a right wing, religious-based party that believes in a literal interpretation of the Constitution, has so far qualified to be on the ballot in 24 states. Its nominee is \u003ca href=\"http://castle2016.com/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Darrell Castle\u003c/a>, an attorney from Tennessee.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Each party is wholly unique, but they all share a staunch belief in the need for alternatives to the presiding two-party system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Embedded below, (and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/09/ThirdPartyChart.pdf\">downloadable here as a PDF\u003c/a>), this chart compares the positions of America’s three largest minority parties on 12 key national issues. Excerpts are taken directly from each party's most recent platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Article continues below chart ...]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://drive.google.com/a/kqed.org/file/d/0B2-1-PoBoCHiM1hQYU9FZ1J2dms/preview\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Few and far between\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s been a hot minute since anyone besides a Republican or Democrat was president of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not since 1853, in fact, when Millard Fillmore of the Whig Party departed the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, third parties are relegated to the sidelines of the U.S. politics. Currently, only two U.S. senators identify as independent, including former presidential candidate Bernie Sanders from Vermont. The U.S. House of Representatives is currently composed of only Democrats and Republicans. And of the more than \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/State_legislative_elections,_2016\" target=\"_blank\">7,000 representatives and senators\u003c/a> in state legislatures across the country, a tiny fraction are neither Republican or Democrat (most are independents). And among governors, only Bill Walker of Alaska identifies as an independent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/177284/americans-continue-say-third-political-party-needed.aspx\">2014 Gallup poll\u003c/a>, 58 percent of adults said that a third major U.S. political party is necessary because Republicans and Democrats “'do such a poor job’ representing the American people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Winner-take-all\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So when Election Day rolls around, why do so few people usually vote for third party candidates?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the U.S. electoral system is winner-take-all. And that doesn’t make it too easy for the little guy to get anywhere (but home). It also dissuades voters from supporting a third party candidate they may support, as it may seem like a wasted vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and other parliamentary governments, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation\">proportional representation\u003c/a> opens the door for members of smaller political parties to win seats in government and gain influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so much in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Notable efforts\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>America’s two-party mold, though, hasn’t prevented some notable third party efforts. Most recently, Ralph Nader’s 2000 presidential run as the Green Party candidate landed him a substantial 2.8 million votes. It’s widely believed that Nader’s relatively successful campaign took away critical votes from Al Gore, contributing to the Democratic candidate's loss in Florida, which ultimately cost him the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, in the 1992 presidential election, many believe that wealthy independent candidate Ross Perot hurt President George H.W. Bush’s re-election bid against Bill Clinton. Using his personal fortune to fund sprawling political infomercials, Perot was the last third party candidate to get high enough poll numbers to participate in the presidential debates. In the end, he amassed nearly 20 million votes – close to 19 percent of the electorate – many of whom would likely have otherwise voted for Bush. It marked the most successful third party run in recent history, inadvertently helping Clinton reach the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The once mighty Whigs\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There are several third parties that have historically had significant influence in national politics. Among them, the Socialist and Progressive parties of the early 1900s, both of whom championed labor rights and women’s suffrage. President Fillmore’s Whig Party, which rose to prominence in the 1830’s in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson, won three presidential elections in the 1840s and 50s (although Fillmore was the fourth Whig president, he didn’t actually win an election – he was Zachary Taylor’s vice president and took the helm after Taylor's death).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Whig Party ultimately disintegrated in 1854, though, fracturing in large part over the increasingly divisive issue of slavery. The party’s demise led to the eventual emergence of the Republican Party, which under President Abraham Lincoln, became the most dominant force in American politics until the 1930s.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rqhw6W0K5t0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rqhw6W0K5t0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cfont size=\"5\">\u003cfont color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003c/font>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Third-party-platform-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Third Party Platforms Lesson Plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The epic perennial battle between Republicans and Democrats that defines America's two-party political system makes it all-too-easy to forget that there are actually other parties out there crusading in the political wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although largely overlooked today in mainstream political circles, third parties -- or minority parties -- have historically played a significant role in national politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the third-party candidates this year mustered the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/09/16/494284705/johnson-stein-officially-dont-make-the-presidential-debate-cut\" target=\"_blank\">requisite polling percentages\u003c/a> (15 percent or higher) to qualify to participate in the upcoming presidential debates. However, thanks largely to the general unpopularity of Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump -- and the ongoing influence of former candidate Bernie Sanders, who railed against the two-party system -- some third party candidates are getting a bit more attention than usual in this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, nearly 30 minority parties achieved ballot access in at least one state (including the \u003ca href=\"http://ballot-access.org/2016/02/26/american-shopping-party-qualifies-in-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\">American Shopping Party\u003c/a>, which will be on the ballot in Hawaii).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only three of them, however, are recognized in more than a handful of states:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The Libertarian Party, the largest third party, advocates for personal freedom and very limited government. This year, the party \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Ballot_access_for_presidential_candidates\" target=\"_blank\">qualified to be on the ballot\u003c/a> in every state. Its presidential nominee is \u003ca href=\"https://www.johnsonweld.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Gary Johnson\u003c/a> (who also ran in 2012), the former governor of New Mexico.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Green Party, a left-leaning environmental and social justice party, has so far qualified to be on the ballot in 44 states. Its nominee is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jill2016.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Jill Stein\u003c/a> (who ran in 2012 as well), a physician from Massachusetts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Constitution Party, a right wing, religious-based party that believes in a literal interpretation of the Constitution, has so far qualified to be on the ballot in 24 states. Its nominee is \u003ca href=\"http://castle2016.com/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Darrell Castle\u003c/a>, an attorney from Tennessee.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Each party is wholly unique, but they all share a staunch belief in the need for alternatives to the presiding two-party system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Embedded below, (and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/09/ThirdPartyChart.pdf\">downloadable here as a PDF\u003c/a>), this chart compares the positions of America’s three largest minority parties on 12 key national issues. Excerpts are taken directly from each party's most recent platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Article continues below chart ...]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://drive.google.com/a/kqed.org/file/d/0B2-1-PoBoCHiM1hQYU9FZ1J2dms/preview\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Few and far between\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s been a hot minute since anyone besides a Republican or Democrat was president of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not since 1853, in fact, when Millard Fillmore of the Whig Party departed the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, third parties are relegated to the sidelines of the U.S. politics. Currently, only two U.S. senators identify as independent, including former presidential candidate Bernie Sanders from Vermont. The U.S. House of Representatives is currently composed of only Democrats and Republicans. And of the more than \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/State_legislative_elections,_2016\" target=\"_blank\">7,000 representatives and senators\u003c/a> in state legislatures across the country, a tiny fraction are neither Republican or Democrat (most are independents). And among governors, only Bill Walker of Alaska identifies as an independent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/177284/americans-continue-say-third-political-party-needed.aspx\">2014 Gallup poll\u003c/a>, 58 percent of adults said that a third major U.S. political party is necessary because Republicans and Democrats “'do such a poor job’ representing the American people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Winner-take-all\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So when Election Day rolls around, why do so few people usually vote for third party candidates?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the U.S. electoral system is winner-take-all. And that doesn’t make it too easy for the little guy to get anywhere (but home). It also dissuades voters from supporting a third party candidate they may support, as it may seem like a wasted vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and other parliamentary governments, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation\">proportional representation\u003c/a> opens the door for members of smaller political parties to win seats in government and gain influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so much in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Notable efforts\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>America’s two-party mold, though, hasn’t prevented some notable third party efforts. Most recently, Ralph Nader’s 2000 presidential run as the Green Party candidate landed him a substantial 2.8 million votes. It’s widely believed that Nader’s relatively successful campaign took away critical votes from Al Gore, contributing to the Democratic candidate's loss in Florida, which ultimately cost him the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, in the 1992 presidential election, many believe that wealthy independent candidate Ross Perot hurt President George H.W. Bush’s re-election bid against Bill Clinton. Using his personal fortune to fund sprawling political infomercials, Perot was the last third party candidate to get high enough poll numbers to participate in the presidential debates. In the end, he amassed nearly 20 million votes – close to 19 percent of the electorate – many of whom would likely have otherwise voted for Bush. It marked the most successful third party run in recent history, inadvertently helping Clinton reach the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The once mighty Whigs\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There are several third parties that have historically had significant influence in national politics. Among them, the Socialist and Progressive parties of the early 1900s, both of whom championed labor rights and women’s suffrage. President Fillmore’s Whig Party, which rose to prominence in the 1830’s in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson, won three presidential elections in the 1840s and 50s (although Fillmore was the fourth Whig president, he didn’t actually win an election – he was Zachary Taylor’s vice president and took the helm after Taylor's death).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Whig Party ultimately disintegrated in 1854, though, fracturing in large part over the increasingly divisive issue of slavery. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/RstxqdvwFIo\u003cbr>\n[http_redir]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>War and persecution have forced a record number of people worldwide to flee their homes, according to a June 2016 report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.html\" target=\"_blank\">United Nations Refugee Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rapid increase in recent years has reached crisis levels, largely fueled by the ongoing war in Syria, the world's single-largest driver of displacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of 2015, there were 65.3 million forcibly displaced people, or more than one in every 113 people worldwide, according to the report. Surpassing even post-World War II numbers, it's a 10 percent increase from 2014, and nearly double what it was 20 years ago. There were an estimated 12.4 million newly displaced people in 2015 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This population included about 21.3 million refugees, 3.2 million asylum-seekers and 40.8 million people were internally displaced (within their own country).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 21.3 million refugees in 2015, 51 percent of them were children. The majority of refugees were from Syria, Afghanistan and Somalia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.unrefugees.org/what-is-a-refugee/\" target=\"_blank\">Refugee\u003c/a>\" is an internationally recognized classification for those forced to flee their countries because of armed conflict or persecution. As laid out by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49da0e466.html\" target=\"_blank\">1951 Refugee Convention\u003c/a>, refugees are considered in a distinct category from migrants. The majority of them are eligible for protection and assistance from the UN and, to a varying degree, its member states (although each nation has distinct ways of admitting and serving refugee populations).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.therefugeeproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Refugee Project\u003c/a>, featured below, is an interactive mapping and storytelling platform that illustrates refugee migrations around the world every year since 1975. Created by design firm \u003ca href=\"http://hyperakt.com\">Hyperakt\u003c/a> and artist \u003ca href=\"http://ekeneijeoma.com/work\" target=\"_blank\">Ekene Ijeoma\u003c/a>, the project uses UN data through 2015 and only includes registered refugees under UN protection (not the millions of other displaced people and economic migrants around the world). Circles around each country expand and contract as the flow of refugees grows or slows, and a heatmap at the bottom shows the change in population over time. Radiating lines point to where refugees have found asylum. The map also includes short histories of major refugee crises over the past four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1200\" height=\"700px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" src=\"http://www.therefugeeproject.org/\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 21.3 million refugees in 2015, 51 percent of them were children. The majority of refugees were from Syria, Afghanistan and Somalia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.unrefugees.org/what-is-a-refugee/\" target=\"_blank\">Refugee\u003c/a>\" is an internationally recognized classification for those forced to flee their countries because of armed conflict or persecution. As laid out by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49da0e466.html\" target=\"_blank\">1951 Refugee Convention\u003c/a>, refugees are considered in a distinct category from migrants. The majority of them are eligible for protection and assistance from the UN and, to a varying degree, its member states (although each nation has distinct ways of admitting and serving refugee populations).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.therefugeeproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Refugee Project\u003c/a>, featured below, is an interactive mapping and storytelling platform that illustrates refugee migrations around the world every year since 1975. Created by design firm \u003ca href=\"http://hyperakt.com\">Hyperakt\u003c/a> and artist \u003ca href=\"http://ekeneijeoma.com/work\" target=\"_blank\">Ekene Ijeoma\u003c/a>, the project uses UN data through 2015 and only includes registered refugees under UN protection (not the millions of other displaced people and economic migrants around the world). Circles around each country expand and contract as the flow of refugees grows or slows, and a heatmap at the bottom shows the change in population over time. Radiating lines point to where refugees have found asylum. The map also includes short histories of major refugee crises over the past four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1200\" height=\"700px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" src=\"http://www.therefugeeproject.org/\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has long been a destination for immigrants seeking a better life. Yet, newcomers haven't always been welcomed with open arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the nation's history, immigrants have consistently been blamed for societal problems, commonly viewed with suspicion and fear and accused of lowering the quality of life for established residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an issue playing out in the 2016 presidential election, with calls from Republican candidate Donald Trump to deport large numbers of undocumented residents, build a border wall and crack down on Muslim communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As comic journalist Andy Warner explains, the current anti-immigrant rhetoric follows a long tradition of nativist sentiment in America. And take a look at our accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/History-of-Nativism-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"5709\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-160x1522.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-126x1200.png 126w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-240x2284.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-375x3568.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-520x4948.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"slug": "13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911",
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"content": "\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Your students are too young to have lived through the 9/11 attack, but that doesn’t mean it hasn’t impacted their lives. The \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/teachers/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\">Perspectives Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a> offers them a chance to tell their stories. Maybe they have a parent, older sibling or cousin who served in Afghanistan. Maybe they have seen anti-Muslim sentiment in their own communities. Invite them to share how 9/11 has affected their lives with the Perspectives Challenge. (Preview the \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/curriculum/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">curriculum here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 10, 2024\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three years ago, the United States wasn’t officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn’t even exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And — perhaps hardest to believe — we didn’t have to take off our shoes to go through airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in a dramatic change in our nation’s attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a>, prioritizing national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Sept-11-lesson-plan-2017-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lasting impacts of 9/11 lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These changes continue to have ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations helped foment rebellions and ongoing warfare throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are four of the many dramatic impacts — nationwide and in California — resulting from the events of that one tragic day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>I. ‘Forever Wars’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda — the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks — and remove the Taliban government harboring it. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (none were ever found). The invasion was a key part of America’s newly launched War on Terror, under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in Afghanistan — which just ended calamitously last year, with the Taliban reclaiming control of the country — was the longest war in American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS0qENVESv0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. But the U.S. soon after resumed intermittent air strikes following the emergence of the Islamic State extremist group, which sprouted from the chaos of war and terrorized the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the Bush Administration also opened the Guantanamo Bay detention center in Cuba, where it began sending suspected enemy combatants. Held indefinitely, prisoners were denied access to trials or legal representation, and were subject to brutal interrogation techniques. There were more than 650 foreign inmates at the facility by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have long pushed to shut down the Guantanamo facility, calling it a gross violation of basic human rights and a stain on America’s image abroad. And although early in his first term, Obama vowed to close it — and significantly reduced the population\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo/detainees?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>— he failed to completely shut it down. Former President Donald Trump was intent on keeping it open, and even sought, unsuccessfully, to refill it. Today, Guantanamo has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html?mcubz=1\">fewer than 40 prisoners\u003c/a>, but still remains operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies skyrocketed: Homeland Security’s discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of post-9/11 U.S. military operations, some 7,000 American troops have been killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\">the latest figures\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Defense. That marks just a tiny fraction of total casualties in the two conflicts, which have claimed the lives of \u003ca href=\"https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/direct-war-death-toll-2001-801000\">hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of Iraqi and Afghan civilians, as well as contractors, journalists, allied troops and opposition fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 52,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq have been wounded in action over the last 20 years. And many more have returned home physically intact but suffering from severe long-term mental health issues, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and psychological ailments linked to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thousands of veterans of the two conflicts have taken their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this year, 776 men and women from across the state have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001, accounting for 11% of total U.S. casualties — more than any other state — according to an\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> LA Times database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times reports, “Nearly 20% of California’s war dead were old enough to die for their country but too young to buy a drink. They left behind 453 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of the 13 U.S. troops killed In the \u003ca class=\"link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-26/us-troops-killed-afghanistan-airport-bombing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aug. 26 suicide bombing\u003c/a> at the Kabul airport gate were Marines from California. Occurring just days before the official end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the attack also killed dozens of Afghan civilians — one of the deadliest bombings in the almost two decades since the U.S.-led invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and Deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Customs Service — both formerly part of the Department of Justice — were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations; they have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Department of Homeland Security’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009 – 2010), deportations hit a record high: nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported during that period were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail — even if not ultimately convicted of a crime — by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous instances of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, when Obama announced plans to phase out the program, ICE had established Secure Communities partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown — then California’s Attorney General — agreed to implement the Secure Communities. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America’s immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28% of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>III. The Friendly-ish Skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It’s all par for the course when you fly these days. But not so long ago, it wasn’t unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were rare, liquids were allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now primarily overseen by the massive \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screenings at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country (although, private contractors still operate at some airports). It marks the single largest federal start-up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to refer to watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, while sometimes infringing on privacy rights and, in many instances, increasing scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>IV. Big surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government oversight, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents that were leaked in 2013 by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossal surveillance state that’s seeped into the lives of millions of ordinary Americans. The exponential growth of this apparatus — armed with a $52.6 billion budget in 2013 — was brought to light when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post\u003c/a> obtained a “black budget” report from Snowden, detailing the bureaucratic and operational landscape of the 16 spy agencies and more than 107,000 employees that now make up the U.S. intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further audits reveal that the National Security Agency alone has annually scooped up as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by Americans with no connection to terrorism, and in doing so, had violated privacy laws thousands of times per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in dramatic changes in our nation's attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.",
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"title": "How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts (with Lesson Plan) | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Your students are too young to have lived through the 9/11 attack, but that doesn’t mean it hasn’t impacted their lives. The \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/teachers/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\">Perspectives Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a> offers them a chance to tell their stories. Maybe they have a parent, older sibling or cousin who served in Afghanistan. Maybe they have seen anti-Muslim sentiment in their own communities. Invite them to share how 9/11 has affected their lives with the Perspectives Challenge. (Preview the \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/curriculum/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">curriculum here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 10, 2024\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three years ago, the United States wasn’t officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn’t even exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And — perhaps hardest to believe — we didn’t have to take off our shoes to go through airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in a dramatic change in our nation’s attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a>, prioritizing national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Sept-11-lesson-plan-2017-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lasting impacts of 9/11 lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These changes continue to have ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations helped foment rebellions and ongoing warfare throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are four of the many dramatic impacts — nationwide and in California — resulting from the events of that one tragic day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>I. ‘Forever Wars’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda — the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks — and remove the Taliban government harboring it. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (none were ever found). The invasion was a key part of America’s newly launched War on Terror, under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in Afghanistan — which just ended calamitously last year, with the Taliban reclaiming control of the country — was the longest war in American history.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zS0qENVESv0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zS0qENVESv0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. But the U.S. soon after resumed intermittent air strikes following the emergence of the Islamic State extremist group, which sprouted from the chaos of war and terrorized the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the Bush Administration also opened the Guantanamo Bay detention center in Cuba, where it began sending suspected enemy combatants. Held indefinitely, prisoners were denied access to trials or legal representation, and were subject to brutal interrogation techniques. There were more than 650 foreign inmates at the facility by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have long pushed to shut down the Guantanamo facility, calling it a gross violation of basic human rights and a stain on America’s image abroad. And although early in his first term, Obama vowed to close it — and significantly reduced the population\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo/detainees?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>— he failed to completely shut it down. Former President Donald Trump was intent on keeping it open, and even sought, unsuccessfully, to refill it. Today, Guantanamo has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html?mcubz=1\">fewer than 40 prisoners\u003c/a>, but still remains operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies skyrocketed: Homeland Security’s discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of post-9/11 U.S. military operations, some 7,000 American troops have been killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\">the latest figures\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Defense. That marks just a tiny fraction of total casualties in the two conflicts, which have claimed the lives of \u003ca href=\"https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/direct-war-death-toll-2001-801000\">hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of Iraqi and Afghan civilians, as well as contractors, journalists, allied troops and opposition fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 52,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq have been wounded in action over the last 20 years. And many more have returned home physically intact but suffering from severe long-term mental health issues, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and psychological ailments linked to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thousands of veterans of the two conflicts have taken their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this year, 776 men and women from across the state have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001, accounting for 11% of total U.S. casualties — more than any other state — according to an\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> LA Times database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times reports, “Nearly 20% of California’s war dead were old enough to die for their country but too young to buy a drink. They left behind 453 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of the 13 U.S. troops killed In the \u003ca class=\"link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-26/us-troops-killed-afghanistan-airport-bombing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aug. 26 suicide bombing\u003c/a> at the Kabul airport gate were Marines from California. Occurring just days before the official end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the attack also killed dozens of Afghan civilians — one of the deadliest bombings in the almost two decades since the U.S.-led invasion.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and Deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Customs Service — both formerly part of the Department of Justice — were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations; they have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Department of Homeland Security’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009 – 2010), deportations hit a record high: nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported during that period were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail — even if not ultimately convicted of a crime — by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous instances of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, when Obama announced plans to phase out the program, ICE had established Secure Communities partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown — then California’s Attorney General — agreed to implement the Secure Communities. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America’s immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28% of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>III. The Friendly-ish Skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It’s all par for the course when you fly these days. But not so long ago, it wasn’t unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were rare, liquids were allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now primarily overseen by the massive \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screenings at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country (although, private contractors still operate at some airports). It marks the single largest federal start-up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to refer to watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, while sometimes infringing on privacy rights and, in many instances, increasing scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>IV. Big surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government oversight, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents that were leaked in 2013 by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossal surveillance state that’s seeped into the lives of millions of ordinary Americans. 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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/xPhLKARAve4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't always about the grilling and Slip'N Slide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, that last glorious slice of summertime that Labor Day has come to represent masks the overlooked turbulent history that led to its establishment in the first place.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nineteenth Century America was a time of rapid industrialization. Many of the nation's urban centers were bursting at the seams, attracting a flood of poor immigrants desperate for work, but vulnerable to exploitation. Growing labor unrest led to a string of major strikes and protests, with workers demanding higher pay, safer working conditions and the right to unionize. The demonstrations often sparked violent clashes with police and private company security forces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrest, though, proved fruitful. It ultimately led to major improvements for millions of workers, ushering in an era of new labor regulations that included the establishment of an 8-hour workday and laws prohibiting child labor. The reforms also gave rise to a prolonged period of burgeoning union membership, increased wages and a notable rise in the ranks of America's middle class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trend continued until the 1970s, when good blue collar jobs, the influence\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/07/02/the-rise-and-fall-of-americas-labor-unions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> of unions\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/05/25/interactive-are-you-in-the-american-middle-class/\">size of the middle class\u003c/a> all began to sharply decline, as more U.S. companies moved their manufacturing to cheaper factories overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labor Day became an official national holiday in 1894 in the aftermath of the notorious \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pullman Strike\u003c/a>, which was among the largest in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after ordering federal authorities to quell the unrest (resulting in a number of strikers killed), President Grover Cleveland made Labor Day an official holiday as a conciliatory nod to the nation's working class. But eager to distinguish the holiday from the more radical, socialist roots of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/04/29/a-brief-history-of-may-day-the-workers-holiday-not-the-pole/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">May Day\u003c/a> -- an internationally recognized workers day -- Cleveland pushed for an apolitical September date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two short videos (above and below) provide a good, brief overview of those origins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PBS\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/anthropology-in-practice/2013/08/30/labor-day-its-about-time/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Scientific American\u003c/a> feature informative articles on Labor Day's roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/YqmPE2HtkyU\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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