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"disqusTitle": "MAP: States With New Voting Restrictions in Place for the 2016 Presidential Election",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Think you know your state's voting rules? Better check again before heading to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the state you live in, those rules may have gotten a good deal more restrictive since the last time you voted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 14 states, this is the first presidential election with new voting restrictions in place, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/voting-restrictions-first-time-2016\" target=\"_blank\">Brennan Center for Justice\u003c/a>, a nonprofit law and policy institute that advocates for more inclusive voting policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/voting-restrictions-first-time-2016\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24428\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap.jpg\" alt=\"voteridmap\" width=\"951\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap.jpg 951w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-800x568.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-768x545.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-240x170.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-375x266.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-520x369.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 951px) 100vw, 951px\">\u003c/a>The new voting laws have been mostly instituted in states with Republican-led legislatures, with the ostensible intention of reducing voter fraud. The changes, which snowballed after a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/tag/voting-rights-act/\" target=\"_blank\">2013 Supreme Court ruling \u003c/a>scaling back the Voting Rights Act, range from photo ID requirements and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/02/26/felon-voting\" target=\"_blank\">felon voting restrictions\u003c/a> to shorter registration windows and limited early voting periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among these, voter identification requirements remain the most controversial. Because certain kinds of government-issued ID, particularly photo IDs, often require administrative fees and waiting times, opponents say these requirements hearken back to the poll taxes of the Jim Crow South, a blatant effort to prevent entire communities from voting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>32 states currently require voters to show some form of identification at the polls, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">National Conference of State Legislatures\u003c/a>. Seven of them have strict voter ID requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 11 percent of eligible voters don't have government-issued photo IDs, according to the Brennan Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Carolina's 2013 voter ID law was recently struck down by a federal appeals court, which found that the law was intentionally aimed at the black vote. Two separate court rulings this summer scaled back new voting restrictions in Texas and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2.jpg\" alt=\"voteridmap2\" width=\"771\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2.jpg 771w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-768x578.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-240x181.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-375x282.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-520x391.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voting rights advocates argue that stricter voting laws disproportionately suppress turnout among students, African-Americans and low-income voters, groups that traditionally lean Democratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most new voting laws haven't been in place long enough to accurately measure their impact on participation. But several studies predict that these laws could thwart hundreds of thousands of otherwise eligible voters from voting. In \u003ca href=\"http://pages.ucsd.edu/~zhajnal/page5/documents/voterIDhajnaletal.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one recent study\u003c/a>, political scientists at the University of California, San Diego compared voter turnout from 2008 to 2012 in states that did and did not implement strict voter ID laws. In states that began enforcing these laws, voter participation decreased markedly, particularly among blacks, Hispanics and mixed-race groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of stricter laws counter that voter fraud remains a serious threat that needs to be addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our Republic flourishes when citizens are confident that their vote is free, fair, and secure,\" notes Catherine Engelbrecht, founder of the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://truethevote.org/aboutus\" target=\"_blank\">True the Vote\u003c/a>. But concern over election fraud, she adds \"jeopardizes our entire system of government, eroding our trust in elected leaders and undermining our confidence in the system by which they govern - beginning at the polls and rising up through the highest offices in the land.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though a majority of Americans \u003ca href=\"http://www.people-press.org/2012/10/11/broad-support-for-photo-id-voting-requirements/\" target=\"_blank\">favor voter ID requirements\u003c/a> numerous non-partisan studies of voting records show that voter fraud is exceptionally rare and statistically insignificant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one recent investigation, Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt found only \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/?tid=a_inl\" target=\"_blank\">31 credible incidents of voter impersonation\u003c/a> out of a sample of more than 1 billion votes cast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really not one America when it comes to voting,\" Judith Brown-Dianis of the Advancement Project explains in the documentary \u003ca href=\"http://electoraldysfunction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Electoral Dysfunction.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the text of the original Constitution doesn't actually include a single mention of voting rights; the founders left this to the discretion of states. Only subsequent amendments (namely, the 15th, 19th, 23rd and 26th) prevent voting rights from being denied to certain formerly disenfranchised populations (people of color, women, 18 to 20-year-olds). States, though, remain largely free to determine their own voting procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Constitution, at the nation's birth, made no mention of voting rights whatsoever,\" Harvard University History Professor Alex Keyssar notes in the documentary. \"[The Founders] were unsure, in fact, whether voting was a right or a privilege. And if it was a right, they weren't sure who the right actually belonged to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an ambiguity that continues to play out today: voting laws vary drastically from one state to the next, helping to determine who's allowed to participate and who gets stuck watching from the sidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/UMl0MHFGhE8\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Additional resources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eac.gov/voter_resources/contact_your_state.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Links to official election resources for all 50 states\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.brennancenter.org/student-voting\" target=\"_blank\">Brennan Center: state-by-state student voting guide\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://electoraldysfunction.org/classroom/\" target=\"_blank\">Electoral Dysfunction (film) educator resources \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://truethevote.org/\" target=\"_blank\">True the Vote \u003c/a>(advocates for stricter protections against voter fraud)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/voting-rights-by-state-map\" target=\"_blank\">ProPublica: Everything that's happened since the Supreme Court's Voting Rights Act decision \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Think you know your state's voting rules? Better check again before heading to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the state you live in, those rules may have gotten a good deal more restrictive since the last time you voted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 14 states, this is the first presidential election with new voting restrictions in place, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/voting-restrictions-first-time-2016\" target=\"_blank\">Brennan Center for Justice\u003c/a>, a nonprofit law and policy institute that advocates for more inclusive voting policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/voting-restrictions-first-time-2016\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24428\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap.jpg\" alt=\"voteridmap\" width=\"951\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap.jpg 951w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-800x568.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-768x545.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-240x170.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-375x266.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-520x369.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 951px) 100vw, 951px\">\u003c/a>The new voting laws have been mostly instituted in states with Republican-led legislatures, with the ostensible intention of reducing voter fraud. The changes, which snowballed after a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/tag/voting-rights-act/\" target=\"_blank\">2013 Supreme Court ruling \u003c/a>scaling back the Voting Rights Act, range from photo ID requirements and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/02/26/felon-voting\" target=\"_blank\">felon voting restrictions\u003c/a> to shorter registration windows and limited early voting periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among these, voter identification requirements remain the most controversial. Because certain kinds of government-issued ID, particularly photo IDs, often require administrative fees and waiting times, opponents say these requirements hearken back to the poll taxes of the Jim Crow South, a blatant effort to prevent entire communities from voting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>32 states currently require voters to show some form of identification at the polls, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">National Conference of State Legislatures\u003c/a>. Seven of them have strict voter ID requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 11 percent of eligible voters don't have government-issued photo IDs, according to the Brennan Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Carolina's 2013 voter ID law was recently struck down by a federal appeals court, which found that the law was intentionally aimed at the black vote. Two separate court rulings this summer scaled back new voting restrictions in Texas and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2.jpg\" alt=\"voteridmap2\" width=\"771\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2.jpg 771w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-768x578.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-240x181.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-375x282.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-520x391.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voting rights advocates argue that stricter voting laws disproportionately suppress turnout among students, African-Americans and low-income voters, groups that traditionally lean Democratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most new voting laws haven't been in place long enough to accurately measure their impact on participation. But several studies predict that these laws could thwart hundreds of thousands of otherwise eligible voters from voting. In \u003ca href=\"http://pages.ucsd.edu/~zhajnal/page5/documents/voterIDhajnaletal.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one recent study\u003c/a>, political scientists at the University of California, San Diego compared voter turnout from 2008 to 2012 in states that did and did not implement strict voter ID laws. In states that began enforcing these laws, voter participation decreased markedly, particularly among blacks, Hispanics and mixed-race groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of stricter laws counter that voter fraud remains a serious threat that needs to be addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our Republic flourishes when citizens are confident that their vote is free, fair, and secure,\" notes Catherine Engelbrecht, founder of the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://truethevote.org/aboutus\" target=\"_blank\">True the Vote\u003c/a>. But concern over election fraud, she adds \"jeopardizes our entire system of government, eroding our trust in elected leaders and undermining our confidence in the system by which they govern - beginning at the polls and rising up through the highest offices in the land.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though a majority of Americans \u003ca href=\"http://www.people-press.org/2012/10/11/broad-support-for-photo-id-voting-requirements/\" target=\"_blank\">favor voter ID requirements\u003c/a> numerous non-partisan studies of voting records show that voter fraud is exceptionally rare and statistically insignificant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one recent investigation, Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt found only \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/?tid=a_inl\" target=\"_blank\">31 credible incidents of voter impersonation\u003c/a> out of a sample of more than 1 billion votes cast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really not one America when it comes to voting,\" Judith Brown-Dianis of the Advancement Project explains in the documentary \u003ca href=\"http://electoraldysfunction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Electoral Dysfunction.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the text of the original Constitution doesn't actually include a single mention of voting rights; the founders left this to the discretion of states. Only subsequent amendments (namely, the 15th, 19th, 23rd and 26th) prevent voting rights from being denied to certain formerly disenfranchised populations (people of color, women, 18 to 20-year-olds). States, though, remain largely free to determine their own voting procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Constitution, at the nation's birth, made no mention of voting rights whatsoever,\" Harvard University History Professor Alex Keyssar notes in the documentary. \"[The Founders] were unsure, in fact, whether voting was a right or a privilege. And if it was a right, they weren't sure who the right actually belonged to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an ambiguity that continues to play out today: voting laws vary drastically from one state to the next, helping to determine who's allowed to participate and who gets stuck watching from the sidelines.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UMl0MHFGhE8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UMl0MHFGhE8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Additional resources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eac.gov/voter_resources/contact_your_state.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Links to official election resources for all 50 states\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.brennancenter.org/student-voting\" target=\"_blank\">Brennan Center: state-by-state student voting guide\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://electoraldysfunction.org/classroom/\" target=\"_blank\">Electoral Dysfunction (film) educator resources \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://truethevote.org/\" target=\"_blank\">True the Vote \u003c/a>(advocates for stricter protections against voter fraud)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/voting-rights-by-state-map\" target=\"_blank\">ProPublica: Everything that's happened since the Supreme Court's Voting Rights Act decision \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's here. It's finally here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Polling-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Political Polling (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, Election Day is the \u003cem>ultimate\u003c/em> political poll -- the definitive survey -- when millions of campaign-weary Americans finally get to cast their ballots and (hopefully) lay to rest this bitter, exhaustive presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the results filter in, it's also a good moment to consider the accuracy and influence of that massive tsunami of polling data that we've been inundated with for the last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls generally refer to surveys of public opinions and forecasts of election results. And since the 1990s, when major news organization began conducting their own polls, the polling business has been booming. Today it's a billion-dollar industry with an army of polling firms cranking out thousands of surveys each year. Political candidates and elected officials also now typically commission their own polls to gauge approval ratings and messaging impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern polling was pioneered in the 1930s by George Gallup, a statistician who began conducting surveys using a statistical model he called \"quota sampling\" to predict election outcomes and measure public opinion. As Harvard historian Jill Lepore explains in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/politics-and-the-new-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Yorker article\u003c/a>, the relatively small group of respondents that Gallup selected to randomly sample for each pollreflected a mini-electorate, demographically proportionate and representative of the larger voting population (same percentages of men, women, black, white, young, old, conservative, liberal, etc.). Lepore says that Gallup believed polling was essential to democracy as a tool to gauge the will of the people. And for decades, Gallup's organization, and a small group of others, were among the only firms producing these kinds of polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lepore notes that back then, the response rate among those surveyed was remarkably high, at roughly 90 percent. Today, however, the average poll response rate is in the single digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the biggest factors at play, she says, is the widespread adoption of mobile phones and the move away from landlines. The majority of polls are still conducted by phone. And because federal law prevents auto-dialing to cell phones, it's become significantly harder and costlier to reach the adequate number respondents necessary to generate a representative sample of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, a growing number of polls are conducted through websites and social media platforms. These are usually opt-in polls, in which site visitors actively choose to participate (as opposed to being randomly called on), and are generally considered less reliable Those who choose to respond to online polls are rarely representative of the larger electorate, and so results can be biased and misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of a \"sample\" as a small model of the larger population. The goal in sampling is to use that smaller subset to represent the larger whole. Random sampling simply means that each member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Generally (although not always), the larger the sample size, the more accurate the poll. The average poll has a sample size of 1000 adults, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollingreport.com/ncpp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Council on Public Polls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYi6Ibf3e0o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most polls also include a margin or error, a +/- figure that's a measure of the pollster's confidence that the sample accurately represents the whole population. The larger that margin of error, the less accurate the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's electorate is also more diverse than ever before, and many polls don't reach the sample populations that reflect this diversity, especially if there are language barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it's important to remember that pollsters with specific agendas can easily manipulate how they conduct polls in order to produce outcomes favorable to their interests (a conservative polling firm typically produces results that skew conservative, and vice versa for a liberal polling firm). Doing so can make candidates or issues appear more popular than they actually are, and ultimately influence voter decisions. Which is why, as a consumer of polling data, it's so important to pay attention to who conducted the poll, why they conducted it, how they conducted it and what questions they asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncpp.org/files/20%20Questions%203rd%20edition_Web%20ver_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">20 questions a journalist should ask about poll results\u003c/a>,\" published by the NCPP, is a good guide for helping to decide if a poll is worth its weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data news site \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FiveThirtyEight \u003c/a>continuously updates its election predictions by aggregating hundreds of poll results. Each poll is weighted based on a rating system that considers the pollster's methodology and track record. Check out its rankings of some of the major polling firms \u003ca href=\"http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/pollster-ratings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's here. It's finally here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Polling-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Political Polling (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, Election Day is the \u003cem>ultimate\u003c/em> political poll -- the definitive survey -- when millions of campaign-weary Americans finally get to cast their ballots and (hopefully) lay to rest this bitter, exhaustive presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the results filter in, it's also a good moment to consider the accuracy and influence of that massive tsunami of polling data that we've been inundated with for the last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls generally refer to surveys of public opinions and forecasts of election results. And since the 1990s, when major news organization began conducting their own polls, the polling business has been booming. Today it's a billion-dollar industry with an army of polling firms cranking out thousands of surveys each year. Political candidates and elected officials also now typically commission their own polls to gauge approval ratings and messaging impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern polling was pioneered in the 1930s by George Gallup, a statistician who began conducting surveys using a statistical model he called \"quota sampling\" to predict election outcomes and measure public opinion. As Harvard historian Jill Lepore explains in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/politics-and-the-new-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Yorker article\u003c/a>, the relatively small group of respondents that Gallup selected to randomly sample for each pollreflected a mini-electorate, demographically proportionate and representative of the larger voting population (same percentages of men, women, black, white, young, old, conservative, liberal, etc.). Lepore says that Gallup believed polling was essential to democracy as a tool to gauge the will of the people. And for decades, Gallup's organization, and a small group of others, were among the only firms producing these kinds of polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lepore notes that back then, the response rate among those surveyed was remarkably high, at roughly 90 percent. Today, however, the average poll response rate is in the single digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the biggest factors at play, she says, is the widespread adoption of mobile phones and the move away from landlines. The majority of polls are still conducted by phone. And because federal law prevents auto-dialing to cell phones, it's become significantly harder and costlier to reach the adequate number respondents necessary to generate a representative sample of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, a growing number of polls are conducted through websites and social media platforms. These are usually opt-in polls, in which site visitors actively choose to participate (as opposed to being randomly called on), and are generally considered less reliable Those who choose to respond to online polls are rarely representative of the larger electorate, and so results can be biased and misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of a \"sample\" as a small model of the larger population. The goal in sampling is to use that smaller subset to represent the larger whole. Random sampling simply means that each member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Generally (although not always), the larger the sample size, the more accurate the poll. The average poll has a sample size of 1000 adults, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollingreport.com/ncpp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Council on Public Polls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gYi6Ibf3e0o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gYi6Ibf3e0o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Most polls also include a margin or error, a +/- figure that's a measure of the pollster's confidence that the sample accurately represents the whole population. The larger that margin of error, the less accurate the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's electorate is also more diverse than ever before, and many polls don't reach the sample populations that reflect this diversity, especially if there are language barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it's important to remember that pollsters with specific agendas can easily manipulate how they conduct polls in order to produce outcomes favorable to their interests (a conservative polling firm typically produces results that skew conservative, and vice versa for a liberal polling firm). Doing so can make candidates or issues appear more popular than they actually are, and ultimately influence voter decisions. Which is why, as a consumer of polling data, it's so important to pay attention to who conducted the poll, why they conducted it, how they conducted it and what questions they asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncpp.org/files/20%20Questions%203rd%20edition_Web%20ver_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">20 questions a journalist should ask about poll results\u003c/a>,\" published by the NCPP, is a good guide for helping to decide if a poll is worth its weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data news site \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FiveThirtyEight \u003c/a>continuously updates its election predictions by aggregating hundreds of poll results. Each poll is weighted based on a rating system that considers the pollster's methodology and track record. Check out its rankings of some of the major polling firms \u003ca href=\"http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/pollster-ratings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Is It More Important to You to Reduce, Reuse or Recycle? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by the following students from Bridget Trogden’s “Fall 2016 Honors Program Seminar” class at Mercer University: \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trent Bateman, Anna Dillon, Erica Duncan, Timothy Hood, Jessica Lee, Jessica Lewis, Faith McColl, Winter Overby, Molly Parrish, Emily Robertson, Moriah Roycroft, Nidhi Shashidhara, Bryan Shin, Lindsey Smallwood, David Stokes III, Shannon Tho, Mason Thornton and Katelyn West\u003c/span>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/55yXRsIX30A\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nVIDEO: KQED\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/55yXRsIX30A\">Where Does Your Recycling Go?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis video follows the path of recyclable goods after being collected and shows the process of sorting the different kinds of recyclable materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is it more important to you to reduce, reuse or recycle? \u003cstrong>#DoNowU3Rs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowU3Rs\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Reducing, Reusing and Recycling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In modern culture, the “three R’s”—\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://dnr.mo.gov/env/swmp/pubs-reports/threers.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">reduce, reuse and recycle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—are known as key techniques used in attempting to create a sustainable environment. However, in the mid-1950s, single-use items were touted for their convenience, and the era of “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buschsystems.com/recycling-bin-news/2014/05/a-brief-timeline-of-the-history-of-recycling/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">throwaway living\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">” began. This lifestyle created a destructive societal model. People began producing excess waste by only using items once, creating a need to curb the amount of waste being produced. Conservation and environmental issues became more prominent, prompting the first national Earth Day on April 22, 1970, new laws and new awareness campaigns. Around this time, the phrase “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">reduce, reuse, recycle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">” was born. Citizens were encouraged to reduce the amount of items they were consuming, reuse some items and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">recycle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> others. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conservationists argue that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2016/01/07/why-is-sustainability-important/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">we cannot maintain our quality of life as human beings with as much waste as we produce, and \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2016/01/07/why-is-sustainability-important/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">embracing sustainability\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the best way to maintain modern culture. Through the conscious reduction of our consumption, we can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.global-sustainability.org/support-global-sustainability.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">preserve resources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by taking small steps that add up over time. Drinking water from reusable water bottles reduces use of plastic bottles. Taking shorter showers is one way to reduce consumption of water. Keeping thermostats at more modest levels or utilizing a clothesline for drying clothes are also appropriate ways to save energy. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/topics/reduce/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">reduce and reuse\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> strategies are often the neglected parts of the three R’s.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although personal choices are important, larger-scale business initiatives often focus on reduction of the use of natural resources as preferable to simple reuse or recycling. Sustainability-based practices in the corporate world save businesses quite a lot of money, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.everbluetraining.com/blog/10-reasons-corporate-sustainability\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">data shows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that consumers prefer environmentally-friendly businesses. The main way that businesses utilize the three R’s is by reducing the use of resources. This topic also has global ramifications, as production-based countries suffer from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160906213545.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">higher air pollution rates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> than consumption-based countries. The \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Energy Information Administration believes that we\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> have enough liquid fuel to meet our global energy demand \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=38&t=6\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">through 2040\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">finding new, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160415125641.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">eco-friendly energy sources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and reducing energy usage is crucial for the future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are downsides to reducing, reusing, and recycling. In fact, this could even be a trade-off. Data is not clear that practicing the three R’s is better than consuming new goods. For example, some may think that continuing to drive an older car or buying a used car is a good illustration of reduce and reuse. However, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.strategy-business.com/article/10406?gko=ec603\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">newer models of cars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are more fuel efficient than their predecessors, thus \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112304555\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">buying new cars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> helps to reduce fuel usage. On the other hand, newer cars are often bigger and heavier, requiring more resources for their manufacturing and also leading to increased rates of road degradation. Reuse in general seems like a good strategy, but each circumstance is different. Continuous use of some plastic bottles can lead to health risks if they are made with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.qualitylogoproducts.com/lib/different-types-of-plastic.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cheap plastic \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">or if \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://environment.about.com/od/healthenvironment/a/plastic_bottles.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">harsh chemicals\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> leach out of those containers with increased use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_318624\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-318624\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-1020x624.png\" alt=\"Recycling center in Macon, GA\" width=\"640\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-1020x624.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-160x98.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-800x489.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-768x470.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-1920x1174.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-1180x722.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-960x587.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-240x147.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-375x229.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-520x318.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center.png 1972w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recycling center in Macon, GA \u003ccite>(Winter Overby)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The act of recycling is also expensive. The cost of recycling rises and the benefits decrease as cities transition from recycling just paper and metals to the practice of recycling plastic, food waste, and glass as well. Customers prefer \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/03/31/396319000/with-single-stream-recycling-convenience-comes-at-a-cost\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">single-stream recycling\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but about 25% of items in those streams end up going to landfills anyway, cutting the profit margins of any municipalities using these strategies. Prices for recycled materials have plummeted as a result of lower oil prices and a decreased demand for them overseas. This has even caused some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2015-07-07/recycling-industry-created-its-own-mess\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">recycling companies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to shut down and cancel plans for new technologies. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ways that consumers interact with a myriad of items each day is complex, but increased awareness and analysis of one’s choices is increasingly important for a crowded planet. The following question can guide not only individual choices, but also larger discussions about our attitudes and behavior: Is it more important to you to reduce, reuse, or recycle?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Audio: NPR\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/07/17/421211023/reduce-reuse-remove-the-cellophane-recycling-demystified\">Reduce, Reuse, Remove the Cellophane: Recycling Demystified\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear answers to some frequently asked questions about recycling, including explanations of certain decisions and debunking of different misconceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Video: TED Talks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/arthur_potts_dawson_a_vision_for_sustainable_restaurants?language=en\">Arthur Potts Dawson: A Vision for Sustainable Restaurants\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA popular chef shares his ideas for a series of restaurants that focus on sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Website: BBC\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/resistantmaterials/designsocialrev9.shtml\">The 6 R’s\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSee a list of the traditional three R’s of sustainability: reduce, reuse and recycle; and, learn about three other “R’s” to consider: rethink, refuse and repair.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Do Now U is a biweekly activity in collaboration with \u003ca href=\"http://sencer.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SENCER\u003c/a>. SENCER is a community of transformation that consists of educators and administrators in the higher and informal education sectors. SENCER aims to create an intelligent, educated, and empowered citizenry through advancing knowledge in the STEM fields and beyond. SENCER courses show students the direct connections between subject content and the real world issues they care about, and invite students to use these connections to solve today’s most pressing problems.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by the following students from Bridget Trogden’s “Fall 2016 Honors Program Seminar” class at Mercer University: \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trent Bateman, Anna Dillon, Erica Duncan, Timothy Hood, Jessica Lee, Jessica Lewis, Faith McColl, Winter Overby, Molly Parrish, Emily Robertson, Moriah Roycroft, Nidhi Shashidhara, Bryan Shin, Lindsey Smallwood, David Stokes III, Shannon Tho, Mason Thornton and Katelyn West\u003c/span>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/55yXRsIX30A\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nVIDEO: KQED\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/55yXRsIX30A\">Where Does Your Recycling Go?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis video follows the path of recyclable goods after being collected and shows the process of sorting the different kinds of recyclable materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is it more important to you to reduce, reuse or recycle? \u003cstrong>#DoNowU3Rs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowU3Rs\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Reducing, Reusing and Recycling\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In modern culture, the “three R’s”—\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://dnr.mo.gov/env/swmp/pubs-reports/threers.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">reduce, reuse and recycle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—are known as key techniques used in attempting to create a sustainable environment. However, in the mid-1950s, single-use items were touted for their convenience, and the era of “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buschsystems.com/recycling-bin-news/2014/05/a-brief-timeline-of-the-history-of-recycling/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">throwaway living\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">” began. This lifestyle created a destructive societal model. People began producing excess waste by only using items once, creating a need to curb the amount of waste being produced. Conservation and environmental issues became more prominent, prompting the first national Earth Day on April 22, 1970, new laws and new awareness campaigns. Around this time, the phrase “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">reduce, reuse, recycle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">” was born. Citizens were encouraged to reduce the amount of items they were consuming, reuse some items and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">recycle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> others. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conservationists argue that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2016/01/07/why-is-sustainability-important/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">we cannot maintain our quality of life as human beings with as much waste as we produce, and \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2016/01/07/why-is-sustainability-important/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">embracing sustainability\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the best way to maintain modern culture. Through the conscious reduction of our consumption, we can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.global-sustainability.org/support-global-sustainability.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">preserve resources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by taking small steps that add up over time. Drinking water from reusable water bottles reduces use of plastic bottles. Taking shorter showers is one way to reduce consumption of water. Keeping thermostats at more modest levels or utilizing a clothesline for drying clothes are also appropriate ways to save energy. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/topics/reduce/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">reduce and reuse\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> strategies are often the neglected parts of the three R’s.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although personal choices are important, larger-scale business initiatives often focus on reduction of the use of natural resources as preferable to simple reuse or recycling. Sustainability-based practices in the corporate world save businesses quite a lot of money, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.everbluetraining.com/blog/10-reasons-corporate-sustainability\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">data shows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that consumers prefer environmentally-friendly businesses. The main way that businesses utilize the three R’s is by reducing the use of resources. This topic also has global ramifications, as production-based countries suffer from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160906213545.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">higher air pollution rates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> than consumption-based countries. The \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Energy Information Administration believes that we\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> have enough liquid fuel to meet our global energy demand \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=38&t=6\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">through 2040\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">finding new, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160415125641.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">eco-friendly energy sources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and reducing energy usage is crucial for the future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are downsides to reducing, reusing, and recycling. In fact, this could even be a trade-off. Data is not clear that practicing the three R’s is better than consuming new goods. For example, some may think that continuing to drive an older car or buying a used car is a good illustration of reduce and reuse. However, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.strategy-business.com/article/10406?gko=ec603\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">newer models of cars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are more fuel efficient than their predecessors, thus \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112304555\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">buying new cars\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> helps to reduce fuel usage. On the other hand, newer cars are often bigger and heavier, requiring more resources for their manufacturing and also leading to increased rates of road degradation. Reuse in general seems like a good strategy, but each circumstance is different. Continuous use of some plastic bottles can lead to health risks if they are made with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.qualitylogoproducts.com/lib/different-types-of-plastic.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cheap plastic \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">or if \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://environment.about.com/od/healthenvironment/a/plastic_bottles.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">harsh chemicals\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> leach out of those containers with increased use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_318624\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-318624\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-1020x624.png\" alt=\"Recycling center in Macon, GA\" width=\"640\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-1020x624.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-160x98.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-800x489.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-768x470.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-1920x1174.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-1180x722.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-960x587.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-240x147.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-375x229.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center-520x318.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/Macon-GA-Recycling-Center.png 1972w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recycling center in Macon, GA \u003ccite>(Winter Overby)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The act of recycling is also expensive. The cost of recycling rises and the benefits decrease as cities transition from recycling just paper and metals to the practice of recycling plastic, food waste, and glass as well. Customers prefer \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/03/31/396319000/with-single-stream-recycling-convenience-comes-at-a-cost\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">single-stream recycling\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but about 25% of items in those streams end up going to landfills anyway, cutting the profit margins of any municipalities using these strategies. Prices for recycled materials have plummeted as a result of lower oil prices and a decreased demand for them overseas. This has even caused some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2015-07-07/recycling-industry-created-its-own-mess\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">recycling companies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to shut down and cancel plans for new technologies. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ways that consumers interact with a myriad of items each day is complex, but increased awareness and analysis of one’s choices is increasingly important for a crowded planet. The following question can guide not only individual choices, but also larger discussions about our attitudes and behavior: Is it more important to you to reduce, reuse, or recycle?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Audio: NPR\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/07/17/421211023/reduce-reuse-remove-the-cellophane-recycling-demystified\">Reduce, Reuse, Remove the Cellophane: Recycling Demystified\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear answers to some frequently asked questions about recycling, including explanations of certain decisions and debunking of different misconceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Video: TED Talks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/arthur_potts_dawson_a_vision_for_sustainable_restaurants?language=en\">Arthur Potts Dawson: A Vision for Sustainable Restaurants\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA popular chef shares his ideas for a series of restaurants that focus on sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Website: BBC\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/resistantmaterials/designsocialrev9.shtml\">The 6 R’s\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSee a list of the traditional three R’s of sustainability: reduce, reuse and recycle; and, learn about three other “R’s” to consider: rethink, refuse and repair.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Roughly 6.1 million voting-age American citizens who have been convicted of crimes are restricted from voting in next week’s presidential election because of felony disenfranchisement laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about 2.5 percent of the total U.S. voting-age population – 1 of every 40 adults – that can’t vote because of a current or \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/02/26/felon-voting/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"MAP: States Where People Convicted of Felonies Can’t Vote\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 6.1 million voting-age American citizens who have been convicted of crimes are restricted from voting in next week's presidential election because of felony disenfranchisement laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's about 2.5 percent of the total U.S. voting-age population – 1 of every 40 adults – that can't vote because of a current or",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Roughly 6.1 million voting-age American citizens who have been convicted of crimes are restricted from voting in next week’s presidential election because of felony disenfranchisement laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about 2.5 percent of the total U.S. voting-age population – 1 of every 40 adults – that can’t vote because of a current or \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/02/26/felon-voting/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"MAP: States Where People Convicted of Felonies Can’t Vote\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Is It Morally Justifiable to Kill an Endangered Animal if a Human Life Is at Risk?",
"headTitle": "Is It Morally Justifiable to Kill an Endangered Animal if a Human Life Is at Risk? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by Ashley Baysinger, Thor Smith and Jasmine Parker, students in Jim Speer’s “Introduction to Environmental Science” class at Indiana State University.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/DojGPBV4U0w\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nVIDEO: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/DojGPBV4U0w\">The Endangered Species Act: 40 Years at the Forefront of Wildlife Conservation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLearn about the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and various species it has protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is it morally justifiable to kill an endangered animal if a human life is at risk? \u003cstrong>#DoNowULife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowULife\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On May 28, 2016, a toddler fell into the exhibit of a Western Lowland gorilla named Harambe at the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/2016/05/29/cincinnati-zoo-devastated-by-death-of-beloved-gorilla/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cincinnati Zoo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The gorilla grabbed the child and dragged him. A zoo employee shot the gorilla because he believed that Harambe would have injured or killed the child. This sparked a heated debate over whether killing this gorilla was the ethical thing to do. The Western Lowland gorilla is considered \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9406/0\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">critically endangered\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> due to a variety of factors, including deforestation and infertility. Harambe’s death is not the first time that we have had to question the morality of killing an endangered animal in order to protect a human. Wolves, African painted dogs, Siberian tigers, and polar bears are among some of the endangered animals that have been killed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/5-times-animals-have-been-killed-in-zoos-due-to-human-encounters-1891162359.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">since 1987\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in self-defense situations in zoos or in the wild. Whose life has a higher value, the overpopulated human or the animal at risk of extinction? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Upon signing the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ecology.info/endangered-species.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Richard Nixon stated, “Nothing is more priceless and more worthy of preservation than the rich array of animal life with which our country has been blessed. It is a many-faceted treasure, of value to scholars, scientists, and nature lovers alike, and it forms a vital part of the heritage we all share as Americans.” The Endangered Species Act protects endangered species and their ecosystems through \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/esa/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">federal law\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. A species is considered \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/endangered\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">endangered \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">when is it dangerously close to extinction. The Western Lowland Gorilla, which is considered critically endangered, has a population of about \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/great_apes/gorillas/western_lowland_gorilla/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">100,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> individuals. The population has dropped by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/western-lowland-gorilla\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">60 percent\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the past 20-25 years. Despite the dwindling population of the gorillas, they are still considered dangerous animals to humans. Where do we draw the line when it comes to a life or death situation for an endangered animal versus a human? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_323987\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-323987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-800x998.jpg\" alt=\"Gray wolf\" width=\"300\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-800x998.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-768x958.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-240x299.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-375x468.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-520x649.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf.jpg 876w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gray wolf \u003ccite>(Gary Kramer, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the other side, some people are saying that the Endangered Species Act may put humans at a greater risk. Renowned primatologist Dr. Jane Goodall made a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/united-states/news/jane-goodall-azzedine-downes-together-offer-thoughts-tragic-harambe-killing\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">statement\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on the events that took place at the Cincinnati Zoo, saying, “…it takes time for a tranquilizing dart to take effect. It was awful for the child, the parents, Harambe, the zoo, the keepers and the public. But when people come into contact with wild animals, life and death decisions sometimes have to be made.” Many people believe that a human’s life is more valuable than the life of an animal, regardless of whether it is close to extinction or not. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And, some argue that the Endangered Species Act should be monitored at the state level. In one instance in particular in 2010, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://gunowners.org/self-defense-versus-the-endangered-species-act.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">two hunters from Montana\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> were suddenly surrounded by a pack of wolves. The hunters were caught in a life-or-death situation, in which they killed the wolves in self-defense. This happened just after a federal judge \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/archives/2011ProposedDelisting/QAsPropRuleMay2011.html#NRM\">ruled to relist\u003c/a> the gray wolf as endangered after the Bush administration had removed it from the Endangered Species Act. (Note: This population of wolves is \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/es/grayWolf.php\">currently delisted\u003c/a>.) Utah Congressman Rob Bishop \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://gunowners.org/self-defense-versus-the-endangered-species-act.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">stated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, “In most instances, state and local officials are better situated and more capable of managing and preserving wildlife than the federal government.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What do you think? Should we always side with the protection of a human life or should we value these organisms that we are driving to extinction at a higher level than an individual human life?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Video: BBC\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36414813\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Harambe Gorilla Killing: Zoo Defends Shooting\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear from the director of the Cincinnati Zoo about their decision to shoot Harambe, the gorilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/united-states/news/jane-goodall-azzedine-downes-together-offer-thoughts-tragic-harambe-killing\">Jane Goodall, Azzedine Downes Together Offer Thoughts on Tragic Harambe Killing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nRead an interview with Dr. Jane Goodall and Azzedine Downes, President and CEO of IFAW, about their opinions on the killing of Harambe the gorilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: The Conversation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/how-do-we-weigh-the-moral-value-of-human-lives-against-animal-ones-60698\">How Do We Weigh the Moral Value of Human Lives Against Animal Ones?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis article explores human compassion, what we are willing to sacrifice, and the moral rights of humans, other animals and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: Gun Owners of America\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://gunowners.org/self-defense-versus-the-endangered-species-act.htm\">Self-Defense Versus the Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Director of Federal Affairs for Gun Owners of America, a grassroots lobbying organization, discusses a situation in which gray wolves, which were federally listed as endangered, were killed by hunters in self-defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Do Now U is a biweekly activity in collaboration with \u003ca href=\"http://sencer.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SENCER\u003c/a>. SENCER is a community of transformation that consists of educators and administrators in the higher and informal education sectors. SENCER aims to create an intelligent, educated, and empowered citizenry through advancing knowledge in the STEM fields and beyond. SENCER courses show students the direct connections between subject content and the real world issues they care about, and invite students to use these connections to solve today’s most pressing problems.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Gorillas and gray wolves are among some of the endangered animals that have been killed by humans in self-defense. Which life has a higher value, the overpopulated human or the animal at risk of extinction?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is part of KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/tag/do-now-u/\">Do Now U\u003c/a> project. Do Now U is a biweekly activity for students and the public to engage and respond to current issues using social media. Do Now U aims to build civic engagement and digital literacy for learners of all ages. This post was written by Ashley Baysinger, Thor Smith and Jasmine Parker, students in Jim Speer’s “Introduction to Environmental Science” class at Indiana State University.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/DojGPBV4U0w\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Featured Media Resource\u003cbr>\nVIDEO: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/DojGPBV4U0w\">The Endangered Species Act: 40 Years at the Forefront of Wildlife Conservation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLearn about the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and various species it has protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now U\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is it morally justifiable to kill an endangered animal if a human life is at risk? \u003cstrong>#DoNowULife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How to Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To respond to the Do Now U, you can comment below or post your response on Twitter. \u003cstrong>Just be sure to include \u003cem>#DoNowULife\u003c/em> and \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> in your posts.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On May 28, 2016, a toddler fell into the exhibit of a Western Lowland gorilla named Harambe at the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/2016/05/29/cincinnati-zoo-devastated-by-death-of-beloved-gorilla/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cincinnati Zoo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The gorilla grabbed the child and dragged him. A zoo employee shot the gorilla because he believed that Harambe would have injured or killed the child. This sparked a heated debate over whether killing this gorilla was the ethical thing to do. The Western Lowland gorilla is considered \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9406/0\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">critically endangered\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> due to a variety of factors, including deforestation and infertility. Harambe’s death is not the first time that we have had to question the morality of killing an endangered animal in order to protect a human. Wolves, African painted dogs, Siberian tigers, and polar bears are among some of the endangered animals that have been killed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/5-times-animals-have-been-killed-in-zoos-due-to-human-encounters-1891162359.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">since 1987\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in self-defense situations in zoos or in the wild. Whose life has a higher value, the overpopulated human or the animal at risk of extinction? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Upon signing the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ecology.info/endangered-species.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Richard Nixon stated, “Nothing is more priceless and more worthy of preservation than the rich array of animal life with which our country has been blessed. It is a many-faceted treasure, of value to scholars, scientists, and nature lovers alike, and it forms a vital part of the heritage we all share as Americans.” The Endangered Species Act protects endangered species and their ecosystems through \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/esa/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">federal law\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. A species is considered \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/endangered\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">endangered \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">when is it dangerously close to extinction. The Western Lowland Gorilla, which is considered critically endangered, has a population of about \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/great_apes/gorillas/western_lowland_gorilla/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">100,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> individuals. The population has dropped by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/western-lowland-gorilla\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">60 percent\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the past 20-25 years. Despite the dwindling population of the gorillas, they are still considered dangerous animals to humans. Where do we draw the line when it comes to a life or death situation for an endangered animal versus a human? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_323987\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-323987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-800x998.jpg\" alt=\"Gray wolf\" width=\"300\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-800x998.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-768x958.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-240x299.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-375x468.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf-520x649.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/11/Gray-Wolf.jpg 876w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gray wolf \u003ccite>(Gary Kramer, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the other side, some people are saying that the Endangered Species Act may put humans at a greater risk. Renowned primatologist Dr. Jane Goodall made a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/united-states/news/jane-goodall-azzedine-downes-together-offer-thoughts-tragic-harambe-killing\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">statement\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on the events that took place at the Cincinnati Zoo, saying, “…it takes time for a tranquilizing dart to take effect. It was awful for the child, the parents, Harambe, the zoo, the keepers and the public. But when people come into contact with wild animals, life and death decisions sometimes have to be made.” Many people believe that a human’s life is more valuable than the life of an animal, regardless of whether it is close to extinction or not. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And, some argue that the Endangered Species Act should be monitored at the state level. In one instance in particular in 2010, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://gunowners.org/self-defense-versus-the-endangered-species-act.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">two hunters from Montana\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> were suddenly surrounded by a pack of wolves. The hunters were caught in a life-or-death situation, in which they killed the wolves in self-defense. This happened just after a federal judge \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/archives/2011ProposedDelisting/QAsPropRuleMay2011.html#NRM\">ruled to relist\u003c/a> the gray wolf as endangered after the Bush administration had removed it from the Endangered Species Act. (Note: This population of wolves is \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/es/grayWolf.php\">currently delisted\u003c/a>.) Utah Congressman Rob Bishop \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://gunowners.org/self-defense-versus-the-endangered-species-act.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">stated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, “In most instances, state and local officials are better situated and more capable of managing and preserving wildlife than the federal government.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What do you think? Should we always side with the protection of a human life or should we value these organisms that we are driving to extinction at a higher level than an individual human life?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Video: BBC\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36414813\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Harambe Gorilla Killing: Zoo Defends Shooting\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHear from the director of the Cincinnati Zoo about their decision to shoot Harambe, the gorilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ifaw.org/united-states/news/jane-goodall-azzedine-downes-together-offer-thoughts-tragic-harambe-killing\">Jane Goodall, Azzedine Downes Together Offer Thoughts on Tragic Harambe Killing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nRead an interview with Dr. Jane Goodall and Azzedine Downes, President and CEO of IFAW, about their opinions on the killing of Harambe the gorilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: The Conversation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/how-do-we-weigh-the-moral-value-of-human-lives-against-animal-ones-60698\">How Do We Weigh the Moral Value of Human Lives Against Animal Ones?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis article explores human compassion, what we are willing to sacrifice, and the moral rights of humans, other animals and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Article: Gun Owners of America\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://gunowners.org/self-defense-versus-the-endangered-species-act.htm\">Self-Defense Versus the Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Director of Federal Affairs for Gun Owners of America, a grassroots lobbying organization, discusses a situation in which gray wolves, which were federally listed as endangered, were killed by hunters in self-defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Find\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/about-do-now/\"> best practices \u003c/a>for using Do Now, using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">Twitter for teaching\u003c/a>, and using other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/\">digital tools\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Do Now U is a biweekly activity in collaboration with \u003ca href=\"http://sencer.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SENCER\u003c/a>. SENCER is a community of transformation that consists of educators and administrators in the higher and informal education sectors. SENCER aims to create an intelligent, educated, and empowered citizenry through advancing knowledge in the STEM fields and beyond. SENCER courses show students the direct connections between subject content and the real world issues they care about, and invite students to use these connections to solve today’s most pressing problems.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on what voters decide next week, smoking in California could soon become a much pricier habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca target=\"_self\" href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2019/info/proposition-56\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 56\u003c/a>, one of 17 statewide measures on the ballot this November, would increase the state’s tobacco tax by $2 per pack, a huge leap from the current rate of \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/31/prop-29-should-smoking-in-california-be-more-expensive-2/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Should California to Raise Its Tobacco Tax? (Includes Lesson Plan)\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Just In Case You Forgot: How Ranked-Choice Voting Works",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Election Day, Maine voters will decide whether to adopt ranked-choice voting (RCV) for future statewide races, including U.S. Senate, Congress and governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the measure passes, Maine would become the first state to adopt a statewide RCV system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eleven cities nationwide now use RCV, or instant-runoff voting for citywide elections, four of which are in the Bay Area: Oakland, San Leandro, Berkeley (all since 2010) and San Francisco (citywide since 2011).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does RCV work?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>RCV ballots vary somewhat by city, but generally follow a similar format. Assuming there are more than two candidates running for a given position, RCV races on the ballot include a first choice, second choice and third choice column, with every candidate listed in each column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 607px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24311 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg\" alt=\"alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638\" width=\"607\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg 607w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-160x80.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-240x119.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-375x187.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-520x259.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sample RCV ballot created by the Alameda County Registrar of Voters. \u003ccite>(Alameda County Registrar of Voters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voters pick their first, second and third choices, regardless of party. (Note: You don’t have to pick three; you can still just pick your first choice, or your first two choices, etc. It also doesn’t do much good to select your first choice three times -- it’ll be counted only once.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any candidate receives more than 50 percent of first-choice votes, that candidate is automatically elected. Game over. But if no one receives a majority, a second round of counting proceeds. The candidate who received the least number of votes is eliminated (and if you voted for that candidate, your vote goes to your second choice pick). This process is repeated until one candidate has a clean majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it's endorsement of the state's RCV measure, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lwvme.org/RCV.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">League of Women Voters of Maine\u003c/a> note that in nine of Maine's last 11 gubernatorial elections, the winner failed to receive a majority of votes. RCV, it concludes, is \"the best way to ensure a majority vote in competitive, single-seat, multi-candidate elections.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that RCV is different from California's top-two primary system, in which all candidates are listed on the same ballot and the top two vote-getters, regardless of party affiliations, advance to the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 1: The Sesame Street Power Grab\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So just for kicks (and because puppets are more fun than politicians), let’s pretend we’re observing a heated street council race on \"Sesame Street.\" There are four candidates running, and a total of 24 neighborhood voters casting ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cookie Monster (the clear front-runner, of course, well-loved for his oratorical gifts and promises of free pastries to the electorate) gets 10 first-place votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oscar the Grouch gets eight first-place votes (with strong support from the waste management industry and a large contingent of the generally disgruntled).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Bird gets four first-place votes (from aviary supporters). And poor, impetuous Grover gets only two first-place votes (because no one knows who he really is).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because no candidate received more than 12 votes, there’s no clear majority after the initial round. But we do have our first loser -- better luck next time, Grover -- so we move on to Round 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 2: The First Elimination\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Grover, the candidate with the least amount of first-choice votes, is outta here! But for the two voters who picked Grover as a first choice, their second-choice votes still count. Here’s how:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the voters who chose Grover picked Oscar as a second choice. So that vote goes to Oscar (who now has a total of nine votes). The other voter in Grover’s fan club picked Cookie Monster as a second choice. So, that vote goes to Cookie Monster (who now has 11 votes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of Round 2, here’s the tally:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>C. Monster: 11 votes\u003cbr>\nOscar: 9 votes\u003cbr>\nB. Bird: 4 votes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still no clear winner (because there are still three candidates standing), so on to Round 3 we go!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 3: The Deciding Moment\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Three candidates left, and Big Bird’s got the least amount of first-choice votes (only four), so that oversized avian is cooked!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, we look at the second-choice votes of those four voters who picked Big Bird as their first choice. Remarkably, as it turns out, all four of Big Bird’s second-choice votes were for Oscar! That means Oscar picks up four more votes, giving him (or it?) a final tally of 13 votes to Cookie Monster’s 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And thus, that grumpy, trash-dwelling green goon is the new boss in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In your city's races, things might not be quite that simple (and all the candidates will likely have noses). But hopefully you're beginning to get the idea of how a candidate can viably receive the most first-choice votes and still lose the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, for instance, Oakland first used RCV for its mayoral race and witnessed a similar outcome: there were 10 candidates, and Don Perata, the clear front-runner (who vastly outspent his opponents during the campaign), got 35 percent of the first-choice votes. That left Jean Quan in a distant second with only 24 percent of first-choice votes. But Quan -- who anticipated this outcome and allied herself with other underdog candidates and their supporters -- received many more second-choice votes than did Perata. And after all the elimination rounds, with second- and third-choice votes factored in, Quan ended up with 51 percent of the vote to Perata’s 49 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Pundits\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So is RCV a good thing? It really depends on who you ask. (Jean Quan, I’m guessing would say yes; Don Perata … not so much. And Oscar the Grouch ... definitely a big fan.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like pretty much everything in politics, the system’s got its strong supporters and staunch enemies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RCV supporters say:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It could save taxpayers millions by eliminating the need for local primaries and separate runoff elections.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It lessens the influence of campaign spending. Because RCV eliminates primaries, candidates only need to raise money for one election per cycle, not two or three.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It gives underdog and third party candidates a fighting chance and produces a winner who is supported by a clear majority.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It discourages mudslinging and negative campaigning; candidates are now more likely to ally with each.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RCV Opponents say:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It’s too confusing for voters and unnecessarily adds to the complexity of an already complicated ballot.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There's lots of room for technical error as election computers tally results through the use of a complicated algorithm.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It encourages less popular candidates to game the system by teaming up against the front-runner.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s discriminatory against less educated or knowledgeable members of the voting public who haven’t received sufficient instruction on how the system works.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Election Day, Maine voters will decide whether to adopt ranked-choice voting (RCV) for future statewide races, including U.S. Senate, Congress and governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the measure passes, Maine would become the first state to adopt a statewide RCV system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eleven cities nationwide now use RCV, or instant-runoff voting for citywide elections, four of which are in the Bay Area: Oakland, San Leandro, Berkeley (all since 2010) and San Francisco (citywide since 2011).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does RCV work?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>RCV ballots vary somewhat by city, but generally follow a similar format. Assuming there are more than two candidates running for a given position, RCV races on the ballot include a first choice, second choice and third choice column, with every candidate listed in each column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 607px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24311 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg\" alt=\"alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638\" width=\"607\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg 607w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-160x80.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-240x119.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-375x187.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-520x259.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sample RCV ballot created by the Alameda County Registrar of Voters. \u003ccite>(Alameda County Registrar of Voters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voters pick their first, second and third choices, regardless of party. (Note: You don’t have to pick three; you can still just pick your first choice, or your first two choices, etc. It also doesn’t do much good to select your first choice three times -- it’ll be counted only once.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any candidate receives more than 50 percent of first-choice votes, that candidate is automatically elected. Game over. But if no one receives a majority, a second round of counting proceeds. The candidate who received the least number of votes is eliminated (and if you voted for that candidate, your vote goes to your second choice pick). This process is repeated until one candidate has a clean majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it's endorsement of the state's RCV measure, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lwvme.org/RCV.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">League of Women Voters of Maine\u003c/a> note that in nine of Maine's last 11 gubernatorial elections, the winner failed to receive a majority of votes. RCV, it concludes, is \"the best way to ensure a majority vote in competitive, single-seat, multi-candidate elections.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that RCV is different from California's top-two primary system, in which all candidates are listed on the same ballot and the top two vote-getters, regardless of party affiliations, advance to the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 1: The Sesame Street Power Grab\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So just for kicks (and because puppets are more fun than politicians), let’s pretend we’re observing a heated street council race on \"Sesame Street.\" There are four candidates running, and a total of 24 neighborhood voters casting ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cookie Monster (the clear front-runner, of course, well-loved for his oratorical gifts and promises of free pastries to the electorate) gets 10 first-place votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oscar the Grouch gets eight first-place votes (with strong support from the waste management industry and a large contingent of the generally disgruntled).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Bird gets four first-place votes (from aviary supporters). And poor, impetuous Grover gets only two first-place votes (because no one knows who he really is).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because no candidate received more than 12 votes, there’s no clear majority after the initial round. But we do have our first loser -- better luck next time, Grover -- so we move on to Round 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 2: The First Elimination\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Grover, the candidate with the least amount of first-choice votes, is outta here! But for the two voters who picked Grover as a first choice, their second-choice votes still count. Here’s how:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the voters who chose Grover picked Oscar as a second choice. So that vote goes to Oscar (who now has a total of nine votes). The other voter in Grover’s fan club picked Cookie Monster as a second choice. So, that vote goes to Cookie Monster (who now has 11 votes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of Round 2, here’s the tally:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>C. Monster: 11 votes\u003cbr>\nOscar: 9 votes\u003cbr>\nB. Bird: 4 votes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still no clear winner (because there are still three candidates standing), so on to Round 3 we go!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 3: The Deciding Moment\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Three candidates left, and Big Bird’s got the least amount of first-choice votes (only four), so that oversized avian is cooked!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, we look at the second-choice votes of those four voters who picked Big Bird as their first choice. Remarkably, as it turns out, all four of Big Bird’s second-choice votes were for Oscar! That means Oscar picks up four more votes, giving him (or it?) a final tally of 13 votes to Cookie Monster’s 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And thus, that grumpy, trash-dwelling green goon is the new boss in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In your city's races, things might not be quite that simple (and all the candidates will likely have noses). But hopefully you're beginning to get the idea of how a candidate can viably receive the most first-choice votes and still lose the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, for instance, Oakland first used RCV for its mayoral race and witnessed a similar outcome: there were 10 candidates, and Don Perata, the clear front-runner (who vastly outspent his opponents during the campaign), got 35 percent of the first-choice votes. That left Jean Quan in a distant second with only 24 percent of first-choice votes. But Quan -- who anticipated this outcome and allied herself with other underdog candidates and their supporters -- received many more second-choice votes than did Perata. And after all the elimination rounds, with second- and third-choice votes factored in, Quan ended up with 51 percent of the vote to Perata’s 49 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Pundits\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So is RCV a good thing? It really depends on who you ask. (Jean Quan, I’m guessing would say yes; Don Perata … not so much. And Oscar the Grouch ... definitely a big fan.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like pretty much everything in politics, the system’s got its strong supporters and staunch enemies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RCV supporters say:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It could save taxpayers millions by eliminating the need for local primaries and separate runoff elections.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It lessens the influence of campaign spending. Because RCV eliminates primaries, candidates only need to raise money for one election per cycle, not two or three.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It gives underdog and third party candidates a fighting chance and produces a winner who is supported by a clear majority.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It discourages mudslinging and negative campaigning; candidates are now more likely to ally with each.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RCV Opponents say:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It’s too confusing for voters and unnecessarily adds to the complexity of an already complicated ballot.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There's lots of room for technical error as election computers tally results through the use of a complicated algorithm.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It encourages less popular candidates to game the system by teaming up against the front-runner.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s discriminatory against less educated or knowledgeable members of the voting public who haven’t received sufficient instruction on how the system works.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "VIDEO: Should San Francisco Lower Its Voting Age? (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "VIDEO: Should San Francisco Lower Its Voting Age? (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThey pay taxes. They have to abide by the same laws as everyone else. And many are old enough to work and get behind the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for teens under 18, the right to vote is still out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Lowering-the-youth-voting-age-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Lowering the voting age (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And that’s not fair, say a number of youth rights groups, who for years have pushed to lower America's voting age to 16. In a nation with notoriously low voter turnout -- particularly \u003ca href=\"http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/demographics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among 18- to 24-year-olds\u003c/a> -- allowing more young people to vote, advocates claim, would boost civic participation and give students a voice in local public affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some local campaigns to lower the voting age in various cities around the country have started to gain traction, as have the broader efforts of national youth civics groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.generationcitizen.org/vote16usa-a-campaign-to-lower-the-voting-age/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Citizen\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Youth Rights Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, San Francisco supervisors approved \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/election2016/prop-f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition F\u003c/a> for the November 2016 ballot. The measure would lower the city's voting age for local elections, allowing 16- and 17-year-olds to vote for mayor and other city officials, as well as school board and citywide initiatives. It follows a multi-year organizing effort by \u003ca href=\"http://vote16sf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vote16 SF\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/index.aspx?page=5585\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Youth Commission.\u003c/a> If the measure passes, San Francisco would become the first major city in the country to extend voting rights to 16- and 17-year-olds (effective for the next municipal election).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar initiative in Berkeley -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/10/27/measure-y1-could-implement-lower-voting-age-for-certain-elections-in-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Measure Y1\u003c/a> -- would allow16- and 17-year-olds to vote, but only for school board members. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/issues/voting-age/voting-age-status-report/#success\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts to get similar measures\u003c/a> up for a vote in states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/291237947&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nNationwide, only two municipalities -- the Maryland cities of Hyattsville and Tacoma Park -- have passed ordinances lowering their voting ages to 16 for local elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the voting age is still 18 in a majority of the world's democracies, several nations including Austria, Argentina, Brazil, and Nicaragua have already lowered the voting age for national elections to 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Not everyone agrees ...\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Skeptics, however, argue that too many young people simply lack the life experience and knowledge to make informed decisions in the voting booth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a dumb idea,\" argued \u003ca href=\"http://csaelectorate.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Curtis Gans\u003c/a>, former director of the Committee for the Study of the American Electorate at American University. \"The voting age was set at 18 because that's the age at which people could be drafted and die for their country. [Those under 18] don't have enough life experience or history and don't know the issues in enough detail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, opponents argue, the nation's minimum voting age often sets the precedent for other age ceilings. Sexual consent and criminal responsibility age limits, for instance, vary state by state but never exceed 18. If the voting age were lowered to 16, some fear, states could start treating 16-year-olds as adults in matters of consent and criminal prosecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The slow path to the ballot\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Throughout U.S. history, voting has gradually grown more inclusive, a result of hard-fought political battles waged by disenfranchised populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon adoption of the U.S. Constitution, voting in most states was reserved for white male property owners. In fact, the nation's founding document, as originally drafted, never explicitly guarantees the right to vote to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-Nineteenth Century, most states had dropped property requirements. And with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, voting rights were granted to all male citizens, 21 and older, regardless of color. It took another half-century before the passage of the 19th Amendment, extending the vote to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24280\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24280 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" alt=\"Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18.\" width=\"450\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-240x161.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-375x252.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18 (1969). \u003ccite>(Post-Intelligencer Collection, Museum of History & Industry )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't until 1971 that America lowered its voting age to 18. The 26th Amendment was ratified largely as a result of heated student opposition to the Vietnam War and the contention that if an 18-year-old was old enough to be drafted into the military and fight for his country, he should also be considered mature enough to influence political outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old enough to fight, old enough to vote,” became the movement's campaign slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort extended suffrage to millions of 18-20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThey pay taxes. They have to abide by the same laws as everyone else. And many are old enough to work and get behind the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for teens under 18, the right to vote is still out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Lowering-the-youth-voting-age-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Lowering the voting age (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And that’s not fair, say a number of youth rights groups, who for years have pushed to lower America's voting age to 16. In a nation with notoriously low voter turnout -- particularly \u003ca href=\"http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/demographics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among 18- to 24-year-olds\u003c/a> -- allowing more young people to vote, advocates claim, would boost civic participation and give students a voice in local public affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some local campaigns to lower the voting age in various cities around the country have started to gain traction, as have the broader efforts of national youth civics groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.generationcitizen.org/vote16usa-a-campaign-to-lower-the-voting-age/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Citizen\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Youth Rights Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, San Francisco supervisors approved \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/election2016/prop-f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition F\u003c/a> for the November 2016 ballot. The measure would lower the city's voting age for local elections, allowing 16- and 17-year-olds to vote for mayor and other city officials, as well as school board and citywide initiatives. It follows a multi-year organizing effort by \u003ca href=\"http://vote16sf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vote16 SF\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/index.aspx?page=5585\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Youth Commission.\u003c/a> If the measure passes, San Francisco would become the first major city in the country to extend voting rights to 16- and 17-year-olds (effective for the next municipal election).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar initiative in Berkeley -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/10/27/measure-y1-could-implement-lower-voting-age-for-certain-elections-in-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Measure Y1\u003c/a> -- would allow16- and 17-year-olds to vote, but only for school board members. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/issues/voting-age/voting-age-status-report/#success\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts to get similar measures\u003c/a> up for a vote in states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/291237947&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nNationwide, only two municipalities -- the Maryland cities of Hyattsville and Tacoma Park -- have passed ordinances lowering their voting ages to 16 for local elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the voting age is still 18 in a majority of the world's democracies, several nations including Austria, Argentina, Brazil, and Nicaragua have already lowered the voting age for national elections to 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Not everyone agrees ...\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Skeptics, however, argue that too many young people simply lack the life experience and knowledge to make informed decisions in the voting booth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a dumb idea,\" argued \u003ca href=\"http://csaelectorate.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Curtis Gans\u003c/a>, former director of the Committee for the Study of the American Electorate at American University. \"The voting age was set at 18 because that's the age at which people could be drafted and die for their country. [Those under 18] don't have enough life experience or history and don't know the issues in enough detail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, opponents argue, the nation's minimum voting age often sets the precedent for other age ceilings. Sexual consent and criminal responsibility age limits, for instance, vary state by state but never exceed 18. If the voting age were lowered to 16, some fear, states could start treating 16-year-olds as adults in matters of consent and criminal prosecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The slow path to the ballot\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Throughout U.S. history, voting has gradually grown more inclusive, a result of hard-fought political battles waged by disenfranchised populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon adoption of the U.S. Constitution, voting in most states was reserved for white male property owners. In fact, the nation's founding document, as originally drafted, never explicitly guarantees the right to vote to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-Nineteenth Century, most states had dropped property requirements. And with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, voting rights were granted to all male citizens, 21 and older, regardless of color. It took another half-century before the passage of the 19th Amendment, extending the vote to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24280\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24280 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" alt=\"Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18.\" width=\"450\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-240x161.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-375x252.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18 (1969). \u003ccite>(Post-Intelligencer Collection, Museum of History & Industry )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't until 1971 that America lowered its voting age to 18. The 26th Amendment was ratified largely as a result of heated student opposition to the Vietnam War and the contention that if an 18-year-old was old enough to be drafted into the military and fight for his country, he should also be considered mature enough to influence political outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old enough to fight, old enough to vote,” became the movement's campaign slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort extended suffrage to millions of 18-20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "From ZomBees to Zombie Autopsies: Five Lessons for Teaching Halloween",
"headTitle": "From ZomBees to Zombie Autopsies: Five Lessons for Teaching Halloween | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"mceMediaCreditOuterTemp alignnone\" style=\"width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-310579 size-full\" title=\"The Zombie Autopsies: PBS News Hour Extra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/zombieautopsies-01.png\" alt=\"zombieautopsies-01\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/zombieautopsies-01.png 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/zombieautopsies-01-400x250.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>From parasitic flies inhabiting the bodies of honeybees to electronic devices that drink power, Halloween can be incorporated into a variety of subjects. Use this collection of spooky resources from PBS LearningMedia to connect Halloween to learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find thousands more standards aligned videos and interactives lessons in \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/\">PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>. Register for a free account to create \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeadGxWaSmw\">curated folders \u003c/a>of resources, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqGfpk50v4U\">multimedia lessons \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LW1pqQJm-ag\">storyboards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/73708229-5361-4ab7-afc5-250c73b2ac56/zombees-flight-of-the-living-dead/\">ZomBees: Flight of the Living Dead | Science Video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something strange is happening to Bay Area honeybees. Entomologists at San Francisco State University have identified the culprit: a tiny parasitic fly is causing the bees to exhibit bizarre nocturnal behaviors before suffering a gruesome demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/01c14c6b-2864-4de3-892b-49c4dafef3f9/the-zombie-autopsies-the-neuroanatomy-of-a-zombie/\">The Zombie Autopsies | Science Lesson\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lesson from PBS NewsHour, The Zombie Autopsies, teaches students about neurotransmitters, neurotransmission and neuroanatomy through multi-media and active learning games. This lesson was inspired by The Zombie Autopsies by Dr. Steven Schlozman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/arct14.sci.grnvampire/energy-vampires/\">Energy Vampires | Science Lesson \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “energy vampire” is an electronic device that drinks power even when it is not being used. Like computers in standby mode or chargers that are done charging. Spooky, huh? Take a look at this slideshow, from The Greens, and slay the energy vampires in your house! The Greens is a website for kids from WGBH about sustainability and green living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/vtl07.math.number.ope.sharhalcan/sharing-halloween-candy-cyberchase/\">Sharing Halloween Candy | Math Lesson \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fun math lesson from Cyberchase teaches division through sharing Halloween candy. Framing, focusing and follow up teaching tips are included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/e94e3e13-3916-4140-8416-ecd881ed4a86/halloween-us-department-of-state/\">Halloween History: U.S. Department of the State | Primary Document\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other American holidays, Halloween customs evolved from a mix of traditions. This backgrounder teaches the history of Halloween. Included in resources is a useful glossary of terms.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"mceMediaCreditOuterTemp alignnone\" style=\"width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-310579 size-full\" title=\"The Zombie Autopsies: PBS News Hour Extra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/zombieautopsies-01.png\" alt=\"zombieautopsies-01\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/zombieautopsies-01.png 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/10/zombieautopsies-01-400x250.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>From parasitic flies inhabiting the bodies of honeybees to electronic devices that drink power, Halloween can be incorporated into a variety of subjects. Use this collection of spooky resources from PBS LearningMedia to connect Halloween to learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find thousands more standards aligned videos and interactives lessons in \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/\">PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>. Register for a free account to create \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeadGxWaSmw\">curated folders \u003c/a>of resources, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqGfpk50v4U\">multimedia lessons \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LW1pqQJm-ag\">storyboards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/73708229-5361-4ab7-afc5-250c73b2ac56/zombees-flight-of-the-living-dead/\">ZomBees: Flight of the Living Dead | Science Video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something strange is happening to Bay Area honeybees. Entomologists at San Francisco State University have identified the culprit: a tiny parasitic fly is causing the bees to exhibit bizarre nocturnal behaviors before suffering a gruesome demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/01c14c6b-2864-4de3-892b-49c4dafef3f9/the-zombie-autopsies-the-neuroanatomy-of-a-zombie/\">The Zombie Autopsies | Science Lesson\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lesson from PBS NewsHour, The Zombie Autopsies, teaches students about neurotransmitters, neurotransmission and neuroanatomy through multi-media and active learning games. This lesson was inspired by The Zombie Autopsies by Dr. Steven Schlozman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/arct14.sci.grnvampire/energy-vampires/\">Energy Vampires | Science Lesson \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An “energy vampire” is an electronic device that drinks power even when it is not being used. Like computers in standby mode or chargers that are done charging. Spooky, huh? Take a look at this slideshow, from The Greens, and slay the energy vampires in your house! The Greens is a website for kids from WGBH about sustainability and green living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/vtl07.math.number.ope.sharhalcan/sharing-halloween-candy-cyberchase/\">Sharing Halloween Candy | Math Lesson \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fun math lesson from Cyberchase teaches division through sharing Halloween candy. Framing, focusing and follow up teaching tips are included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/e94e3e13-3916-4140-8416-ecd881ed4a86/halloween-us-department-of-state/\">Halloween History: U.S. Department of the State | Primary Document\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other American holidays, Halloween customs evolved from a mix of traditions. This backgrounder teaches the history of Halloween. Included in resources is a useful glossary of terms.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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