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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/P9f0BHiOfFA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who says gambling and politics don't mix?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama tonight gives his seventh and final State of the Union Address, underscoring accomplishments and outlining a range of goals for his last year in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what better way to watch it than by indulging in the cherished American tradition of bingo?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For the .01% of readers who don't know how to play: cross off the square when Obama says the word(s) in it. The middle square is a freebie. The first person to have a line of boxes across the board -- horizontally, vertically or diagonally -- screams BINGO! And no, we are not promoting this as a drinking game (although now that I think about it ...).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\">Download the PDF here\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-20787\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-20787\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1.png\" alt=\"SOTU 2016 Bingo\" width=\"2550\" height=\"3300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1.png 2550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1-400x518.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1-800x1035.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1-768x994.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1-1440x1864.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1-1180x1527.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/01/SOTU-2016-Bingo-1-960x1242.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2550px) 100vw, 2550px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you gamble on faith (as opposed to odds) you might not want read this before standing in that long line to buy your Powerball ticket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because no winner of the national lottery drawing — played in 44 states, Washington D.C., Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands — has been \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2013/12/16/lottery-odds/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Infographic: Your Odds of Winning The Powerball Lottery\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "MAP: Which States Have The Highest Rate of Gun Deaths?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->[\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2018/02/14/gun-nation/\">SEE AN UPDATED MAP WITH 2016 DATA HERE\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mouseover the map below to see each state's 2014 gun-related death rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data is based on the latest available figures from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal_injury_reports.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's\u003c/a> analysis of 2014 death certificates. All reported gun-related deaths are counted, including homicides, accidents and suicides (the latter of which up about two-thirds of gun deaths nationwide). There were 33,599 reported gun deaths in 2014, according to CDC data. That's a rate of 10.54 per 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun ownership rates, measured per 100,000 population, are derived from the results of a 2013 survey published in the health journal \u003ca href=\"http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2015/06/09/injuryprev-2015-041586.full2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Injury Prevention\u003c/a>, of 4,000 adults from 50 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun control rankings are based on the \u003ca href=\"http://smartgunlaws.org/scorecard/#map\" target=\"/\">Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence\u003c/a>, a group that advocates for stronger gun control laws. It assigns grades to each state based on policies like background checks, concealed carry permits, bulk firearms purchasing and gun carry restrictions in schools and other public spaces. We could not find a similar National Rifle Association scorecard, but it should be generally assumed that the NRA's marks are about the opposite of those shown here. By showing these grades, we are not agreeing nor disagreeing with them. See article and discussion questions below the map.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/2aa87e36-b4a5-11e5-96cf-0e3a376473ab/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions for Educators (using the map)\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which states have the highest and lowest gun death rates?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are possible factors that might contribute to these high and low rates?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The national gun death rate average is 10.54. Find three states that fall above and below this average.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there states that fall below the average national gun death rate (10.54) but also receive a low gun control grade (below C)? What might account for that?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What's the gun death rate and number of total gun deaths in your state? Is that higher or lower than you expected? How does it compare to rates in neighboring states?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Identify two states with very different gun control grades (ie. an A- and an F). Go online to look up and compare both of these states' gun control laws. What are the biggest differences?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We encourage students to share some of their responses in the comments section at the bottom of this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to the fierce national debate on gun control reignited by last month's mass shooting in San Bernardino, President Obama on Tuesday announced a series of executive actions to tighten federal gun laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He justified the move, which bypasses Congress, by emphasizing the urgency of the issue and Congress' repeated failure to act on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gun lobby may be holding Congress hostage right now, but they can't hold America hostage,\" Obama said in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/01/05/president-obamas-amazingly-emotional-speech-on-gun-control-annotated/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emotional address\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a plot to take away everybody's guns. You pass a background check, you purchase a firearm. The problem is, some gun sellers have been operating under a different set of rules. A violent felon can buy the exact same weapon over the internet with no background check, no questions asked.“\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/04/fact-sheet-new-executive-actions-reduce-gun-violence-and-make-our\">executive actions\u003c/a> require background checks for all gun purchases, including at gun shows, stores and on the Internet. The actions also devote additional funding to increasing mental health care access, while mandating that federal mental health records be submitted to the background check system. And they call for expanded research and development of gun safety technology like fingerprint trigger locks and apps for tracking stolen guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama added that while Americans are not inherently more prone to violence than people in other nations, \"we are the only advanced country on earth that sees this kind of mass violence erupt with this kind of frequency ... Somehow we've become numb to it and we start thinking that this is normal. And instead of thinking about how to solve the problem, this has become one of our most polarized partisan debates.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/zbAaX6CX6Ok\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican presidential candidates were quick to attack the measure as blatant government overreach and abuse of executive power as well as a direct assault on Second Amendment rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://smartgunlaws.org/search-gun-law-by-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gun control laws\u003c/a> vary dramatically by state. Aside from the relatively loose federal restrictions that apply everywhere, each state can determine much of its own gun purchasing, possession and carry rules. In states like New York and California, where these laws are relatively strict, purchasing and carrying a firearm is notably more restricted than in states with comparatively lax laws, like Alaska and New Mexico. But how those rules impact the rate of gun-related deaths in those states remains hotly contested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, the \u003ca href=\"http://smartgunlaws.org/search-gun-law-by-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence\u003c/a>, an advocacy group pushing for tougher gun control regulations, reviews each state's gun laws and assigns grades based on the strength of its policies to regulate the sale and use of firearms and ammunition.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center points to a 2010 statistic showing that seven out of 10 states with the strictest regulations also the lowest gun homicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But gun rights advocates opposed to tighter regulations argue that this kind of comparison is misleading. A common rebuttal is that stricter regulations don't do anything to prevent criminals from getting a hold of guns - they simply prevent law abiding citizens from being able to protect themselves. Gun rights advocates also commonly point to states like Maine, which has some of the loosest regulations in the country (it received an F grade by gun control groups) but also has a relatively low gun death rate). They also argue that strict gun laws in cities like Chicago and Washington D.C. have failed to prevent high gun homicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gun laws in Chicago only restrict the law-abiding citizens and they've essentially made the citizens prey,\" Richard A. Pearson, executive director of the Illinois State Rifle Association told the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/us/strict-chicago-gun-laws-cant-stem-fatal-shots.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NY Times \u003c/a>in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->[\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2018/02/14/gun-nation/\">SEE AN UPDATED MAP WITH 2016 DATA HERE\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mouseover the map below to see each state's 2014 gun-related death rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data is based on the latest available figures from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal_injury_reports.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's\u003c/a> analysis of 2014 death certificates. All reported gun-related deaths are counted, including homicides, accidents and suicides (the latter of which up about two-thirds of gun deaths nationwide). There were 33,599 reported gun deaths in 2014, according to CDC data. That's a rate of 10.54 per 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun ownership rates, measured per 100,000 population, are derived from the results of a 2013 survey published in the health journal \u003ca href=\"http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2015/06/09/injuryprev-2015-041586.full2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Injury Prevention\u003c/a>, of 4,000 adults from 50 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun control rankings are based on the \u003ca href=\"http://smartgunlaws.org/scorecard/#map\" target=\"/\">Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence\u003c/a>, a group that advocates for stronger gun control laws. It assigns grades to each state based on policies like background checks, concealed carry permits, bulk firearms purchasing and gun carry restrictions in schools and other public spaces. We could not find a similar National Rifle Association scorecard, but it should be generally assumed that the NRA's marks are about the opposite of those shown here. By showing these grades, we are not agreeing nor disagreeing with them. See article and discussion questions below the map.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/2aa87e36-b4a5-11e5-96cf-0e3a376473ab/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions for Educators (using the map)\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which states have the highest and lowest gun death rates?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are possible factors that might contribute to these high and low rates?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The national gun death rate average is 10.54. Find three states that fall above and below this average.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there states that fall below the average national gun death rate (10.54) but also receive a low gun control grade (below C)? What might account for that?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What's the gun death rate and number of total gun deaths in your state? Is that higher or lower than you expected? How does it compare to rates in neighboring states?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Identify two states with very different gun control grades (ie. an A- and an F). Go online to look up and compare both of these states' gun control laws. What are the biggest differences?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We encourage students to share some of their responses in the comments section at the bottom of this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to the fierce national debate on gun control reignited by last month's mass shooting in San Bernardino, President Obama on Tuesday announced a series of executive actions to tighten federal gun laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He justified the move, which bypasses Congress, by emphasizing the urgency of the issue and Congress' repeated failure to act on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gun lobby may be holding Congress hostage right now, but they can't hold America hostage,\" Obama said in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/01/05/president-obamas-amazingly-emotional-speech-on-gun-control-annotated/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emotional address\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a plot to take away everybody's guns. You pass a background check, you purchase a firearm. The problem is, some gun sellers have been operating under a different set of rules. A violent felon can buy the exact same weapon over the internet with no background check, no questions asked.“\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/04/fact-sheet-new-executive-actions-reduce-gun-violence-and-make-our\">executive actions\u003c/a> require background checks for all gun purchases, including at gun shows, stores and on the Internet. The actions also devote additional funding to increasing mental health care access, while mandating that federal mental health records be submitted to the background check system. And they call for expanded research and development of gun safety technology like fingerprint trigger locks and apps for tracking stolen guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama added that while Americans are not inherently more prone to violence than people in other nations, \"we are the only advanced country on earth that sees this kind of mass violence erupt with this kind of frequency ... Somehow we've become numb to it and we start thinking that this is normal. And instead of thinking about how to solve the problem, this has become one of our most polarized partisan debates.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zbAaX6CX6Ok'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zbAaX6CX6Ok'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Republican presidential candidates were quick to attack the measure as blatant government overreach and abuse of executive power as well as a direct assault on Second Amendment rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://smartgunlaws.org/search-gun-law-by-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gun control laws\u003c/a> vary dramatically by state. Aside from the relatively loose federal restrictions that apply everywhere, each state can determine much of its own gun purchasing, possession and carry rules. In states like New York and California, where these laws are relatively strict, purchasing and carrying a firearm is notably more restricted than in states with comparatively lax laws, like Alaska and New Mexico. But how those rules impact the rate of gun-related deaths in those states remains hotly contested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, the \u003ca href=\"http://smartgunlaws.org/search-gun-law-by-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence\u003c/a>, an advocacy group pushing for tougher gun control regulations, reviews each state's gun laws and assigns grades based on the strength of its policies to regulate the sale and use of firearms and ammunition.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center points to a 2010 statistic showing that seven out of 10 states with the strictest regulations also the lowest gun homicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But gun rights advocates opposed to tighter regulations argue that this kind of comparison is misleading. A common rebuttal is that stricter regulations don't do anything to prevent criminals from getting a hold of guns - they simply prevent law abiding citizens from being able to protect themselves. Gun rights advocates also commonly point to states like Maine, which has some of the loosest regulations in the country (it received an F grade by gun control groups) but also has a relatively low gun death rate). They also argue that strict gun laws in cities like Chicago and Washington D.C. have failed to prevent high gun homicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gun laws in Chicago only restrict the law-abiding citizens and they've essentially made the citizens prey,\" Richard A. Pearson, executive director of the Illinois State Rifle Association told the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/us/strict-chicago-gun-laws-cant-stem-fatal-shots.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NY Times \u003c/a>in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What's A Grand Jury And How Does It Work?",
"title": "What's A Grand Jury And How Does It Work?",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Tuwci-u-cyQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused about what grand juries do and how they work? You're probably not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After three months of testimony, an Ohio grand jury on Monday declined to indict the two Cleveland police officers involved in the 2014 fatal shooting of 12-year-old Tamir Rice. The decision means that the officers will not face criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice, who was black, was shot and killed last November while playing with a fake gun outside a Cleveland recreation center, an incident that drew fierce community protests and calls for justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was NOT the grand jury's responsibility to determine whether the two officers -- the one who fired the gun and his partner -- were guilty of committing a crime. Rather, the jury was solely asked to determine if the evidence presented by the county prosecutor was solid enough (\"probable cause\") to even justify criminal charges (the \"indictment\"). If the jury had determined there was enough evidence to do so, the officers would then be tried in a criminal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the jury decided that the shooting was the product of human error, which did not indicate criminal action. In other words, there was not sufficient probable cause to charge the officers with a crime. And that means no criminal trial for the two officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Simply put, given this perfect storm of human error, mistakes and miscommunications by all involved that day, the evidence did not indicate criminal conduct by police,\" Cuyahoga County prosecutor Timothy McGinty told reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the latest in a series of highly controversial grand jury decisions in the past two years that have exonerated police officers involved in the deaths of unarmed black men. That said, the following is an effort to explain the surprisingly complicated grand jury process\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Disclaimer: This post is \u003cem>really\u003c/em> long -- a whole lot of sweet, sweet text -- I suggest you use the chapter links below to get through it in stages.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">What's a grand jury supposed to do?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier2\">What is standard grand jury procedure?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier4\">Are grand juries required in criminal cases?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier5\">Is it common for grand juries to return indictments?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier6\">Why are police suspects so rarely indicted?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier7\">Is the Rice case completely over?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is a grand jury supposed to do?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although the specific functions of grand juries differ from state to state, most hear evidence presented by a prosecutor and decide if that evidence is solid enough (probable cause) to charge a suspect with a felony (the indictment). If so, the case goes to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>California's Watchdog Grand Juries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most of California's county-based grand juries serve a primarily civil function. While prosecutors sometimes use them for criminal cases, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.courts.ca.gov/civilgrandjury.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">state's grand juries\u003c/a> are more commonly called on to investigate the operations of local government agencies or officials, including citizen complaints and allegations of corrupt or willful misconduct in office. Findings are presented in a written report that must be responded to by the government entity in question. California is one of only a handful of states with grand juries that serve this watchdog role.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>One way to think of the grand jury is as a screening process to determine if a trial is even necessary. But keep in mind that it's NOT a trial itself. There's no judge in the room, no defense lawyer, no formal cross-examination and -- perhaps most widely misunderstood about the process -- no actual verdict. Unlike a standard 12-member trial jury (formally known as a \"petit jury\"), a grand jury is not tasked with determining guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Rather, it is responsible for deciding whether enough evidence exists to justify a trial in the first place. In other words, is there probable cause to charge the potential defendant with a crime?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the grand juries in the the Michael Brown and Eric Garner cases, the Ohio grand jury in the Tamir Rice case was not tasked with deciding if a crime did or did not occur. They were simply asked to determine if the evidence presented to them was strong enough to charge the police officers in question with a felony (murder or manslaughter) and go forward with a criminal trial.They determined that it was not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Landay, a former assistant district attorney in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, explains it nicely in his 2013 novel, \"\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/defending-jacob-william-landay/1100572462?ean=9780345533661\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Defending Jacob\u003c/a>\":\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"A grand jury proceeding is not a trial. There's no judge in the room and no defense lawyer. The prosecutor runs the show. It is an investigation and in theory a check on the prosecutor's power since the grand jury decides if the prosecutor has enough evidence to haul the suspect into court for trial. If there is enough evidence, the grand jury grants the prosecutor an indictment ... If not, they return a no bill.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier2\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is standard grand jury procedure?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although grand jury rules and proceedings vary by jurisdiction, most state grand juries follow a fairly standard format (although \u003ca href=\"http://campus.udayton.edu/~grandjur/fedj/fedj.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal grand juries\u003c/a> have a few unique elements, they run similarly). As the name implies, grand jurors are generally bigger than 12-member trial juries (hence: \"grand\" vs. \"petit\"), from as few as 12 (in Missouri) to as many as 23 (in New York). Grand jury members are usually chosen at random from the regular juror pool without a formal screening process. They are \"standing\" jurors, meaning that they typically serve long terms on an intermittent, on-call basis, often hearing multiple cases over many months. So, unlike trial juries, grand jurors are not typically vetted and handpicked for a specific case. The grand jury in the Michael Brown case, for instance, was selected in May -- long before the incident occurred -- and for the proceedings convened 25 times over a three-month period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the only people in the grand jury room are the jurors, the prosecutors, and one or two witnesses — usually the reporting officer and the victim (if there is one). Additional witnesses and evidence can be presented in more complex cases, although the targets of an investigation (the suspects) rarely make an appearance. In some jurisdictions -- including Missouri -- grand jurors can directly question witnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the absence of a judge, the prosecutor is the presiding officer. He or she runs the show, and is responsible for instructing the jury on the law. Critics of the process argue that this factor can be particularly problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although grand jurors aren't sequestered during deliberation, the proceedings are secretive, completely closed to the public and the defense counsel. The transcript also usually remains sealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the grand jury hears the evidence, the prosecutor typically presents jurors with one or more criminal charges to consider (i.e., first-degree murder, involuntary manslaughter, etc.). The jury must then decide if there is \"probable cause\" to indict the suspect on one of those charges. In other words: Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the accused person probably (although not definitely) committed the crime? In legal-speak, the jury returns either a \"true bill\" or \"no true bill\" of indictment; the latter is a dismissal of all charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, unlike trial juries, a grand jury's decision does not need to be unanimous. Rules \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsc.org/Topics/Jury/Grand-Juries/State-Links\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vary by state\u003c/a>, but usually some kind of super-majority of jurors (two-thirds or three-fourths) is needed to return an indictment. In New York, a bare majority of only 12 jurors (out of 23) is required. Conversely, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsc.org/Topics/Jury/Grand-Juries/State-Links.aspx#Ohio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohio\u003c/a> a consensus of seven out of nine jurors are necessary to return an indictment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/y7thxae0AFM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier4\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Are grand juries required in criminal cases?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>No. Although a federal grand jury indictment before trial is required under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fifth_amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fifth Amendment\u003c/a> of the U.S. Constitution, the mandate applies only to federal cases, not state-level prosecutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, non-federal grand jury procedures are determined on a state-by-state basis, and while most states have some grand jury provision, fewer than half actually require it (a \u003ca href=\"http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-procedure/preliminary-hearing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preliminary hearing\u003c/a> is a common alternative). In fact, grand jury procedures are required in neither Missouri nor New York. The decision to have one is generally at the discretion of the prosecutor. Grand juries date back to medieval English common law. They were established as part of the legal systems of former colonies throughout the United Kingdom. Interestingly, though, England abolished its grand jury system in 1933, and virtually all of its former colonies followed suit. The United States stands alone in continuing to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier5\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is it common for grand juries to return indictments?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Extremely common. Grand juries almost always do what the prosecutor advises. This is largely because finding probable cause is generally a pretty low bar. As the U.S. Supreme Court wrote in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/kaley-v-united-states/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent ruling, \u003c/a>probable cause requires only the \"'kind of 'fair probability' on which reasonable and prudent [people,] not legal technicians, act.\"'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A common criticism of the grand jury process is that it is essentially -- in most cases -- a rubber stamp for prosecutors. Using Bureau of Justice Statistics data, the news site \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/ferguson-michael-brown-indictment-darren-wilson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FiveThirtyEight \u003c/a>found that federal grand juries declined to return an indictment in 11 of the 162,000 cases that U.S. attorneys prosecuted in 2010. That's a no-indictment rate of less than .007 percent. Keep in mind that this figure applies to federal cases -- aggregate data for state grand jury decisions is harder to come by -- so the numbers aren't directly comparable, but it does give a sense of how rare a no true bill is in any type of grand jury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former New York state \u003ca href=\"https://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/luminaries-court-appeals/wachtler-sol.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Chief Judge Sol Wachtler\u003c/span>\u003c/a> famously remarked that a prosecutor could persuade a grand jury to “indict a ham sandwich.” (In an ironic twist of fate, Wachtler was later indicted on attempted kidnapping charges, and served 13 months in federal prison.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the one consistent exception to the success of grand jury indictments is when police officers are the potential defendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier6\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Why are police suspects so rarely indicted?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While there are not very good data on officer-involved killings, newspaper accounts suggest that grand juries frequently decline to indict law enforcement.officials. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/investigations/item/Bulletproof-Part-3-Hard-to-charge-24421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Houston Chronicle investigation\u003c/span>\u003c/a> found that “police have been nearly immune from criminal charges in shootings” in Houston and other large cities in Texas. Grand juries haven’t indicted a Houston police officer since 2004. And in Dallas, of the 81 police shootings reviewed by Dallas grand juries from 2008 and 2012, only one police officer was indicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument is that the jury is often swayed by officer testimony, and is quick to give law enforcement officials the benefit of the doubt. There is also the strong potential for prosecutorial bias. In standard cases, the prosecutor is dependent on the assistance of police officers to gather evidence against a civilian suspect, and often works closely with local law enforcement to build the case. But in police shooting cases, the officer \u003cem>is\u003c/em> the suspect.The prosecutor may have less incentive in indicting a police officer and risk jeopardizing his or her relationship with the department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, some legal experts argue that police shooting cases should be run by specially appointed outside prosecutors rather than district attorneys in an effort to avoid conflict of interest and questions of fairness in the investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, protesters demanded that St. Louis County Prosecuting Attorney Robert McCulloch recuse himself from running the Michael Brown grand jury investigation. McCulloch's father was a St. Louis police officer who was shot and killed in the line of duty in 1964, allegedly by a black man. Additionally, McCulloch's history of police prosecutions reveals a tend of leniency. On a least four previous occasions, his office has presented evidence to a grand jury about police officers who killed suspects in the line of duty, according to an analysis by \u003ca href=\"http://molawyersmedia.com/2014/09/08/background-check-looking-at-mccullochs-prosecution-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Missouri Lawyers Weekly\u003c/a>. None of the officers in those cases was indicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest hurdle to an indictment is the law itself. The \u003ca href=\"http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/deadly-force-what-does-law-say-about-when-police-are-allowed-use-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Supreme Court\u003c/a> justifies the use of deadly force if an officer has a reasonable fear of harm, and most state laws give police pretty wide discretion to use whatever kind of force they believe necessary to protect themselves and to arrest a suspect they believe to be dangerous. These laws largely hinge on an officer's own perception of danger in the heat of the moment. And that significantly raises the bar for an indictment: If an officer can effectively express remorse during testimony and persuade a grand jury that he perceived a deadly threat, than the chances of getting charged drop significantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003cem>Editor's note: The following video does a nice job explaining the challenge of indicting police officers. It does, however, convey a certain viewpoint that we neither endorse nor reject.\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/OCBwjFFpNik\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier7\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>So is the Tamir Rice case completely over?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Not quite. Cleveland police officials will still conduct an administrative review of the shooting, which could result in disciplinary action against the involved officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also an ongoing U.S. Justice Department investigation into whether the officers' willfully violated the victim's civil rights. The burden of proof for bringing federal charges, however, is very high, and unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice's family has also filed last December wrongful death civil lawsuit against the City of Cleveland and the two officers involved, which could result in a monetary reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/28/461293703/grand-jury-declines-to-indict-police-officers-in-tamir-rice-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/28/461293703/grand-jury-declines-to-indict-police-officers-in-tamir-rice-investigation\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2014/november2014/Facts-on-Ferguson-Grand-Jury\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2014/november2014/Facts-on-Ferguson-Grand-Jury\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2014/december2014/garner-grand-jury-facts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2014/december2014/garner-grand-jury-facts\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.stlpublicradio.org/people/william-freivogel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://news.stlpublicradio.org/people/william-freivogel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/nyregion/grand-juries-seldom-charge-police-officers-in-fatal-actions.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/nyregion/grand-juries-seldom-charge-police-officers-in-fatal-actions.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-procedure/how-does-a-grand-jury-work.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-procedure/how-does-a-grand-jury-work.html\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Tuwci-u-cyQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Tuwci-u-cyQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Confused about what grand juries do and how they work? You're probably not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After three months of testimony, an Ohio grand jury on Monday declined to indict the two Cleveland police officers involved in the 2014 fatal shooting of 12-year-old Tamir Rice. The decision means that the officers will not face criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice, who was black, was shot and killed last November while playing with a fake gun outside a Cleveland recreation center, an incident that drew fierce community protests and calls for justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was NOT the grand jury's responsibility to determine whether the two officers -- the one who fired the gun and his partner -- were guilty of committing a crime. Rather, the jury was solely asked to determine if the evidence presented by the county prosecutor was solid enough (\"probable cause\") to even justify criminal charges (the \"indictment\"). If the jury had determined there was enough evidence to do so, the officers would then be tried in a criminal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the jury decided that the shooting was the product of human error, which did not indicate criminal action. In other words, there was not sufficient probable cause to charge the officers with a crime. And that means no criminal trial for the two officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Simply put, given this perfect storm of human error, mistakes and miscommunications by all involved that day, the evidence did not indicate criminal conduct by police,\" Cuyahoga County prosecutor Timothy McGinty told reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the latest in a series of highly controversial grand jury decisions in the past two years that have exonerated police officers involved in the deaths of unarmed black men. That said, the following is an effort to explain the surprisingly complicated grand jury process\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Disclaimer: This post is \u003cem>really\u003c/em> long -- a whole lot of sweet, sweet text -- I suggest you use the chapter links below to get through it in stages.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">What's a grand jury supposed to do?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier2\">What is standard grand jury procedure?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier4\">Are grand juries required in criminal cases?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier5\">Is it common for grand juries to return indictments?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier6\">Why are police suspects so rarely indicted?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier7\">Is the Rice case completely over?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is a grand jury supposed to do?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although the specific functions of grand juries differ from state to state, most hear evidence presented by a prosecutor and decide if that evidence is solid enough (probable cause) to charge a suspect with a felony (the indictment). If so, the case goes to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>California's Watchdog Grand Juries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most of California's county-based grand juries serve a primarily civil function. While prosecutors sometimes use them for criminal cases, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.courts.ca.gov/civilgrandjury.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">state's grand juries\u003c/a> are more commonly called on to investigate the operations of local government agencies or officials, including citizen complaints and allegations of corrupt or willful misconduct in office. Findings are presented in a written report that must be responded to by the government entity in question. California is one of only a handful of states with grand juries that serve this watchdog role.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>One way to think of the grand jury is as a screening process to determine if a trial is even necessary. But keep in mind that it's NOT a trial itself. There's no judge in the room, no defense lawyer, no formal cross-examination and -- perhaps most widely misunderstood about the process -- no actual verdict. Unlike a standard 12-member trial jury (formally known as a \"petit jury\"), a grand jury is not tasked with determining guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Rather, it is responsible for deciding whether enough evidence exists to justify a trial in the first place. In other words, is there probable cause to charge the potential defendant with a crime?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the grand juries in the the Michael Brown and Eric Garner cases, the Ohio grand jury in the Tamir Rice case was not tasked with deciding if a crime did or did not occur. They were simply asked to determine if the evidence presented to them was strong enough to charge the police officers in question with a felony (murder or manslaughter) and go forward with a criminal trial.They determined that it was not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Landay, a former assistant district attorney in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, explains it nicely in his 2013 novel, \"\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/defending-jacob-william-landay/1100572462?ean=9780345533661\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Defending Jacob\u003c/a>\":\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"A grand jury proceeding is not a trial. There's no judge in the room and no defense lawyer. The prosecutor runs the show. It is an investigation and in theory a check on the prosecutor's power since the grand jury decides if the prosecutor has enough evidence to haul the suspect into court for trial. If there is enough evidence, the grand jury grants the prosecutor an indictment ... If not, they return a no bill.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier2\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is standard grand jury procedure?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although grand jury rules and proceedings vary by jurisdiction, most state grand juries follow a fairly standard format (although \u003ca href=\"http://campus.udayton.edu/~grandjur/fedj/fedj.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal grand juries\u003c/a> have a few unique elements, they run similarly). As the name implies, grand jurors are generally bigger than 12-member trial juries (hence: \"grand\" vs. \"petit\"), from as few as 12 (in Missouri) to as many as 23 (in New York). Grand jury members are usually chosen at random from the regular juror pool without a formal screening process. They are \"standing\" jurors, meaning that they typically serve long terms on an intermittent, on-call basis, often hearing multiple cases over many months. So, unlike trial juries, grand jurors are not typically vetted and handpicked for a specific case. The grand jury in the Michael Brown case, for instance, was selected in May -- long before the incident occurred -- and for the proceedings convened 25 times over a three-month period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the only people in the grand jury room are the jurors, the prosecutors, and one or two witnesses — usually the reporting officer and the victim (if there is one). Additional witnesses and evidence can be presented in more complex cases, although the targets of an investigation (the suspects) rarely make an appearance. In some jurisdictions -- including Missouri -- grand jurors can directly question witnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the absence of a judge, the prosecutor is the presiding officer. He or she runs the show, and is responsible for instructing the jury on the law. Critics of the process argue that this factor can be particularly problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although grand jurors aren't sequestered during deliberation, the proceedings are secretive, completely closed to the public and the defense counsel. The transcript also usually remains sealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the grand jury hears the evidence, the prosecutor typically presents jurors with one or more criminal charges to consider (i.e., first-degree murder, involuntary manslaughter, etc.). The jury must then decide if there is \"probable cause\" to indict the suspect on one of those charges. In other words: Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the accused person probably (although not definitely) committed the crime? In legal-speak, the jury returns either a \"true bill\" or \"no true bill\" of indictment; the latter is a dismissal of all charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, unlike trial juries, a grand jury's decision does not need to be unanimous. Rules \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsc.org/Topics/Jury/Grand-Juries/State-Links\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vary by state\u003c/a>, but usually some kind of super-majority of jurors (two-thirds or three-fourths) is needed to return an indictment. In New York, a bare majority of only 12 jurors (out of 23) is required. Conversely, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsc.org/Topics/Jury/Grand-Juries/State-Links.aspx#Ohio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohio\u003c/a> a consensus of seven out of nine jurors are necessary to return an indictment.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/y7thxae0AFM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/y7thxae0AFM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier4\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Are grand juries required in criminal cases?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>No. Although a federal grand jury indictment before trial is required under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fifth_amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fifth Amendment\u003c/a> of the U.S. Constitution, the mandate applies only to federal cases, not state-level prosecutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, non-federal grand jury procedures are determined on a state-by-state basis, and while most states have some grand jury provision, fewer than half actually require it (a \u003ca href=\"http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-procedure/preliminary-hearing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preliminary hearing\u003c/a> is a common alternative). In fact, grand jury procedures are required in neither Missouri nor New York. The decision to have one is generally at the discretion of the prosecutor. Grand juries date back to medieval English common law. They were established as part of the legal systems of former colonies throughout the United Kingdom. Interestingly, though, England abolished its grand jury system in 1933, and virtually all of its former colonies followed suit. The United States stands alone in continuing to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier5\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is it common for grand juries to return indictments?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Extremely common. Grand juries almost always do what the prosecutor advises. This is largely because finding probable cause is generally a pretty low bar. As the U.S. Supreme Court wrote in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/kaley-v-united-states/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent ruling, \u003c/a>probable cause requires only the \"'kind of 'fair probability' on which reasonable and prudent [people,] not legal technicians, act.\"'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A common criticism of the grand jury process is that it is essentially -- in most cases -- a rubber stamp for prosecutors. Using Bureau of Justice Statistics data, the news site \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/ferguson-michael-brown-indictment-darren-wilson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FiveThirtyEight \u003c/a>found that federal grand juries declined to return an indictment in 11 of the 162,000 cases that U.S. attorneys prosecuted in 2010. That's a no-indictment rate of less than .007 percent. Keep in mind that this figure applies to federal cases -- aggregate data for state grand jury decisions is harder to come by -- so the numbers aren't directly comparable, but it does give a sense of how rare a no true bill is in any type of grand jury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former New York state \u003ca href=\"https://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/luminaries-court-appeals/wachtler-sol.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Chief Judge Sol Wachtler\u003c/span>\u003c/a> famously remarked that a prosecutor could persuade a grand jury to “indict a ham sandwich.” (In an ironic twist of fate, Wachtler was later indicted on attempted kidnapping charges, and served 13 months in federal prison.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the one consistent exception to the success of grand jury indictments is when police officers are the potential defendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier6\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Why are police suspects so rarely indicted?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While there are not very good data on officer-involved killings, newspaper accounts suggest that grand juries frequently decline to indict law enforcement.officials. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/investigations/item/Bulletproof-Part-3-Hard-to-charge-24421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Houston Chronicle investigation\u003c/span>\u003c/a> found that “police have been nearly immune from criminal charges in shootings” in Houston and other large cities in Texas. Grand juries haven’t indicted a Houston police officer since 2004. And in Dallas, of the 81 police shootings reviewed by Dallas grand juries from 2008 and 2012, only one police officer was indicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument is that the jury is often swayed by officer testimony, and is quick to give law enforcement officials the benefit of the doubt. There is also the strong potential for prosecutorial bias. In standard cases, the prosecutor is dependent on the assistance of police officers to gather evidence against a civilian suspect, and often works closely with local law enforcement to build the case. But in police shooting cases, the officer \u003cem>is\u003c/em> the suspect.The prosecutor may have less incentive in indicting a police officer and risk jeopardizing his or her relationship with the department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, some legal experts argue that police shooting cases should be run by specially appointed outside prosecutors rather than district attorneys in an effort to avoid conflict of interest and questions of fairness in the investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, protesters demanded that St. Louis County Prosecuting Attorney Robert McCulloch recuse himself from running the Michael Brown grand jury investigation. McCulloch's father was a St. Louis police officer who was shot and killed in the line of duty in 1964, allegedly by a black man. Additionally, McCulloch's history of police prosecutions reveals a tend of leniency. On a least four previous occasions, his office has presented evidence to a grand jury about police officers who killed suspects in the line of duty, according to an analysis by \u003ca href=\"http://molawyersmedia.com/2014/09/08/background-check-looking-at-mccullochs-prosecution-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Missouri Lawyers Weekly\u003c/a>. None of the officers in those cases was indicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest hurdle to an indictment is the law itself. The \u003ca href=\"http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/deadly-force-what-does-law-say-about-when-police-are-allowed-use-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Supreme Court\u003c/a> justifies the use of deadly force if an officer has a reasonable fear of harm, and most state laws give police pretty wide discretion to use whatever kind of force they believe necessary to protect themselves and to arrest a suspect they believe to be dangerous. These laws largely hinge on an officer's own perception of danger in the heat of the moment. And that significantly raises the bar for an indictment: If an officer can effectively express remorse during testimony and persuade a grand jury that he perceived a deadly threat, than the chances of getting charged drop significantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003cem>Editor's note: The following video does a nice job explaining the challenge of indicting police officers. It does, however, convey a certain viewpoint that we neither endorse nor reject.\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/OCBwjFFpNik'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/OCBwjFFpNik'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier7\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>So is the Tamir Rice case completely over?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Not quite. Cleveland police officials will still conduct an administrative review of the shooting, which could result in disciplinary action against the involved officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also an ongoing U.S. Justice Department investigation into whether the officers' willfully violated the victim's civil rights. The burden of proof for bringing federal charges, however, is very high, and unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice's family has also filed last December wrongful death civil lawsuit against the City of Cleveland and the two officers involved, which could result in a monetary reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/28/461293703/grand-jury-declines-to-indict-police-officers-in-tamir-rice-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/28/461293703/grand-jury-declines-to-indict-police-officers-in-tamir-rice-investigation\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2014/november2014/Facts-on-Ferguson-Grand-Jury\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2014/november2014/Facts-on-Ferguson-Grand-Jury\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2014/december2014/garner-grand-jury-facts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2014/december2014/garner-grand-jury-facts\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.stlpublicradio.org/people/william-freivogel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://news.stlpublicradio.org/people/william-freivogel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/nyregion/grand-juries-seldom-charge-police-officers-in-fatal-actions.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/nyregion/grand-juries-seldom-charge-police-officers-in-fatal-actions.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-procedure/how-does-a-grand-jury-work.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-procedure/how-does-a-grand-jury-work.html\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In its annual year-end poll, the \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/96a4ad9c192248a48b3ead2c5eac171e/ap-poll-islamic-state-conflict-voted-top-news-story-2015\" target=\"_blank\">Associated Press\u003c/a> news service asked U.S. editors and news directors to pick the most significant national and international news stories over the last 12 months.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the top story in AP's poll was the officer-involved killings of unarmed black men in Ferguson, MO, New York and other cities throughout the country — and the investigations and protests that followed. In this year's poll, a similar entry, with additional instances of black men and women killed during encounters with police, placed fifth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 100 voters casting ballots, first-place votes were spread among 17 different stories. 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The rampage inflamed an already intense debate over whether to accommodate refugees from Syria, and prompted Republican presidential front-runner Donald Trump to call for a ban on Muslims coming to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/kaaQmWmpM_g\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>#5: BLACK DEATHS IN ENCOUNTERS WITH POLICE\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Baltimore, riots broke out after the death of Freddie Gray, a black man loaded into a van by police officers. In Chicago, Tulsa and North Charleston, South Carolina, fatal police shootings of black men prompted resignations and criminal charges. The incidents gave fuel to the Black Lives Matter campaign, and prompted several investigations of policing practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/gapvCZ2ofJ4\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>#4: MASS SHOOTINGS\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Throughout the year, mass shootings brought grief to communities across the U.S. and deepened frustration over the failure to curtail them. There were 14 victims in San Bernardino. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In its annual year-end poll, the \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/96a4ad9c192248a48b3ead2c5eac171e/ap-poll-islamic-state-conflict-voted-top-news-story-2015\" target=\"_blank\">Associated Press\u003c/a> news service asked U.S. editors and news directors to pick the most significant national and international news stories over the last 12 months.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the top story in AP's poll was the officer-involved killings of unarmed black men in Ferguson, MO, New York and other cities throughout the country — and the investigations and protests that followed. In this year's poll, a similar entry, with additional instances of black men and women killed during encounters with police, placed fifth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 100 voters casting ballots, first-place votes were spread among 17 different stories. Based on those responses, here is the top-10 countdown list of major stories from 2015 (as described by the AP):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@EchelonInsights/theyearinnews-2015-433f186e876b#.7vt1r6rco\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> to read a separate analysis of the most tweeted news topics in 2015]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>#10: EUROPE'S MIGRANT CRISIS\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Fleeing war and hardship, more than 1 million migrants and refugees flooded into Europe during the year, overwhelming national border guards and reception facilities. Hundreds are believed to have drowned; 71 others were found dead in an abandoned truck in Austria. The 28-nation European Union struggled to come up with an effective, unified response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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In less than a month, the flag was removed from the South Carolina State House grounds.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/LIFvOhfxexc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/LIFvOhfxexc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>#8: CLIMATE CHANGE\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Negotiators from nearly 200 countries reached a first-of-its kind agreement in Paris on curbing greenhouse gas emissions. Many questions remain over enforcement and implementation of the accord. But elated supporters hailed it as a critical step toward averting the grim scenario of unchecked global warming.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/463uS6yiGgM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/463uS6yiGgM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>#7: US ELECTION CAMPAIGN\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A large and varied field of Republicans launched bids for the presidency, with billionaire Donald Trump moving out to an early lead in the polls and remaining there despite a series of polarizing statements. He helped attract record audiences for the GOP's televised debates. In the Democratic race, Bernie Sanders surprised many with a strong challenge of Hillary Clinton, but she remained the solid front-runner.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fg03ArHTLPA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fg03ArHTLPA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>#6: TERRORISM WORRIES\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Fears about terrorism in the U.S. surged after a married couple in California — described by investigators as radicalized Muslims — carried out the attack in San Bernardino that killed 14 people. The rampage inflamed an already intense debate over whether to accommodate refugees from Syria, and prompted Republican presidential front-runner Donald Trump to call for a ban on Muslims coming to the U.S.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/kaaQmWmpM_g'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/kaaQmWmpM_g'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>#5: BLACK DEATHS IN ENCOUNTERS WITH POLICE\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Baltimore, riots broke out after the death of Freddie Gray, a black man loaded into a van by police officers. In Chicago, Tulsa and North Charleston, South Carolina, fatal police shootings of black men prompted resignations and criminal charges. The incidents gave fuel to the Black Lives Matter campaign, and prompted several investigations of policing practices.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gapvCZ2ofJ4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gapvCZ2ofJ4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>#4: MASS SHOOTINGS\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Throughout the year, mass shootings brought grief to communities across the U.S. and deepened frustration over the failure to curtail them. There were 14 victims in San Bernardino. Nine blacks were killed by a white gunman at a Charleston, South Carolina, church; a professor and eight students died at an Oregon community college. In Chattanooga, four Marines and a sailor were killed by a Kuwaiti-born engineer; three people, including a policeman, were shot dead at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Colorado.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/CqtWZ5qRwfc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/CqtWZ5qRwfc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>#3: PARIS ATTACKS\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The first attack came just a week into the new year. Two brothers who called themselves members of al-Qaida barged into the offices of the satiric newspaper Charlie Hebdo, and later attacked a Jewish market, gunning down 17 people in all. Nov. 13 brought a far deadlier onslaught: Eight Islamic State militants killed 130 people in coordinated assaults around Paris. Targets included restaurants, bars and an indoor rock concert.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bjuGqC5kZHs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bjuGqC5kZHs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>#2: GAY MARRIAGE\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years after Vermont pioneered civil unions for same-sex couples, the Supreme Court issued a ruling in June enabling them to marry in all 50 states. Gay-rights activists heralded it as their movement's biggest breakthrough, but there were flashes of disapproval. A county clerk in Kentucky, Kim Davis, spent a few days in jail after refusing to issue marriage licenses to gay couples in her jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ypAL-392eBc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ypAL-392eBc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>AND THE \"WINNER\" IS ...\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>#1: ISLAMIC STATE\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A multinational coalition intensified ground and air attacks against Islamic State militants in Iraq and Syria, including expanded roles for Western European countries worried about IS-backed terrorism. For its part, IS sought to demonstrate an expansive reach by its operatives and supporters, claiming to have carried out or inspired the bombing of a Russian airliner, attacks in Beirut and Paris, and the deadly shooting in San Bernardino, California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story received 37 first-place votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/GkMXHqaVsZ0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/GkMXHqaVsZ0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Looking for the Fastest Way to Board a Plane? Go Ask An Astrophysicist",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you're braving the \"friendly,\" crowded skies this holiday season, brace yourself for the inevitably glacial pace of the boarding process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boarding methods of most commercial airlines are not quite the gold standard of efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what's the fastest way to get in your seat? I mean, come on, we're not exactly talking rocket science here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, it's actually a fairly complicated puzzle to decipher: a intricate enough problem to tantalize the likes of an astrophysicist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15443\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-15443 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding.png\" alt=\"Courtesy of Vox\" width=\"889\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding.png 889w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding-400x261.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding-800x521.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding-768x500.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding-320x208.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 889px) 100vw, 889px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Vox.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After enduring one too many maddeningly slow boarding experiences, \u003ca href=\"https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/new-faces-jason-steffen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Steffen \u003c/a>a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, began digging into the unexpectedly complicated mechanics of efficiently ushering passengers onto planes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Steffen created a computer simulation to evaluate existing boarding methods and ultimately design what he claims is the most efficient option for getting restless passengers into their seats. The results were published several years ago in the Journal of Air Transport Management (\u003ca href=\"http://home.fnal.gov/~jsteffen/airplanes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">summarized here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research, Steffen identified the two most common factors responsible for slowing the boarding process to a painful crawl:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Passengers typically have to wait in the aisle for those ahead of them to stow luggage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Those already seated in aisle or middle seats have to get up and move back into the aisle to let passengers behind them take the seats closer to the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the most routine boarding process -- from back to front -- is actually the slowest of them all, Steffen's argues, It's even less efficient than boarding a plane in a completely random order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steffen claims that his proposed method, which minimizes the former issue and eliminates the latter, could significantly reduce boarding times, thus cutting down on overall door-to-door flight lengths, and ultimately saving airlines hundreds of millions of dollars a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news site \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/4/25/5647696/the-way-we-board-airplanes-makes-absolutely-no-sense\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vox \u003c/a>recently explored this question and created the above video analyzing various standard boarding methods. The videos below show individual simulations of these different boarding processes, listed from worst (slowest) to best (fastest).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think you have a better idea? Let us know in the comment section below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's to safe, relatively painless and highly efficient travels!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>5. The dreaded back-to-front method\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/CsRfFhrNtho\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>4. The random method\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/QJMuXZrV3gY\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>3. The outside-in method\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/cHFWuP37Ha4\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>2. The best current option: Southwest's self-selection method\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>No video simulation for this one, but the basic gist is that Southwest doesn't assign seats. Instead, passengers get on the plane in the order they check in and can sit in which ever seats are available. This method has proven to be the most efficient one currently used because passengers have more freedom to sit where they want and spend less time waiting in the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1. And finally, the winner (in theory, at least): The Steffen method\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Steffen's method is closest to the the outside-in method, with one major difference: rather than having all window seat passengers board first, it creates a choreographed boarding sequence that eliminates any waiting in the aisle by having passengers board in a staggered format. Take a look:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/cHFWuP37Ha4\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you're braving the \"friendly,\" crowded skies this holiday season, brace yourself for the inevitably glacial pace of the boarding process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boarding methods of most commercial airlines are not quite the gold standard of efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what's the fastest way to get in your seat? I mean, come on, we're not exactly talking rocket science here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, it's actually a fairly complicated puzzle to decipher: a intricate enough problem to tantalize the likes of an astrophysicist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15443\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-15443 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding.png\" alt=\"Courtesy of Vox\" width=\"889\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding.png 889w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding-400x261.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding-800x521.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding-768x500.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/vox_boarding-320x208.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 889px) 100vw, 889px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Vox.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After enduring one too many maddeningly slow boarding experiences, \u003ca href=\"https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/new-faces-jason-steffen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Steffen \u003c/a>a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, began digging into the unexpectedly complicated mechanics of efficiently ushering passengers onto planes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Steffen created a computer simulation to evaluate existing boarding methods and ultimately design what he claims is the most efficient option for getting restless passengers into their seats. The results were published several years ago in the Journal of Air Transport Management (\u003ca href=\"http://home.fnal.gov/~jsteffen/airplanes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">summarized here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research, Steffen identified the two most common factors responsible for slowing the boarding process to a painful crawl:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Passengers typically have to wait in the aisle for those ahead of them to stow luggage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Those already seated in aisle or middle seats have to get up and move back into the aisle to let passengers behind them take the seats closer to the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the most routine boarding process -- from back to front -- is actually the slowest of them all, Steffen's argues, It's even less efficient than boarding a plane in a completely random order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steffen claims that his proposed method, which minimizes the former issue and eliminates the latter, could significantly reduce boarding times, thus cutting down on overall door-to-door flight lengths, and ultimately saving airlines hundreds of millions of dollars a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news site \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2014/4/25/5647696/the-way-we-board-airplanes-makes-absolutely-no-sense\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vox \u003c/a>recently explored this question and created the above video analyzing various standard boarding methods. The videos below show individual simulations of these different boarding processes, listed from worst (slowest) to best (fastest).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think you have a better idea? Let us know in the comment section below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's to safe, relatively painless and highly efficient travels!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>5. The dreaded back-to-front method\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/CsRfFhrNtho'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/CsRfFhrNtho'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>4. The random method\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/QJMuXZrV3gY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/QJMuXZrV3gY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>3. The outside-in method\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/cHFWuP37Ha4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/cHFWuP37Ha4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>2. The best current option: Southwest's self-selection method\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>No video simulation for this one, but the basic gist is that Southwest doesn't assign seats. Instead, passengers get on the plane in the order they check in and can sit in which ever seats are available. This method has proven to be the most efficient one currently used because passengers have more freedom to sit where they want and spend less time waiting in the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1. And finally, the winner (in theory, at least): The Steffen method\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Steffen's method is closest to the the outside-in method, with one major difference: rather than having all window seat passengers board first, it creates a choreographed boarding sequence that eliminates any waiting in the aisle by having passengers board in a staggered format. 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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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