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"content": "\u003cp>California is pulling the plug on nuclear power.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, the state's last remaining nuclear generator, is scheduled to close by 2025, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/21/californias-last-nuclear-power-plant-to-close/\" target=\"_blank\">part of a deal\u003c/a> announced Tuesday between facility operator Pacific Gas & Electric and a coalition of labor and environmental groups. Activists have fought for decades to close the 43-year-old central coast facility because of its close proximity to offshore seismic faults in an earthquake-prone region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"border: none;\" title=\"California Energy Generation\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/4fe38510-59e7-487a-a2d6-5d6132ca6aa8?src=embed\" width=\"650\" height=\"730\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes just three years after the permanent shutdown of the San Onofre nuclear plant in southern California, which ceased operations after a $670 million equipment failure. The state has banned construction of any new nuclear facilities until the federal government finds a permanent disposal site for radioactive waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, there are 61 commercially operating \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/list-power-reactor-units.html\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear power plants\u003c/a> located in 30 states, according to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Some California utilities will continue to purchase a small amount of nuclear energy from facilities across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diablo Canyon produces about 17,000 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity per year, or roughly 8.5 percent of the state's total supply, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/total_system_power.html\" target=\"_blank\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>. As part of the deal, that production will eventually be replaced with a combination of energy efficiency measures and renewable power sources that don't produce climate-changing greenhouse gasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, about 20 percent of California's power supply comes from renewable energy sources (not including large-scale hydro). But under a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/smart-energy-solutions/increase-renewables/renewable-energy-in-california.html#.V2nVFqIyvhU\" target=\"_blank\">state law passed last year\u003c/a>, half of the electricity provided by all state power utilities must come from renewable energy sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is pulling the plug on nuclear power.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, the state's last remaining nuclear generator, is scheduled to close by 2025, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/21/californias-last-nuclear-power-plant-to-close/\" target=\"_blank\">part of a deal\u003c/a> announced Tuesday between facility operator Pacific Gas & Electric and a coalition of labor and environmental groups. Activists have fought for decades to close the 43-year-old central coast facility because of its close proximity to offshore seismic faults in an earthquake-prone region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"border: none;\" title=\"California Energy Generation\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/4fe38510-59e7-487a-a2d6-5d6132ca6aa8?src=embed\" width=\"650\" height=\"730\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes just three years after the permanent shutdown of the San Onofre nuclear plant in southern California, which ceased operations after a $670 million equipment failure. The state has banned construction of any new nuclear facilities until the federal government finds a permanent disposal site for radioactive waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, there are 61 commercially operating \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/list-power-reactor-units.html\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear power plants\u003c/a> located in 30 states, according to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Some California utilities will continue to purchase a small amount of nuclear energy from facilities across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diablo Canyon produces about 17,000 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity per year, or roughly 8.5 percent of the state's total supply, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/total_system_power.html\" target=\"_blank\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>. As part of the deal, that production will eventually be replaced with a combination of energy efficiency measures and renewable power sources that don't produce climate-changing greenhouse gasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, about 20 percent of California's power supply comes from renewable energy sources (not including large-scale hydro). But under a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/smart-energy-solutions/increase-renewables/renewable-energy-in-california.html#.V2nVFqIyvhU\" target=\"_blank\">state law passed last year\u003c/a>, half of the electricity provided by all state power utilities must come from renewable energy sources by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Thousands of people Wednesday were forced to flee a rapidly spreading wildfire approaching the California town of Mariposa near Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a day after Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19881\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">declared\u003c/a> a state of emergency for Mariposa County, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1672\" target=\"_blank\">Detwiler Fire\u003c/a> had nearly doubled in size, covering roughly 46,000 acres and threatening scores of homes and other structures. [Update: By Thursday morning, the fire had spread to 70,000 acres and was only 10 percent contained, according to Cal Fire.] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blaze is among nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=df8bcc10430f48878b01c96e907a1fc3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">40 large active fires\u003c/a> burning across 12 western states as of Wednesday, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a>. More than 4 million acres have burned since the start of 2017, the site reports, compared to 2.7 million acres in the same period last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why do wildfires seem to be getting more ferocious each year? Warmer conditions, drought and other impacts of climate change are major contributors, but there's more to the story. Comic journalist Andy Warner explains the fiery history of how we got here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"3726\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30698\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full.png 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full-160x962.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full-240x1442.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full-375x2254.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full-520x3125.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Source links\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/ES11-00345.1\">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/ES11-00345.1\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL059576/abstract\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL059576/abstract\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060710084004.htm\">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060710084004.htm\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Thousands of people Wednesday were forced to flee a rapidly spreading wildfire approaching the California town of Mariposa near Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a day after Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19881\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">declared\u003c/a> a state of emergency for Mariposa County, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1672\" target=\"_blank\">Detwiler Fire\u003c/a> had nearly doubled in size, covering roughly 46,000 acres and threatening scores of homes and other structures. [Update: By Thursday morning, the fire had spread to 70,000 acres and was only 10 percent contained, according to Cal Fire.] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blaze is among nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=df8bcc10430f48878b01c96e907a1fc3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">40 large active fires\u003c/a> burning across 12 western states as of Wednesday, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a>. More than 4 million acres have burned since the start of 2017, the site reports, compared to 2.7 million acres in the same period last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why do wildfires seem to be getting more ferocious each year? Warmer conditions, drought and other impacts of climate change are major contributors, but there's more to the story. Comic journalist Andy Warner explains the fiery history of how we got here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"3726\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30698\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full.png 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full-160x962.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full-240x1442.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full-375x2254.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/07/Wildfires_full-520x3125.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Source links\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/ES11-00345.1\">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/ES11-00345.1\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Correction\u003c/strong>: This article originally and incorrectly stated that the FBI defines a \"mass shooting\" as a single incident in which four or more people, including the gunman, are killed or injured by gunfire. \u003c!--more-->Rather, this is the definition used by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gunviolencearchive.org%20target=\">Gun Violence Archive\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group that verifies and compiles crowd-sourced incidents of gun violence in the United States, and whose data we use in the map below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gunman wielding an assault-type rifle and a handgun opened fire inside a crowded gay nightclub in Orlando, Fla. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/12/50-dead-in-florida-nightclub-shooting-worst-in-u-s-history\" target=\"_blank\">early Sunday morning\u003c/a>, killing at least 49 people before dying in a gunfight with police. The incident is the deadliest mass shooting in American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the 133rd shooting of 2016 in which four or more people, including the gunman, have been killed or injured by gunfire during a single instance, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/reports/mass-shooting\" target=\"_blank\">Gun Violence Archive\u003c/a>, which categorizes such incidents as a \"mass shootings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 133 incidents in 2016 listed on the GVA site, 11 resulted in the deaths of four or more people (including the gunman), 10 resulted in the deaths of three people and 14 resulted in the deaths of two people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there has never been one officially accepted definition of a \"mass shooting.\" And as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/what-makes-a-mass-shooting-in-america/\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes: \"The government has never even defined 'mass shooting' as a stand-alone category.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say the Gun Violence Archive's definition is too lenient. They argue including injuries in the definition of a \"mass shooting\" artificially inflating the number of incidents, sending a message to the public that is both misleading and alarmist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/dac50e20-30c3-11e6-a484-0ef7f98ade21/embed_map\" width=\"1200\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Correction\u003c/strong>: This article originally and incorrectly stated that the FBI defines a \"mass shooting\" as a single incident in which four or more people, including the gunman, are killed or injured by gunfire. \u003c!--more-->Rather, this is the definition used by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gunviolencearchive.org%20target=\">Gun Violence Archive\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group that verifies and compiles crowd-sourced incidents of gun violence in the United States, and whose data we use in the map below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gunman wielding an assault-type rifle and a handgun opened fire inside a crowded gay nightclub in Orlando, Fla. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/12/50-dead-in-florida-nightclub-shooting-worst-in-u-s-history\" target=\"_blank\">early Sunday morning\u003c/a>, killing at least 49 people before dying in a gunfight with police. The incident is the deadliest mass shooting in American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the 133rd shooting of 2016 in which four or more people, including the gunman, have been killed or injured by gunfire during a single instance, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/reports/mass-shooting\" target=\"_blank\">Gun Violence Archive\u003c/a>, which categorizes such incidents as a \"mass shootings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 133 incidents in 2016 listed on the GVA site, 11 resulted in the deaths of four or more people (including the gunman), 10 resulted in the deaths of three people and 14 resulted in the deaths of two people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there has never been one officially accepted definition of a \"mass shooting.\" And as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/what-makes-a-mass-shooting-in-america/\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes: \"The government has never even defined 'mass shooting' as a stand-alone category.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say the Gun Violence Archive's definition is too lenient. They argue including injuries in the definition of a \"mass shooting\" artificially inflating the number of incidents, sending a message to the public that is both misleading and alarmist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/dac50e20-30c3-11e6-a484-0ef7f98ade21/embed_map\" width=\"1200\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Few Americans born into poverty ever get to experience the iconic rise from “rags to riches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca target=\"_self\" href=\"http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 study\u003c/a> by a team of UC Berkeley and Harvard economists examined upward income mobility throughout the nation, finding that less than 8 percent of people born at the bottom 20 percent \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/02/06/land-of-opportunity/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Infographic: Is America Still Really the Land of Opportunity?\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "MAP: Which Counties Had the Highest Voter Turnout in California's Primary Election?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor's note:\u003c/strong> The data in the map below is current as of June 20. However, figures will likely increase as certain precincts continue to count mail-in ballots. The map will be updated accordingly. See the \u003ca href=\"http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/statewide-elections/2016-primary/unprocessed-ballots-report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Secretary of State’s updated tally\u003c/a> of uncounted ballots by county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/262b39c8-3279-11e6-ad38-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen oallowfullscreen msallowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bringing up the rear in this exhaustive presidential primary contest, the Golden State on Tuesday finally got its moment to shine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the last six states to vote, California handed Democratic presidential contender Hillary Clinton a resounding victory over her opponent Bernie Sanders. (Donald Trump, the presumptive Republican nominee, won too, but that came as little surprise given his lack of competition.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton's win in this state, which offered the biggest delegate payout, solidified her position as the presumptive Democratic nominee. It marks the first time in history that a major U.S. political party has chosen a woman as its standard bearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, voter turnout in California was pointedly low, as it often is during primary elections, although the rate has crept up in the days since the primary, as more last-minute and provisional ballots have been counted. As of June 20, ballots were cast by about 43 percent of registered voters, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://vote.sos.ca.gov/returns/status/\" target=\"_blank\">Secretary of State\u003c/a>. That count will likely increase slightly, as more mail-in ballots are verfied and counted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/779b7012af24446289623a968926ec04/ap-count-clinton-has-delegates-win-democratic-nomination\" target=\"_blank\">the announcement\u003c/a> by the Associated Press the day before the primary, that Clinton had effectively clinched the nomination, wasn't exactly a motivating factor for the tepid voter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor contributing to low turnout, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/08/analyst-surge-in-younger-voters-failed-to-materialize-in-california-primary\" target=\"_blank\">writes KQED reporter Katie Orr\u003c/a>, is the lower-than-anticipated turnout among younger voters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"According to Political Data's analysis of about 3.1 million ballots returned to county registrars before Tuesday's vote, \u003ca href=\"https://public.tableau.com/profile/paulmitche11#!/vizhome/PDIAV2016PrimaryWorksheet/PDI2016VOTERRETURNSDASHBOARD\">voters under 35 made up just 10 percent\u003c/a> of those who voted. That group makes up 25 percent of the state's 17.9 million registered voters. In contrast, 68 percent of ballots returned came from voters over 55, who make up 41 percent of registered voters.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Additionally, voter participation was low in many of California's more populous counties, including Los Angeles (29.3 percent) and Alameda (30.5 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below shows which counties supported Clinton and which favored Sanders. Note the northern-sourthern divide. The bottom map shows the results of every state contest in this oh-so-long 2016 primary season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.graphiq.com/w/jNTkIVYBVMF?data-href=http%3A%2F%2Fprimary-by-state.insidegov.com%2Fl%2F5%2FCalifornia&data-height=1016&data-width=700&data-script-version=true&data-sv=1.0.0\" height=\"950\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/3ee1acd2-ca18-11e5-bc2d-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor's note:\u003c/strong> The data in the map below is current as of June 20. However, figures will likely increase as certain precincts continue to count mail-in ballots. The map will be updated accordingly. See the \u003ca href=\"http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/statewide-elections/2016-primary/unprocessed-ballots-report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Secretary of State’s updated tally\u003c/a> of uncounted ballots by county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/262b39c8-3279-11e6-ad38-0e787de82d45/embed_map\" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen oallowfullscreen msallowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bringing up the rear in this exhaustive presidential primary contest, the Golden State on Tuesday finally got its moment to shine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sort of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the last six states to vote, California handed Democratic presidential contender Hillary Clinton a resounding victory over her opponent Bernie Sanders. (Donald Trump, the presumptive Republican nominee, won too, but that came as little surprise given his lack of competition.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton's win in this state, which offered the biggest delegate payout, solidified her position as the presumptive Democratic nominee. It marks the first time in history that a major U.S. political party has chosen a woman as its standard bearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, voter turnout in California was pointedly low, as it often is during primary elections, although the rate has crept up in the days since the primary, as more last-minute and provisional ballots have been counted. As of June 20, ballots were cast by about 43 percent of registered voters, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://vote.sos.ca.gov/returns/status/\" target=\"_blank\">Secretary of State\u003c/a>. That count will likely increase slightly, as more mail-in ballots are verfied and counted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/779b7012af24446289623a968926ec04/ap-count-clinton-has-delegates-win-democratic-nomination\" target=\"_blank\">the announcement\u003c/a> by the Associated Press the day before the primary, that Clinton had effectively clinched the nomination, wasn't exactly a motivating factor for the tepid voter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor contributing to low turnout, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/08/analyst-surge-in-younger-voters-failed-to-materialize-in-california-primary\" target=\"_blank\">writes KQED reporter Katie Orr\u003c/a>, is the lower-than-anticipated turnout among younger voters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"According to Political Data's analysis of about 3.1 million ballots returned to county registrars before Tuesday's vote, \u003ca href=\"https://public.tableau.com/profile/paulmitche11#!/vizhome/PDIAV2016PrimaryWorksheet/PDI2016VOTERRETURNSDASHBOARD\">voters under 35 made up just 10 percent\u003c/a> of those who voted. That group makes up 25 percent of the state's 17.9 million registered voters. In contrast, 68 percent of ballots returned came from voters over 55, who make up 41 percent of registered voters.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Additionally, voter participation was low in many of California's more populous counties, including Los Angeles (29.3 percent) and Alameda (30.5 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below shows which counties supported Clinton and which favored Sanders. Note the northern-sourthern divide. The bottom map shows the results of every state contest in this oh-so-long 2016 primary season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.graphiq.com/w/jNTkIVYBVMF?data-href=http%3A%2F%2Fprimary-by-state.insidegov.com%2Fl%2F5%2FCalifornia&data-height=1016&data-width=700&data-script-version=true&data-sv=1.0.0\" height=\"950\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/3ee1acd2-ca18-11e5-bc2d-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Making Sense of California's Top-Two Primary System",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"wp-more-tag mce-wp-more\" title=\"Read more...\" data-wp-more=\"more\" data-wp-more-text=\"\" data-mce-placeholder=\"1\">After months of watching the bloody battle from the sidelines, California is finally getting its chance to weigh in. On Tuesday, June 7 the Golden State hosts its presidential primary, one of the last state's to participate in a nominating process that started way back in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-more-tag mce-wp-more\" title=\"Read more...\" data-wp-more=\"more\" data-wp-more-text=\"\" data-mce-placeholder=\"1\">But with so much attention on the presidential race, it's easy to overlook some of the high stakes local and statewide contests on Tuesday's ballot, including a heated U.S. Senate race to replace Barbara Boxer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where the voting process gets confusing, namely because California's statewide contests follow a different set of rules from its presidential primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>First, the presidential primary ...\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California's presidential primary is known as a \"modified closed system.\" If you're registered with a particular political party, you can only vote for candidates in that party (i.e. registered Democrats can only choose between Hillary Clinton or Bernie Sanders).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"TtZz7kD2p1wZEdYkSGObv3h49eVoCszE\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in California, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=526\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">25 percent of all registered voters\u003c/a> are not affiliated with any party (known as \"No Party Preference\" voters). These voters receive a default non-partisan ballot that does not list any presidential candidates. However (and here comes the \"modified\" part), NPP voters can request to receive the presidential ballot of either the Democratic Party, the American Independent Party or the Libertarian Party (but not the Republican Party), and vote for those parties' respective candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tricky, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both the Democratic and Republican presidential primary contests, candidates win state party delegates in proportion to the number of votes they receive: the more votes, the more delegates.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>So what about the top-two system?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The first thing to remember about California's relatively new top-two voting system is that it \u003cem>only\u003c/em> applies to statewide and legislative races, as well \u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Libre Franklin', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\">U.S. Senate\u003c/span> and \u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Libre Franklin', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\">U.S. House\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Libre Franklin', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"> \u003cspan style=\"color: #333333;\">races \u003c/span>\u003c/span>(not the presidential primary or local races). It's an open primary system, which means party affiliation does not matter. You can vote for any candidate you want!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these races, every eligible candidate from every party is lumped together in one big political crock pot (yes, that's \"crock,\" not \"crack\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2023\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/lao_office1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-2023\" style=\"border: 1px solid black;\" title=\"lao_office\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/lao_office1.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/lao_office1.jpg 390w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/lao_office1-320x339.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CA Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two candidates from any party who receive the most votes in the primary will then face each other in a runoff in the November general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why your ballot this year will be overflowing with a shockingly long list of U.S. Senate candidates - a whopping \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Senate_election_in_California,_2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">34 to be precise. \u003c/a>It includes every candidate from every party running for that office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's say six Republicans, six Democrats, two Libertarians and one Green Party candidate are running for a state Assembly seat in your district. You're free to vote for any candidate you want, regardless of party affiliation. The top-two vote getters in that race then face off in the general election. That could even result in two candidates from the same party running against each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process looks a little something like this (and yes, this graphic is completely hypothetical - we're not in any way stipulating that the top-two voters will be a man and a woman!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2034\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/ope_ACGov1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-2034\" title=\"ope_ACGov\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/ope_ACGov1-620x439.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"439\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">acgov.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike the old, traditional closed voting system, third party candidates are no longer guaranteed a spot on the November ballot \u003cem>unless\u003c/em> they've received the highest or second highest number of votes in the primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And under the newer system, voters can only add write-in candidates during the primary, but not during the general election (again, this does not apply to the presidential primary).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on how the process works, see \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/documents/TopTwoPresentation.pdf\">Alameda County's excellent illustrated guide. \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How it used to be\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>From 2001 to 2011 (when the top-two system took effect), California had a “modified\" closed primary system. That meant you could only vote for candidates in your own political party (with the exception of non-partisan offices like county judges and education officials). For instance, if you were a Democrat, your ballot would only list Democratic candidates for national offices, or state senate, or governor or whatever other political races were happening in that particular election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, just to make things that much more confusing, there was a caveat: No Party Preference voters \u003ca href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/political-parties/no-party-preference/history-political-parties-have-adopted-party-rules-regarding-no-party-preference-voters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could participate in a party's primary election\u003c/a> \"if authorized by the individual party's rules and duly noticed to the Secretary of State.\" Essentially, the same rules as the presidential primary applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has six \u003ca href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/political-parties/qualified-political-parties/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"qualified\" \u003c/a>political parties:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>DEM = Democratic Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>REP = Republican Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>AI = American Independent Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>GRN = Green Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>LIB = Libertarian Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>PF = Peace & Freedom Party\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The candidate with the most votes from each party then advanced to the general election, where he/she would face top candidates from all the other parties. For each political contest, every party participating in the primary election would be guaranteed a spot in the November general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for any given race, the process generally looked something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2019\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-2019 size-full\" title=\"closed_acgov\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov.png\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1923\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov.png 3000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-400x256.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-800x513.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-1440x923.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-1180x756.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-768x492.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-320x205.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy acgov.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Why the change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The top-two system came about as a result of Prop 14, which voters approved in 2010. The measure was championed by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger ostensibly to reform California’s bitterly divided political system. Proponents successfully made the case that an open primary would force candidates to appeal to voters across party lines and reach a larger swath of the public, resulting in a less divided class of elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backers also argued that increasing the number of choices on the ballot would boost voter turnout and lend greater political voice to California’s growing contingent of independent voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the state’s Republican and Democratic party leaders, as well as a number of smaller parties and big labor unions, strongly denounced the measure on several grounds. They argued it would make primary campaigns significantly more expensive (because candidates would now need to appeal to a larger swath of voters across party lines) and thus benefit the richest candidates with the most name recognition. Opponents also argued that it would decimate the authority of individual political parties and all but eliminate opportunities for third party candidates to advance to the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, though, the measure prevailed with 54 percent support, an indication of the public’s growing discontent with California’s political establishment. Some analysts, however, suggested that many voters supporting the measure didn't completely understand what they were voting for. And interestingly, San Francisco and Orange County, on opposite ends of California’s political spectrum, were among the only counties to oppose it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Wait, déjà vu?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>No -- just California politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1996, voters approved Proposition 198, which instituted the “blanket primary.” The system was similar, in that voters could choose any candidate regardless of party affiliation. But it still resulted in one candidate from each party advancing to the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system was challenged in federal court and ultimately struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in a 7-2 decision on the basis that it violated a political party's First Amendment right of association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, another attempt to institute open primaries in California appeared on the 2004 ballot, but got the smack-down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So get used to the top-two system, because it's here to stay. For now, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Still confused? Some useful links:\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/documents/TopTwoPresentation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alameda County's illustrated top-two voting guide\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Secretary of State's election rundown\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Senate_election_in_California,_2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ballotpedia's CA Senate race breakdown\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"description": "After months of watching the bloody battle from the sidelines, California is finally getting its chance to weigh in. On Tuesday, June 7 the Golden State hosts its presidential primary, one of the last state's to participate in a nominating process that started way back in February. But with so much attention on the presidential",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"wp-more-tag mce-wp-more\" title=\"Read more...\" data-wp-more=\"more\" data-wp-more-text=\"\" data-mce-placeholder=\"1\">After months of watching the bloody battle from the sidelines, California is finally getting its chance to weigh in. On Tuesday, June 7 the Golden State hosts its presidential primary, one of the last state's to participate in a nominating process that started way back in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-more-tag mce-wp-more\" title=\"Read more...\" data-wp-more=\"more\" data-wp-more-text=\"\" data-mce-placeholder=\"1\">But with so much attention on the presidential race, it's easy to overlook some of the high stakes local and statewide contests on Tuesday's ballot, including a heated U.S. Senate race to replace Barbara Boxer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where the voting process gets confusing, namely because California's statewide contests follow a different set of rules from its presidential primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>First, the presidential primary ...\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California's presidential primary is known as a \"modified closed system.\" If you're registered with a particular political party, you can only vote for candidates in that party (i.e. registered Democrats can only choose between Hillary Clinton or Bernie Sanders).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in California, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=526\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">25 percent of all registered voters\u003c/a> are not affiliated with any party (known as \"No Party Preference\" voters). These voters receive a default non-partisan ballot that does not list any presidential candidates. However (and here comes the \"modified\" part), NPP voters can request to receive the presidential ballot of either the Democratic Party, the American Independent Party or the Libertarian Party (but not the Republican Party), and vote for those parties' respective candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tricky, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both the Democratic and Republican presidential primary contests, candidates win state party delegates in proportion to the number of votes they receive: the more votes, the more delegates.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>So what about the top-two system?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The first thing to remember about California's relatively new top-two voting system is that it \u003cem>only\u003c/em> applies to statewide and legislative races, as well \u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Libre Franklin', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\">U.S. Senate\u003c/span> and \u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Libre Franklin', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\">U.S. House\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Libre Franklin', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"> \u003cspan style=\"color: #333333;\">races \u003c/span>\u003c/span>(not the presidential primary or local races). It's an open primary system, which means party affiliation does not matter. You can vote for any candidate you want!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these races, every eligible candidate from every party is lumped together in one big political crock pot (yes, that's \"crock,\" not \"crack\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2023\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/lao_office1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-2023\" style=\"border: 1px solid black;\" title=\"lao_office\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/lao_office1.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/lao_office1.jpg 390w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/lao_office1-320x339.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CA Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two candidates from any party who receive the most votes in the primary will then face each other in a runoff in the November general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why your ballot this year will be overflowing with a shockingly long list of U.S. Senate candidates - a whopping \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Senate_election_in_California,_2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">34 to be precise. \u003c/a>It includes every candidate from every party running for that office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's say six Republicans, six Democrats, two Libertarians and one Green Party candidate are running for a state Assembly seat in your district. You're free to vote for any candidate you want, regardless of party affiliation. The top-two vote getters in that race then face off in the general election. That could even result in two candidates from the same party running against each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process looks a little something like this (and yes, this graphic is completely hypothetical - we're not in any way stipulating that the top-two voters will be a man and a woman!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2034\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/ope_ACGov1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-2034\" title=\"ope_ACGov\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/ope_ACGov1-620x439.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"439\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">acgov.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike the old, traditional closed voting system, third party candidates are no longer guaranteed a spot on the November ballot \u003cem>unless\u003c/em> they've received the highest or second highest number of votes in the primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And under the newer system, voters can only add write-in candidates during the primary, but not during the general election (again, this does not apply to the presidential primary).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on how the process works, see \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/documents/TopTwoPresentation.pdf\">Alameda County's excellent illustrated guide. \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How it used to be\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>From 2001 to 2011 (when the top-two system took effect), California had a “modified\" closed primary system. That meant you could only vote for candidates in your own political party (with the exception of non-partisan offices like county judges and education officials). For instance, if you were a Democrat, your ballot would only list Democratic candidates for national offices, or state senate, or governor or whatever other political races were happening in that particular election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, just to make things that much more confusing, there was a caveat: No Party Preference voters \u003ca href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/political-parties/no-party-preference/history-political-parties-have-adopted-party-rules-regarding-no-party-preference-voters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could participate in a party's primary election\u003c/a> \"if authorized by the individual party's rules and duly noticed to the Secretary of State.\" Essentially, the same rules as the presidential primary applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has six \u003ca href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/political-parties/qualified-political-parties/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"qualified\" \u003c/a>political parties:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>DEM = Democratic Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>REP = Republican Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>AI = American Independent Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>GRN = Green Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>LIB = Libertarian Party\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>PF = Peace & Freedom Party\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The candidate with the most votes from each party then advanced to the general election, where he/she would face top candidates from all the other parties. For each political contest, every party participating in the primary election would be guaranteed a spot in the November general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for any given race, the process generally looked something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2019\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-2019 size-full\" title=\"closed_acgov\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov.png\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1923\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov.png 3000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-400x256.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-800x513.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-1440x923.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-1180x756.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-768x492.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/closed_acgov-320x205.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy acgov.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Why the change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The top-two system came about as a result of Prop 14, which voters approved in 2010. The measure was championed by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger ostensibly to reform California’s bitterly divided political system. Proponents successfully made the case that an open primary would force candidates to appeal to voters across party lines and reach a larger swath of the public, resulting in a less divided class of elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backers also argued that increasing the number of choices on the ballot would boost voter turnout and lend greater political voice to California’s growing contingent of independent voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the state’s Republican and Democratic party leaders, as well as a number of smaller parties and big labor unions, strongly denounced the measure on several grounds. They argued it would make primary campaigns significantly more expensive (because candidates would now need to appeal to a larger swath of voters across party lines) and thus benefit the richest candidates with the most name recognition. Opponents also argued that it would decimate the authority of individual political parties and all but eliminate opportunities for third party candidates to advance to the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, though, the measure prevailed with 54 percent support, an indication of the public’s growing discontent with California’s political establishment. Some analysts, however, suggested that many voters supporting the measure didn't completely understand what they were voting for. And interestingly, San Francisco and Orange County, on opposite ends of California’s political spectrum, were among the only counties to oppose it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Wait, déjà vu?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>No -- just California politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1996, voters approved Proposition 198, which instituted the “blanket primary.” The system was similar, in that voters could choose any candidate regardless of party affiliation. But it still resulted in one candidate from each party advancing to the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system was challenged in federal court and ultimately struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in a 7-2 decision on the basis that it violated a political party's First Amendment right of association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, another attempt to institute open primaries in California appeared on the 2004 ballot, but got the smack-down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So get used to the top-two system, because it's here to stay. For now, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Still confused? Some useful links:\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.acgov.org/rov/documents/TopTwoPresentation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alameda County's illustrated top-two voting guide\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Secretary of State's election rundown\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Senate_election_in_California,_2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ballotpedia's CA Senate race breakdown\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How A Rubber Duck Meme Sidestepped Censorship on Tiananmen Square Anniversary",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong> The rubber duck meme was temporarily removed by Chinese censors after it first appeared online in 2013, but reappeared the following year. Even the most subversive memes, it turns out, have limited shelf life.\u003c/em>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's safe to say that this was the first time the term \"Big Yellow Duck\" had ever been banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But had you searched for it (in Chinese) on June 4, 2013 on \u003ca href=\"http://www.weibo.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Sina Weibo\u003c/a>, China’s biggest microblog site, a message would have informed you that it couldn't be shown \"according to relevant laws, statutes and policies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out it's a result of clever photoshopping in the shadow of government censorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturday, June 4 marks the 27th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre, when the Chinese military in 1989 violently broke up a 6-week student pro-democracy rally. Ordered by the nation's hardline leaders to suppress the demonstration, troops entered the square with tanks and assault rifles, killing hordes of students who refused to move. Anywhere from 400 to over 1,000 unarmed protesters died (the actual number has never been released).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/YeFzeNAHEhU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although China has undergone dramatic economic changes in the years since, its communist government remains authoritarian in practice. Officials are quick to crack down on dissent, limiting freedom of speech and other basic civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Television, film and print media have long been under the government's strict control. And while the internet presents greater censorship challenges, the government has acted aggressively to limit access to search engines like Google, and filter content deemed subversive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As memory of this tragedy doesn't exactly cast the Chinese government in the most positive light, it's hardly surprising that they'd try to wipe out - or rewrite - as much information on it as possible. In fact,\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/may/08/world/fg-history8\" target=\"_blank\"> Chinese history textbooks\u003c/a> are notorious for omitting any reference to Tiananmen Square and other incidents of government suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As George Orwell wrote in his dystopian novel \"1984\" (which is also widely censored):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"quoteText\" style=\"color: #181818;\">\u003cem>“He who controls the past controls the future. He who controls the present controls the past.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Today\", \"Tonight\", \"June 4\", and \"Anniversary\" have been among \u003ca href=\"http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/06/sensitive-words-june-4th/\" target=\"_blank\">the many blocked words and terms\u003c/a> on Weibo, the Twitter-esque site, which has more than half a billion registered users in China. In recent years, more obscure workaround references, like \"May 35\" and \"63 plus 1\" have also popped up and been subsequently blacklisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #000000;\">So what about the \"big yellow duck\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese censors banned the term after the above image went viral on the social media site. The clever meme reinvents the iconic \"Tank Man\" image from the 1989 protest. The original image, captured by Associated Press photographer \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/02/asia/gallery/jeff-widener-gallery/\" target=\"_blank\">Jeff Widener\u003c/a>, shows a young man standing in front of four tanks, blocking them from moving forward (see original video footage above).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the real photo is, not surprisingly, nowhere to be found on Chinese websites, some clever artist created the duck image in its place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When government censors got wind of the image, they apparently failed to see the humor in it and didn't hesitate to add \"big yellow duck\" to the long and growing list of forbidden search terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #000000;\">Roughly a third of today's Chinese citizens were born after the 1989 protests. And with little historical information of the event on record, a huge chunk of the population -- as many as 400 million young people -- are likely to be largely unaware of this pivotal event in their nation's history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The education system and the vast apparatus that censors the Chinese media and Internet have done such a formidable job at eliminating references to the events of 1989 that many young people are unaware of what happened or have only a faint notion of what happened,\" Jeremy Goldkorn, the founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.danwei.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Danwei\u003c/a>, a Beijing-based firm that tracks Chinese media, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.afp.com/en\" target=\"_blank\">Agence France-Presse\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The result is that many young people who do not remember 1989 themselves would need an unusual degree of curiosity to look for information about what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the government's ongoing efforts to erase undesirable history, the duck meme inspired other clever re-imaginings of the original image. Here are a few of them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \t \t\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-8028 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg\" alt=\"Lego tanks\" width=\"556\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg 460w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008-400x240.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008-320x192.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-13172 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg\" alt=\"o-COW-WEIBO-570\" width=\"555\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg 570w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570-400x269.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570-320x215.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong> The rubber duck meme was temporarily removed by Chinese censors after it first appeared online in 2013, but reappeared the following year. Even the most subversive memes, it turns out, have limited shelf life.\u003c/em>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's safe to say that this was the first time the term \"Big Yellow Duck\" had ever been banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But had you searched for it (in Chinese) on June 4, 2013 on \u003ca href=\"http://www.weibo.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Sina Weibo\u003c/a>, China’s biggest microblog site, a message would have informed you that it couldn't be shown \"according to relevant laws, statutes and policies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out it's a result of clever photoshopping in the shadow of government censorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturday, June 4 marks the 27th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre, when the Chinese military in 1989 violently broke up a 6-week student pro-democracy rally. Ordered by the nation's hardline leaders to suppress the demonstration, troops entered the square with tanks and assault rifles, killing hordes of students who refused to move. Anywhere from 400 to over 1,000 unarmed protesters died (the actual number has never been released).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/YeFzeNAHEhU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/YeFzeNAHEhU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Although China has undergone dramatic economic changes in the years since, its communist government remains authoritarian in practice. Officials are quick to crack down on dissent, limiting freedom of speech and other basic civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Television, film and print media have long been under the government's strict control. And while the internet presents greater censorship challenges, the government has acted aggressively to limit access to search engines like Google, and filter content deemed subversive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As memory of this tragedy doesn't exactly cast the Chinese government in the most positive light, it's hardly surprising that they'd try to wipe out - or rewrite - as much information on it as possible. In fact,\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/may/08/world/fg-history8\" target=\"_blank\"> Chinese history textbooks\u003c/a> are notorious for omitting any reference to Tiananmen Square and other incidents of government suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As George Orwell wrote in his dystopian novel \"1984\" (which is also widely censored):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"quoteText\" style=\"color: #181818;\">\u003cem>“He who controls the past controls the future. He who controls the present controls the past.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Today\", \"Tonight\", \"June 4\", and \"Anniversary\" have been among \u003ca href=\"http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/06/sensitive-words-june-4th/\" target=\"_blank\">the many blocked words and terms\u003c/a> on Weibo, the Twitter-esque site, which has more than half a billion registered users in China. In recent years, more obscure workaround references, like \"May 35\" and \"63 plus 1\" have also popped up and been subsequently blacklisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #000000;\">So what about the \"big yellow duck\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese censors banned the term after the above image went viral on the social media site. The clever meme reinvents the iconic \"Tank Man\" image from the 1989 protest. The original image, captured by Associated Press photographer \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/02/asia/gallery/jeff-widener-gallery/\" target=\"_blank\">Jeff Widener\u003c/a>, shows a young man standing in front of four tanks, blocking them from moving forward (see original video footage above).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the real photo is, not surprisingly, nowhere to be found on Chinese websites, some clever artist created the duck image in its place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When government censors got wind of the image, they apparently failed to see the humor in it and didn't hesitate to add \"big yellow duck\" to the long and growing list of forbidden search terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #000000;\">Roughly a third of today's Chinese citizens were born after the 1989 protests. And with little historical information of the event on record, a huge chunk of the population -- as many as 400 million young people -- are likely to be largely unaware of this pivotal event in their nation's history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The education system and the vast apparatus that censors the Chinese media and Internet have done such a formidable job at eliminating references to the events of 1989 that many young people are unaware of what happened or have only a faint notion of what happened,\" Jeremy Goldkorn, the founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.danwei.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Danwei\u003c/a>, a Beijing-based firm that tracks Chinese media, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.afp.com/en\" target=\"_blank\">Agence France-Presse\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The result is that many young people who do not remember 1989 themselves would need an unusual degree of curiosity to look for information about what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the government's ongoing efforts to erase undesirable history, the duck meme inspired other clever re-imaginings of the original image. Here are a few of them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \t \t\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-8028 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg\" alt=\"Lego tanks\" width=\"556\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008.jpg 460w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008-400x240.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/06/Lego-tanks-008-320x192.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-13172 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg\" alt=\"o-COW-WEIBO-570\" width=\"555\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570.jpg 570w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570-400x269.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2014/06/o-COW-WEIBO-570-320x215.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "CHART: How Many Soldiers Died in Each U.S. War?",
"title": "CHART: How Many Soldiers Died in Each U.S. War?",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->America has never been a stranger to war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our relatively short history as a nation, we've fought a lot of them: 11 official wars and numerous other domestic and international military conflicts, collectively resulting in huge numbers of casualties on both sides of the battlefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a sober fact we're meant to be reminded of on Memorial Day, particularly in light of the nearly 7,000 U.S. troops killed, and the many more wounded, over the last decade in our most recent and ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, even as the U.S. military continues to grow more inclusive, most Americans are much less likely than previous generations to either be involved in an armed military conflict or to know a friend or family member serving in one. This is in large part because the military has been an all-volunteer force since the end of the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Paul Waldman of the \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Prospect\u003c/a> noted in his 2014 article:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of Americans who were in uniform peaked during the national mobilizations of World War I and World War II, particularly the latter, when more than 16 million Americans were in the armed forces. As a proportion of the population, 14 times as many Americans served in World War II as did in the wars of the last decade.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another stark disparity is the rate of U.S. fatalities in today's conflicts as compared to those in even the recent past. In Vietnam, Waldman writes, there was one death for every 58 soldiers deployed. In both World War I and World War II, that rate was about one in 40. And during the Civil War, it was an astounding one in five. \"That of course meant that many more Americans would know someone who died.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, modern American warfare has become less a national sacrifice than it once was, with a significantly smaller percentage of the nation's population bearing the burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chart below shows U.S. war deaths per official military conflict. Keep in mind that some of these figures, particularly those from older conflicts, are rough estimates. Sources are listed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript id=\"infogram_0_ac52f636-e624-4c5b-9248-3b4aa7804453\" title=\"U.S. War Deaths\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/js/dist/embed.js?KVz\" type=\"text/javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>- War fatalities/deployments: \u003ca href=\"http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dept. of Veterans Affairs \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Defense\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n- Population figures: \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Paul Waldman, American Prospect\u003c/a> (based on U.S. Census data from the year each war began)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->America has never been a stranger to war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our relatively short history as a nation, we've fought a lot of them: 11 official wars and numerous other domestic and international military conflicts, collectively resulting in huge numbers of casualties on both sides of the battlefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a sober fact we're meant to be reminded of on Memorial Day, particularly in light of the nearly 7,000 U.S. troops killed, and the many more wounded, over the last decade in our most recent and ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, even as the U.S. military continues to grow more inclusive, most Americans are much less likely than previous generations to either be involved in an armed military conflict or to know a friend or family member serving in one. This is in large part because the military has been an all-volunteer force since the end of the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Paul Waldman of the \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Prospect\u003c/a> noted in his 2014 article:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of Americans who were in uniform peaked during the national mobilizations of World War I and World War II, particularly the latter, when more than 16 million Americans were in the armed forces. As a proportion of the population, 14 times as many Americans served in World War II as did in the wars of the last decade.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another stark disparity is the rate of U.S. fatalities in today's conflicts as compared to those in even the recent past. In Vietnam, Waldman writes, there was one death for every 58 soldiers deployed. In both World War I and World War II, that rate was about one in 40. And during the Civil War, it was an astounding one in five. \"That of course meant that many more Americans would know someone who died.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, modern American warfare has become less a national sacrifice than it once was, with a significantly smaller percentage of the nation's population bearing the burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chart below shows U.S. war deaths per official military conflict. Keep in mind that some of these figures, particularly those from older conflicts, are rough estimates. Sources are listed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript id=\"infogram_0_ac52f636-e624-4c5b-9248-3b4aa7804453\" title=\"U.S. War Deaths\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/js/dist/embed.js?KVz\" type=\"text/javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>- War fatalities/deployments: \u003ca href=\"http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dept. of Veterans Affairs \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Defense\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n- Population figures: \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Paul Waldman, American Prospect\u003c/a> (based on U.S. Census data from the year each war began)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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