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"content": "\u003cp>“Have you ever received a warning or intimation of approaching good or ill while wrapt in dreamy slumber? Have you ever been the victim of baffling situations, mysterious penalties, grotesque associations, or weird inconsistencies, because all the while you were enchanted in the stable fetters of sleep?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how, on Nov. 16, 1925, the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/OakTribNews\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Oakland Tribune\u003c/em>\u003c/a> launched the most surreal competition in its history: The Tribune-American Theater Dream Contest. Readers were asked to send in detailed descriptions of strange dreams they’d had, for the chance to win $25 and a movie role. “The winning dream,” the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> explained, “will be made with local backgrounds and with the dreamers themselves re-enacting their slumber visions.” The film would then be shown at the American Theatre—then located on San Pablo Avenue near the corner of 17th Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13898285\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13898285\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-800x289.png\" alt=\"The dream contest form, as seen in 'The Oakland Tribune' throughout November and December 1925.\" width=\"800\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-800x289.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-1020x369.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-160x58.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-768x278.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM.png 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The dream contest form, as seen in ‘The Oakland Tribune’ throughout November and December 1925. \u003ccite>(The Oakland Tribune)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Within days, the newspaper was bombarded with entries from all over the Bay Area. “The chance to ‘see yourself in the movies’ has appealed to many aspirants who have long desired a screen test of themselves,” the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> reported, “and numerous replies have been received from kiddies ambitious to make their screen debut.” In addition to entries from Oakland, Alameda and Berkeley, one story proudly stated, the paper also received dream summaries from “Stege, Avon, Glen Ellen, Hayward, Niles, Pinole, Watsonville and San Jose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13884403']Readers told of dreams in which they died, became British royalty, received “nocturnal warnings,” and rode whales to France. The Nov. 19 \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> listed highlights from the “Dream Editor’s mail.” These included tales about “the Prince of Wales in a 1913 aeroplane, golden winged birds in fairy castles, a pedestrian jaunt across San Francisco Bay, a wicked hermit having a bodyguard of fierce lions, a midnight sky full of waving American flags,” and many more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lucky entries were even given the dream analysis treatment in the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em>—a practice that had grown increasingly fashionable since Sigmund Freud published \u003cem>The Interpretation of Dreams\u003c/em> in 1900. (“To see one’s self beheaded is a sign that loyal friends are near you,” a \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> interpreter advised one reader.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then on Nov. 23, the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> finally announced its winner: a Mrs. L. L. Nicholson of 3812 San Juan St., Oakland, who dreamed her baby stole the family car and got a speeding ticket. Nicholson, her husband, and their baby boy, Bobby, made a special appearance in the newspaper, photographed while receiving their $25 check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13898264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13898264\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-800x717.png\" alt=\"The Nicholson family, as seen in the 'Oakland Tribune' on Nov. 28, 1925.\" width=\"800\" height=\"717\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-800x717.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-1020x914.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-160x143.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-768x688.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM.png 1216w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nicholson family, as seen in the ‘Oakland Tribune’ on Nov. 28, 1925. \u003ccite>(The Oakland Tribune)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Five days before they appeared, the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> had excitedly announced, “OAKLAND BOY, 11 MONTHS, TO STAR IN DREAM MOVIE.” The resulting seven-and-a-half-minute silent film starts at the family’s home in Oakland, travels to the ferry building in San Francisco, then back to the East Bay in a row boat. There are peculiar subplots involving two fish, and an “auto” acting “queerly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nicholson family’s dream movie can be seen in all its glory below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3E0INvKAwQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> ran the dream competition two more times before the end of 1925. The second winner—Miss Carolyn Flowers of 5437 Thomas St.—won for a dream in which a KLX radio orchestra struggled to survive “repeated sinister interruptions.” A third winner was supposed to be named in mid-December, but that announcement can’t be found in the available \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> archives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The curious competition ultimately leaves us with a fascinating snapshot of the pop culture trends of 1925. Dreams, this contest leads us to believe, were celebrated as a wonderful form of escapism. As the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> reported on Dec. 7: “In dreamland you abolish the limitations of time and space. You explore the weedy depths of the seven seas and are present at the birth of the morning.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“Have you ever received a warning or intimation of approaching good or ill while wrapt in dreamy slumber? Have you ever been the victim of baffling situations, mysterious penalties, grotesque associations, or weird inconsistencies, because all the while you were enchanted in the stable fetters of sleep?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how, on Nov. 16, 1925, the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/OakTribNews\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Oakland Tribune\u003c/em>\u003c/a> launched the most surreal competition in its history: The Tribune-American Theater Dream Contest. Readers were asked to send in detailed descriptions of strange dreams they’d had, for the chance to win $25 and a movie role. “The winning dream,” the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> explained, “will be made with local backgrounds and with the dreamers themselves re-enacting their slumber visions.” The film would then be shown at the American Theatre—then located on San Pablo Avenue near the corner of 17th Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13898285\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13898285\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-800x289.png\" alt=\"The dream contest form, as seen in 'The Oakland Tribune' throughout November and December 1925.\" width=\"800\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-800x289.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-1020x369.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-160x58.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM-768x278.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-03-at-3.25.58-PM.png 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The dream contest form, as seen in ‘The Oakland Tribune’ throughout November and December 1925. \u003ccite>(The Oakland Tribune)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Within days, the newspaper was bombarded with entries from all over the Bay Area. “The chance to ‘see yourself in the movies’ has appealed to many aspirants who have long desired a screen test of themselves,” the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> reported, “and numerous replies have been received from kiddies ambitious to make their screen debut.” In addition to entries from Oakland, Alameda and Berkeley, one story proudly stated, the paper also received dream summaries from “Stege, Avon, Glen Ellen, Hayward, Niles, Pinole, Watsonville and San Jose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Readers told of dreams in which they died, became British royalty, received “nocturnal warnings,” and rode whales to France. The Nov. 19 \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> listed highlights from the “Dream Editor’s mail.” These included tales about “the Prince of Wales in a 1913 aeroplane, golden winged birds in fairy castles, a pedestrian jaunt across San Francisco Bay, a wicked hermit having a bodyguard of fierce lions, a midnight sky full of waving American flags,” and many more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lucky entries were even given the dream analysis treatment in the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em>—a practice that had grown increasingly fashionable since Sigmund Freud published \u003cem>The Interpretation of Dreams\u003c/em> in 1900. (“To see one’s self beheaded is a sign that loyal friends are near you,” a \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> interpreter advised one reader.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then on Nov. 23, the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> finally announced its winner: a Mrs. L. L. Nicholson of 3812 San Juan St., Oakland, who dreamed her baby stole the family car and got a speeding ticket. Nicholson, her husband, and their baby boy, Bobby, made a special appearance in the newspaper, photographed while receiving their $25 check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13898264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13898264\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-800x717.png\" alt=\"The Nicholson family, as seen in the 'Oakland Tribune' on Nov. 28, 1925.\" width=\"800\" height=\"717\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-800x717.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-1020x914.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-160x143.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM-768x688.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Screen-Shot-2021-06-02-at-5.18.31-PM.png 1216w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nicholson family, as seen in the ‘Oakland Tribune’ on Nov. 28, 1925. \u003ccite>(The Oakland Tribune)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Five days before they appeared, the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> had excitedly announced, “OAKLAND BOY, 11 MONTHS, TO STAR IN DREAM MOVIE.” The resulting seven-and-a-half-minute silent film starts at the family’s home in Oakland, travels to the ferry building in San Francisco, then back to the East Bay in a row boat. There are peculiar subplots involving two fish, and an “auto” acting “queerly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nicholson family’s dream movie can be seen in all its glory below:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/f3E0INvKAwQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/f3E0INvKAwQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> ran the dream competition two more times before the end of 1925. The second winner—Miss Carolyn Flowers of 5437 Thomas St.—won for a dream in which a KLX radio orchestra struggled to survive “repeated sinister interruptions.” A third winner was supposed to be named in mid-December, but that announcement can’t be found in the available \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> archives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The curious competition ultimately leaves us with a fascinating snapshot of the pop culture trends of 1925. Dreams, this contest leads us to believe, were celebrated as a wonderful form of escapism. As the \u003cem>Tribune\u003c/em> reported on Dec. 7: “In dreamland you abolish the limitations of time and space. You explore the weedy depths of the seven seas and are present at the birth of the morning.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Historian Uncovers the Racist Roots of the 2nd Amendment",
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"content": "\u003cp>Do Black people have full Second Amendment rights?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the question historian Carol Anderson set out to answer after Minnesota police killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/07/485066807/police-stop-ends-in-black-mans-death-aftermath-is-livestreamed-online-video\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Philando Castile\u003c/a>, a Black man with a license to carry a gun, during a 2016 traffic stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here was a Black man who was pulled over by the police and the police officer asked to see his identification. Philando Castile, using the NRA guidelines, alerts to the officer that he has a licensed weapon with him,” she says. “[And] the police officer began shooting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, after the assault on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2013/04/20/178063471/two-decades-later-some-branch-davidians-still-believe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Branch Davidian compound\u003c/a> in Waco, Texas, the National Rifle Association condemned federal authorities as “jack-booted government thugs.” But Anderson says the organization “went virtually silent” when when it came to Castile’s case, issuing a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/NationalRifleAssociation/photos/10154483218346833/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tepid statement\u003c/a> that did not mention Castile by name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her new book \u003cem>The Second: Race and Guns in a Fatally Unequal America,\u003c/em> Anderson traces racial distinctions in Americans’ treatment of gun ownership back to the founding of the country and the Second Amendment, which states:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The language of the amendment, Anderson says, was crafted to ensure slave owners could quickly crush any rebellion or resistance from those they’d enslaved. And she says the right to bear arms, presumably guaranteed to all citizens, has been repeatedly denied to Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that I argue throughout this book is that it is just being Black that is the threat. And so when you mix that being Black as the threat with bearing arms, it’s an exponential fear,” she says. “This isn’t an anti-gun or a pro-gun book. This is a book about African Americans’ rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13898177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13898177\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/9781635574258-2ea460de0e43a1d016ac2f2c3fa40491e0ce53d9.jpg\" alt=\"'The Second: Race and Guns in a Fatally Unequal America,' by Carol Anderson.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/9781635574258-2ea460de0e43a1d016ac2f2c3fa40491e0ce53d9.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/9781635574258-2ea460de0e43a1d016ac2f2c3fa40491e0ce53d9-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘The Second: Race and Guns in a Fatally Unequal America,’ by Carol Anderson. \u003ccite>(Bloomsbury Publishing)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Interview highlights \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the crafting of the Second Amendment at the Constitutional Convention \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was in response to the concerns coming out of the Virginia ratification convention for the Constitution, led by Patrick Henry and George Mason, that a militia that was controlled solely by the federal government would not be there to protect the slave owners from an enslaved uprising. And … James Madison crafted that language in order to mollify the concerns coming out of Virginia and the anti-Federalists, that they would still have full control over their state militias—and those militias were used in order to quell slave revolts. … The Second Amendment really provided the cover, the assurances that Patrick Henry and George Mason needed, that the militias would not be controlled by the federal government, but that they would be controlled by the states and at the beck and call of the states to be able to put down these uprisings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Black peoples’ access to arms after the American Revolution \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You saw incredible restrictions being put in place about limiting access to arms. And this is across the board for free Blacks and, particularly, for the enslaved. And with each uprising, the laws became even more strict, even more definitive about who could and who could not bear arms. And so free Blacks were particularly proscribed. And so we see this, for instance, in Georgia, where Georgia had a law that restricted the carrying of guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the founding fathers’ fear of a slave revolt, which was stoked by the Haitian revolution \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Haiti began to overthrow the French colonial masters and were seizing that country for themselves, when Blacks were seizing that country for themselves, the violence of the Haitian revolution, the existence of the Haitian revolution, just sent basically an earthquake of fear throughout the United States. You had George Washington lamenting the violence. You had Thomas Jefferson talking about [how] he was fearful that those ideas over there, if they get here, it’s going to be fire. You had James Madison worried. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13870538']Whites … were fleeing Haiti and were bringing their enslaved populations with them, their enslaved people with them. … [There was a fear that] the ideas that these Black Haitians would have, that somehow those ideas of revolution, those ideas of racial justice, those ideas of freedom and democracy would just metastasize throughout Virginia’s Black enslaved population and cause a revolt. You had that same fear coming out of Baltimore that then began to open up the public armory to whites saying, ‘You are justified in being armed because they’re bringing too many of these Black Haitians, these enslaved Haitians up here who have these ideas that Black people can be free.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how the Black Panthers responded to restrictions in Black people’s ability to bear arms in the 1960s\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the Black Panthers were dealing with was massive police brutality. Just beating on Black people, killing Black people at will with impunity. And the Panthers decided that they would police the police. Huey P. Newton, who was the co-founder of the Black Panthers along with Bobby Seale, … knew the law and he knew what the law said about being able to open carry weapons and the types of weapons you were able to openly carry and how far you had to stand away from the police arresting somebody or interrogating somebody. … And the police did not like having these aggressive Black men and women doing that work of policing the police. And the response was a thing called the Mulford Act, and the Mulford Act set out to ban open carrying of weapons. And it was drafted by a conservative assemblyman in California with the support and help of an NRA representative and eagerly signed by Gov. Ronald Reagan as a way to make illegal what the Panthers were legally doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sam Briger and Kayla Lattimore produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Meghan Sullivan adapted it for the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2021 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Historian+Uncovers+The+Racist+Roots+Of+The+2nd+Amendment&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Do Black people have full Second Amendment rights?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the question historian Carol Anderson set out to answer after Minnesota police killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/07/485066807/police-stop-ends-in-black-mans-death-aftermath-is-livestreamed-online-video\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Philando Castile\u003c/a>, a Black man with a license to carry a gun, during a 2016 traffic stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here was a Black man who was pulled over by the police and the police officer asked to see his identification. Philando Castile, using the NRA guidelines, alerts to the officer that he has a licensed weapon with him,” she says. “[And] the police officer began shooting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, after the assault on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2013/04/20/178063471/two-decades-later-some-branch-davidians-still-believe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Branch Davidian compound\u003c/a> in Waco, Texas, the National Rifle Association condemned federal authorities as “jack-booted government thugs.” But Anderson says the organization “went virtually silent” when when it came to Castile’s case, issuing a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/NationalRifleAssociation/photos/10154483218346833/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tepid statement\u003c/a> that did not mention Castile by name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her new book \u003cem>The Second: Race and Guns in a Fatally Unequal America,\u003c/em> Anderson traces racial distinctions in Americans’ treatment of gun ownership back to the founding of the country and the Second Amendment, which states:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The language of the amendment, Anderson says, was crafted to ensure slave owners could quickly crush any rebellion or resistance from those they’d enslaved. And she says the right to bear arms, presumably guaranteed to all citizens, has been repeatedly denied to Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that I argue throughout this book is that it is just being Black that is the threat. And so when you mix that being Black as the threat with bearing arms, it’s an exponential fear,” she says. “This isn’t an anti-gun or a pro-gun book. This is a book about African Americans’ rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13898177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13898177\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/9781635574258-2ea460de0e43a1d016ac2f2c3fa40491e0ce53d9.jpg\" alt=\"'The Second: Race and Guns in a Fatally Unequal America,' by Carol Anderson.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/9781635574258-2ea460de0e43a1d016ac2f2c3fa40491e0ce53d9.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/9781635574258-2ea460de0e43a1d016ac2f2c3fa40491e0ce53d9-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘The Second: Race and Guns in a Fatally Unequal America,’ by Carol Anderson. \u003ccite>(Bloomsbury Publishing)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Interview highlights \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the crafting of the Second Amendment at the Constitutional Convention \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was in response to the concerns coming out of the Virginia ratification convention for the Constitution, led by Patrick Henry and George Mason, that a militia that was controlled solely by the federal government would not be there to protect the slave owners from an enslaved uprising. And … James Madison crafted that language in order to mollify the concerns coming out of Virginia and the anti-Federalists, that they would still have full control over their state militias—and those militias were used in order to quell slave revolts. … The Second Amendment really provided the cover, the assurances that Patrick Henry and George Mason needed, that the militias would not be controlled by the federal government, but that they would be controlled by the states and at the beck and call of the states to be able to put down these uprisings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Black peoples’ access to arms after the American Revolution \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You saw incredible restrictions being put in place about limiting access to arms. And this is across the board for free Blacks and, particularly, for the enslaved. And with each uprising, the laws became even more strict, even more definitive about who could and who could not bear arms. And so free Blacks were particularly proscribed. And so we see this, for instance, in Georgia, where Georgia had a law that restricted the carrying of guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the founding fathers’ fear of a slave revolt, which was stoked by the Haitian revolution \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Haiti began to overthrow the French colonial masters and were seizing that country for themselves, when Blacks were seizing that country for themselves, the violence of the Haitian revolution, the existence of the Haitian revolution, just sent basically an earthquake of fear throughout the United States. You had George Washington lamenting the violence. You had Thomas Jefferson talking about [how] he was fearful that those ideas over there, if they get here, it’s going to be fire. You had James Madison worried. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Whites … were fleeing Haiti and were bringing their enslaved populations with them, their enslaved people with them. … [There was a fear that] the ideas that these Black Haitians would have, that somehow those ideas of revolution, those ideas of racial justice, those ideas of freedom and democracy would just metastasize throughout Virginia’s Black enslaved population and cause a revolt. You had that same fear coming out of Baltimore that then began to open up the public armory to whites saying, ‘You are justified in being armed because they’re bringing too many of these Black Haitians, these enslaved Haitians up here who have these ideas that Black people can be free.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how the Black Panthers responded to restrictions in Black people’s ability to bear arms in the 1960s\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the Black Panthers were dealing with was massive police brutality. Just beating on Black people, killing Black people at will with impunity. And the Panthers decided that they would police the police. Huey P. Newton, who was the co-founder of the Black Panthers along with Bobby Seale, … knew the law and he knew what the law said about being able to open carry weapons and the types of weapons you were able to openly carry and how far you had to stand away from the police arresting somebody or interrogating somebody. … And the police did not like having these aggressive Black men and women doing that work of policing the police. And the response was a thing called the Mulford Act, and the Mulford Act set out to ban open carrying of weapons. And it was drafted by a conservative assemblyman in California with the support and help of an NRA representative and eagerly signed by Gov. Ronald Reagan as a way to make illegal what the Panthers were legally doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sam Briger and Kayla Lattimore produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Meghan Sullivan adapted it for the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2021 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Historian+Uncovers+The+Racist+Roots+Of+The+2nd+Amendment&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "3 Documentaries You Should Watch About the Tulsa Race Massacre",
"headTitle": "3 Documentaries You Should Watch About the Tulsa Race Massacre | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If all you know about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tulsa Race Massacre\u003c/a> is the re-creations of the attack featured in HBO series like \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/22/771998690/watchmen-creator-damon-lindelof-not-talking-about-race-felt-irresponsible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Watchmen\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/03/30/982668346/lovecraft-country-creator-aims-to-reclaim-the-horror-genre-for-people-of-color\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Lovecraft Country\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, prepare yourself for a serious education over the next few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday marked the 100th anniversary for one of the worst acts of racial violence in American history, the Tulsa Race Massacre. Back in 1921, a mob of white people tore down and burned the Greenwood district of Tulsa, Okla.—a segregated part of the city so prosperous and bustling, it was known as Black Wall Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13881199']According to some historians, over 1,200 homes and buildings were \u003ca href=\"https://www.tulsalibrary.org/tulsa-race-riot-1921\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">destroyed by the violence,\u003c/a> killing between 100 and 300 people. But thanks to white-dominated power structures in the city of Tulsa and state of Oklahoma, news about the massacre was wiped from many official sources for decades (several fans of \u003cem>Watchmen\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Lovecraft Country\u003c/em> have told me they had never heard of the massacre before these fictional TV shows dramatized the attack during their episodes last year and in 2019).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that will likely change over the next week and beyond, as a flood of programs centered on the Tulsa Race Massacre come to television. From enterprise reporting efforts at ABC, CBS and NBC to projects on National Geographic, CNN, The History Channel and PBS, there are a wide array of documentary films and TV programs aimed at reminding Americans just how deadly unchecked racism can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After watching the films offered by \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/specials/tulsa-burning-the-1921-race-massacre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The History Channel\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/shows/dreamland-cnn-films\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CNN\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/tulsa-fire-and-forgotten/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PBS\u003c/a>, I saw common themes emerge. First was the power of white society to control what history is recognized, to erase uncomfortable truths and resist efforts to dig up the truth (sometimes literally, as when officials ended early attempts to find mass graves of massacre victims in 1999). Several films featured comments from longtime white residents of Tulsa, including its current mayor, G.T. Bynum, who said they didn’t even learn the Tulsa Race Massacre had happened until they were adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such insistence on erasing Black pain from a community’s official history creates, by necessity, a shadow history kept among people of color and passed along, often by word of mouth. White America may have tried to forget Tulsa, but the massacre’s details lived in the stories of Black survivors and their descendants, handed down like bitter family heirlooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Even worse, for a journalist like me, was to realize the role the media played back then—both in whipping up white fears about Black people through horrifically racist films and newspaper stories, while disappearing news of attacks and lynchings once white people took action.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second painful truth was the lasting damage such attacks can have on a people. According to CNN’s film, 191 Black-owned businesses stood in the Greenwood district before the massacre, including one of the finest hotels in the country. These days, there are fewer than a dozen Black-owned businesses in that same area, now reduced to a block-long main drag with modest establishments like a barbershop, health clinic and coffee shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generations of Black wealth were erased in the massacre. Tulsa’s racial segregation and the struggle of its Black community remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people pop up in multiple documentaries, including the \u003ca href=\"http://robertturnerministries.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rev. Robert Turner,\u003c/a> the sharp-dressing pastor of Historic Vernon AME Church. His church’s basement hid survivors of the massacre 100 years ago; more recently, Turner is shown regularly visiting Tulsa’s City Hall with a bullhorn, reminding residents of the need for memory and reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pastoring a church where the members died and the survivors never saw justice, that aggravated my spirit,” Turner says in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/specials/tulsa-burning-the-1921-race-massacre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">History Channel documentary\u003c/a>. “It’s an embarrassment that we have never had a district attorney investigate the worst crime in this city’s history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13890558']Historian Hannibal B. Johnson talks about how Black people enslaved by Native Americans were freed and given land, forming the early basis for the Greenwood district’s wealth. And several experts also speak of the effort to find the rumored unmarked mass graves where Black people who were killed in the massacre may have been interred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most importantly, the films show how history’s broad trends can feed into a singular disaster. As Southern states ratcheted up racialized violence and racially oppressive laws to snatch back Black voting rights, a generation of Black veterans who had served America in World War I were no longer willing to accept the indignities of indiscriminate racial oppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a large group of Black people showed up in Tulsa to stop the lynching of a young Black man unfairly accused of sexually assaulting a white female elevator operator—white crowds had been incited by incendiary, \u003ca href=\"https://www.okhistory.org/learn/trm3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">unfair coverage from\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Tulsa Tribune\u003c/em>—a white man tried to grab a gun from a Black man. A struggle ensued, the gun went off, and the white mob had their excuse to obliterate Black Wall Street over two days of brutal violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are capsule reviews of three powerful films I found most compelling, from The History Channel, CNN and PBS. Watch at least one of them to learn the kind of American history that should have been taught in classrooms and from schoolbooks nationwide for the past 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Tulsa Burning: The 1921 Race Massacre,\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cstrong> airing on The History Channel (May 30)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHrQouNrzBI&t=1s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is easily the most cinematic of the three documentaries—small surprise, given its pedigree. Co-directed and executive produced by Emmy-winner \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/02/18/586958598/-tell-them-we-are-rising-tackles-impact-of-historically-black-colleges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanley Nelson\u003c/a> (\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/05/05/136025553/freedom-riders-risked-their-lives-for-equality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Freedom Riders\u003c/em>\u003c/a>), the film is also executive produced by NBA superstar Russell Westbrook, featuring original music from Branford Marsalis. The story begins with words from Rev. Turner’s bullhorn, unspooling into an epic tale of how Black people migrated to Tulsa and built a bustling, successful business district, keeping dollars in the Black community until two days of mob violence destroyed it all. Archival footage of Greenwood, looking impossibly clear and vivid, appears next to photos and inspired commentary from experts like \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> columnist Brent Staples and historian Scott Ellsworth. The result is a detailed, evocative story of the massacre and its connection to modern Tulsa, including a renewed, modern effort to find mass graves. This compelling film is also paired with a six-part podcast produced by The History Channel and WNYC Studios in collaboration with KOSU public radio in Oklahoma, dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/blindspot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Blindspot: Tulsa Burning\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dreamland: The Burning of Black Wall Street, \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>debuting on CNN and streaming on HBO Max (May 31)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkz0dcqr3w8&t=1s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This film features another NBA star, LeBron James, as an executive producer, adding evocative animation sequences to newsreel footage and archival photos to re-create scenes from 100 years ago. CNN’s film traces a history similar to \u003cem>Tulsa Burning\u003c/em>, bringing cameras to modern Tulsa’s modest Greenwood district to show off small businesses continuing a historic legacy, as detailed maps display how much the area has shrunk from its successful heights 100 years ago. While Black people in 1921 enjoyed a community one expert says was like Bourbon Street, Harlem and Washington D.C. rolled into one, racist and resentful white Tulsans used pejorative phrases like “Little Africa” and “N*****town” to describe the area. Named for a popular theater in the Greenwood district, \u003cem>Dreamland\u003c/em> uses actors to read powerful quotes from politicians and publications of the time, including Tulsa’s mayor during the massacre, T. D. Evans, who blamed the Black victims of the attack for “instigating” a “negro uprising.” Rev. Turner also shows up here, pointing out areas in his church’s basement where victims huddled while the top floors of the church were destroyed. “I believe there is no expiration date on morality,” the pastor says, explaining why he remains an aggressive advocate for uncovering the mass graves and finding justice for the city’s Black community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Tulsa: The Fire and the Forgotten,\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cstrong> premiering on PBS (May 31)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diyUd6vsRV0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a more personal story, consider this film, focused on the work of longtime \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> journalist DeNeen L. Brown, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/deneen-l-brown/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">whose reporting\u003c/a> on the Tulsa Race Massacre has spread word about the history of the attack. Brown, whose father lives in Tulsa and is a pastor at a Baptist church in town, is shown interviewing descendants of attack victims and experts leading the modern effort to find and exhume unmarked graves. She also serves as a producer on the film, alongside human rights investigator Eric Stover, who is featured in interviews as an expert source; the film is narrated by NPR’s own Michel Martin, weekend host of\u003cem> All Things Considered\u003c/em>. Viewers learn of failed efforts to sue the government for failing to protect the community—descendants were told the statute of limitations had passed. And the film shows how graphic photos of the destruction were turned into postcards and distributed by some white people. Here, the search for evidence of unmarked graves is presented as a bit of a cliffhanger, as experts work to identify likely areas for the remains, hoping to prove they are the discarded bodies of massacre victims. “Oftentimes, Black people are called on camera after something racist occurs to explain racism … to explain what happened,” Brown says in one moment. “But I can’t explain why white people hate Black people so much.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited for radio by Nina Gregory, and adapted for the web by Eric Deggans and Petra Mayer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+Documentaries+You+Should+Watch+About+The+Tulsa+Race+Massacre&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If all you know about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tulsa Race Massacre\u003c/a> is the re-creations of the attack featured in HBO series like \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/22/771998690/watchmen-creator-damon-lindelof-not-talking-about-race-felt-irresponsible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Watchmen\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/03/30/982668346/lovecraft-country-creator-aims-to-reclaim-the-horror-genre-for-people-of-color\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Lovecraft Country\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, prepare yourself for a serious education over the next few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday marked the 100th anniversary for one of the worst acts of racial violence in American history, the Tulsa Race Massacre. Back in 1921, a mob of white people tore down and burned the Greenwood district of Tulsa, Okla.—a segregated part of the city so prosperous and bustling, it was known as Black Wall Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>According to some historians, over 1,200 homes and buildings were \u003ca href=\"https://www.tulsalibrary.org/tulsa-race-riot-1921\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">destroyed by the violence,\u003c/a> killing between 100 and 300 people. But thanks to white-dominated power structures in the city of Tulsa and state of Oklahoma, news about the massacre was wiped from many official sources for decades (several fans of \u003cem>Watchmen\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Lovecraft Country\u003c/em> have told me they had never heard of the massacre before these fictional TV shows dramatized the attack during their episodes last year and in 2019).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that will likely change over the next week and beyond, as a flood of programs centered on the Tulsa Race Massacre come to television. From enterprise reporting efforts at ABC, CBS and NBC to projects on National Geographic, CNN, The History Channel and PBS, there are a wide array of documentary films and TV programs aimed at reminding Americans just how deadly unchecked racism can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After watching the films offered by \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/specials/tulsa-burning-the-1921-race-massacre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The History Channel\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/shows/dreamland-cnn-films\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CNN\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/tulsa-fire-and-forgotten/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PBS\u003c/a>, I saw common themes emerge. First was the power of white society to control what history is recognized, to erase uncomfortable truths and resist efforts to dig up the truth (sometimes literally, as when officials ended early attempts to find mass graves of massacre victims in 1999). Several films featured comments from longtime white residents of Tulsa, including its current mayor, G.T. Bynum, who said they didn’t even learn the Tulsa Race Massacre had happened until they were adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such insistence on erasing Black pain from a community’s official history creates, by necessity, a shadow history kept among people of color and passed along, often by word of mouth. White America may have tried to forget Tulsa, but the massacre’s details lived in the stories of Black survivors and their descendants, handed down like bitter family heirlooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Even worse, for a journalist like me, was to realize the role the media played back then—both in whipping up white fears about Black people through horrifically racist films and newspaper stories, while disappearing news of attacks and lynchings once white people took action.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second painful truth was the lasting damage such attacks can have on a people. According to CNN’s film, 191 Black-owned businesses stood in the Greenwood district before the massacre, including one of the finest hotels in the country. These days, there are fewer than a dozen Black-owned businesses in that same area, now reduced to a block-long main drag with modest establishments like a barbershop, health clinic and coffee shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generations of Black wealth were erased in the massacre. Tulsa’s racial segregation and the struggle of its Black community remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people pop up in multiple documentaries, including the \u003ca href=\"http://robertturnerministries.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rev. Robert Turner,\u003c/a> the sharp-dressing pastor of Historic Vernon AME Church. His church’s basement hid survivors of the massacre 100 years ago; more recently, Turner is shown regularly visiting Tulsa’s City Hall with a bullhorn, reminding residents of the need for memory and reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pastoring a church where the members died and the survivors never saw justice, that aggravated my spirit,” Turner says in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/specials/tulsa-burning-the-1921-race-massacre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">History Channel documentary\u003c/a>. “It’s an embarrassment that we have never had a district attorney investigate the worst crime in this city’s history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Historian Hannibal B. Johnson talks about how Black people enslaved by Native Americans were freed and given land, forming the early basis for the Greenwood district’s wealth. And several experts also speak of the effort to find the rumored unmarked mass graves where Black people who were killed in the massacre may have been interred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most importantly, the films show how history’s broad trends can feed into a singular disaster. As Southern states ratcheted up racialized violence and racially oppressive laws to snatch back Black voting rights, a generation of Black veterans who had served America in World War I were no longer willing to accept the indignities of indiscriminate racial oppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a large group of Black people showed up in Tulsa to stop the lynching of a young Black man unfairly accused of sexually assaulting a white female elevator operator—white crowds had been incited by incendiary, \u003ca href=\"https://www.okhistory.org/learn/trm3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">unfair coverage from\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Tulsa Tribune\u003c/em>—a white man tried to grab a gun from a Black man. A struggle ensued, the gun went off, and the white mob had their excuse to obliterate Black Wall Street over two days of brutal violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are capsule reviews of three powerful films I found most compelling, from The History Channel, CNN and PBS. Watch at least one of them to learn the kind of American history that should have been taught in classrooms and from schoolbooks nationwide for the past 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Tulsa Burning: The 1921 Race Massacre,\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cstrong> airing on The History Channel (May 30)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bHrQouNrzBI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bHrQouNrzBI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>This is easily the most cinematic of the three documentaries—small surprise, given its pedigree. Co-directed and executive produced by Emmy-winner \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/02/18/586958598/-tell-them-we-are-rising-tackles-impact-of-historically-black-colleges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanley Nelson\u003c/a> (\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/05/05/136025553/freedom-riders-risked-their-lives-for-equality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Freedom Riders\u003c/em>\u003c/a>), the film is also executive produced by NBA superstar Russell Westbrook, featuring original music from Branford Marsalis. The story begins with words from Rev. Turner’s bullhorn, unspooling into an epic tale of how Black people migrated to Tulsa and built a bustling, successful business district, keeping dollars in the Black community until two days of mob violence destroyed it all. Archival footage of Greenwood, looking impossibly clear and vivid, appears next to photos and inspired commentary from experts like \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> columnist Brent Staples and historian Scott Ellsworth. The result is a detailed, evocative story of the massacre and its connection to modern Tulsa, including a renewed, modern effort to find mass graves. This compelling film is also paired with a six-part podcast produced by The History Channel and WNYC Studios in collaboration with KOSU public radio in Oklahoma, dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/blindspot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Blindspot: Tulsa Burning\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dreamland: The Burning of Black Wall Street, \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>debuting on CNN and streaming on HBO Max (May 31)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bkz0dcqr3w8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bkz0dcqr3w8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>This film features another NBA star, LeBron James, as an executive producer, adding evocative animation sequences to newsreel footage and archival photos to re-create scenes from 100 years ago. CNN’s film traces a history similar to \u003cem>Tulsa Burning\u003c/em>, bringing cameras to modern Tulsa’s modest Greenwood district to show off small businesses continuing a historic legacy, as detailed maps display how much the area has shrunk from its successful heights 100 years ago. While Black people in 1921 enjoyed a community one expert says was like Bourbon Street, Harlem and Washington D.C. rolled into one, racist and resentful white Tulsans used pejorative phrases like “Little Africa” and “N*****town” to describe the area. Named for a popular theater in the Greenwood district, \u003cem>Dreamland\u003c/em> uses actors to read powerful quotes from politicians and publications of the time, including Tulsa’s mayor during the massacre, T. D. Evans, who blamed the Black victims of the attack for “instigating” a “negro uprising.” Rev. Turner also shows up here, pointing out areas in his church’s basement where victims huddled while the top floors of the church were destroyed. “I believe there is no expiration date on morality,” the pastor says, explaining why he remains an aggressive advocate for uncovering the mass graves and finding justice for the city’s Black community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Tulsa: The Fire and the Forgotten,\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cstrong> premiering on PBS (May 31)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/diyUd6vsRV0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/diyUd6vsRV0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>For a more personal story, consider this film, focused on the work of longtime \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> journalist DeNeen L. Brown, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/deneen-l-brown/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">whose reporting\u003c/a> on the Tulsa Race Massacre has spread word about the history of the attack. Brown, whose father lives in Tulsa and is a pastor at a Baptist church in town, is shown interviewing descendants of attack victims and experts leading the modern effort to find and exhume unmarked graves. She also serves as a producer on the film, alongside human rights investigator Eric Stover, who is featured in interviews as an expert source; the film is narrated by NPR’s own Michel Martin, weekend host of\u003cem> All Things Considered\u003c/em>. Viewers learn of failed efforts to sue the government for failing to protect the community—descendants were told the statute of limitations had passed. And the film shows how graphic photos of the destruction were turned into postcards and distributed by some white people. Here, the search for evidence of unmarked graves is presented as a bit of a cliffhanger, as experts work to identify likely areas for the remains, hoping to prove they are the discarded bodies of massacre victims. “Oftentimes, Black people are called on camera after something racist occurs to explain racism … to explain what happened,” Brown says in one moment. “But I can’t explain why white people hate Black people so much.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited for radio by Nina Gregory, and adapted for the web by Eric Deggans and Petra Mayer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+Documentaries+You+Should+Watch+About+The+Tulsa+Race+Massacre&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]“T[/dropcap]o the average woman,” the \u003cem>Chicago Tribune\u003c/em> reported, “a cushion is something you sew, embroider or tuck behind your back for comfort. Three cushions are just three times that. But to one little lady, three cushions represent a challenge never before taken up by a woman. She is Miss Masako Katsura … a wisp of a woman who looks as if she would have difficulty blowing a feather away, but who instead can make billiard balls explode, or behave like chastened children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was May 8, 1952 and Chicago was reacting with the same startled disbelief that had greeted three-cushion billiard pro Masako Katsura when she’d arrived in the Bay Area six months earlier. That a woman wanted to spend hours every day inside the smoky, male dominated billiard halls was the first surprise. But it was Katsura’s ability to compete at the same level as the best male players in the world that attracted big audiences wherever she went—and big headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='pop_102695']A week after the \u003cem>Chicago Tribune\u003c/em>’s report, the \u003cem>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/em> described Katsura’s battle against \u003ca href=\"https://www.ozy.com/true-and-stories/she-broke-the-gender-barrier-in-billiards/94326/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">51-time world champion\u003c/a> Willie Hoppe in terms that quite purposely alluded to intimate partner violence. “No gentleman should treat a total stranger, let alone a gracefully proportioned young lady in a gold satin evening gown, the way Willie Hoppe did Miss Masako Katsura last night,” it reported. “He socked her good, he did, with a billiard cue … [Hoppe] cracked Miss Katsy. But not before he crumbled her heart by letting her a-l-m-o-s-t catch up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katsura, who played ambidextrously, remained stoic during all of her matches and public appearances, despite all of the overwrought attention. She may not have understood everything the newspapers were saying about her—she was still learning English—but the effect she had on competition audiences was undeniable in any language. “She is cheerful and takes the resentment male competitors often feel with a nonchalant, ‘I don’t mind,’” the \u003cem>Sacramento Bee\u003c/em> reported in 1952. “I am alone at the table,” Katsura later noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]M[/dropcap]asako Katsura acquired her considerable cue skills growing up in the billiard halls of Tokyo. She started playing at 14, inside the establishment her brother-in-law owned. “I was weak and I was tired all the time,” Katsura later explained. “So my mother wanted me to play billiards to give me exercise and make me stronger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, Katsura took a job at the hall and spent her days studying tricks done by customers. Within two years, she had won the Japanese women’s straight-rail championship, in which points are scored by making the cue ball hit two object balls. With that win came the attention of Japan’s foremost billiard champion, Kinrey Matsuyama. Matsuyama immediately started coaching Katsura and taught her three-cushion billiards, in which the cue ball must touch the table’s cushions at least three times before hitting the second object ball. It is considered, even by billiard enthusiasts, to be extraordinarily challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Tokyo, women’s presence in the billiard halls was by no means the anomaly it was in the United States. There were 2,000 billiard rooms in Tokyo at the time, and most of them had female attendants, working one to a table. Later, when she arrived in America, Katsura found the stark gender division in American halls quite jarring. “I have only met one woman billiard player while I have been here,” she said. “Here a billiard parlor is thought of as a man’s place … You know, if someone had a billiard parlor for women only, that would be good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13897035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13897035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"Images of Masako Katsura, featured in (L) 'The Chicago Tribune' and (R) 'The Sacramento Bee' newspapers, during the early 1950s.\" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-800x598.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-1020x763.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-768x574.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-1536x1148.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-2048x1531.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-1920x1435.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images of Masako Katsura, featured in (L) ‘The Chicago Tribune’ and (R) ‘The Sacramento Bee’ newspapers, during the early 1950s. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Katsura’s path to America was first paved in 1948 when she met Air Force Master Sergeant Vernon Greenleaf, who was stationed in Japan. Within two years, they were married. (Kansas’ \u003cem>Salina Journal\u003c/em> once referred to Katsura as “a little Japanese war bride.”) And in late 1951, when Greenleaf was transferred home, the couple moved to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mather_Air_Force_Base\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mather Air Force Base\u003c/a>, 12 miles east of Sacramento. But it wasn’t just Greenleaf greeted with warmth on his post-war return to America. Katsura, then 37, had a welcoming party all of her own—six-time three-cushion billiard champion Welker Cochran.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]C[/dropcap]ochran was, in the \u003cem>San Francisco Examiner\u003c/em>’s estimation, “the finest player in the world until he retired from competition.” He had first learned about Katsura from servicemen returning from Japan after the war. They had seen Katsura after V-J (“victory over Japan”) Day, when she began putting on one-woman shows—in which she demonstrated her most impressive tricks—for the troops. (She had spent the war entertaining Japanese servicemen in much the same way.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many American G.I.s regaled Cochran with stories of Katsura’s cue skills that he felt compelled to find out more about her. Cochran asked his son—who was stationed 60 miles outside of Tokyo—to track Katsura down and check her out. The younger Cochran soon sent his father a 12-page letter expressing awe, admiration and the opinion that Katsura was as good a billiard player as Cochran himself. The billiard champ immediately contacted Katsura and asked her to come to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13893514']When she finally arrived with her husband, Cochran immediately took on the role of Katsura’s manager. A month later, he told the \u003cem>San Francisco Examiner\u003c/em>: “The game has needed a woman player with skill enough to compete against the greatest of men players. And I’m convinced now that it’s finally got just that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Katsura traveled around the country competing in tournaments and exhibition matches, the much-respected Cochran was always on hand to sing her praises to the awaiting press. “Her form, stroke and bridge can’t be improved upon,” he once told the \u003cem>Detroit Free Press\u003c/em> (who referred to Katsura as a “real Japanese cue-tee.”) Later to the \u003cem>Kansas City Star\u003c/em>, Cochran marveled, “She will spend four hours practicing, then play another four in her exhibitions and think nothing about it. She constantly amazes me by the shots she makes and by her little inventions which compensate for her lack of size.” \u003cem>Time\u003c/em> magazine once reported that she was “cue-tall (5 ft.) and light as chalk (96 lbs.).”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katsura’s competitors weren’t shy about singing her praises either. Jay Bozeman said she was “one of the finest players I’ve faced in a world’s tournament.” And Willie Hoppe was stunned after playing her for the first time. “In the East they told me she was good, but I never expected to see anything like this. The girl is marvelous,” he told the \u003cem>San Francisco Examiner\u003c/em>. “She’s going to win her share of matches against the best of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katsura already had. After winning Japan’s national women’s billiards tournament, she finished second place in the national all men’s competition—twice. Once Stateside, Katsura made history as the first woman to ever compete for an international billiards title. She came in sixth place. Two years later, when the 1954 world championships were held in Buenos Aires, she came in fourth. Katsura achieved all of this, despite the barriers she was presented with because of her gender. “I want to play more,” she said in 1952, “but there are many problems. I can’t go into town until my husband is through [with] work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13894842']Katsura spent the rest of the 1950s competing in tournaments and exhibitions, and played her final competition in 1961 against Harold Worst, the reigning world champion. She lost six out of seven matches and, with zero fanfare, quietly retired. Katsura never lost her cue skills though. In 1976, she made a surprise appearance in San Francisco, at Palace Billiards, and ran 100 points in a row before a rapt audience. Soon after, she was inducted into the brand new Women’s Professional Billiard Association—its very existence a testament to what Katsura had done for women in the sport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Welker Cochran noted some 24 years earlier: “Masako has opened a new field for women. Her presence has made the game attractive to women for the first time. But,” he added, “she has the power of a man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">“T\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>o the average woman,” the \u003cem>Chicago Tribune\u003c/em> reported, “a cushion is something you sew, embroider or tuck behind your back for comfort. Three cushions are just three times that. But to one little lady, three cushions represent a challenge never before taken up by a woman. She is Miss Masako Katsura … a wisp of a woman who looks as if she would have difficulty blowing a feather away, but who instead can make billiard balls explode, or behave like chastened children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was May 8, 1952 and Chicago was reacting with the same startled disbelief that had greeted three-cushion billiard pro Masako Katsura when she’d arrived in the Bay Area six months earlier. That a woman wanted to spend hours every day inside the smoky, male dominated billiard halls was the first surprise. But it was Katsura’s ability to compete at the same level as the best male players in the world that attracted big audiences wherever she went—and big headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A week after the \u003cem>Chicago Tribune\u003c/em>’s report, the \u003cem>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/em> described Katsura’s battle against \u003ca href=\"https://www.ozy.com/true-and-stories/she-broke-the-gender-barrier-in-billiards/94326/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">51-time world champion\u003c/a> Willie Hoppe in terms that quite purposely alluded to intimate partner violence. “No gentleman should treat a total stranger, let alone a gracefully proportioned young lady in a gold satin evening gown, the way Willie Hoppe did Miss Masako Katsura last night,” it reported. “He socked her good, he did, with a billiard cue … [Hoppe] cracked Miss Katsy. But not before he crumbled her heart by letting her a-l-m-o-s-t catch up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katsura, who played ambidextrously, remained stoic during all of her matches and public appearances, despite all of the overwrought attention. She may not have understood everything the newspapers were saying about her—she was still learning English—but the effect she had on competition audiences was undeniable in any language. “She is cheerful and takes the resentment male competitors often feel with a nonchalant, ‘I don’t mind,’” the \u003cem>Sacramento Bee\u003c/em> reported in 1952. “I am alone at the table,” Katsura later noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">M\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>asako Katsura acquired her considerable cue skills growing up in the billiard halls of Tokyo. She started playing at 14, inside the establishment her brother-in-law owned. “I was weak and I was tired all the time,” Katsura later explained. “So my mother wanted me to play billiards to give me exercise and make me stronger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, Katsura took a job at the hall and spent her days studying tricks done by customers. Within two years, she had won the Japanese women’s straight-rail championship, in which points are scored by making the cue ball hit two object balls. With that win came the attention of Japan’s foremost billiard champion, Kinrey Matsuyama. Matsuyama immediately started coaching Katsura and taught her three-cushion billiards, in which the cue ball must touch the table’s cushions at least three times before hitting the second object ball. It is considered, even by billiard enthusiasts, to be extraordinarily challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Tokyo, women’s presence in the billiard halls was by no means the anomaly it was in the United States. There were 2,000 billiard rooms in Tokyo at the time, and most of them had female attendants, working one to a table. Later, when she arrived in America, Katsura found the stark gender division in American halls quite jarring. “I have only met one woman billiard player while I have been here,” she said. “Here a billiard parlor is thought of as a man’s place … You know, if someone had a billiard parlor for women only, that would be good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13897035\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13897035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"Images of Masako Katsura, featured in (L) 'The Chicago Tribune' and (R) 'The Sacramento Bee' newspapers, during the early 1950s.\" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-800x598.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-1020x763.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-768x574.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-1536x1148.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-2048x1531.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/masako-makes-the-papers-1920x1435.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images of Masako Katsura, featured in (L) ‘The Chicago Tribune’ and (R) ‘The Sacramento Bee’ newspapers, during the early 1950s. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Katsura’s path to America was first paved in 1948 when she met Air Force Master Sergeant Vernon Greenleaf, who was stationed in Japan. Within two years, they were married. (Kansas’ \u003cem>Salina Journal\u003c/em> once referred to Katsura as “a little Japanese war bride.”) And in late 1951, when Greenleaf was transferred home, the couple moved to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mather_Air_Force_Base\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mather Air Force Base\u003c/a>, 12 miles east of Sacramento. But it wasn’t just Greenleaf greeted with warmth on his post-war return to America. Katsura, then 37, had a welcoming party all of her own—six-time three-cushion billiard champion Welker Cochran.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">C\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>ochran was, in the \u003cem>San Francisco Examiner\u003c/em>’s estimation, “the finest player in the world until he retired from competition.” He had first learned about Katsura from servicemen returning from Japan after the war. They had seen Katsura after V-J (“victory over Japan”) Day, when she began putting on one-woman shows—in which she demonstrated her most impressive tricks—for the troops. (She had spent the war entertaining Japanese servicemen in much the same way.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many American G.I.s regaled Cochran with stories of Katsura’s cue skills that he felt compelled to find out more about her. Cochran asked his son—who was stationed 60 miles outside of Tokyo—to track Katsura down and check her out. The younger Cochran soon sent his father a 12-page letter expressing awe, admiration and the opinion that Katsura was as good a billiard player as Cochran himself. The billiard champ immediately contacted Katsura and asked her to come to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>When she finally arrived with her husband, Cochran immediately took on the role of Katsura’s manager. A month later, he told the \u003cem>San Francisco Examiner\u003c/em>: “The game has needed a woman player with skill enough to compete against the greatest of men players. And I’m convinced now that it’s finally got just that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Katsura traveled around the country competing in tournaments and exhibition matches, the much-respected Cochran was always on hand to sing her praises to the awaiting press. “Her form, stroke and bridge can’t be improved upon,” he once told the \u003cem>Detroit Free Press\u003c/em> (who referred to Katsura as a “real Japanese cue-tee.”) Later to the \u003cem>Kansas City Star\u003c/em>, Cochran marveled, “She will spend four hours practicing, then play another four in her exhibitions and think nothing about it. She constantly amazes me by the shots she makes and by her little inventions which compensate for her lack of size.” \u003cem>Time\u003c/em> magazine once reported that she was “cue-tall (5 ft.) and light as chalk (96 lbs.).”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katsura’s competitors weren’t shy about singing her praises either. Jay Bozeman said she was “one of the finest players I’ve faced in a world’s tournament.” And Willie Hoppe was stunned after playing her for the first time. “In the East they told me she was good, but I never expected to see anything like this. The girl is marvelous,” he told the \u003cem>San Francisco Examiner\u003c/em>. “She’s going to win her share of matches against the best of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katsura already had. After winning Japan’s national women’s billiards tournament, she finished second place in the national all men’s competition—twice. Once Stateside, Katsura made history as the first woman to ever compete for an international billiards title. She came in sixth place. Two years later, when the 1954 world championships were held in Buenos Aires, she came in fourth. Katsura achieved all of this, despite the barriers she was presented with because of her gender. “I want to play more,” she said in 1952, “but there are many problems. I can’t go into town until my husband is through [with] work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Katsura spent the rest of the 1950s competing in tournaments and exhibitions, and played her final competition in 1961 against Harold Worst, the reigning world champion. She lost six out of seven matches and, with zero fanfare, quietly retired. Katsura never lost her cue skills though. In 1976, she made a surprise appearance in San Francisco, at Palace Billiards, and ran 100 points in a row before a rapt audience. Soon after, she was inducted into the brand new Women’s Professional Billiard Association—its very existence a testament to what Katsura had done for women in the sport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Welker Cochran noted some 24 years earlier: “Masako has opened a new field for women. Her presence has made the game attractive to women for the first time. But,” he added, “she has the power of a man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nobody knows the true identity of Alice Smith, or exactly where she came from. But in 1913, her account of living on the margins of society as a young woman, and selling sex to survive, shook the foundations of Bay Area society. In her first-person column titled “A Voice From the Underworld” for the \u003cem>San Francisco Bulletin\u003c/em> newspaper, Smith humanized sex work and changed perceptions about women in “the life” for thousands of readers. And it happened just as California brothels faced unprecedented legal threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith hailed from a small town in the Midwest, where she was raised on a farm by her maternal grandparents after her mother died and her father moved away with a new wife. At 11, Smith dropped out of school, having fallen behind in class because her “eyes started to get bad,” and her grandparents “didn’t know about such things as glasses for children.” Later, in her teens, and frustrated by the limited employment options in her hometown, Smith accepted an invitation from her paternal grandmother to move to Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once on the coast, Smith was stunned to find that the available work was woefully underpaid. Despite working long, exhausting days in a laundry, she was forced to skip meals in order to pay rent. In a moment of desperation, while still in her teens, Smith fell into sex work almost entirely on a whim. Early on, she made her own schedule, making brief returns to waitressing when jobs were available. But within a couple of years, she was residing and working full-time in brothels. At the time she shared her story with the \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em>, Smith was living in a brothel on Commercial Street, close to the newspaper offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith’s story—which ran six days a week for almost two months—was remarkable in its scope, candidness and relatability. “Evidently a prostitute was one who sold herself for money,” Smith pondered after having sex with a client for the first time. “Well, I wondered, was there anybody in the world, according to that, who didn’t sell herself or himself for money? Didn’t everybody supply some demand, in some more or less disagreeable way?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='pop_103907']Reading Smith’s account, one is struck by how few choices were available to women at the time—especially working-class women. Marriage to the first man who came along and a life of household gruntwork didn’t appeal to Smith. (“As soon as a girl married, she stopped growing, stopped learning, stopping thinking, stopped going ahead any; just gave up and became a drudge,” she wrote.) At the same time, living alone in boarding houses and tolerating a life of underpaid manual labor was also grim. (“I would go to bed at night so tired I could hardly walk,” Smith reported of her time at the laundry. “I would get up in the morning pretty near as tired—with all the time that empty gnawing feeling at my stomach.”) Selling sex was literally the only means Smith found, as an uneducated single woman, to crawl out of poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith’s columns also explored how simply being a woman meant being subjected to the sexual whims of men, whether one was in the sex trade or not. “There was always something that seemed to come into the minds of men whenever I was alone with them,” she reported. “It gave me the queerest feeling—as if I was always going to be sort of hunted. As if I was never going to be safe, never off my guard, always bound to be chased by some man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Smith, almost no topic was off the table. She talked plainly about corrupt police officers; about the list of people that brothel madams had to pay to keep their doors open; and about her own harrowing experiences with illegal abortion. “Underworld women don’t have any friends who will prosecute in case of death,” she said of her first termination. “I didn’t come far from dying. Of course, that doctor didn’t think I was worth much to the world, and didn’t give me proper care after the worst part was through; and it was just luck that brought me out finally without blood poisoning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her accounts, the only details Smith ever shied away from were the ones related to her sexual encounters with clients. But one of the things that made her column so impactful was its ability to relay brothel life without resorting to salacious details. “Night after night it was the same,” she said of her first group house. “Men coming in, with their talk, ordering drinks … and that constant flow of dirty language from both men and women—curses, vile songs, the smell of whiskey and of disinfectants; and later in the evening, the ‘work.'” At times, she admitted, her reliance on alcohol and tobacco made her “miserably ill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895943\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 424px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13895943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/04704601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/04704601.jpg 424w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/04704601-160x226.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photograph by Edgar Degas (1895). \u003ccite>(The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite reliving some of the most painful parts of her life there, Smith was said to have liked coming into the newspaper’s office to tell her story. (She dictated it to \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> employees, whose notes were then passed to senior journalist Ernest Hopkins, who ghost-wrote it.) The newspaper staff, in turn, is said to have adored her. Years after the column ran, newspaperman John D. Barry described Smith as “a girl of medium height, slim and quietly dressed, with refined, rather pretty features and a gentle manner. [She talked] briskly and smiling. What chiefly impressed me about her was the sincerity of all her remarks and her ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> publisher Fremont Older was so enamored with Smith, in fact, he is said to have openly wept after his first meeting with her. Older subsequently developed a greater interest in creating a platform for marginalized voices in his newspaper. This is, in part, what led to his decision to publish so many of the letters that poured into the \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> once Smith’s “A Voice From the Underworld” column started running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All told, the paper received 4,000 letters—an unprecedented outpouring—and the \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> printed 291 of them. Of those that made it into print, 114 came from Smith’s fellow sex workers who, inspired by her straightforward manner, wrote in to speak their minds. “You like to save us,” one told the general public. “Pray, why do you not save the factory girl, who works from eight to twelve hours a day for a mere pittance? She ruins herself as quickly—I mean in body—as we do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other women wrote in to share their own impossible living situations, and the temptation to stray into the underworld. “When one goes to bed hungry many times,” one wrote, “the demarcation between right and wrong becomes much less in evidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003cem>San Francisco Bulletin\u003c/em> to give a major platform to so many of the city’s sex workers was important in 1913, and not just for the personal expression of women in the profession. It also gave them voice at a time when their fate was being determined by moral crusaders, politicians and people who knew little about them. Just two months before Smith’s series began, on April 7, 1913, the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Light_Abatement_Act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Red Light Abatement and Injunction Act\u003c/a>—designed to shut down brothels—was signed into law by California Governor Hiram Johnson. In San Francisco, where 63.9% of residents opposed it, the law was greeted with vocal objections and legal efforts to block its passage. “A Story From the Underworld” highlighted just how much the law would endanger women who were reliant on the sex trade for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13880286']In the end, Smith’s essays weren’t only essential in humanizing and understanding the motivations of sex workers. They also instantly started an open conversation about the damage wrought by sexism, classism and gender double standards in not just the Bay Area, but the entire United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one column halfway through the series, Smith casually noted: “People can never understand the class below them.” But by the time her story was done, she had single-handedly changed that. Nowhere was that more obvious than in a letter printed in the \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> in response to Smith’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the letter-writer ‘A Married Woman’ wrote, “I obey [my husband] because he supports me. I don’t know how to earn a living in any other way. So I have a great sympathy for women who must depend not on the whims and passions of one man in a day, but of ten … I sometimes think that if we wives ever told our story it would be as horrible as that of Alice Smith … For the first time, women of the upper world really understand how much they have in common with women of the underworld.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nobody knows the true identity of Alice Smith, or exactly where she came from. But in 1913, her account of living on the margins of society as a young woman, and selling sex to survive, shook the foundations of Bay Area society. In her first-person column titled “A Voice From the Underworld” for the \u003cem>San Francisco Bulletin\u003c/em> newspaper, Smith humanized sex work and changed perceptions about women in “the life” for thousands of readers. And it happened just as California brothels faced unprecedented legal threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith hailed from a small town in the Midwest, where she was raised on a farm by her maternal grandparents after her mother died and her father moved away with a new wife. At 11, Smith dropped out of school, having fallen behind in class because her “eyes started to get bad,” and her grandparents “didn’t know about such things as glasses for children.” Later, in her teens, and frustrated by the limited employment options in her hometown, Smith accepted an invitation from her paternal grandmother to move to Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once on the coast, Smith was stunned to find that the available work was woefully underpaid. Despite working long, exhausting days in a laundry, she was forced to skip meals in order to pay rent. In a moment of desperation, while still in her teens, Smith fell into sex work almost entirely on a whim. Early on, she made her own schedule, making brief returns to waitressing when jobs were available. But within a couple of years, she was residing and working full-time in brothels. At the time she shared her story with the \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em>, Smith was living in a brothel on Commercial Street, close to the newspaper offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith’s story—which ran six days a week for almost two months—was remarkable in its scope, candidness and relatability. “Evidently a prostitute was one who sold herself for money,” Smith pondered after having sex with a client for the first time. “Well, I wondered, was there anybody in the world, according to that, who didn’t sell herself or himself for money? Didn’t everybody supply some demand, in some more or less disagreeable way?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Reading Smith’s account, one is struck by how few choices were available to women at the time—especially working-class women. Marriage to the first man who came along and a life of household gruntwork didn’t appeal to Smith. (“As soon as a girl married, she stopped growing, stopped learning, stopping thinking, stopped going ahead any; just gave up and became a drudge,” she wrote.) At the same time, living alone in boarding houses and tolerating a life of underpaid manual labor was also grim. (“I would go to bed at night so tired I could hardly walk,” Smith reported of her time at the laundry. “I would get up in the morning pretty near as tired—with all the time that empty gnawing feeling at my stomach.”) Selling sex was literally the only means Smith found, as an uneducated single woman, to crawl out of poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith’s columns also explored how simply being a woman meant being subjected to the sexual whims of men, whether one was in the sex trade or not. “There was always something that seemed to come into the minds of men whenever I was alone with them,” she reported. “It gave me the queerest feeling—as if I was always going to be sort of hunted. As if I was never going to be safe, never off my guard, always bound to be chased by some man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Smith, almost no topic was off the table. She talked plainly about corrupt police officers; about the list of people that brothel madams had to pay to keep their doors open; and about her own harrowing experiences with illegal abortion. “Underworld women don’t have any friends who will prosecute in case of death,” she said of her first termination. “I didn’t come far from dying. Of course, that doctor didn’t think I was worth much to the world, and didn’t give me proper care after the worst part was through; and it was just luck that brought me out finally without blood poisoning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her accounts, the only details Smith ever shied away from were the ones related to her sexual encounters with clients. But one of the things that made her column so impactful was its ability to relay brothel life without resorting to salacious details. “Night after night it was the same,” she said of her first group house. “Men coming in, with their talk, ordering drinks … and that constant flow of dirty language from both men and women—curses, vile songs, the smell of whiskey and of disinfectants; and later in the evening, the ‘work.'” At times, she admitted, her reliance on alcohol and tobacco made her “miserably ill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895943\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 424px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13895943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/04704601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/04704601.jpg 424w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/04704601-160x226.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photograph by Edgar Degas (1895). \u003ccite>(The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite reliving some of the most painful parts of her life there, Smith was said to have liked coming into the newspaper’s office to tell her story. (She dictated it to \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> employees, whose notes were then passed to senior journalist Ernest Hopkins, who ghost-wrote it.) The newspaper staff, in turn, is said to have adored her. Years after the column ran, newspaperman John D. Barry described Smith as “a girl of medium height, slim and quietly dressed, with refined, rather pretty features and a gentle manner. [She talked] briskly and smiling. What chiefly impressed me about her was the sincerity of all her remarks and her ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> publisher Fremont Older was so enamored with Smith, in fact, he is said to have openly wept after his first meeting with her. Older subsequently developed a greater interest in creating a platform for marginalized voices in his newspaper. This is, in part, what led to his decision to publish so many of the letters that poured into the \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> once Smith’s “A Voice From the Underworld” column started running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All told, the paper received 4,000 letters—an unprecedented outpouring—and the \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> printed 291 of them. Of those that made it into print, 114 came from Smith’s fellow sex workers who, inspired by her straightforward manner, wrote in to speak their minds. “You like to save us,” one told the general public. “Pray, why do you not save the factory girl, who works from eight to twelve hours a day for a mere pittance? She ruins herself as quickly—I mean in body—as we do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other women wrote in to share their own impossible living situations, and the temptation to stray into the underworld. “When one goes to bed hungry many times,” one wrote, “the demarcation between right and wrong becomes much less in evidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003cem>San Francisco Bulletin\u003c/em> to give a major platform to so many of the city’s sex workers was important in 1913, and not just for the personal expression of women in the profession. It also gave them voice at a time when their fate was being determined by moral crusaders, politicians and people who knew little about them. Just two months before Smith’s series began, on April 7, 1913, the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Light_Abatement_Act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Red Light Abatement and Injunction Act\u003c/a>—designed to shut down brothels—was signed into law by California Governor Hiram Johnson. In San Francisco, where 63.9% of residents opposed it, the law was greeted with vocal objections and legal efforts to block its passage. “A Story From the Underworld” highlighted just how much the law would endanger women who were reliant on the sex trade for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In the end, Smith’s essays weren’t only essential in humanizing and understanding the motivations of sex workers. They also instantly started an open conversation about the damage wrought by sexism, classism and gender double standards in not just the Bay Area, but the entire United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one column halfway through the series, Smith casually noted: “People can never understand the class below them.” But by the time her story was done, she had single-handedly changed that. Nowhere was that more obvious than in a letter printed in the \u003cem>Bulletin\u003c/em> in response to Smith’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the letter-writer ‘A Married Woman’ wrote, “I obey [my husband] because he supports me. I don’t know how to earn a living in any other way. So I have a great sympathy for women who must depend not on the whims and passions of one man in a day, but of ten … I sometimes think that if we wives ever told our story it would be as horrible as that of Alice Smith … For the first time, women of the upper world really understand how much they have in common with women of the underworld.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Exploring the Many Mysteries of Petaluma's Lan Mart Building",
"headTitle": "Exploring the Many Mysteries of Petaluma’s Lan Mart Building | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">W\u003c/span>hen you’re stuck in the tiny, old-fashioned elevator of the Lan Mart building, no one can hear you scream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895978\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13895978\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Screen-Shot-2021-04-19-at-10.59.39-AM.png\" alt=\"Upstairs at the Lan Mart: A long, narrow corridor of closed doors, beyond the elevator.\" width=\"328\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Screen-Shot-2021-04-19-at-10.59.39-AM.png 328w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Screen-Shot-2021-04-19-at-10.59.39-AM-160x175.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upstairs at the Lan Mart. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anne Bishop—the owner of \u003ca href=\"https://downtownpetalumapilates.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pilates With Anne\u003c/a> on the second floor—discovered this a few years ago, on her way to teach a class. Because her pilates studio wraps around the elevator shaft, and she knew she had a room full of students waiting for her, Bishop, on realizing the elevator was jammed, called out for assistance. Despite being separated by only a single door, not one person on the other side heard her. “I couldn’t believe they couldn’t hear me yelling!” she recalls now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re wondering why a pilates studio would have an elevator shaft running through the middle of it, then you’ve probably never been to the Lan Mart. The historic building harbors an endless number of discombobulating quirks: miniature doors built into random corners, odd crawl spaces, a row of locked doors where there should probably be businesses, and at least one—the staff informs me—secret corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lan Mart also contains a confusing number of staircases; a fact highlighted in December 2010, after the dead body of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.petaluma360.com/article/news/sister-of-charles-pollock-who-was-found-dead-dec-23-says-he-wasnt-homel/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">52-year-old local man was discovered\u003c/a> beneath one by a PG&E employee. Not all of the stairs, however, are accessible to the public. One of the most obvious examples of this are the basement stairs barricaded behind a locked gate, in the middle of a major walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895957\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13895957\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Stairs to the basement from the Lan Mart's ground floor.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stairs to the basement from the Lan Mart’s ground floor. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somewhat predictably, rumors of the Lan Mart being haunted are rife in Petaluma. During my first visit there, two employees from two separate businesses casually mentioned ghostly activity, entirely unprompted, within the first 15 minutes. One, who asked not to be named for fear that it might impact business, told me they often open up and find objects in their shop have moved during the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>t was rumors like these that prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.yogarenewteachertraining.com/courses/200-hour/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwgtWDBhDZARIsADEKwgNiZW0VHgDDUlW_YWCXDq0RcTaJtjEARr0Xps38JxygOUVnw62MbxcaAurjEALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Renew Yoga\u003c/a> owner, Pamela Maldonado, to take action before she opened her business upstairs. “We were told that the Lan Mart was probably haunted,” Maldonado explains, “so I asked four of my reiki friends to help me smudge the studio. Smudging is a clearing ritual that removes negative energy. I am very sensitive to energy and in all the years I have worked here I’ve felt no negative energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite being directly next door to Maldonado’s yoga studio, Anne Bishop is convinced that strange things \u003cem>are\u003c/em> afoot in the Lan Mart. She says the most common indication is her ceiling fans turning on and off of their own afford. “I’m always like, ‘Well, that’s the ghost!'” Bishop laughs. “I do feel a presence sometimes. A couple of times, I’ve hung something up in my studio and just immediately received this mass of energy of ‘No, don’t put that there.’ And then it ends up falling out of the wall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joanne Hansen, co-owner of the Lan Mart’s popular Old Chicago Pizza, believes that one strong presence upstairs may be her husband, who died in 2016 after running the restaurant for 38 years. “Michael was a man with a big personality and his presence is still to be felt, especially after closing,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13895962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Hansen's picture still adorns the wall of Old Chicago.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Hansen’s picture still adorns the wall of Old Chicago. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The strangest encounter I heard from Lan Mart employees happened to Drew Washer, who owns and runs the ground floor variety store Heebe Jeebe. At the time, she was running a seasonal Halloween store upstairs. “I was always kind of creeped out up there,” she says. “The light switch was on the far door from where I had to walk out. So at night, I would turn it off and just run really fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One morning before opening,” Washer continues, “I saw this very classic looking apparition. It passed by my door, moved down the hallway and turned right towards the stairs. It was a really strange image.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895953\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13895953\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Plants on the ground floor, put in place by Anne Bishop, after a Feng Shui expert advised her that something bad had happened in the area. Drew Washer saw an apparition heading to the area early one morning as she set up her shop.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants on the ground floor, put in place by Anne Bishop, after a Feng Shui expert advised her that something bad had happened in the area. Drew Washer saw an apparition heading there early one morning as she set up her shop. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bishop tells me that a visiting Feng Shui practitioner was also drawn to those stairs, advising her to put plants around them in an effort to clear “challenging energy.” Bishop has been doing so ever since, though the Feng Shui expert didn’t offer any clues as to what might have happened there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a history as long as the Lan Mart’s, it could be just about anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he Lan Mart dates back to 1876, when a man named George Pury built a three-story hotel on a block that had, for years, been part of Petaluma’s burgeoning Chinatown. Its construction began in the middle of a concerted effort to push Chinese workers out of Petaluma, and indeed, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/lebaron-citys-rich-painful-chinese-legacy-gets-its-due/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">all of Sonoma County\u003c/a>. Mass immigration—prompted by both the gold rush and the construction work offered on Charles Crocker’s railroad—was openly talked about at the time as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.petaluma360.com/article/news/petalumas-past-remembering-the-chinese-exclusion-act-of-1882/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Chinese problem\u003c/a>.” At one point, the \u003cem>Petaluma Argus\u003c/em> newspaper proposed a boycott on any business hiring Chinese workers, and town leaders threatened to cut off the water supply to the “Chinese District.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13883118,arts_13892672']As Chinese workers got pushed out, the Cosmopolitan Hotel went up on what is now Petaluma Boulevard, close to the corner of Western Avenue. The hotel had 46 bedrooms along with a barber, cobbler, parlor and dining room, as well as a saloon. There was also a social hall that served as a meeting place for local fraternal club the \u003ca href=\"https://start.cortera.com/company/research/l7s7lzm2k/loyal-order-of-moose-lodges/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Loyal Order of Moose\u003c/a>. (The club, an international organization, still exists in Petaluma today. A 2006 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/loyal-order-of-moose-rapidly-attracting-members-to-help-liven-things-up-en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Press Democrat\u003c/em> article\u003c/a> reported that “prospective members must pledge that they believe in a supreme being, have not been a member of the Communist party, and have not been convicted of a felony.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Cosmopolitan opened for business, so did the Centennial Livery Stable next door. On its face, the stable provided convenient accommodations for travelers’ horses. But it also happened to house a brothel upstairs that remains infamous among Petaluma locals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>fter the 1906 earthquake, the stables, brothel and hotel were all combined behind a single facade. Bishop believes that Maldonado’s yoga studio once housed the saloon, and that her pilates studio used to be connected brothel bedrooms. “It’s not a very big space but there are three doors in here,” she says. “There used to be four, but one is the elevator shaft now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More change came in 1930 when the Gross Building was constructed behind the Lan Mart, facing out onto what is now Kentucky Street. It served first as a miniature golf course and later as a grocery store. By 1969, after the Lan Mart and the Gross had slipped into disrepair, the buildings were saved from demolition by a couple named Victor and Marisa DeCarli. The DeCarlis restored and combined the two buildings into one big shopping mall—today’s Lan Mart. (The DeCarlis still run two stores there—\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/MarisasFantasiaPetaluma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christmas Fantasia\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/MarisasFantasiaPetaluma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marisa’s Fantasia\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895955\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13895955\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Kentucky Street side of the Lan Mart, which used to be the Gross Building.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kentucky Street side of the Lan Mart, which used to be the Gross Building. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In interviews, across the board, everyone working in the Lan Mart expresses great love for the building, despite the architectural quirks and ongoing rumors of a haunting. “One of the things we joke about in the building is that once you move in, you don’t leave,” Bishop says. “Everyone here is a longterm tenant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop has given the matter a lot of thought, and believes she’s figured out why so many business owners feel such a deep attachment to the Lan Mart. “I think a lot about the women who worked in this space when it was a brothel,” she says. “It was probably a really hard life, doing that work back in the day. Being in here, you have a sense of them—I feel a kinship and I’ve always felt defensive of them. But most of the businesses here now are women-owned,” she continues. “And I feel there’s a significance in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want the spirits of those other women to feel like the tide has turned,” Bishop says. “Women succeeding here is a way to reclaim the space for them.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">W\u003c/span>hen you’re stuck in the tiny, old-fashioned elevator of the Lan Mart building, no one can hear you scream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895978\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13895978\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Screen-Shot-2021-04-19-at-10.59.39-AM.png\" alt=\"Upstairs at the Lan Mart: A long, narrow corridor of closed doors, beyond the elevator.\" width=\"328\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Screen-Shot-2021-04-19-at-10.59.39-AM.png 328w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Screen-Shot-2021-04-19-at-10.59.39-AM-160x175.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upstairs at the Lan Mart. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anne Bishop—the owner of \u003ca href=\"https://downtownpetalumapilates.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pilates With Anne\u003c/a> on the second floor—discovered this a few years ago, on her way to teach a class. Because her pilates studio wraps around the elevator shaft, and she knew she had a room full of students waiting for her, Bishop, on realizing the elevator was jammed, called out for assistance. Despite being separated by only a single door, not one person on the other side heard her. “I couldn’t believe they couldn’t hear me yelling!” she recalls now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re wondering why a pilates studio would have an elevator shaft running through the middle of it, then you’ve probably never been to the Lan Mart. The historic building harbors an endless number of discombobulating quirks: miniature doors built into random corners, odd crawl spaces, a row of locked doors where there should probably be businesses, and at least one—the staff informs me—secret corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lan Mart also contains a confusing number of staircases; a fact highlighted in December 2010, after the dead body of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.petaluma360.com/article/news/sister-of-charles-pollock-who-was-found-dead-dec-23-says-he-wasnt-homel/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">52-year-old local man was discovered\u003c/a> beneath one by a PG&E employee. Not all of the stairs, however, are accessible to the public. One of the most obvious examples of this are the basement stairs barricaded behind a locked gate, in the middle of a major walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895957\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13895957\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Stairs to the basement from the Lan Mart's ground floor.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-16.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stairs to the basement from the Lan Mart’s ground floor. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somewhat predictably, rumors of the Lan Mart being haunted are rife in Petaluma. During my first visit there, two employees from two separate businesses casually mentioned ghostly activity, entirely unprompted, within the first 15 minutes. One, who asked not to be named for fear that it might impact business, told me they often open up and find objects in their shop have moved during the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>t was rumors like these that prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.yogarenewteachertraining.com/courses/200-hour/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwgtWDBhDZARIsADEKwgNiZW0VHgDDUlW_YWCXDq0RcTaJtjEARr0Xps38JxygOUVnw62MbxcaAurjEALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Renew Yoga\u003c/a> owner, Pamela Maldonado, to take action before she opened her business upstairs. “We were told that the Lan Mart was probably haunted,” Maldonado explains, “so I asked four of my reiki friends to help me smudge the studio. Smudging is a clearing ritual that removes negative energy. I am very sensitive to energy and in all the years I have worked here I’ve felt no negative energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite being directly next door to Maldonado’s yoga studio, Anne Bishop is convinced that strange things \u003cem>are\u003c/em> afoot in the Lan Mart. She says the most common indication is her ceiling fans turning on and off of their own afford. “I’m always like, ‘Well, that’s the ghost!'” Bishop laughs. “I do feel a presence sometimes. A couple of times, I’ve hung something up in my studio and just immediately received this mass of energy of ‘No, don’t put that there.’ And then it ends up falling out of the wall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joanne Hansen, co-owner of the Lan Mart’s popular Old Chicago Pizza, believes that one strong presence upstairs may be her husband, who died in 2016 after running the restaurant for 38 years. “Michael was a man with a big personality and his presence is still to be felt, especially after closing,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13895962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Hansen's picture still adorns the wall of Old Chicago.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-9.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Hansen’s picture still adorns the wall of Old Chicago. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The strangest encounter I heard from Lan Mart employees happened to Drew Washer, who owns and runs the ground floor variety store Heebe Jeebe. At the time, she was running a seasonal Halloween store upstairs. “I was always kind of creeped out up there,” she says. “The light switch was on the far door from where I had to walk out. So at night, I would turn it off and just run really fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One morning before opening,” Washer continues, “I saw this very classic looking apparition. It passed by my door, moved down the hallway and turned right towards the stairs. It was a really strange image.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895953\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13895953\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Plants on the ground floor, put in place by Anne Bishop, after a Feng Shui expert advised her that something bad had happened in the area. Drew Washer saw an apparition heading to the area early one morning as she set up her shop.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-24.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants on the ground floor, put in place by Anne Bishop, after a Feng Shui expert advised her that something bad had happened in the area. Drew Washer saw an apparition heading there early one morning as she set up her shop. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bishop tells me that a visiting Feng Shui practitioner was also drawn to those stairs, advising her to put plants around them in an effort to clear “challenging energy.” Bishop has been doing so ever since, though the Feng Shui expert didn’t offer any clues as to what might have happened there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a history as long as the Lan Mart’s, it could be just about anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he Lan Mart dates back to 1876, when a man named George Pury built a three-story hotel on a block that had, for years, been part of Petaluma’s burgeoning Chinatown. Its construction began in the middle of a concerted effort to push Chinese workers out of Petaluma, and indeed, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/lebaron-citys-rich-painful-chinese-legacy-gets-its-due/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">all of Sonoma County\u003c/a>. Mass immigration—prompted by both the gold rush and the construction work offered on Charles Crocker’s railroad—was openly talked about at the time as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.petaluma360.com/article/news/petalumas-past-remembering-the-chinese-exclusion-act-of-1882/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Chinese problem\u003c/a>.” At one point, the \u003cem>Petaluma Argus\u003c/em> newspaper proposed a boycott on any business hiring Chinese workers, and town leaders threatened to cut off the water supply to the “Chinese District.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As Chinese workers got pushed out, the Cosmopolitan Hotel went up on what is now Petaluma Boulevard, close to the corner of Western Avenue. The hotel had 46 bedrooms along with a barber, cobbler, parlor and dining room, as well as a saloon. There was also a social hall that served as a meeting place for local fraternal club the \u003ca href=\"https://start.cortera.com/company/research/l7s7lzm2k/loyal-order-of-moose-lodges/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Loyal Order of Moose\u003c/a>. (The club, an international organization, still exists in Petaluma today. A 2006 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/loyal-order-of-moose-rapidly-attracting-members-to-help-liven-things-up-en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Press Democrat\u003c/em> article\u003c/a> reported that “prospective members must pledge that they believe in a supreme being, have not been a member of the Communist party, and have not been convicted of a felony.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Cosmopolitan opened for business, so did the Centennial Livery Stable next door. On its face, the stable provided convenient accommodations for travelers’ horses. But it also happened to house a brothel upstairs that remains infamous among Petaluma locals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>fter the 1906 earthquake, the stables, brothel and hotel were all combined behind a single facade. Bishop believes that Maldonado’s yoga studio once housed the saloon, and that her pilates studio used to be connected brothel bedrooms. “It’s not a very big space but there are three doors in here,” she says. “There used to be four, but one is the elevator shaft now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More change came in 1930 when the Gross Building was constructed behind the Lan Mart, facing out onto what is now Kentucky Street. It served first as a miniature golf course and later as a grocery store. By 1969, after the Lan Mart and the Gross had slipped into disrepair, the buildings were saved from demolition by a couple named Victor and Marisa DeCarli. The DeCarlis restored and combined the two buildings into one big shopping mall—today’s Lan Mart. (The DeCarlis still run two stores there—\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/MarisasFantasiaPetaluma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christmas Fantasia\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/MarisasFantasiaPetaluma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marisa’s Fantasia\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13895955\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13895955\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Kentucky Street side of the Lan Mart, which used to be the Gross Building.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/Image-from-iOS-22.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kentucky Street side of the Lan Mart, which used to be the Gross Building. \u003ccite>(Gabe Meline/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In interviews, across the board, everyone working in the Lan Mart expresses great love for the building, despite the architectural quirks and ongoing rumors of a haunting. “One of the things we joke about in the building is that once you move in, you don’t leave,” Bishop says. “Everyone here is a longterm tenant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop has given the matter a lot of thought, and believes she’s figured out why so many business owners feel such a deep attachment to the Lan Mart. “I think a lot about the women who worked in this space when it was a brothel,” she says. “It was probably a really hard life, doing that work back in the day. Being in here, you have a sense of them—I feel a kinship and I’ve always felt defensive of them. But most of the businesses here now are women-owned,” she continues. “And I feel there’s a significance in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want the spirits of those other women to feel like the tide has turned,” Bishop says. “Women succeeding here is a way to reclaim the space for them.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Marcella Hubbard's Purple 100th Birthday Celebration",
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"headTitle": "Marcella Hubbard’s Purple 100th Birthday Celebration | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">M\u003c/span>arcella Hubbard has a purple house with purple flowers. A purple wardrobe and purple bedding. She used to drive a purple car, and now owns a purple cane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 28, 2021, Marcella Hubbard wore all purple as she celebrated her 100th birthday. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-13833985\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2018/05/OGPenn.Cap_-160x184.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"184\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/05/OGPenn.Cap_-160x184.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/05/OGPenn.Cap_.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help celebrate the occasion, I rode with my family as my mother (a neighbor of Mrs. Hubbard’s) drove in a procession of cars decorated in plum, grape, and fig colored streamers. Our parade began at Mosswood Park and ended in the parking lot of the New Hope Baptist Church in West Oakland—people honking and waving banners the whole way. Upon arrival, violet ‘Happy Birthday’ balloons were sent sunward, and lavender butterfly-shaped confetti fell to ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-800x510.png\" alt=\"A purple "Happy 100th Birthday" banner mounted on the front of Mrs. Hubbard's house \" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-800x510.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-1020x650.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-160x102.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-768x489.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-1536x979.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM.png 1802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A purple “Happy 100th Birthday” banner mounted on the front of Mrs. Hubbard’s house \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mrs. Hubbard, dressed in the most royal shade of purple you’ve ever seen with a fly hat to boot, stood on the far end of the parking lot waving at people. Around her, family members dressed in periwinkle tutus and pastel shirts passed out cake and packaged lunches to cars passing by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some folks, like ourselves, stopped to get a few photos and soak in the moment. When face-to-face with the lady of honor, it hit: what do you tell someone who is turning 100?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Happy birthday!” I said, before proceeding to to hide behind my camera and document the occasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Family members assembled around her. Five generations fluidly moving. No easy feat to get them organized. But in the scope of all that a matriarch and the five generations of her African American family have faced, getting together for a group photo was cake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894895\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894895\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"Mrs. Hubbard sits in the center as family members gather around her for a photograph. Almost everyone is wearing purple. \" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mrs. Hubbard sits in the center as family members gather around her for a photograph. Almost everyone is wearing purple. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">M\u003c/span>rs. Hubbard was born in Louisville, Mississippi, on March 28, 1921, the second oldest of a family that would eventually grow to 22 children. Her father, William James Eichelberger, and her mother, Sarah Coleman Eichelberger, had 10 children together before Sarah passed. After her father remarried, he had another dozen children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mrs. Hubbard worked on the farm, picking cotton as well as flowers—the latter of which planted a seed that’s still yielding fruit to this day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just loved to pick violets,” Mrs. Hubbard tells me during a phone call earlier this week. “I just loved the color purple; it comes from the flowers that bloomed in the yard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894888\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-800x535.jpg\" alt='Marcella Hubbard, wearing all purple and a COVID-19 safe protective face shield, sits in front of a huge \"100\" sign as she celebrates her 100th birthday.' width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marcella Hubbard, wearing all purple and a COVID-19 safe protective face shield, sits in front of a huge “100” sign as she celebrates her 100th birthday. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1943, Mrs. Hubbard came to the Bay Area for the first time, landing a job in a factory in Sausalito during World War II; in 2014 she was honored for her work there as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.winwebnews.com/2018/03/louisville-native-received-rosie.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rosie The Riveter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1900s, she traveled back and forth between the Bay Area and the south, eventually graduating from Mississippi Valley State University with a degree in education. In 1946, she married Rev. B.C. Turnipseed. The two oversaw a church in Mississippi, where equity was preached and voters were registered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1963, after her husband died, Marcella and her only child, Angeline Eichelberger West, moved to the Bay Area permanently. First living with family on 60th Street in North Oakland, she eventually bought a home on 63rd Street, where the family has lived since the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcella got re-married, this time to a man by the name of M. L. Hubbard. She worked a number of different jobs: in addition to being an educator, she was a seamstress, a social security administrator, and a longtime employee at a local office for the Internal Revenue Service. Active in her \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/dhs/documents/marketingmaterial/oak069507.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">North Oakland community\u003c/a>, she was an early pioneer in urban gardening through her involvement with the Golden Gate Community Garden on 62nd Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894893\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894893\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"A pickup truck full of family members drives in the parade to celebrate Marcella Hubbard's 100th birthday. \" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pickup truck full of family members drives in the parade to celebrate Marcella Hubbard’s 100th birthday. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She joined the New Hope Baptist Church in 1964, and through that institution has worked with young folks who were incarcerated at Juvenile Hall, off 150th Avenue in East Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of time they would bring the boys to the church with them, they’d give them gifts and bibles, and talk to them,” says LaTasha Mitchum, Mrs. Hubbard’s oldest grandchild. “A lot of the boys, once they got out of trouble, they’d come looking for her.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcella Hubbard’s life has been so storied that at her 70th birthday party, family members chose parts of her life to depict in theatrical form, according to her youngest grandchild, Rasheeda West-Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She is walking history,” says Rasheeda during a phone call on Monday. Rasheeda says in her grandmother’s older years, she’s been more transparent about her life’s experiences—especially as they pertain to racism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"A car celebrating Marcella Hubbard's 100th birthday crosses Martin Luther King Jr. Way in Oakland.\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car celebrating Marcella Hubbard’s 100th birthday crosses Martin Luther King Jr. Way in Oakland. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know that her first husband who was a preacher had to move out of Mississippi where they were because of Jim Crow, and that they were trying to lynch him because the church that they oversaw was trying to preach and teach equal rights,” says Rasheeda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because her children like to be in “grown folks’ business\u003cem>,” \u003c/em>Rasheeda has been very intentional to have the young ones present when her grandmother feels like talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I make sure that the boys are around so that they can get firsthand knowledge of what’s going on,” says Rasheeda, questioning how much society has progressed in the decades since her grandmother was her children’s age. “I don’t even know if you’d call it an evolution… We’re still experiencing a lot of the same things. But for my children, it’s just acknowledging who she is and what she’s gone through. And having the utmost respect for her, because she’s lived a life that’s been extremely full.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894897\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894897\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-800x535.jpg\" alt='A \"Happy Birthday Marcella\" sign mounted in the window of an automobile. ' width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘Happy Birthday Marcella’ sign mounted in the window of an automobile. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">W\u003c/span>ith COVID-19, the family was concerned that Mrs. Hubbard wasn’t going to be able to have the type of party that she envisioned, as she’s grown accustomed to having sizable celebrations at the end of each decade. But they managed to bring everyone together in the safest fashion possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samauri Ware, Mrs. Hubbard’s middle grandchild, says that when they pulled up to the church last Saturday, Mrs. Hubbard kind of “bounced” out of the car. Samauri says, “It was just shocking to me. I was like, ‘She’s excited!'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up and active is how I’ve usually seen Mrs. Hubbard. Over the years I’ve talked to her through my mom’s backyard fence, as she’s often gardening, growing purple peas, purple greens and, of course, purple flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we last spoke, she told me she feels great being 100. The key to success? Mrs. Hubbard says, “Well, I try to be an honest person, and I like to work and help others. And I love God.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From her roots in Mississippi to her time as a Rosie the Riveter in WWII, Marcella Hubbard has led an incredible life.",
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"title": "Marcella Hubbard's Purple 100th Birthday Celebration | KQED",
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"headline": "Marcella Hubbard's Purple 100th Birthday Celebration",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">M\u003c/span>arcella Hubbard has a purple house with purple flowers. A purple wardrobe and purple bedding. She used to drive a purple car, and now owns a purple cane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 28, 2021, Marcella Hubbard wore all purple as she celebrated her 100th birthday. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-13833985\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2018/05/OGPenn.Cap_-160x184.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"184\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/05/OGPenn.Cap_-160x184.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/05/OGPenn.Cap_.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help celebrate the occasion, I rode with my family as my mother (a neighbor of Mrs. Hubbard’s) drove in a procession of cars decorated in plum, grape, and fig colored streamers. Our parade began at Mosswood Park and ended in the parking lot of the New Hope Baptist Church in West Oakland—people honking and waving banners the whole way. Upon arrival, violet ‘Happy Birthday’ balloons were sent sunward, and lavender butterfly-shaped confetti fell to ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-800x510.png\" alt=\"A purple "Happy 100th Birthday" banner mounted on the front of Mrs. Hubbard's house \" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-800x510.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-1020x650.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-160x102.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-768x489.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM-1536x979.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-31-at-10.00.49-AM.png 1802w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A purple “Happy 100th Birthday” banner mounted on the front of Mrs. Hubbard’s house \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mrs. Hubbard, dressed in the most royal shade of purple you’ve ever seen with a fly hat to boot, stood on the far end of the parking lot waving at people. Around her, family members dressed in periwinkle tutus and pastel shirts passed out cake and packaged lunches to cars passing by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some folks, like ourselves, stopped to get a few photos and soak in the moment. When face-to-face with the lady of honor, it hit: what do you tell someone who is turning 100?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Happy birthday!” I said, before proceeding to to hide behind my camera and document the occasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Family members assembled around her. Five generations fluidly moving. No easy feat to get them organized. But in the scope of all that a matriarch and the five generations of her African American family have faced, getting together for a group photo was cake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894895\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894895\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"Mrs. Hubbard sits in the center as family members gather around her for a photograph. Almost everyone is wearing purple. \" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00086.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mrs. Hubbard sits in the center as family members gather around her for a photograph. Almost everyone is wearing purple. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">M\u003c/span>rs. Hubbard was born in Louisville, Mississippi, on March 28, 1921, the second oldest of a family that would eventually grow to 22 children. Her father, William James Eichelberger, and her mother, Sarah Coleman Eichelberger, had 10 children together before Sarah passed. After her father remarried, he had another dozen children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mrs. Hubbard worked on the farm, picking cotton as well as flowers—the latter of which planted a seed that’s still yielding fruit to this day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just loved to pick violets,” Mrs. Hubbard tells me during a phone call earlier this week. “I just loved the color purple; it comes from the flowers that bloomed in the yard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894888\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-800x535.jpg\" alt='Marcella Hubbard, wearing all purple and a COVID-19 safe protective face shield, sits in front of a huge \"100\" sign as she celebrates her 100th birthday.' width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00096.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marcella Hubbard, wearing all purple and a COVID-19 safe protective face shield, sits in front of a huge “100” sign as she celebrates her 100th birthday. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1943, Mrs. Hubbard came to the Bay Area for the first time, landing a job in a factory in Sausalito during World War II; in 2014 she was honored for her work there as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.winwebnews.com/2018/03/louisville-native-received-rosie.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rosie The Riveter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1900s, she traveled back and forth between the Bay Area and the south, eventually graduating from Mississippi Valley State University with a degree in education. In 1946, she married Rev. B.C. Turnipseed. The two oversaw a church in Mississippi, where equity was preached and voters were registered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1963, after her husband died, Marcella and her only child, Angeline Eichelberger West, moved to the Bay Area permanently. First living with family on 60th Street in North Oakland, she eventually bought a home on 63rd Street, where the family has lived since the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcella got re-married, this time to a man by the name of M. L. Hubbard. She worked a number of different jobs: in addition to being an educator, she was a seamstress, a social security administrator, and a longtime employee at a local office for the Internal Revenue Service. Active in her \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/dhs/documents/marketingmaterial/oak069507.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">North Oakland community\u003c/a>, she was an early pioneer in urban gardening through her involvement with the Golden Gate Community Garden on 62nd Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894893\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894893\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"A pickup truck full of family members drives in the parade to celebrate Marcella Hubbard's 100th birthday. \" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00042.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pickup truck full of family members drives in the parade to celebrate Marcella Hubbard’s 100th birthday. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She joined the New Hope Baptist Church in 1964, and through that institution has worked with young folks who were incarcerated at Juvenile Hall, off 150th Avenue in East Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of time they would bring the boys to the church with them, they’d give them gifts and bibles, and talk to them,” says LaTasha Mitchum, Mrs. Hubbard’s oldest grandchild. “A lot of the boys, once they got out of trouble, they’d come looking for her.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcella Hubbard’s life has been so storied that at her 70th birthday party, family members chose parts of her life to depict in theatrical form, according to her youngest grandchild, Rasheeda West-Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She is walking history,” says Rasheeda during a phone call on Monday. Rasheeda says in her grandmother’s older years, she’s been more transparent about her life’s experiences—especially as they pertain to racism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"A car celebrating Marcella Hubbard's 100th birthday crosses Martin Luther King Jr. Way in Oakland.\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00053.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car celebrating Marcella Hubbard’s 100th birthday crosses Martin Luther King Jr. Way in Oakland. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know that her first husband who was a preacher had to move out of Mississippi where they were because of Jim Crow, and that they were trying to lynch him because the church that they oversaw was trying to preach and teach equal rights,” says Rasheeda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because her children like to be in “grown folks’ business\u003cem>,” \u003c/em>Rasheeda has been very intentional to have the young ones present when her grandmother feels like talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I make sure that the boys are around so that they can get firsthand knowledge of what’s going on,” says Rasheeda, questioning how much society has progressed in the decades since her grandmother was her children’s age. “I don’t even know if you’d call it an evolution… We’re still experiencing a lot of the same things. But for my children, it’s just acknowledging who she is and what she’s gone through. And having the utmost respect for her, because she’s lived a life that’s been extremely full.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894897\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894897\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-800x535.jpg\" alt='A \"Happy Birthday Marcella\" sign mounted in the window of an automobile. ' width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106-1536x1027.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/DSC00106.jpg 1616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘Happy Birthday Marcella’ sign mounted in the window of an automobile. \u003ccite>(Pendarvis Harshaw)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">W\u003c/span>ith COVID-19, the family was concerned that Mrs. Hubbard wasn’t going to be able to have the type of party that she envisioned, as she’s grown accustomed to having sizable celebrations at the end of each decade. But they managed to bring everyone together in the safest fashion possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samauri Ware, Mrs. Hubbard’s middle grandchild, says that when they pulled up to the church last Saturday, Mrs. Hubbard kind of “bounced” out of the car. Samauri says, “It was just shocking to me. I was like, ‘She’s excited!'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up and active is how I’ve usually seen Mrs. Hubbard. Over the years I’ve talked to her through my mom’s backyard fence, as she’s often gardening, growing purple peas, purple greens and, of course, purple flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we last spoke, she told me she feels great being 100. The key to success? Mrs. Hubbard says, “Well, I try to be an honest person, and I like to work and help others. And I love God.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Enriqueta Andazola’s four sons left Sacramento to fight in World War II, her trepidation about what they might face was outshined by a stronger emotion: pride. Andazola—like other mothers of the half million Mexican Americans who fought in the war—was immensely proud of her boys for serving their country. Despite spending years in the United States enduring rampant segregation, lower wages and poor housing conditions on the home front, her patriotism never wavered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s widely acknowledged now that World War II was a watershed moment for America’s Mexican and Latin American communities. After years on active duty, returning soldiers started making demands for long-overdue civil rights and previously denied respect. It must have been heartening, then, for the veterans to find that some of the groundwork for this new battle had already been laid by the women they’d left at home. One of the most impactful of them was Enriqueta Andazola.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='arts_13887962']Born in Chihuahua, Mexico in 1892, Andazola first came to Sacramento in 1917 to escape the chaos and violence of the Mexican Revolution. Although she had worked as a schoolteacher in Chihuahua, her first job in California was at the Sacramento Wool Company. Andazola subsequently spent 25 years of her life working at the Del Monte cannery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though locked out of her profession of choice, cannery work was the primary source of income for much of Sacramento’s Chicana community at the time. Andazola found a silver lining in the camaraderie and friendships she enjoyed through work. More from anything else, after her split from husband Ignacio Ramírez, the cannery gave her a steady income on which to raise their sons Joe (\u003cem>née\u003c/em> José), Edgardo, John and Paul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894643\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13894643\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Enriqueta-Andazola.png\" alt=\"Enriqueta Andaloza surrounded by her sons, all World War II veterans. L-R: Joe Ramírez (kneeling), Edgardo Ramírez, John Ramírez, Abraham Salgado (her son-in-law) and Paul Ramírez.\" width=\"382\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Enriqueta-Andazola.png 382w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Enriqueta-Andazola-160x184.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 382px) 100vw, 382px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enriqueta Andaloza surrounded by her sons, all World War II veterans. L-R: Joe Ramírez (kneeling), Edgardo Ramírez, John Ramírez, Abraham Salgado (her son-in-law) and Paul Ramírez. \u003ccite>(Sacramento Historical Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Andazola considered herself a proud American, it was never at the loss of her own cultural identity. As her granddaughter Diana Salgado Zuñiga would later note, “If there was anything she passed on to me, it was a true feeling of pride in being a Mexican. She assimilated into the society, but she kept her sense of culture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, throughout her life, Andazola actively kept Mexican traditions alive in Sacramento. She was instrumental in organizing and promoting Cinco de Mayo and Mexican Independence Day celebrations, and she was active in establishing community groups for Mexican Americans throughout her lifetime. In 1936, that included a branch of Alianza Hispanoamericana—a community organization that educated, empowered and advocated for people of Mexican descent living in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, though, Andazola’s primary focus was on establishing spaces by and for women. “Men had clubs,” she once noted. “I felt that women deserved [clubs] too.” So, in 1920, she founded Las Amigas Del Hogar (Friends of Homemakers), a women’s group specifically for Chicanas. Nineteen years later, she established the Union Femenil (the Feminine Union). And in 1942, most significantly of all, she co-founded Las Madres Mexicanas de Guerra (Mexican War Mothers), alongside her dear friend, Antima Perez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-800x450.png\" alt=\"Enriqueta Andazola's granddaughter Diana Salgado Zuñiga unfurls a vintage 'Mexican War Mothers' banner, during KVIE documentary, 'Valentia: Mexican-Americans in World War II.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-1536x864.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-2048x1152.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-1920x1080.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enriqueta Andazola’s granddaughter Diana Salgado Zuñiga unfurls a vintage ‘Mexican War Mothers’ banner, during KVIE documentary, ‘Valentia: Mexican-Americans in World War II.’ \u003ccite>(YouTube/ KVIE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though all women of the era were expected to join in the war effort, Las Madres went above and beyond. They tended to wounded soldiers in local military hospitals. They launched letter-writing campaigns to the soldiers and sent care packages abroad. They held fundraising dinners and dances to raise money for the Veterans Affiliated Council. They regularly donated money to Yountville’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.calvet.ca.gov/VetHomes/pages/yountville.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Veterans Home of California\u003c/a>—an organization that, at that time, took care of the widows and orphans of servicemen. They attended Sacramento’s monthly USO meetings to serve home-cooked Mexican food. They even assisted with the burial service of Mexican American soldiers who were killed in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid='pop_102633']Even after the war, the service of Las Madres Mexicanas de Guerra didn’t stop. And their love for both America and Mexico was present at every one of their general meetings, when they stood to recite the pledge of allegiance in Spanish. Soon after the war ended, the women began selling pan dulce, tamales and raffle tickets at the local Catholic Church to raise yet more funds—this time for a monument to honor all Mexican Americans who served America in World War I and World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the women had raised $4,000, they commissioned a statue to be made in Italy. It was sculpted in the likeness of a soldier—specifically Andazola’s son, Joe—and named “El Soldado.” And in 1951, it was installed at El Centro Mexicano de Sacramento (the Sacramento Mexican Center)—an organization Andazola had co-founded in 1948 with Phil Zúñiga. The community center was a physical symbol of Mexican American pride and fellowship in California’s capital, and “El Soldado” represented the contributions of the community to American society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894650\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894650\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM-800x844.png\" alt='Enriqueta Andazola poses with school children and the \"El Soldado\" statue, whose likeness is based on her son, Joe.' width=\"800\" height=\"844\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM-800x844.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM-160x169.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM-768x810.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM.png 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enriqueta Andazola poses with school children and the “El Soldado” statue, whose likeness is based on her son, Joe. \u003ccite>(Center for Sacramento History)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13899893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13899893\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-800x743.jpg\" alt=\"(L) El Soldado as it looks today (R) Standing guard over the State Capitol, June 2021.\" width=\"800\" height=\"743\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-800x743.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-1020x947.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-160x149.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-768x713.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-1536x1426.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-2048x1901.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-1920x1782.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(L) El Soldado as it looks today (R) Standing guard over the State Capitol, June 2021. \u003ccite>(Rae Alexandra)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the years since the Sacramento Mexican Center closed its doors in 1975, “El Soldado” has stood guard over the State Capitol building. The statue was \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article178179646.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rededicated in 2017\u003c/a>, having undergone major repairs and renovations. It was also given a new plaza and a more elaborate pedestal, listing scores of Mexican American Medal of Honor recipients. Every year, it is the site for California Mexican American Veterans Day ceremonies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, “El Soldado” is the only memorial that specifically recognizes the service of Mexican American soldiers. But it also stands as a reminder for all that Andazola did for her community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reverence and respect for Enriqueta Andazola, by those who remember, remains strong. After her death in 1980, one eulogy at her funeral summarized the feelings of many friends and family in her life: “La pionera de nuestra colonia Mexicana.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Enriqueta Andazola’s four sons left Sacramento to fight in World War II, her trepidation about what they might face was outshined by a stronger emotion: pride. Andazola—like other mothers of the half million Mexican Americans who fought in the war—was immensely proud of her boys for serving their country. Despite spending years in the United States enduring rampant segregation, lower wages and poor housing conditions on the home front, her patriotism never wavered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s widely acknowledged now that World War II was a watershed moment for America’s Mexican and Latin American communities. After years on active duty, returning soldiers started making demands for long-overdue civil rights and previously denied respect. It must have been heartening, then, for the veterans to find that some of the groundwork for this new battle had already been laid by the women they’d left at home. One of the most impactful of them was Enriqueta Andazola.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Born in Chihuahua, Mexico in 1892, Andazola first came to Sacramento in 1917 to escape the chaos and violence of the Mexican Revolution. Although she had worked as a schoolteacher in Chihuahua, her first job in California was at the Sacramento Wool Company. Andazola subsequently spent 25 years of her life working at the Del Monte cannery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though locked out of her profession of choice, cannery work was the primary source of income for much of Sacramento’s Chicana community at the time. Andazola found a silver lining in the camaraderie and friendships she enjoyed through work. More from anything else, after her split from husband Ignacio Ramírez, the cannery gave her a steady income on which to raise their sons Joe (\u003cem>née\u003c/em> José), Edgardo, John and Paul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894643\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13894643\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Enriqueta-Andazola.png\" alt=\"Enriqueta Andaloza surrounded by her sons, all World War II veterans. L-R: Joe Ramírez (kneeling), Edgardo Ramírez, John Ramírez, Abraham Salgado (her son-in-law) and Paul Ramírez.\" width=\"382\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Enriqueta-Andazola.png 382w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Enriqueta-Andazola-160x184.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 382px) 100vw, 382px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enriqueta Andaloza surrounded by her sons, all World War II veterans. L-R: Joe Ramírez (kneeling), Edgardo Ramírez, John Ramírez, Abraham Salgado (her son-in-law) and Paul Ramírez. \u003ccite>(Sacramento Historical Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Andazola considered herself a proud American, it was never at the loss of her own cultural identity. As her granddaughter Diana Salgado Zuñiga would later note, “If there was anything she passed on to me, it was a true feeling of pride in being a Mexican. She assimilated into the society, but she kept her sense of culture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, throughout her life, Andazola actively kept Mexican traditions alive in Sacramento. She was instrumental in organizing and promoting Cinco de Mayo and Mexican Independence Day celebrations, and she was active in establishing community groups for Mexican Americans throughout her lifetime. In 1936, that included a branch of Alianza Hispanoamericana—a community organization that educated, empowered and advocated for people of Mexican descent living in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, though, Andazola’s primary focus was on establishing spaces by and for women. “Men had clubs,” she once noted. “I felt that women deserved [clubs] too.” So, in 1920, she founded Las Amigas Del Hogar (Friends of Homemakers), a women’s group specifically for Chicanas. Nineteen years later, she established the Union Femenil (the Feminine Union). And in 1942, most significantly of all, she co-founded Las Madres Mexicanas de Guerra (Mexican War Mothers), alongside her dear friend, Antima Perez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-800x450.png\" alt=\"Enriqueta Andazola's granddaughter Diana Salgado Zuñiga unfurls a vintage 'Mexican War Mothers' banner, during KVIE documentary, 'Valentia: Mexican-Americans in World War II.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-1536x864.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-2048x1152.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.38.07-PM-1920x1080.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enriqueta Andazola’s granddaughter Diana Salgado Zuñiga unfurls a vintage ‘Mexican War Mothers’ banner, during KVIE documentary, ‘Valentia: Mexican-Americans in World War II.’ \u003ccite>(YouTube/ KVIE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though all women of the era were expected to join in the war effort, Las Madres went above and beyond. They tended to wounded soldiers in local military hospitals. They launched letter-writing campaigns to the soldiers and sent care packages abroad. They held fundraising dinners and dances to raise money for the Veterans Affiliated Council. They regularly donated money to Yountville’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.calvet.ca.gov/VetHomes/pages/yountville.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Veterans Home of California\u003c/a>—an organization that, at that time, took care of the widows and orphans of servicemen. They attended Sacramento’s monthly USO meetings to serve home-cooked Mexican food. They even assisted with the burial service of Mexican American soldiers who were killed in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Even after the war, the service of Las Madres Mexicanas de Guerra didn’t stop. And their love for both America and Mexico was present at every one of their general meetings, when they stood to recite the pledge of allegiance in Spanish. Soon after the war ended, the women began selling pan dulce, tamales and raffle tickets at the local Catholic Church to raise yet more funds—this time for a monument to honor all Mexican Americans who served America in World War I and World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the women had raised $4,000, they commissioned a statue to be made in Italy. It was sculpted in the likeness of a soldier—specifically Andazola’s son, Joe—and named “El Soldado.” And in 1951, it was installed at El Centro Mexicano de Sacramento (the Sacramento Mexican Center)—an organization Andazola had co-founded in 1948 with Phil Zúñiga. The community center was a physical symbol of Mexican American pride and fellowship in California’s capital, and “El Soldado” represented the contributions of the community to American society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894650\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13894650\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM-800x844.png\" alt='Enriqueta Andazola poses with school children and the \"El Soldado\" statue, whose likeness is based on her son, Joe.' width=\"800\" height=\"844\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM-800x844.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM-160x169.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM-768x810.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-25-at-3.52.54-PM.png 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enriqueta Andazola poses with school children and the “El Soldado” statue, whose likeness is based on her son, Joe. \u003ccite>(Center for Sacramento History)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13899893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13899893\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-800x743.jpg\" alt=\"(L) El Soldado as it looks today (R) Standing guard over the State Capitol, June 2021.\" width=\"800\" height=\"743\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-800x743.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-1020x947.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-160x149.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-768x713.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-1536x1426.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-2048x1901.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Soldado-Final-1920x1782.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(L) El Soldado as it looks today (R) Standing guard over the State Capitol, June 2021. \u003ccite>(Rae Alexandra)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the years since the Sacramento Mexican Center closed its doors in 1975, “El Soldado” has stood guard over the State Capitol building. The statue was \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article178179646.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rededicated in 2017\u003c/a>, having undergone major repairs and renovations. It was also given a new plaza and a more elaborate pedestal, listing scores of Mexican American Medal of Honor recipients. Every year, it is the site for California Mexican American Veterans Day ceremonies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, “El Soldado” is the only memorial that specifically recognizes the service of Mexican American soldiers. But it also stands as a reminder for all that Andazola did for her community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reverence and respect for Enriqueta Andazola, by those who remember, remains strong. After her death in 1980, one eulogy at her funeral summarized the feelings of many friends and family in her life: “La pionera de nuestra colonia Mexicana.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Flint’s, an Icon of Oakland Barbecue, Plots Return to Original Location",
"headTitle": "Flint’s, an Icon of Oakland Barbecue, Plots Return to Original Location | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dark red barbecue sauce at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/flintsbarbecue/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flint’s Barbecue\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was deep in flavor, never too sweet. The house-made links were coarse-ground to maximize sauce absorption—the best around, according to the restaurant’s loyal fans. And by the time the restaurant closed the last of its three locations in Oakland in 2010, its legend was secure: To this day, there is no shortage of old-timers who insist that Flint’s was, without question, the greatest of all time, especially during the restaurant’s heyday in the 1970s and ’80s.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then it was gone for good—until two years ago, that is, when Crystal Martin, the granddaughter of founder Willie Flintroy, resurrected the Flint’s name with a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://eastbayexpress.com/flints-bbq-is-coming-back-to-the-town-1/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">series of pop-ups\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> featuring all of the original recipes. Now, Martin says she’s one step closer to realizing her ultimate dream: to reopen Flint’s as a full-fledged restaurant at one of its original locations. Specifically, she’s in negotiations to lease the old Flint’s location at 3114 San Pablo Ave. in West Oakland—the same restaurant where she helped out as a kid, peeling potatoes for the potato salad in the prep kitchen area in back. (“That’s all I could do,” Martin recalls.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894445\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13894445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/flints_crystalmartin.crop_.jpg\" alt=\"Crystal Martin stands inside her Alameda commercial kitchen space during one of her Flint's pop-ups.\" width=\"640\" height=\"908\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/flints_crystalmartin.crop_.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/flints_crystalmartin.crop_-160x227.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crystal Martin at her Alameda commercial kitchen space during one of her Flint’s pop-ups. \u003ccite>(HMTWNHERO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The building has sat empty since that particular Flint’s closed in the late ’90s. At first, the whole point of the pop-ups was to build up enough capital to try to buy the place outright, Martin says. Instead, someone else recently bought the building, and the new owner reached out to Martin to see if she’d be interested in leasing the space—the first time that’s been a viable option since the restaurant closed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s still a long way to go, however, before a reborn Flint’s restaurant becomes a reality. Martin says that in order to purchase all of the necessary kitchen equipment and to cover the first few months of rent while she gets the business off the ground, she needs to raise at least $75,000 to $100,000. She’s launched a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/f/help-us-move-back-to-san-pablo\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">GoFundMe campaign\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Her hope is that the legion of folks who are nostalgic for Flint’s glory years will rally together to support the effort.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, the very prospect of bringing Flint’s back to one of its original homes has Martin feeling excited and hopeful. When she did a walkthrough a couple of weeks ago, it was the first time she’d been back in the space since the San Pablo Avenue location closed. As soon as she walked in the door, Martin says, she was flooded with memories of the time she spent there as a kid. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin’s older sister, Lynette Martin, worked at the restaurant as a high school student in the late ’70s. “The first thing I remembered was looking at the brick oven,” she says. “That brought back a lot of memories.” The San Pablo Avenue location was a very plainly decorated takeout-only restaurant, Lynette recalls. The only furniture, really, was a big cooler where they kept the soda and a jukebox that was always on, playing whatever R&B songs were popular at the time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">David Peters, a long-time resident of West Oakland’s Hoover-Foster neighborhood, grew up just around the corner from the San Pablo Avenue location and was a regular customer from the time it first opened in the early ’70s, often drawing long lines that wrapped around the block. (The very first Flint’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/Flint%27s_Bar-B-Q\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">opened on East 14th Street in 1968\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.) “My enduring memory is the ‘thwack-thwack-thwack-thwack’ — is them hitting the cleavers, chopping up the ribs with the cleavers on the cutting boards. That’s the enduring auditory memory of Flint’s,” Peters says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894446\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13894446\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/FlintSlinks.Crop_.jpg\" alt=\"Two trays full of Flint's house-made links.\" width=\"800\" height=\"646\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/FlintSlinks.Crop_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/FlintSlinks.Crop_-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/FlintSlinks.Crop_-768x620.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coarse-ground links were one of Flint’s signature items. \u003ccite>(Flint's Barbecue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to Peters, what set Flint’s apart were those coarse-ground links, which he never found anywhere else, and of course that barbecue sauce, which he says was “just so delicious”: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You’d get it on your potato salad. You’d end up with a pool of it in their styrofoam to-go thing. You’d sop it up with bread. If I could have drank the stuff, it would have been fine.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These days, Peters is the project director for a forthcoming “\u003ca href=\"https://walk.ouroakland.net/tour/black-liberation-1/\">Black Liberation Walking Tour\u003c/a>” of the Hoover-Foster neighborhood—a guided walk that aims to celebrate the history, culture, and art of that particular stretch of West Oakland. One of the first stops on the tour that’s already been planned? A visit to the old Flint’s, of course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peters believes the restaurant’s return would mark an important turning point for the neighborhood, which in his lifetime has gone from having just four Black families living on the block to being a predominantly Black neighborhood to now, once again, only having four Black families on the block. Since Flint’s departure in the ’90s, the once-vital commercial strip on that stretch of San Pablo Avenue has never been the same.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“[The restaurant] was a source of pride for the neighborhood,” Peters says of Flint’s. “People knew where we lived. It was affirming to see this thriving Black business do so well.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the meantime, nostalgic barbecue lovers looking to get a taste of that classic Flint’s flavor will have to content themselves with Martin’s pop-ups for now, starting with a sauce sale in late April to mark the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/CMi8B6Bs_TH/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">two-year anniversary of her Flint’s comeback tour\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The next full-on barbecue pop-up will probably take place sometime over the summer. And in June, Martin will host the first pop-up for her new Creole soul food business, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/ladyflintscreolesoul/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lady Flint’s Creole Soul\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. All of the events will be held out of Martin’s commercial kitchen at 2400 Monarch St. in Alameda.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But if all goes well, it’s possible that by early next year, Flint’s—in all its saucy glory—will rise again.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dark red barbecue sauce at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/flintsbarbecue/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flint’s Barbecue\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was deep in flavor, never too sweet. The house-made links were coarse-ground to maximize sauce absorption—the best around, according to the restaurant’s loyal fans. And by the time the restaurant closed the last of its three locations in Oakland in 2010, its legend was secure: To this day, there is no shortage of old-timers who insist that Flint’s was, without question, the greatest of all time, especially during the restaurant’s heyday in the 1970s and ’80s.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then it was gone for good—until two years ago, that is, when Crystal Martin, the granddaughter of founder Willie Flintroy, resurrected the Flint’s name with a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://eastbayexpress.com/flints-bbq-is-coming-back-to-the-town-1/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">series of pop-ups\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> featuring all of the original recipes. Now, Martin says she’s one step closer to realizing her ultimate dream: to reopen Flint’s as a full-fledged restaurant at one of its original locations. Specifically, she’s in negotiations to lease the old Flint’s location at 3114 San Pablo Ave. in West Oakland—the same restaurant where she helped out as a kid, peeling potatoes for the potato salad in the prep kitchen area in back. (“That’s all I could do,” Martin recalls.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894445\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13894445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/flints_crystalmartin.crop_.jpg\" alt=\"Crystal Martin stands inside her Alameda commercial kitchen space during one of her Flint's pop-ups.\" width=\"640\" height=\"908\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/flints_crystalmartin.crop_.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/flints_crystalmartin.crop_-160x227.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crystal Martin at her Alameda commercial kitchen space during one of her Flint’s pop-ups. \u003ccite>(HMTWNHERO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The building has sat empty since that particular Flint’s closed in the late ’90s. At first, the whole point of the pop-ups was to build up enough capital to try to buy the place outright, Martin says. Instead, someone else recently bought the building, and the new owner reached out to Martin to see if she’d be interested in leasing the space—the first time that’s been a viable option since the restaurant closed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s still a long way to go, however, before a reborn Flint’s restaurant becomes a reality. Martin says that in order to purchase all of the necessary kitchen equipment and to cover the first few months of rent while she gets the business off the ground, she needs to raise at least $75,000 to $100,000. She’s launched a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/f/help-us-move-back-to-san-pablo\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">GoFundMe campaign\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Her hope is that the legion of folks who are nostalgic for Flint’s glory years will rally together to support the effort.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, the very prospect of bringing Flint’s back to one of its original homes has Martin feeling excited and hopeful. When she did a walkthrough a couple of weeks ago, it was the first time she’d been back in the space since the San Pablo Avenue location closed. As soon as she walked in the door, Martin says, she was flooded with memories of the time she spent there as a kid. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Martin’s older sister, Lynette Martin, worked at the restaurant as a high school student in the late ’70s. “The first thing I remembered was looking at the brick oven,” she says. “That brought back a lot of memories.” The San Pablo Avenue location was a very plainly decorated takeout-only restaurant, Lynette recalls. The only furniture, really, was a big cooler where they kept the soda and a jukebox that was always on, playing whatever R&B songs were popular at the time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">David Peters, a long-time resident of West Oakland’s Hoover-Foster neighborhood, grew up just around the corner from the San Pablo Avenue location and was a regular customer from the time it first opened in the early ’70s, often drawing long lines that wrapped around the block. (The very first Flint’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/Flint%27s_Bar-B-Q\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">opened on East 14th Street in 1968\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.) “My enduring memory is the ‘thwack-thwack-thwack-thwack’ — is them hitting the cleavers, chopping up the ribs with the cleavers on the cutting boards. That’s the enduring auditory memory of Flint’s,” Peters says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13894446\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13894446\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/FlintSlinks.Crop_.jpg\" alt=\"Two trays full of Flint's house-made links.\" width=\"800\" height=\"646\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/FlintSlinks.Crop_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/FlintSlinks.Crop_-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/FlintSlinks.Crop_-768x620.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coarse-ground links were one of Flint’s signature items. \u003ccite>(Flint's Barbecue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to Peters, what set Flint’s apart were those coarse-ground links, which he never found anywhere else, and of course that barbecue sauce, which he says was “just so delicious”: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You’d get it on your potato salad. You’d end up with a pool of it in their styrofoam to-go thing. You’d sop it up with bread. If I could have drank the stuff, it would have been fine.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These days, Peters is the project director for a forthcoming “\u003ca href=\"https://walk.ouroakland.net/tour/black-liberation-1/\">Black Liberation Walking Tour\u003c/a>” of the Hoover-Foster neighborhood—a guided walk that aims to celebrate the history, culture, and art of that particular stretch of West Oakland. One of the first stops on the tour that’s already been planned? A visit to the old Flint’s, of course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peters believes the restaurant’s return would mark an important turning point for the neighborhood, which in his lifetime has gone from having just four Black families living on the block to being a predominantly Black neighborhood to now, once again, only having four Black families on the block. Since Flint’s departure in the ’90s, the once-vital commercial strip on that stretch of San Pablo Avenue has never been the same.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“[The restaurant] was a source of pride for the neighborhood,” Peters says of Flint’s. “People knew where we lived. It was affirming to see this thriving Black business do so well.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the meantime, nostalgic barbecue lovers looking to get a taste of that classic Flint’s flavor will have to content themselves with Martin’s pop-ups for now, starting with a sauce sale in late April to mark the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/CMi8B6Bs_TH/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">two-year anniversary of her Flint’s comeback tour\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The next full-on barbecue pop-up will probably take place sometime over the summer. And in June, Martin will host the first pop-up for her new Creole soul food business, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/ladyflintscreolesoul/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lady Flint’s Creole Soul\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. All of the events will be held out of Martin’s commercial kitchen at 2400 Monarch St. in Alameda.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But if all goes well, it’s possible that by early next year, Flint’s—in all its saucy glory—will rise again.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Nina Simone, Mary Lou Williams Celebrated in Healdsburg Jazz Event",
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"content": "\u003cp>For Women’s History Month, the Healdsburg Jazz Festival presents \u003cem>Convergence\u003c/em>, a virtual concert event celebrating iconic musicians Mary Lou Williams and Nina Simone through an imagined depiction of their first meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concert recounts a fictitious meeting of Williams and Simone in a lobby in Paris. When their paths cross, both artists are about to be honored by the French government with the National Order of Merit awards. Featuring original music in addition to renditions of the pair’s most well-known songs interwoven with dialogue and commentary, the event celebrates the cultural and musical contributions of the two artists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Williams and Simone began playing the piano at around the age of three as children born to large families in the American south. While Williams was Simone’s senior by over two decades and their careers differed greatly, the two played during overlapping time periods. Both produced expansive bodies of work.[aside postID='arts_13885595']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Convergence\u003c/em> features contemporary pianists Victoria Theodore in the role of Nina Simone and Tammy L. Hall in the role of Mary Lou Williams. Hall is also the Healdsburg Jazz 2021 Artist in Residence, and has been playing piano since the age of four. Her career as a pianist, composer, and educator brought her from her hometown of Dallas, Texas to the Bay Area in 1979. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her co-star Theodore began her journey as a pianist and singer in her teens as part of the UC Berkeley Young Musicians Program and the Oakland Youth Chorus, and in 2016 joined Beyoncé’s Formation World Tour as a keyboardist. Theodore also contributes original music to \u003cem>Convergence\u003c/em>. Hall and Theodore are joined onstage by bassist Ruth Davies and drummer Sylvia Cuenca, as well as Oakland-born Grammy-nominated spoken word artist RyanNicole Austin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Directed by Kevin Johnson and filmed at Opus Studios in Oakland, the concert also serves as an educational asset. Healdsburg Jazz has created an original resource guide celebrating the contributions of women to the evolution and history of jazz music as well as a compilation of photos, interviews, and other educational materials in tandem with the \u003cem>Convergence\u003c/em> concert event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"39\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12904247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39-160x16.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39-240x23.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39-375x37.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘Convergence’ airs Wednesday, March 31 at 7pm. Tickets start at $10; a “Dinner Show To Go for Four” package with dinner for four from Spoonbar is available for $200. \u003ca href=\"https://healdsburgjazz.org/convergence-video-concert/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Details here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For Women’s History Month, the Healdsburg Jazz Festival presents \u003cem>Convergence\u003c/em>, a virtual concert event celebrating iconic musicians Mary Lou Williams and Nina Simone through an imagined depiction of their first meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concert recounts a fictitious meeting of Williams and Simone in a lobby in Paris. When their paths cross, both artists are about to be honored by the French government with the National Order of Merit awards. Featuring original music in addition to renditions of the pair’s most well-known songs interwoven with dialogue and commentary, the event celebrates the cultural and musical contributions of the two artists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Williams and Simone began playing the piano at around the age of three as children born to large families in the American south. While Williams was Simone’s senior by over two decades and their careers differed greatly, the two played during overlapping time periods. Both produced expansive bodies of work.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Convergence\u003c/em> features contemporary pianists Victoria Theodore in the role of Nina Simone and Tammy L. Hall in the role of Mary Lou Williams. Hall is also the Healdsburg Jazz 2021 Artist in Residence, and has been playing piano since the age of four. Her career as a pianist, composer, and educator brought her from her hometown of Dallas, Texas to the Bay Area in 1979. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her co-star Theodore began her journey as a pianist and singer in her teens as part of the UC Berkeley Young Musicians Program and the Oakland Youth Chorus, and in 2016 joined Beyoncé’s Formation World Tour as a keyboardist. Theodore also contributes original music to \u003cem>Convergence\u003c/em>. Hall and Theodore are joined onstage by bassist Ruth Davies and drummer Sylvia Cuenca, as well as Oakland-born Grammy-nominated spoken word artist RyanNicole Austin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Directed by Kevin Johnson and filmed at Opus Studios in Oakland, the concert also serves as an educational asset. Healdsburg Jazz has created an original resource guide celebrating the contributions of women to the evolution and history of jazz music as well as a compilation of photos, interviews, and other educational materials in tandem with the \u003cem>Convergence\u003c/em> concert event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"39\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12904247\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39-160x16.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39-240x23.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39-375x37.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘Convergence’ airs Wednesday, March 31 at 7pm. Tickets start at $10; a “Dinner Show To Go for Four” package with dinner for four from Spoonbar is available for $200. \u003ca href=\"https://healdsburgjazz.org/convergence-video-concert/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Details here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "When San Francisco Rose Up to Chase a Racist Gang Out of Town",
"headTitle": "When San Francisco Rose Up to Chase a Racist Gang Out of Town | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In 1848, as San Francisco rapidly transformed from a small town of a few hundred people to a city besieged by Gold Rush fortune-seekers, a pervasive lawlessness took over. There was no police force; it was every-human-for-themselves. Out of the chaos, a violent racist group emerged. They called themselves the Hounds and, for the better part of a year, they terrorized the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hounds were young, angry and arrogant. (Think of them as Proud Boys for the Gold Rush era.) They loosely formed during the latter half of 1848, but in February 1849, the Hounds went official. They appointed leaders and established headquarters in a large tent near the intersection of Clay and Kearny. They called it “Tammany Hall” after New York’s \u003ca href=\"http://archives.nypl.org/mss/2946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tammany Society\u003c/a>—a fraternal organization for American-born men wishing to wield political influence. [aside postid='arts_13892672']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the group’s official reason for being was “mutual defense,” members talked openly of the need to protect white citizens from immigrants. In truth, many of the Hounds were veterans of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/event/Mexican-American-War\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mexican-American war\u003c/a>—which had come to an end in February 1848—and continued to harbor resentments towards Mexican citizens. That racism extended to all people of color, and foreigners more generally. (A Frenchman named Jules Rousson later testified that the Hounds attacked his restaurant repeatedly.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Sunday, the Hounds would parade through the streets, waving weapons and banners, and playing drums and flutes. By night, they terrorized immigrants on the unlit streets. At the time, many structures in the city were impermanent because lumber was so expensive. That meant Mexican, Peruvian and Chilean miners living in tent encampments were particularly vulnerable to the Hounds. The gang beat, rob and attacked them with impunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No part of the city went undisrupted. The Hounds also ran \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfweekly.com/news/yesterdays-crimes-news/yesterdays-crimes-when-san-francisco-got-tough-on-immigration/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protection rackets\u003c/a>, forcing multiple local businesses to pay up. In addition, according to the 1855 \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=XiHWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA556&lpg=PA556&dq=annals+of+san+francisco+A+favorite+sport+was+to+intrude+themselves,+even+in+open+day,+in+a+numerous+gang,+upon+taverns+and+hotels,+and+demand+high+priced+drinks+and+food,+which+on+receiving--for+people+were+too+much+afraid+of+their+lives+and+property+to+refuse--they+would+recklessly+destroy+the+furniture+nearest+at+hand+and+forthwith+decamp+as+boldly+as+they+had+entered,+without+troubling+their+heads+as+to+who+should+pay+for+the+damage+or+the+articles+consumed.&source=bl&ots=rSRRNp7IWX&sig=ACfU3U1oUB3t03GU3pec3FjpCsDe7e0jtg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr5dDLjJDvAhWYtZ4KHcnkC90Q6AEwAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q=annals%20of%20san%20francisco%20A%20favorite%20sport%20was%20to%20intrude%20themselves%2C%20even%20in%20open%20day%2C%20in%20a%20numerous%20gang%2C%20upon%20taverns%20and%20hotels%2C%20and%20demand%20high%20priced%20drinks%20and%20food%2C%20which%20on%20receiving--for%20people%20were%20too%20much%20afraid%20of%20their%20lives%20and%20property%20to%20refuse--they%20would%20recklessly%20destroy%20the%20furniture%20nearest%20at%20hand%20and%20forthwith%20decamp%20as%20boldly%20as%20they%20had%20entered%2C%20without%20troubling%20their%20heads%20as%20to%20who%20should%20pay%20for%20the%20damage%20or%20the%20articles%20consumed.&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Annals of San Francisco\u003c/em>\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A favorite sport was to intrude themselves, even in open day, in a numerous gang, upon taverns and hotels, and demand high priced drinks and food, which on receiving—for people were too much afraid of their lives and property to refuse—they would recklessly destroy the furniture nearest at hand and forthwith decamp as boldly as they had entered.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Emboldened by months of getting away with these kinds of intimidations, on Sunday, July 15, 1849, the Hounds went on a daylight rampage that would ultimately be their undoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That afternoon, on returning from a thieving expedition in Contra Costa County, the Hounds—now trying to rebrand themselves as “Regulators”—held an armed parade through the city. Guided by Hounds leader Samuel Roberts, who dressed in military uniform and was addressed as “Lieutenant,” the march ended at a Chilean encampment at Clark’s Point. (Today’s Embarcadero.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, the Hounds went on a wrecking spree, savagely beating and raping occupants, stealing money and valuables, and destroying tents and personal affects. Facing little opposition, they eventually began firing their weapons indiscriminately. There is no record of how many people the Hounds shot that afternoon, but at least one child later died from his injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Weekly Alta California\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=WAC18490804.2.2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported on Aug. 4, 1849\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #2b2b2b;font-size: 16px\">The scene, as heard by those residing in the vicinity, is described as heart-rending. In every direction were heard the cries and shrieks of women and children, mingled with the oaths and demoniac laughter of reckless and impious men, whilst the report of fire-arms, and the sound of blows falling thick and fast upon the defenseless gave to the act its finishing touch of cowardly outrage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Within hours of the attack, word of the carnage spread across San Francisco, and the city rose up in protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months, the serving alcalde (mayor, for all intents and purposes), \u003ca href=\"https://springsmuseum.org/leavenworths-house/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Thaddeus M. Leavenworth\u003c/a>, had been unsure how to tackle the gang. The day after the attack, however, Leavenworth was approached by two respected citizens with a plan. The first was entrepreneur \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldrush-samuel-brannan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Samuel Brannan\u003c/a>, publisher of the \u003cem>California Star—\u003c/em>San Francisco’s first newspaper—and the first Gold Rush millionaire\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The second was \u003ca href=\"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/59724921/bezer-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Captain Bezer Simmons\u003c/a>, an adventurer from Vermont with an honorable reputation. The two implored Leavenworth to deputize citizens and capture the Hounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13893501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13893501\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-800x743.jpg\" alt=\"Historical portraits of (L) Thaddeus M. Leavenworth and (R) Samuel Brannan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"743\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-800x743.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-1020x947.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-160x149.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-768x713.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-1536x1426.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-2048x1901.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-1920x1782.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(L) Thaddeus M. Leavenworth and (R) Samuel Brannan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, Leavenworth called the frustrated citizens of San Francisco to gather at 3pm at Portsmouth Square—right outside Tammany Hall. The meeting was passionate but remained orderly. Local businessman \u003ca href=\"https://burlingamefoundingfamilies.wordpress.com/howard-introduction/william-davis-merry-howard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">William Davis Merry Howard\u003c/a> was elected president of the meeting. \u003ca href=\"https://www.guardiansofthecity.org/sfpd/historical_review/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">James Ward\u003c/a> and merchant \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25156337?seq=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">William Heath Davis\u003c/a> were vice-presidents; local doctor Victor J. Fourgeaud served as secretary; and Bezer Simmons was chairman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brannan took to the podium, denounced the Hounds, and asked that survivors of the previous day’s attack step forward and sign up for relief packets at the nearby \u003ca href=\"https://www.smdailyjournal.com/news/local/gambling-houses-hustlers-and-hookers/article_8930a569-c405-5c85-9b91-6c43e4d534af.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Parker House\u003c/a>—a high-end gambling den. Then Brannan implored able-bodied San Franciscans to volunteer as special constables. [aside postid='arts_13884403']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two hundred and thirty people stepped up, and a man named Hiram Webb provided 60 muskets for them. Mr. A. J. Ellis was nominated as sheriff, and W. E. Spofford was made chief of police. On accepting the nomination, Spofford declared: “\u003ca href=\"https://www.guardiansofthecity.org/sfpd/historical_review/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">When I forget my duty, may God forget me\u003c/a>.” He then organized volunteers into ten different police forces led by individual captains—Bezer Simmons was one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same day, just 24 hours after the Hounds had attacked the Chilean encampment, 20 members of the gang were caught and locked up. That group included Samuel Roberts, who had been caught trying to escape to Stockton via schooner, and prominent gang member John Curley, who was apprehended in the Mission. The Hounds were held in a makeshift jail on board the USS Warren, a stores ship. (The only jail in San Francisco at the time stood at Clay and Stockton, and was notoriously\u003ca href=\"https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=The_Prison_Ship_%27Euphemia%27\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> easy to escape from\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, July 17, the Hounds appeared before a grand jury comprised of three elected judges (Leavenworth, Ward and future senator, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Gwin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">William McKendree Gwin\u003c/a>) and a jury of citizens. The gang was charged with conspiracy, riot, robbery and assault with intent to kill. In his opening remarks, prosecution lawyer \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Lippitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Francis J. Lippitt\u003c/a> noted: “The charges… do not present the whole of the outrages… We have called it simply conspiracy to avoid technicalities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bizarrely, one of the witnesses that testified was Leavenworth himself. As soon as the alcalde arrived on the stand, the Hounds’ defense lawyer vehemently objected. Leavenworth made matters worse by threatening to have the lawyer arrested. Another judge was forced to intervene in the subsequent melee, stating: “If the alcalde comes on to the stand as a witness, he must abide by the rules applicable to all witnesses and cannot, for the time, be considered a part of the court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Roberts was found guilty on all counts, and eight of his cohorts were guilty of one or more of the charges. All were sentenced to prison time with hard labor. Unfortunately, all escaped without punishment due to the lack of judicial infrastructure that plagued San Francisco at the time, as well as the influence of corrupt local politicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial did accomplish one thing, though. After the Hounds’ escape from formal punishment, its members were too afraid to regroup. Making their lives even more precarious was the fact that the city never forgot the atrocities the Hounds committed. It was later reported that, after the gang split up, some members sought work in the mines, only to be instantly recognized by those they had previously attacked. Several were hanged on the spot by revenge-thirsty miners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the meting out of official justice ultimately failed on this occasion, the swift process of capturing and removing the Hounds from San Francisco streets left many in the city convinced that the concept of organized policing could work. An Irish immigrant named Malachi Fallon was quickly called on to form a police force. “The merchants of the town having heard of my former connections with police matters, called to see me and offered inducements to remain and organize a police,” \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.org/policecommission/sfpd-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fallon later wrote\u003c/a>. “The council met and appointed me Chief of Police at a salary of six thousand dollars a year.” [aside postid='arts_13890853']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fallon started work on Aug. 13, 1849, and immediately appointed 30 officers, three sergeants and a deputy captain. The men had no formal training and no uniforms, and they made their headquarters in a one-room former schoolhouse near Portsmouth Square. Two months later, the town council announced the purchase of a new secure prison. It was a ship—\u003ca href=\"https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=The_Prison_Ship_%27Euphemia%27\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the brig Euphemia\u003c/a>—and it was ready for prisoners by February 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t all smooth sailing; \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Committee_of_Vigilance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vigilance Committees\u003c/a> briefly popped up in 1851 and 1856 and took matters of justice into their own hands, publicly hanging eight people in the streets. But Fallon’s police force marked the very beginning of law and order in San Francisco—a system that rose, initially at least, out of citizens declaring that enough was enough.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1848, as San Francisco rapidly transformed from a small town of a few hundred people to a city besieged by Gold Rush fortune-seekers, a pervasive lawlessness took over. There was no police force; it was every-human-for-themselves. Out of the chaos, a violent racist group emerged. They called themselves the Hounds and, for the better part of a year, they terrorized the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hounds were young, angry and arrogant. (Think of them as Proud Boys for the Gold Rush era.) They loosely formed during the latter half of 1848, but in February 1849, the Hounds went official. They appointed leaders and established headquarters in a large tent near the intersection of Clay and Kearny. They called it “Tammany Hall” after New York’s \u003ca href=\"http://archives.nypl.org/mss/2946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tammany Society\u003c/a>—a fraternal organization for American-born men wishing to wield political influence. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the group’s official reason for being was “mutual defense,” members talked openly of the need to protect white citizens from immigrants. In truth, many of the Hounds were veterans of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/event/Mexican-American-War\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mexican-American war\u003c/a>—which had come to an end in February 1848—and continued to harbor resentments towards Mexican citizens. That racism extended to all people of color, and foreigners more generally. (A Frenchman named Jules Rousson later testified that the Hounds attacked his restaurant repeatedly.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Sunday, the Hounds would parade through the streets, waving weapons and banners, and playing drums and flutes. By night, they terrorized immigrants on the unlit streets. At the time, many structures in the city were impermanent because lumber was so expensive. That meant Mexican, Peruvian and Chilean miners living in tent encampments were particularly vulnerable to the Hounds. The gang beat, rob and attacked them with impunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No part of the city went undisrupted. The Hounds also ran \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfweekly.com/news/yesterdays-crimes-news/yesterdays-crimes-when-san-francisco-got-tough-on-immigration/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protection rackets\u003c/a>, forcing multiple local businesses to pay up. In addition, according to the 1855 \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=XiHWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA556&lpg=PA556&dq=annals+of+san+francisco+A+favorite+sport+was+to+intrude+themselves,+even+in+open+day,+in+a+numerous+gang,+upon+taverns+and+hotels,+and+demand+high+priced+drinks+and+food,+which+on+receiving--for+people+were+too+much+afraid+of+their+lives+and+property+to+refuse--they+would+recklessly+destroy+the+furniture+nearest+at+hand+and+forthwith+decamp+as+boldly+as+they+had+entered,+without+troubling+their+heads+as+to+who+should+pay+for+the+damage+or+the+articles+consumed.&source=bl&ots=rSRRNp7IWX&sig=ACfU3U1oUB3t03GU3pec3FjpCsDe7e0jtg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr5dDLjJDvAhWYtZ4KHcnkC90Q6AEwAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q=annals%20of%20san%20francisco%20A%20favorite%20sport%20was%20to%20intrude%20themselves%2C%20even%20in%20open%20day%2C%20in%20a%20numerous%20gang%2C%20upon%20taverns%20and%20hotels%2C%20and%20demand%20high%20priced%20drinks%20and%20food%2C%20which%20on%20receiving--for%20people%20were%20too%20much%20afraid%20of%20their%20lives%20and%20property%20to%20refuse--they%20would%20recklessly%20destroy%20the%20furniture%20nearest%20at%20hand%20and%20forthwith%20decamp%20as%20boldly%20as%20they%20had%20entered%2C%20without%20troubling%20their%20heads%20as%20to%20who%20should%20pay%20for%20the%20damage%20or%20the%20articles%20consumed.&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Annals of San Francisco\u003c/em>\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A favorite sport was to intrude themselves, even in open day, in a numerous gang, upon taverns and hotels, and demand high priced drinks and food, which on receiving—for people were too much afraid of their lives and property to refuse—they would recklessly destroy the furniture nearest at hand and forthwith decamp as boldly as they had entered.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Emboldened by months of getting away with these kinds of intimidations, on Sunday, July 15, 1849, the Hounds went on a daylight rampage that would ultimately be their undoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That afternoon, on returning from a thieving expedition in Contra Costa County, the Hounds—now trying to rebrand themselves as “Regulators”—held an armed parade through the city. Guided by Hounds leader Samuel Roberts, who dressed in military uniform and was addressed as “Lieutenant,” the march ended at a Chilean encampment at Clark’s Point. (Today’s Embarcadero.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, the Hounds went on a wrecking spree, savagely beating and raping occupants, stealing money and valuables, and destroying tents and personal affects. Facing little opposition, they eventually began firing their weapons indiscriminately. There is no record of how many people the Hounds shot that afternoon, but at least one child later died from his injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Weekly Alta California\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=WAC18490804.2.2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported on Aug. 4, 1849\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #2b2b2b;font-size: 16px\">The scene, as heard by those residing in the vicinity, is described as heart-rending. In every direction were heard the cries and shrieks of women and children, mingled with the oaths and demoniac laughter of reckless and impious men, whilst the report of fire-arms, and the sound of blows falling thick and fast upon the defenseless gave to the act its finishing touch of cowardly outrage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Within hours of the attack, word of the carnage spread across San Francisco, and the city rose up in protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months, the serving alcalde (mayor, for all intents and purposes), \u003ca href=\"https://springsmuseum.org/leavenworths-house/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Thaddeus M. Leavenworth\u003c/a>, had been unsure how to tackle the gang. The day after the attack, however, Leavenworth was approached by two respected citizens with a plan. The first was entrepreneur \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldrush-samuel-brannan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Samuel Brannan\u003c/a>, publisher of the \u003cem>California Star—\u003c/em>San Francisco’s first newspaper—and the first Gold Rush millionaire\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The second was \u003ca href=\"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/59724921/bezer-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Captain Bezer Simmons\u003c/a>, an adventurer from Vermont with an honorable reputation. The two implored Leavenworth to deputize citizens and capture the Hounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13893501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13893501\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-800x743.jpg\" alt=\"Historical portraits of (L) Thaddeus M. Leavenworth and (R) Samuel Brannan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"743\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-800x743.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-1020x947.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-160x149.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-768x713.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-1536x1426.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-2048x1901.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/Leavenworth-and-Brannan-1920x1782.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(L) Thaddeus M. Leavenworth and (R) Samuel Brannan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, Leavenworth called the frustrated citizens of San Francisco to gather at 3pm at Portsmouth Square—right outside Tammany Hall. The meeting was passionate but remained orderly. Local businessman \u003ca href=\"https://burlingamefoundingfamilies.wordpress.com/howard-introduction/william-davis-merry-howard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">William Davis Merry Howard\u003c/a> was elected president of the meeting. \u003ca href=\"https://www.guardiansofthecity.org/sfpd/historical_review/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">James Ward\u003c/a> and merchant \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25156337?seq=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">William Heath Davis\u003c/a> were vice-presidents; local doctor Victor J. Fourgeaud served as secretary; and Bezer Simmons was chairman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brannan took to the podium, denounced the Hounds, and asked that survivors of the previous day’s attack step forward and sign up for relief packets at the nearby \u003ca href=\"https://www.smdailyjournal.com/news/local/gambling-houses-hustlers-and-hookers/article_8930a569-c405-5c85-9b91-6c43e4d534af.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Parker House\u003c/a>—a high-end gambling den. Then Brannan implored able-bodied San Franciscans to volunteer as special constables. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two hundred and thirty people stepped up, and a man named Hiram Webb provided 60 muskets for them. Mr. A. J. Ellis was nominated as sheriff, and W. E. Spofford was made chief of police. On accepting the nomination, Spofford declared: “\u003ca href=\"https://www.guardiansofthecity.org/sfpd/historical_review/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">When I forget my duty, may God forget me\u003c/a>.” He then organized volunteers into ten different police forces led by individual captains—Bezer Simmons was one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same day, just 24 hours after the Hounds had attacked the Chilean encampment, 20 members of the gang were caught and locked up. That group included Samuel Roberts, who had been caught trying to escape to Stockton via schooner, and prominent gang member John Curley, who was apprehended in the Mission. The Hounds were held in a makeshift jail on board the USS Warren, a stores ship. (The only jail in San Francisco at the time stood at Clay and Stockton, and was notoriously\u003ca href=\"https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=The_Prison_Ship_%27Euphemia%27\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> easy to escape from\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, July 17, the Hounds appeared before a grand jury comprised of three elected judges (Leavenworth, Ward and future senator, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Gwin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">William McKendree Gwin\u003c/a>) and a jury of citizens. The gang was charged with conspiracy, riot, robbery and assault with intent to kill. In his opening remarks, prosecution lawyer \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Lippitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Francis J. Lippitt\u003c/a> noted: “The charges… do not present the whole of the outrages… We have called it simply conspiracy to avoid technicalities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bizarrely, one of the witnesses that testified was Leavenworth himself. As soon as the alcalde arrived on the stand, the Hounds’ defense lawyer vehemently objected. Leavenworth made matters worse by threatening to have the lawyer arrested. Another judge was forced to intervene in the subsequent melee, stating: “If the alcalde comes on to the stand as a witness, he must abide by the rules applicable to all witnesses and cannot, for the time, be considered a part of the court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Roberts was found guilty on all counts, and eight of his cohorts were guilty of one or more of the charges. All were sentenced to prison time with hard labor. Unfortunately, all escaped without punishment due to the lack of judicial infrastructure that plagued San Francisco at the time, as well as the influence of corrupt local politicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial did accomplish one thing, though. After the Hounds’ escape from formal punishment, its members were too afraid to regroup. Making their lives even more precarious was the fact that the city never forgot the atrocities the Hounds committed. It was later reported that, after the gang split up, some members sought work in the mines, only to be instantly recognized by those they had previously attacked. Several were hanged on the spot by revenge-thirsty miners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the meting out of official justice ultimately failed on this occasion, the swift process of capturing and removing the Hounds from San Francisco streets left many in the city convinced that the concept of organized policing could work. An Irish immigrant named Malachi Fallon was quickly called on to form a police force. “The merchants of the town having heard of my former connections with police matters, called to see me and offered inducements to remain and organize a police,” \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.org/policecommission/sfpd-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fallon later wrote\u003c/a>. “The council met and appointed me Chief of Police at a salary of six thousand dollars a year.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fallon started work on Aug. 13, 1849, and immediately appointed 30 officers, three sergeants and a deputy captain. The men had no formal training and no uniforms, and they made their headquarters in a one-room former schoolhouse near Portsmouth Square. Two months later, the town council announced the purchase of a new secure prison. It was a ship—\u003ca href=\"https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=The_Prison_Ship_%27Euphemia%27\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the brig Euphemia\u003c/a>—and it was ready for prisoners by February 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t all smooth sailing; \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Committee_of_Vigilance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vigilance Committees\u003c/a> briefly popped up in 1851 and 1856 and took matters of justice into their own hands, publicly hanging eight people in the streets. But Fallon’s police force marked the very beginning of law and order in San Francisco—a system that rose, initially at least, out of citizens declaring that enough was enough.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]O[/dropcap]nce Abby Fisher had made a name for herself in 1870s San Francisco, the award-winning Southern chef and businesswoman was bombarded with requests for her recipes. Fisher was more than happy to share over three decades of cookery know-how with her fans. But because Fisher was born enslaved and raised on a South Carolina plantation, she never had access to a formal education; she could neither read nor write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all the obstacles Fisher faced in her life, illiteracy wasn’t going to stop her. And in 1880, she became the second Black woman in America to publish a cookbook. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/life/food/2020/02/19/1866-african-american-cookbook-offers-voice-past/4785067002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Malinda Russell\u003c/a> was the first.) Fisher authored it, rather ingeniously, via dictation to nine friends and associates, all of whom subsequently had their names and addresses printed on the first page of her book. \u003cem>What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking\u003c/em> was released in 1881 by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Women%E2%80%99s_Co-operative_Printing_Union\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Women’s Co-operative Printing Office\u003c/a>, then-headquartered on San Francisco’s Montgomery Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, Fisher’s book begins with a “Preface and Apology”:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Not being able to read or write myself, and my husband also having been without the advantages of an education … caused me to doubt whether I would be able to present a work that would give perfect satisfaction … The book will be found a complete instructor, so that a child can understand it and learn the art of cooking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The dictation, however, was not without its flaws. Some of those assisting Fisher in writing and compiling her recipes either struggled with her Southern accent, or simply had never heard of the dishes. (Eight of her assistants were from San Francisco, one was based in Oakland.) As such, there are a few quirks in the text that stand as proof of the difficulty of the task Fisher and her transcribers faced. Succotash is referred to as “Circuit Hash.” Jambalaya is called “Jumberlie.” And mayonnaise is listed as “Milanese Sauce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]A[/dropcap]bby Fisher was born in Orangeburg, South Carolina in 1831, the daughter of an enslaved woman and a white farmer. On the 1880 census, she reported that her father hailed from France—typical for many landowners in South Carolina at the time. From the moment she was big enough to reach the stove, Fisher worked in the plantation kitchen and became an expert in Southern cooking. She would go on to use those skills for the betterment of her family when they left the South—and slavery—behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear when she gained her freedom, but Fisher met and married her husband Alexander C. Fisher in Mobile, Alabama in the late 1850s, before the Civil War commenced. Like his wife, Alexander was born into slavery and raised on a plantation. And like her, he was mixed-race. They had four children in Mobile, and another during a brief stay in Missouri as they journeyed to California. No one knows for sure how the Fishers made it all the way to San Francisco, but the best guess is that they joined a wagon train. It was an affordable means of travel that tended to welcome cooks with open arms—even those with five children in tow. [aside postID='arts_13883630']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time Fisher’s cookbook came out in 1880, her family had doubled in size. In her recipe, “Pap for Infant Diet”—a combination of flour boiled in a sealed jar, grated into boiling milk with added sugar—she noted: “I have given birth to eleven children and raised them all, and nursed them with this diet. It is a Southern plantation preparation.” She added: “When the child has diarrhea, boil a two-inch stick of cinnamon in the pap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the only occasion in \u003cem>What Mrs. Fisher Knows\u003c/em> that the cook deviates from straightforward food recipes in order to share remedies that will ease sickness. Her “Blackberry Syrup—For Dysentery in Children” is listed as “an old Southern plantation remedy among colored people.” These moments remain brief but enlightening snapshots of how enslaved people took care of their families with so few means at their disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13892517\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13892517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-800x427.png\" alt=\"Abby Fisher's 'Tonic Bitters: A Southern Remedy For Invalids,' as listed in 'What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking.'\" width=\"800\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-800x427.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-1020x545.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-160x85.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-768x410.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-1536x820.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM.png 1648w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Southern Cooking’ included natural remedies to ease physical ailments. \u003ccite>(Applewood Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though much of what Fisher describes in her cookbook still sounds delicious to this day—especially her pie and preserve recipes—not all of it translates so well for today’s audiences. For example, the recipes for terrapin soup (“always have the female terrapins and put them alive in boiling water”) and calf’s head soup (“when the tongue is tenderly boiled or done, take it out”) are not for the faint of heart. (And that’s before we even get into how much lard was involved.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in her time, Fisher’s recipes couldn’t be beaten. Literally. In 1879, the Sacramento State Fair awarded her their prestigious “Diploma.” And in 1880, she won two medals at the San Francisco Mechanics’ Institute Fair. One for “Best Pickles and Sauces,” the other for “Best Assortment of Jellies and Preserves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13892724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13892724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-800x785.png\" alt=\"The 1867 Mechanics Institute Fair in San Francisco. Photograph by Carleton Watkins.\" width=\"800\" height=\"785\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-800x785.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-1020x1001.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-160x157.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-768x753.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-1536x1507.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM.png 1574w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1867 Mechanics Institute Fair in San Francisco. Photograph by Carleton Watkins. \u003ccite>(The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By 1890, Fisher’s pickles and preserves business had moved from 569 Howard Street in SoMa to new headquarters in Noe Valley. By that time, she was also running it on her own. (Her husband Alexander had since become a porter.) [aside postID='arts_13881675']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end of Abby Fisher’s life remains a mystery, and her important work came extraordinarily close to being lost after the 1906 earthquake and fire decimated parts of San Francisco. Only when a copy of her cookbook reemerged in 1984 at a Sotheby’s auction were her talents rediscovered. It was reprinted the following year, and again in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003cem>What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking\u003c/em> stands as not just an important historical document, but a testament to Abby Fisher’s will to thrive under difficult circumstances. That her recipes continue to live on 140 years after she wrote them speaks to her determination, her irrefutable talent, and the Bay Area communities that joined forces to amplify them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">O\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>nce Abby Fisher had made a name for herself in 1870s San Francisco, the award-winning Southern chef and businesswoman was bombarded with requests for her recipes. Fisher was more than happy to share over three decades of cookery know-how with her fans. But because Fisher was born enslaved and raised on a South Carolina plantation, she never had access to a formal education; she could neither read nor write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all the obstacles Fisher faced in her life, illiteracy wasn’t going to stop her. And in 1880, she became the second Black woman in America to publish a cookbook. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/life/food/2020/02/19/1866-african-american-cookbook-offers-voice-past/4785067002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Malinda Russell\u003c/a> was the first.) Fisher authored it, rather ingeniously, via dictation to nine friends and associates, all of whom subsequently had their names and addresses printed on the first page of her book. \u003cem>What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking\u003c/em> was released in 1881 by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Women%E2%80%99s_Co-operative_Printing_Union\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Women’s Co-operative Printing Office\u003c/a>, then-headquartered on San Francisco’s Montgomery Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, Fisher’s book begins with a “Preface and Apology”:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Not being able to read or write myself, and my husband also having been without the advantages of an education … caused me to doubt whether I would be able to present a work that would give perfect satisfaction … The book will be found a complete instructor, so that a child can understand it and learn the art of cooking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The dictation, however, was not without its flaws. Some of those assisting Fisher in writing and compiling her recipes either struggled with her Southern accent, or simply had never heard of the dishes. (Eight of her assistants were from San Francisco, one was based in Oakland.) As such, there are a few quirks in the text that stand as proof of the difficulty of the task Fisher and her transcribers faced. Succotash is referred to as “Circuit Hash.” Jambalaya is called “Jumberlie.” And mayonnaise is listed as “Milanese Sauce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">A\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>bby Fisher was born in Orangeburg, South Carolina in 1831, the daughter of an enslaved woman and a white farmer. On the 1880 census, she reported that her father hailed from France—typical for many landowners in South Carolina at the time. From the moment she was big enough to reach the stove, Fisher worked in the plantation kitchen and became an expert in Southern cooking. She would go on to use those skills for the betterment of her family when they left the South—and slavery—behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear when she gained her freedom, but Fisher met and married her husband Alexander C. Fisher in Mobile, Alabama in the late 1850s, before the Civil War commenced. Like his wife, Alexander was born into slavery and raised on a plantation. And like her, he was mixed-race. They had four children in Mobile, and another during a brief stay in Missouri as they journeyed to California. No one knows for sure how the Fishers made it all the way to San Francisco, but the best guess is that they joined a wagon train. It was an affordable means of travel that tended to welcome cooks with open arms—even those with five children in tow. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time Fisher’s cookbook came out in 1880, her family had doubled in size. In her recipe, “Pap for Infant Diet”—a combination of flour boiled in a sealed jar, grated into boiling milk with added sugar—she noted: “I have given birth to eleven children and raised them all, and nursed them with this diet. It is a Southern plantation preparation.” She added: “When the child has diarrhea, boil a two-inch stick of cinnamon in the pap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the only occasion in \u003cem>What Mrs. Fisher Knows\u003c/em> that the cook deviates from straightforward food recipes in order to share remedies that will ease sickness. Her “Blackberry Syrup—For Dysentery in Children” is listed as “an old Southern plantation remedy among colored people.” These moments remain brief but enlightening snapshots of how enslaved people took care of their families with so few means at their disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13892517\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13892517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-800x427.png\" alt=\"Abby Fisher's 'Tonic Bitters: A Southern Remedy For Invalids,' as listed in 'What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking.'\" width=\"800\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-800x427.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-1020x545.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-160x85.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-768x410.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM-1536x820.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-09-at-6.16.10-PM.png 1648w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Southern Cooking’ included natural remedies to ease physical ailments. \u003ccite>(Applewood Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though much of what Fisher describes in her cookbook still sounds delicious to this day—especially her pie and preserve recipes—not all of it translates so well for today’s audiences. For example, the recipes for terrapin soup (“always have the female terrapins and put them alive in boiling water”) and calf’s head soup (“when the tongue is tenderly boiled or done, take it out”) are not for the faint of heart. (And that’s before we even get into how much lard was involved.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in her time, Fisher’s recipes couldn’t be beaten. Literally. In 1879, the Sacramento State Fair awarded her their prestigious “Diploma.” And in 1880, she won two medals at the San Francisco Mechanics’ Institute Fair. One for “Best Pickles and Sauces,” the other for “Best Assortment of Jellies and Preserves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13892724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13892724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-800x785.png\" alt=\"The 1867 Mechanics Institute Fair in San Francisco. Photograph by Carleton Watkins.\" width=\"800\" height=\"785\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-800x785.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-1020x1001.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-160x157.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-768x753.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM-1536x1507.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/Screen-Shot-2021-02-11-at-5.19.58-PM.png 1574w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1867 Mechanics Institute Fair in San Francisco. Photograph by Carleton Watkins. \u003ccite>(The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By 1890, Fisher’s pickles and preserves business had moved from 569 Howard Street in SoMa to new headquarters in Noe Valley. By that time, she was also running it on her own. (Her husband Alexander had since become a porter.) \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end of Abby Fisher’s life remains a mystery, and her important work came extraordinarily close to being lost after the 1906 earthquake and fire decimated parts of San Francisco. Only when a copy of her cookbook reemerged in 1984 at a Sotheby’s auction were her talents rediscovered. It was reprinted the following year, and again in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003cem>What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking\u003c/em> stands as not just an important historical document, but a testament to Abby Fisher’s will to thrive under difficult circumstances. That her recipes continue to live on 140 years after she wrote them speaks to her determination, her irrefutable talent, and the Bay Area communities that joined forces to amplify them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To learn about other Rebel Girls from Bay Area History, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/rebelgirls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rebel Girls homepage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A book celebrating women from the Rebel Girls series, \u003ca href=\"https://citylights.com/politics-current-events-history/unsung-heroines35-women-who-changed/\">‘Unsung Heroines: 35 Women Who Changed the Bay Area,’\u003c/a> is available now from City Lights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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