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"disqusTitle": "Tiny Central Valley Community Tests California's Clean-Water Law",
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"content": "\u003cp>Here’s a statistic that, no matter how many times we report about it, still sounds shocking: \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/dwdocuments/2014/2014_acr_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">More than a million Californians \u003c/a>lack access to safe, clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"When the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body, I thought, 'If this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone.'\"\u003ccite>Reinelda Palma, resident Matheny Tract\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The crisis is particularly acute in the rural Central Valley, where some communities -- like tiny Matheny Tract outside Tulare -- have struggled with unsafe drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny Tract, the community's two wells are contaminated with arsenic. Reinelda Palma knows about it firsthand. She drank the tap water until a few years ago, when a doctor told her that she had been exposed to arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very traumatic when the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body,\" she says in Spanish. \"And I thought, if this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone, including the children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when she became an advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract is not a city or a town. It’s unincorporated, which means it has no elected government, and it’s hard to get services like sidewalks or streetlights. About 1,200 people live here, and almost a third of them live below the federal poverty line. Like Palma, most are Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177434 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_0977_0-e1461788970527.jpg\" alt=\"This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palma and her neighbor Javier Medina, took me on a tour of the neighborhood. We saw a lot of bright yellow fire hydrants that looked brand-new, but Palma and Medina said they didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because they are waiting to be hooked up to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashley Werner of the nonprofit advocacy group the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadershipcounsel.org/#!about/cjn9\">Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability\u003c/a> says people in unincorporated communities like Matheny Tract have been fighting for clean water for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Effectively in local government, often there’s no elected representatives claiming to have any responsibility to ensure that people have access to clean water,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny’s case, getting water from the nearby city of Tulare seemed like an obvious solution. The city is so close, Palma can point to it from her backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Matheny and Tulare signed a contract to connect their water systems. Roads were dug up and hydrants put in place. But in 2014, the city sued to re-evaluate the contract. Construction stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177435\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177435 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_1009_0-e1461789066582.jpg\" alt=\"Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We did not have capacity to serve 300 homes at a turn of the switch, \" says Martin Koczanowicz, Tulare's city attorney. \"We spent over half a million dollars in short-term fixes to our infrastructure, and we had jurisdictional issues which were a barrier.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ashley Werner says the community’s residents -- mostly immigrants, farmworkers, and minorities -- felt discriminated against. With the help of Werner’s group, Matheny countersued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a lack of responsibility on the part of elected officials to the residents of Matheny Tract,\" says Werner. \"In a sense, by everybody involved, that they had no duty and no commitment to this community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"3syvmgeeaRwdP3TVOQNBOwaofFQPiC0D\"]Matheny and Tulare remained in a legal stalemate until March of this year, when the state intervened under a new law. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB88\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/a> allows the state to order a city to share its water with communities that need it. Matheny Tract is the law’s first success. By June, Tulare will be forced to share its drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting clean water is a huge relief for Javier Medina. He’s a dairy worker, and his family of six has been using bottled water. He’s glad that the state stepped in. But he wishes it hadn’t been necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We live in the best country in the world and everyone should be looking out for everyone’s well-being,\" says Medina. \"Everyone should try to find a way to help their neighbor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract should have safe drinking water soon, but hundreds of California communities still don’t. Maybe some of them are your neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/261171293\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here’s a statistic that, no matter how many times we report about it, still sounds shocking: \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/dwdocuments/2014/2014_acr_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">More than a million Californians \u003c/a>lack access to safe, clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"When the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body, I thought, 'If this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone.'\"\u003ccite>Reinelda Palma, resident Matheny Tract\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The crisis is particularly acute in the rural Central Valley, where some communities -- like tiny Matheny Tract outside Tulare -- have struggled with unsafe drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny Tract, the community's two wells are contaminated with arsenic. Reinelda Palma knows about it firsthand. She drank the tap water until a few years ago, when a doctor told her that she had been exposed to arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very traumatic when the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body,\" she says in Spanish. \"And I thought, if this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone, including the children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when she became an advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract is not a city or a town. It’s unincorporated, which means it has no elected government, and it’s hard to get services like sidewalks or streetlights. About 1,200 people live here, and almost a third of them live below the federal poverty line. Like Palma, most are Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177434 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_0977_0-e1461788970527.jpg\" alt=\"This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palma and her neighbor Javier Medina, took me on a tour of the neighborhood. We saw a lot of bright yellow fire hydrants that looked brand-new, but Palma and Medina said they didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because they are waiting to be hooked up to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashley Werner of the nonprofit advocacy group the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadershipcounsel.org/#!about/cjn9\">Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability\u003c/a> says people in unincorporated communities like Matheny Tract have been fighting for clean water for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Effectively in local government, often there’s no elected representatives claiming to have any responsibility to ensure that people have access to clean water,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny’s case, getting water from the nearby city of Tulare seemed like an obvious solution. The city is so close, Palma can point to it from her backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Matheny and Tulare signed a contract to connect their water systems. Roads were dug up and hydrants put in place. But in 2014, the city sued to re-evaluate the contract. Construction stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177435\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177435 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_1009_0-e1461789066582.jpg\" alt=\"Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We did not have capacity to serve 300 homes at a turn of the switch, \" says Martin Koczanowicz, Tulare's city attorney. \"We spent over half a million dollars in short-term fixes to our infrastructure, and we had jurisdictional issues which were a barrier.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ashley Werner says the community’s residents -- mostly immigrants, farmworkers, and minorities -- felt discriminated against. With the help of Werner’s group, Matheny countersued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a lack of responsibility on the part of elected officials to the residents of Matheny Tract,\" says Werner. \"In a sense, by everybody involved, that they had no duty and no commitment to this community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Matheny and Tulare remained in a legal stalemate until March of this year, when the state intervened under a new law. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB88\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/a> allows the state to order a city to share its water with communities that need it. Matheny Tract is the law’s first success. By June, Tulare will be forced to share its drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting clean water is a huge relief for Javier Medina. He’s a dairy worker, and his family of six has been using bottled water. He’s glad that the state stepped in. 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"disqusTitle": "How A Birth at Stanford 50 Years Ago Launched Search for Down Syndrome Test",
"title": "How A Birth at Stanford 50 Years Ago Launched Search for Down Syndrome Test",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us via\u003c/em> Only Human, \u003cem>a new podcast from WNYC Studios. Hosted by Mary Harris, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/onlyhuman/\" target=\"_blank\">Only Human\u003c/a>\u003cem> tells stories we all can relate to. Because every body has a story. Subscribe to \u003c/em>Only Human\u003cem> on iTunes or wherever you like to get your podcasts. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>When Lee Herzenberg remembers the day her son Michael was born, she laughs and calls it a \"cool birth.\" Her obstetrician was a friend, and she describes it almost like a party — \"a little bit painful, but that you forget very quickly.\" Lee even got a kick out of the fact that a resident learned to do an episiotomy on her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was November 1961, and she was at the newly christened Palo Alto-Stanford Hospital Center; her husband, Len, was a biology professor on campus. Like most fathers at the time, he didn't attend the birth, which meant he wasn't there when Michael started turning blue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nurses whisked the newborn off to the nursery without telling Lee anything was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was then that a doctor noticed the characteristic features of Down syndrome: floppy muscles, eyes that slanted upward. They got Michael breathing again, but doctors thought his prognosis was grim. They gave Michael just a few months to live. A daisy chain of physicians was called, and Lee says it was a pediatrics professor who told her husband what had happened. Then Len was dispatched to tell Lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers the moment with uncharacteristic emotion. \"We hugged each other, and it was a terrible conversation to realize that you'd lost the baby, but the baby was lost,\" Lee says now. \"We knew immediately what we'd do. We had already made the decision that it was not a good thing to take the baby home, and so we didn't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s — an era before neurodiversity movements and early intervention programs — many people still called people with Down syndrome \"mongoloids.\" Playwright Arthur Miller institutionalized his son, Daniel, in 1966. A few years later, \u003ca href=\"https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1031271\" target=\"_blank\">an article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The Atlantic Monthly\u003c/em> argued that \"a Down's is not a person.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and Len Herzenberg had seen friends struggle with the birth of a child with Down syndrome and had even gone with a colleague to an institution, where he dropped off his own infant daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they decided Michael would never come home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michael wasn't absolutely lost to them. Michael's birth sparked their search for a blood test that has revolutionized prenatal care in this country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I made the mistake of telling one scientist I was reporting about \"Len Herzenberg's lab.\" He corrected me instantly: \"Len \u003cem>and Lee's\u003c/em> lab.\" Because Lee Herzenberg was \"leaning in\" decades before Sheryl Sandberg coined the phrase. At 81, Lee, a professor of genetics, is still running the lab she and her husband founded more than 50 years ago. Len died in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab is a quirky place, even by Stanford standards. Lee rarely sits on chairs, preferring cushions on the floor. She's often accompanied by her bichon frise, Gigi. Researchers can often be found working in this basement office well into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lee Herzenberg isn't just quirky. She is one of the few professors at Stanford — possibly the only one — never to have officially graduated from college. Instead, she trained by her husband's side, auditing courses while he got his Ph.D. at Caltech (women weren't allowed to attend at the time) and working at his labs at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the science that's been done here has changed the course of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Herzenbergs are best known as the creators of the modern-day \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/immunology/facs542/facswhat.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fluorescence-activated flow cytometer\u003c/a>, or FACS. It was a machine born out of frustration: Len couldn't stand squinting down a microscope looking at cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the FACS, a biologist peering at slides could feel like he was playing a really intense round of \"Where's Waldo,\" staring at crowds of all kinds of cells, trying to pinpoint the exact ones he was looking for. Not only was it annoying — Len Herzenberg worried it wasn't particularly scientific. He wanted a way to find and describe cells that didn't rely on his worn-out eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FACS allows you to pour cells in, program the machine to find whatever it is you're looking for, and then it will spit out a little tube of just those cells alone. And the FACS gives you all kinds of information, too: how big the cells are and how much DNA they have inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FACS was used to diagnose AIDS because the technology can quickly and easily sort out T cells. The FACS was used to find the first stem cells. When Len Herzenberg died, one colleague \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/11/us/leonard-herzenberg-immunologist-who-revolutionized-research-dies-at-81.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>T\u003c/em>\u003cem>he New York Times\u003c/em> that \"without Len, tens of thousands of people now alive would not be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the 1970s, the Herzenbergs were still proving the value of this machine. That's when they started thinking about using it to create a blood test for Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-177037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"One of Michael's albums, with a photo of his birth parents, Lee and Len Herzenberg. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Michael's albums, with a photo of his birth parents, Lee and Len Herzenberg. \u003ccite>(Mary Harris/WNYC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Len had seen research from Finland claiming it was possible to see a fetus's cells in a mother's blood. It was hard to believe. But he figured that FACS, with its nearly magical sorting capabilities, could figure it out. So he took on a medical student named Diana Bianchi as a research associate and made sorting out these cells her project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they could isolate these cells, he could learn a lot about the developing fetus, including whether the fetus had chromosomal abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They had a very personal reason for doing this, because of their son Michael,\" Bianchi says now. \"They wanted to have a test that could be offered to any pregnant woman — that would be noninvasive and would allow them to know if a child had Down syndrome. The first step, however, was to show that you could pull out fetal cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists now estimate that for every 200 billion cells in a mother's bloodstream, about 10 of those are fetal cells. Bianchi was one of the first people to see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> quoted Len saying the work was a \"first step\" toward a blood test for Down syndrome for all pregnant women. But it would take 30 years for a practical test to become a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, Len's FACS wasn't the right tool for prenatal diagnosis. There weren't very many fetal cells to be sorted, and if a pregnant woman already had children, scientists couldn't be sure if the cells in her blood came from the current fetus or one of her older kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2008, Len helped ensure the right tool was found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher named Stephen Quake had discovered a way to sequence chunks of fetal DNA floating in expectant mothers' blood. As a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Len made sure the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/10/03/0808319105\" target=\"_blank\">paper was published\u003c/a> in the academy's journal. Another researcher, Dennis Lo, confirmed Quake's findings. Three years later, the tests were on the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, at just 10 weeks into a pregnancy, a whole range of things can be revealed with this test. Not just Down syndrome, but a host of other chromosomal abnormalities as well as the sex of the child to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this test, doctors had to rely on amniocentesis, an invasive procedure that involves inserting a needle in the womb to sample amniotic fluid, or biopsying the placenta, to tell them with any reliability whether a fetus had a chromosomal abnormality. These tests aren't just uncomfortable; they come with a risk of miscarriage. By some estimates, in the past five years the number of these procedures performed in this country \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/26/368449371/dna-blood-test-gives-women-a-new-option-for-prenatal-screening\" target=\"_blank\">has plummeted\u003c/a> by more than 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some parents, this knowledge can be alarming. Advocates in Ohio are trying to pass a law preventing abortions if Down syndrome is the reason (North Dakota and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/25/471842196/indiana-governor-signs-new-abortion-restrictions-into-law\" target=\"_blank\">Indiana\u003c/a> have already passed similar laws).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee Herzenberg is honest about what she would have done if she'd known early on in her pregnancy that Michael had Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'd say if I had the choice of not pushing Michael into this life — if I at that time would know I was carrying a Down syndrome child — I would have aborted the child,\" she says. \"I see no reason Michael has to live the life he leads. The fact that we've made it very happy for him or that he's made it very happy for us — all of that is adapting to a situation, but I don't think it's fair or proper.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lee is alarmed that these tests are now being used to determine the sex of unborn babies. She worries about parents choosing to abort girls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diana Bianchi, that medical student from the Herzenberg lab, is now a professor at Tufts, where she founded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/Research-Clinical-Trials/Institutes-Centers-Labs/Mother-Infant-Research-Institute/Laboratories/Bianchi-Laboratory.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Mother Infant Research Institute\u003c/a>. She's still working in prenatal testing. In fact, perfecting these tests has become her life's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But her focus has shifted. Now that she can detect Down syndrome so early, she wants to treat it early, too — in the womb. Because finding this chromosomal abnormality at 10 weeks means there's a window of opportunity: The brain changes associated with Down syndrome don't occur until a month or so later. Theoretically, you could treat a fetus before some brain changes occur at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianchi's work is still early. She's experimenting with mice, giving them existing drugs in utero to see if she can forestall brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an often-quoted statistic, that 90 percent of parents who find out that their fetus has Down syndrome will abort. But that statistic is from a study done in the United Kingdom. In the U.S., far fewer women terminate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to unpack this connection between prenatal testing and abortion,\" she says. \"We have good data to suggest that approximately 40 plus percent of women who know their fetus has Down syndrome continue their pregnancy. There are many women who speak very highly of the fact that this allows them to prepare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Down syndrome baby who kicked off the search for this blood test is now a 54-year-old man. He lives in a squat house in Redwood City, Calif., just a 30-minute drive from his birth mother's home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, Michael lived with a local woman named Barbara Jennings, who raised a number of children with developmental challenges. The Herzenbergs' pediatrician helped them find her when Michael was a newborn. The Herzenbergs would visit Michael every month or so, but they never felt they should bring him home. When Barbara died, Michael moved to this group home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to know how much Michael understands when I speak to him, though he has learned to read and use a cellphone. And he's stubborn. A lot like his mother, actually. \"Michael has the hardest head in the whole world,\" says Janet Thomas, the caretaker who runs this house. \"He does whatever he wants to do. He does not care whatever you say. He's going to do whatever it is he wants to do — that's Michael.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Lee if she ever regretted not raising Michael, and she said no. \"It was a decision that was selfish, if you like, because we had things we wanted to do. In retrospect, a lot of things would never have gotten done. There would be no FACS had we decided to do this. Because it would have been a very intensive kind of upbringing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Michael, he clearly loves his mother, no matter what she decided. In Michael's room, there are photos on almost every surface, with snapshots of his biological and adopted families. In the corner is a huge poster of his father, celebrating when \u003ca href=\"//www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/24076/title/Herzenberg-wins-Kyoto-Prize/\" target=\"_blank\">he won the Kyoto Prize\u003c/a> for his contributions to biotechnology. And deep in one album, there's a picture of Len and Lee together. The caption reads: \"Michael's Other Mom + Dad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Only+Human%3A+A+Birth+That+Launched+The+Search+For+A+Down+Syndrome+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us via\u003c/em> Only Human, \u003cem>a new podcast from WNYC Studios. Hosted by Mary Harris, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/onlyhuman/\" target=\"_blank\">Only Human\u003c/a>\u003cem> tells stories we all can relate to. Because every body has a story. Subscribe to \u003c/em>Only Human\u003cem> on iTunes or wherever you like to get your podcasts. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>When Lee Herzenberg remembers the day her son Michael was born, she laughs and calls it a \"cool birth.\" Her obstetrician was a friend, and she describes it almost like a party — \"a little bit painful, but that you forget very quickly.\" Lee even got a kick out of the fact that a resident learned to do an episiotomy on her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was November 1961, and she was at the newly christened Palo Alto-Stanford Hospital Center; her husband, Len, was a biology professor on campus. Like most fathers at the time, he didn't attend the birth, which meant he wasn't there when Michael started turning blue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nurses whisked the newborn off to the nursery without telling Lee anything was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was then that a doctor noticed the characteristic features of Down syndrome: floppy muscles, eyes that slanted upward. They got Michael breathing again, but doctors thought his prognosis was grim. They gave Michael just a few months to live. A daisy chain of physicians was called, and Lee says it was a pediatrics professor who told her husband what had happened. Then Len was dispatched to tell Lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers the moment with uncharacteristic emotion. \"We hugged each other, and it was a terrible conversation to realize that you'd lost the baby, but the baby was lost,\" Lee says now. \"We knew immediately what we'd do. We had already made the decision that it was not a good thing to take the baby home, and so we didn't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s — an era before neurodiversity movements and early intervention programs — many people still called people with Down syndrome \"mongoloids.\" Playwright Arthur Miller institutionalized his son, Daniel, in 1966. A few years later, \u003ca href=\"https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1031271\" target=\"_blank\">an article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The Atlantic Monthly\u003c/em> argued that \"a Down's is not a person.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and Len Herzenberg had seen friends struggle with the birth of a child with Down syndrome and had even gone with a colleague to an institution, where he dropped off his own infant daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they decided Michael would never come home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michael wasn't absolutely lost to them. Michael's birth sparked their search for a blood test that has revolutionized prenatal care in this country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I made the mistake of telling one scientist I was reporting about \"Len Herzenberg's lab.\" He corrected me instantly: \"Len \u003cem>and Lee's\u003c/em> lab.\" Because Lee Herzenberg was \"leaning in\" decades before Sheryl Sandberg coined the phrase. At 81, Lee, a professor of genetics, is still running the lab she and her husband founded more than 50 years ago. Len died in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab is a quirky place, even by Stanford standards. Lee rarely sits on chairs, preferring cushions on the floor. She's often accompanied by her bichon frise, Gigi. Researchers can often be found working in this basement office well into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lee Herzenberg isn't just quirky. She is one of the few professors at Stanford — possibly the only one — never to have officially graduated from college. Instead, she trained by her husband's side, auditing courses while he got his Ph.D. at Caltech (women weren't allowed to attend at the time) and working at his labs at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the science that's been done here has changed the course of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Herzenbergs are best known as the creators of the modern-day \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/immunology/facs542/facswhat.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fluorescence-activated flow cytometer\u003c/a>, or FACS. It was a machine born out of frustration: Len couldn't stand squinting down a microscope looking at cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the FACS, a biologist peering at slides could feel like he was playing a really intense round of \"Where's Waldo,\" staring at crowds of all kinds of cells, trying to pinpoint the exact ones he was looking for. Not only was it annoying — Len Herzenberg worried it wasn't particularly scientific. He wanted a way to find and describe cells that didn't rely on his worn-out eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FACS allows you to pour cells in, program the machine to find whatever it is you're looking for, and then it will spit out a little tube of just those cells alone. And the FACS gives you all kinds of information, too: how big the cells are and how much DNA they have inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FACS was used to diagnose AIDS because the technology can quickly and easily sort out T cells. The FACS was used to find the first stem cells. When Len Herzenberg died, one colleague \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/11/us/leonard-herzenberg-immunologist-who-revolutionized-research-dies-at-81.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>T\u003c/em>\u003cem>he New York Times\u003c/em> that \"without Len, tens of thousands of people now alive would not be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the 1970s, the Herzenbergs were still proving the value of this machine. That's when they started thinking about using it to create a blood test for Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-177037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"One of Michael's albums, with a photo of his birth parents, Lee and Len Herzenberg. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Michael's albums, with a photo of his birth parents, Lee and Len Herzenberg. \u003ccite>(Mary Harris/WNYC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Len had seen research from Finland claiming it was possible to see a fetus's cells in a mother's blood. It was hard to believe. But he figured that FACS, with its nearly magical sorting capabilities, could figure it out. So he took on a medical student named Diana Bianchi as a research associate and made sorting out these cells her project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they could isolate these cells, he could learn a lot about the developing fetus, including whether the fetus had chromosomal abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They had a very personal reason for doing this, because of their son Michael,\" Bianchi says now. \"They wanted to have a test that could be offered to any pregnant woman — that would be noninvasive and would allow them to know if a child had Down syndrome. The first step, however, was to show that you could pull out fetal cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists now estimate that for every 200 billion cells in a mother's bloodstream, about 10 of those are fetal cells. Bianchi was one of the first people to see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> quoted Len saying the work was a \"first step\" toward a blood test for Down syndrome for all pregnant women. But it would take 30 years for a practical test to become a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, Len's FACS wasn't the right tool for prenatal diagnosis. There weren't very many fetal cells to be sorted, and if a pregnant woman already had children, scientists couldn't be sure if the cells in her blood came from the current fetus or one of her older kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2008, Len helped ensure the right tool was found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher named Stephen Quake had discovered a way to sequence chunks of fetal DNA floating in expectant mothers' blood. As a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Len made sure the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/10/03/0808319105\" target=\"_blank\">paper was published\u003c/a> in the academy's journal. Another researcher, Dennis Lo, confirmed Quake's findings. Three years later, the tests were on the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, at just 10 weeks into a pregnancy, a whole range of things can be revealed with this test. Not just Down syndrome, but a host of other chromosomal abnormalities as well as the sex of the child to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this test, doctors had to rely on amniocentesis, an invasive procedure that involves inserting a needle in the womb to sample amniotic fluid, or biopsying the placenta, to tell them with any reliability whether a fetus had a chromosomal abnormality. These tests aren't just uncomfortable; they come with a risk of miscarriage. By some estimates, in the past five years the number of these procedures performed in this country \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/26/368449371/dna-blood-test-gives-women-a-new-option-for-prenatal-screening\" target=\"_blank\">has plummeted\u003c/a> by more than 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some parents, this knowledge can be alarming. Advocates in Ohio are trying to pass a law preventing abortions if Down syndrome is the reason (North Dakota and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/25/471842196/indiana-governor-signs-new-abortion-restrictions-into-law\" target=\"_blank\">Indiana\u003c/a> have already passed similar laws).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee Herzenberg is honest about what she would have done if she'd known early on in her pregnancy that Michael had Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'd say if I had the choice of not pushing Michael into this life — if I at that time would know I was carrying a Down syndrome child — I would have aborted the child,\" she says. \"I see no reason Michael has to live the life he leads. The fact that we've made it very happy for him or that he's made it very happy for us — all of that is adapting to a situation, but I don't think it's fair or proper.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lee is alarmed that these tests are now being used to determine the sex of unborn babies. She worries about parents choosing to abort girls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diana Bianchi, that medical student from the Herzenberg lab, is now a professor at Tufts, where she founded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/Research-Clinical-Trials/Institutes-Centers-Labs/Mother-Infant-Research-Institute/Laboratories/Bianchi-Laboratory.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Mother Infant Research Institute\u003c/a>. She's still working in prenatal testing. In fact, perfecting these tests has become her life's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But her focus has shifted. Now that she can detect Down syndrome so early, she wants to treat it early, too — in the womb. Because finding this chromosomal abnormality at 10 weeks means there's a window of opportunity: The brain changes associated with Down syndrome don't occur until a month or so later. Theoretically, you could treat a fetus before some brain changes occur at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianchi's work is still early. She's experimenting with mice, giving them existing drugs in utero to see if she can forestall brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an often-quoted statistic, that 90 percent of parents who find out that their fetus has Down syndrome will abort. But that statistic is from a study done in the United Kingdom. In the U.S., far fewer women terminate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to unpack this connection between prenatal testing and abortion,\" she says. \"We have good data to suggest that approximately 40 plus percent of women who know their fetus has Down syndrome continue their pregnancy. There are many women who speak very highly of the fact that this allows them to prepare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Down syndrome baby who kicked off the search for this blood test is now a 54-year-old man. He lives in a squat house in Redwood City, Calif., just a 30-minute drive from his birth mother's home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, Michael lived with a local woman named Barbara Jennings, who raised a number of children with developmental challenges. The Herzenbergs' pediatrician helped them find her when Michael was a newborn. The Herzenbergs would visit Michael every month or so, but they never felt they should bring him home. When Barbara died, Michael moved to this group home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to know how much Michael understands when I speak to him, though he has learned to read and use a cellphone. And he's stubborn. A lot like his mother, actually. \"Michael has the hardest head in the whole world,\" says Janet Thomas, the caretaker who runs this house. \"He does whatever he wants to do. He does not care whatever you say. He's going to do whatever it is he wants to do — that's Michael.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Lee if she ever regretted not raising Michael, and she said no. \"It was a decision that was selfish, if you like, because we had things we wanted to do. In retrospect, a lot of things would never have gotten done. There would be no FACS had we decided to do this. Because it would have been a very intensive kind of upbringing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Michael, he clearly loves his mother, no matter what she decided. In Michael's room, there are photos on almost every surface, with snapshots of his biological and adopted families. In the corner is a huge poster of his father, celebrating when \u003ca href=\"//www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/24076/title/Herzenberg-wins-Kyoto-Prize/\" target=\"_blank\">he won the Kyoto Prize\u003c/a> for his contributions to biotechnology. And deep in one album, there's a picture of Len and Lee together. The caption reads: \"Michael's Other Mom + Dad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Only+Human%3A+A+Birth+That+Launched+The+Search+For+A+Down+Syndrome+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you sleep in unfamiliar surroundings, only half your brain is getting a good night's rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The left side seems to be more awake than the right side,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.brown.edu/Departments/CLPS/people/yuka-sasaki\">Yuka Sasaki\u003c/a>, an associate professor of cognitive, linguistic and psychological sciences at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30174-9\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>, helps explain why people tend to feel tired after sleeping in a new place. And it suggests people have something in common with birds and sea mammals, which frequently put half their brain to sleep while the other half remains on guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep researchers discovered the \"first-night effect\" decades ago, when they began studying people in sleep labs. The first night in a lab, a person's sleep is usually so bad that researchers simply toss out any data they collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sasaki wanted to know what was going on in the brain during that first night. So she and a team of researchers studied the brain wave patterns of 35 Brown University students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team measured something called slow-wave activity, which appears during deep sleep. And they found that during a student's first night in the lab, slow wave activity was greater in certain areas of the right hemisphere than in the corresponding areas of the left hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the first night, though, the difference went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm that the left side of the brain really was more alert, the team did two other experiments. First, they had the sleeping students listen to a repeated standard tone followed by a single tone of a different pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone is awake or sleeping lightly, the brain responds to this \"deviant tone.\" And the students' brains did respond -- but only on the left side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers played a sound loud enough to wake someone who was sleeping lightly. And they found that students woke up faster when the sound was played into the right ear, which is connected to the left side of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to rest just one side of the brain has never been demonstrated in people before, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.orn.mpg.de/employees/26373/672697\">Niels Rattenborg\u003c/a>, leader of the avian sleep group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. But he says it's a trick many animals can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've known for quite a while that some marine mammals like dolphins and some of the seals as well as many birds can sleep with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Rattenborg did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/full/397397a0.html\" target=\"_blank\">experiment\u003c/a> with ducks that suggests at least one way in which half-brain sleeping provided an evolutionary advantage. The experiment involved putting ducks in a row, literally, and watching them sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattenborg found that ducks with a bird on either side of them put their entire brain to sleep and kept both eyes closed. \"However, the ducks at the end of the row slept more with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says. \"And when they did that they directed the open eye away from the other birds, as if they were looking for approaching predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predators aren't a big problem for people these days. But the human brain was shaped during a time when nights were dark and full of terrors, Rattenborg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're sleeping in a new environment and we don't know how many predators are around,\" he says, \"it would make sense to keep half the brain more alert and more responsive to bumps in the night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sasaki says that brain response is involuntary and there's nothing people can do to prevent it, even if they've just flown in for a big presentation the next morning. So lots of coffee the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Half+Your+Brain+Stands+Guard+When+Sleeping+In+A+New+Place&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you sleep in unfamiliar surroundings, only half your brain is getting a good night's rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The left side seems to be more awake than the right side,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.brown.edu/Departments/CLPS/people/yuka-sasaki\">Yuka Sasaki\u003c/a>, an associate professor of cognitive, linguistic and psychological sciences at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30174-9\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>, helps explain why people tend to feel tired after sleeping in a new place. And it suggests people have something in common with birds and sea mammals, which frequently put half their brain to sleep while the other half remains on guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep researchers discovered the \"first-night effect\" decades ago, when they began studying people in sleep labs. The first night in a lab, a person's sleep is usually so bad that researchers simply toss out any data they collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sasaki wanted to know what was going on in the brain during that first night. So she and a team of researchers studied the brain wave patterns of 35 Brown University students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team measured something called slow-wave activity, which appears during deep sleep. And they found that during a student's first night in the lab, slow wave activity was greater in certain areas of the right hemisphere than in the corresponding areas of the left hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the first night, though, the difference went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm that the left side of the brain really was more alert, the team did two other experiments. First, they had the sleeping students listen to a repeated standard tone followed by a single tone of a different pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone is awake or sleeping lightly, the brain responds to this \"deviant tone.\" And the students' brains did respond -- but only on the left side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers played a sound loud enough to wake someone who was sleeping lightly. And they found that students woke up faster when the sound was played into the right ear, which is connected to the left side of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to rest just one side of the brain has never been demonstrated in people before, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.orn.mpg.de/employees/26373/672697\">Niels Rattenborg\u003c/a>, leader of the avian sleep group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. But he says it's a trick many animals can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've known for quite a while that some marine mammals like dolphins and some of the seals as well as many birds can sleep with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Rattenborg did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/full/397397a0.html\" target=\"_blank\">experiment\u003c/a> with ducks that suggests at least one way in which half-brain sleeping provided an evolutionary advantage. The experiment involved putting ducks in a row, literally, and watching them sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattenborg found that ducks with a bird on either side of them put their entire brain to sleep and kept both eyes closed. \"However, the ducks at the end of the row slept more with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says. \"And when they did that they directed the open eye away from the other birds, as if they were looking for approaching predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predators aren't a big problem for people these days. But the human brain was shaped during a time when nights were dark and full of terrors, Rattenborg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're sleeping in a new environment and we don't know how many predators are around,\" he says, \"it would make sense to keep half the brain more alert and more responsive to bumps in the night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sasaki says that brain response is involuntary and there's nothing people can do to prevent it, even if they've just flown in for a big presentation the next morning. So lots of coffee the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Half+Your+Brain+Stands+Guard+When+Sleeping+In+A+New+Place&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>John Oliver turned his righteous outrage to lead poisoning in his \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUizvEjR-0U\" target=\"_blank\">weekly show \u003c/a>last night. And, as he tends to do, did it with humor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no safe level of lead,\" Oliver said. \"It's one of those things so dangerous that you shouldn't even let a little bit inside you, like heroin, or Jeremy Piven.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started with the Flint, Michigan water crisis and expanded from there, pointing out that there are 2.1 million homes in the U.S. where children under age six live that also have a lead dust hazard. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6213a3.htm\" target=\"_blank\">estimates that 535,000 children\u003c/a> under age six have an elevated blood lead level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lead is almost as much a scourge in young children's homes as 'Frozen' merchandise,\" he said, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead is a naturally occurring mineral, but is toxic to humans, especially children, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/\" target=\"_blank\">can lead to irreversible neurodevelopmental \u003c/a>problems, including intellectual disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver recounted the \"major public health victory\" starting in the U.S. in the 1970s when lead was removed from paint and then from gasoline. Children's blood lead levels plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, the federal government determined that totally removing lead from all homes, nationwide, would cost $16.6 billion every year for a decade, a very steep price tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the federal government funded a lead hazard control program in homes where families where low-income families lived. While $230 million was recommended, the HUD's Lead Hazard Control Program was never funded above $176 million, Oliver said, and has been steadily declining since 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the allocation is $110 million, not even as much as Ride Along 2 \u003ca href=\"http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Ride-Along-2#tab=summary\" target=\"_blank\">has made so far\u003c/a>, a movie the \u003ca href=\"http://nypost.com/2016/01/13/the-worst-part-about-being-a-movie-critic-ride-along-2/\" target=\"_blank\">New York Post said \u003c/a>was \"as funny as lead poisoning.\" (How Oliver put those facts together, I don't know, but it' s true, follow the links.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver turned to all manner of archival news clips during his history lesson, including a 20-year-old clip from \"Sesame Street\" featuring a song about protecting yourself from lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's clearly time to address the problem again,\" Oliver said, and went off to visit \"Sesame Street\" where Elmo, Rosita and even Oscar teamed up to sing a song motivating everyone to conquer the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>John Oliver turned his righteous outrage to lead poisoning in his \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUizvEjR-0U\" target=\"_blank\">weekly show \u003c/a>last night. And, as he tends to do, did it with humor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no safe level of lead,\" Oliver said. \"It's one of those things so dangerous that you shouldn't even let a little bit inside you, like heroin, or Jeremy Piven.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started with the Flint, Michigan water crisis and expanded from there, pointing out that there are 2.1 million homes in the U.S. where children under age six live that also have a lead dust hazard. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6213a3.htm\" target=\"_blank\">estimates that 535,000 children\u003c/a> under age six have an elevated blood lead level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lead is almost as much a scourge in young children's homes as 'Frozen' merchandise,\" he said, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead is a naturally occurring mineral, but is toxic to humans, especially children, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/\" target=\"_blank\">can lead to irreversible neurodevelopmental \u003c/a>problems, including intellectual disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver recounted the \"major public health victory\" starting in the U.S. in the 1970s when lead was removed from paint and then from gasoline. Children's blood lead levels plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, the federal government determined that totally removing lead from all homes, nationwide, would cost $16.6 billion every year for a decade, a very steep price tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the federal government funded a lead hazard control program in homes where families where low-income families lived. While $230 million was recommended, the HUD's Lead Hazard Control Program was never funded above $176 million, Oliver said, and has been steadily declining since 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the allocation is $110 million, not even as much as Ride Along 2 \u003ca href=\"http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Ride-Along-2#tab=summary\" target=\"_blank\">has made so far\u003c/a>, a movie the \u003ca href=\"http://nypost.com/2016/01/13/the-worst-part-about-being-a-movie-critic-ride-along-2/\" target=\"_blank\">New York Post said \u003c/a>was \"as funny as lead poisoning.\" (How Oliver put those facts together, I don't know, but it' s true, follow the links.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver turned to all manner of archival news clips during his history lesson, including a 20-year-old clip from \"Sesame Street\" featuring a song about protecting yourself from lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's clearly time to address the problem again,\" Oliver said, and went off to visit \"Sesame Street\" where Elmo, Rosita and even Oscar teamed up to sing a song motivating everyone to conquer the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How LSD Makes Your Brain One With The Universe",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some users of LSD say one of the most profound parts of the experience is a deep oneness with the universe. The hallucinogenic drug might be causing this by blurring boundaries in the brain, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensation that the boundaries between yourself and the world around you are erasing correlates to changes in brain connectivity while on LSD, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30062-8\" target=\"_blank\">study \u003c/a>published Wednesday in \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>. Scientists gave 15 volunteers either a drop of acid or a placebo and slid them into an MRI scanner to monitor brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about an hour, when the high begins peaking, the brains of people on acid looked markedly different than those on the placebo. For those on LSD, activity in certain areas of their brain, particularly areas rich in neurons associated with serotonin, ramped up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their sensory cortices, which process sensations like sight and touch, became far more connected than usual to the frontal parietal network, which is involved with our sense of self. \"The stronger that communication, the stronger the experience of the dissolution [of self],\" says Enzo Tagliazucchi, the lead author and a researcher at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi speculates that what's happening is a confusion of information. Your brain on acid, flooded with signals crisscrossing between these regions, begins muddling the things you see, feel, taste or hear around you with you. This can create the perception that you and, say, the pizza you're eating are no longer separate entities. You are the pizza and the world beyond the windowsill. You are the church and the tree and the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD, described this in his book \u003cem>LSD: My Problem Child\u003c/em>. \"A portion of the self overflows into the outer world, into objects, which begin to live, to have another, a deeper meaning,\" he wrote. He felt the world would be a better place if more people understood this. \"What is needed today is a fundamental re-experience of the oneness of all living things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensation is neurologically similar to synesthesia, Tagliazucchi thinks. \"In synesthesia, you mix up sensory modalities. You can feel the color of a sound or smell the sound. This happens in LSD, too,\" Tagliazucchi says. \"And ego dissolution is a form of synesthesia, but it's a synesthesia of areas of brain with consciousness of self and the external environment. You lose track of which is which.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi and other researchers also measured the volunteers' brain electrical activity with another device. Our brains normally generate a regular rhythm of electrical activity called the alpha rhythm, which links to our brain's ability to suppress irrelevant activity. But in a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/04/05/1518377113.full?sid=4396f1ed-3885-49bd-bab1-21b161793e12\" target=\"_blank\">paper \u003c/a>published on Monday in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, he and several co-authors show that LSD weakens the alpha rhythm. He thinks this weakening could make the hallucinations seem more real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is intriguing if still somewhat speculative, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Charles Grob\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center who was not involved with the work. \"They may genuinely be on to something. This should really further our understanding of the brain and consciousness.\" And, he says, the work highlights hallucinogens' powerful therapeutic potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The altered state of reality that comes with psychedelics might enhance psychotherapy, Grob thinks. \"Hallucinogens are a catalyst,\" he says. \"In well-prepared subjects, you might elicit powerful, altered states of consciousness. [That] has been predicative of positive therapeutic outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, psychedelics have been trickling their way back to psychiatric research. LSD was considered a good candidate for psychiatric treatment until 1966, when it was outlawed and became very difficult to obtain for study. Grob has done work testing the treatment potential of psilocybin, the active compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He imagines a future where psychedelics are commonly used to treat a range of conditions. \"[There could] be a peaceful room attractively fixed up with nice paintings, objects to look at, fresh flowers, a chair or recliner for the patient and two therapists in the room,\" he muses. \"A safe container for that individual as they explore deep inner space, inner terrain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grob believes the right candidate would benefit greatly from LSD or other hallucinogen therapy, though he cautions that bad experiences can still happen for some on the drugs. Those who are at risk for schizophrenia may want to avoid psychedelics, Tagliazucchi says. \"There has been evidence saying what could happen is LSD could trigger the disease and turn it into full-fledged schizophrenia,\" he says. \"There is a lot of debate around this. It's an open topic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi thinks that this particular ability of psychedelics to evoke a sense of dissolution of self and unity with the external environment has already helped some patients. \"Psilocybin has been used to \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=210962#ref-yoa05049-27\" target=\"_blank\">treat anxiety with terminal cancer patients\u003c/a>,\" he says. \"One reason why they felt so good after treatment is the ego dissolution is they become part of something larger: the universe. This led them to a new perspective on their death.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Angus Chen on Twitter @angrchen.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+LSD+Makes+Your+Brain+One+With+The+Universe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some users of LSD say one of the most profound parts of the experience is a deep oneness with the universe. The hallucinogenic drug might be causing this by blurring boundaries in the brain, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensation that the boundaries between yourself and the world around you are erasing correlates to changes in brain connectivity while on LSD, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30062-8\" target=\"_blank\">study \u003c/a>published Wednesday in \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>. Scientists gave 15 volunteers either a drop of acid or a placebo and slid them into an MRI scanner to monitor brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about an hour, when the high begins peaking, the brains of people on acid looked markedly different than those on the placebo. For those on LSD, activity in certain areas of their brain, particularly areas rich in neurons associated with serotonin, ramped up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their sensory cortices, which process sensations like sight and touch, became far more connected than usual to the frontal parietal network, which is involved with our sense of self. \"The stronger that communication, the stronger the experience of the dissolution [of self],\" says Enzo Tagliazucchi, the lead author and a researcher at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi speculates that what's happening is a confusion of information. Your brain on acid, flooded with signals crisscrossing between these regions, begins muddling the things you see, feel, taste or hear around you with you. This can create the perception that you and, say, the pizza you're eating are no longer separate entities. You are the pizza and the world beyond the windowsill. You are the church and the tree and the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD, described this in his book \u003cem>LSD: My Problem Child\u003c/em>. \"A portion of the self overflows into the outer world, into objects, which begin to live, to have another, a deeper meaning,\" he wrote. He felt the world would be a better place if more people understood this. \"What is needed today is a fundamental re-experience of the oneness of all living things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensation is neurologically similar to synesthesia, Tagliazucchi thinks. \"In synesthesia, you mix up sensory modalities. You can feel the color of a sound or smell the sound. This happens in LSD, too,\" Tagliazucchi says. \"And ego dissolution is a form of synesthesia, but it's a synesthesia of areas of brain with consciousness of self and the external environment. You lose track of which is which.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi and other researchers also measured the volunteers' brain electrical activity with another device. Our brains normally generate a regular rhythm of electrical activity called the alpha rhythm, which links to our brain's ability to suppress irrelevant activity. But in a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/04/05/1518377113.full?sid=4396f1ed-3885-49bd-bab1-21b161793e12\" target=\"_blank\">paper \u003c/a>published on Monday in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, he and several co-authors show that LSD weakens the alpha rhythm. He thinks this weakening could make the hallucinations seem more real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is intriguing if still somewhat speculative, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Charles Grob\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center who was not involved with the work. \"They may genuinely be on to something. This should really further our understanding of the brain and consciousness.\" And, he says, the work highlights hallucinogens' powerful therapeutic potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The altered state of reality that comes with psychedelics might enhance psychotherapy, Grob thinks. \"Hallucinogens are a catalyst,\" he says. \"In well-prepared subjects, you might elicit powerful, altered states of consciousness. [That] has been predicative of positive therapeutic outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, psychedelics have been trickling their way back to psychiatric research. LSD was considered a good candidate for psychiatric treatment until 1966, when it was outlawed and became very difficult to obtain for study. Grob has done work testing the treatment potential of psilocybin, the active compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He imagines a future where psychedelics are commonly used to treat a range of conditions. \"[There could] be a peaceful room attractively fixed up with nice paintings, objects to look at, fresh flowers, a chair or recliner for the patient and two therapists in the room,\" he muses. \"A safe container for that individual as they explore deep inner space, inner terrain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grob believes the right candidate would benefit greatly from LSD or other hallucinogen therapy, though he cautions that bad experiences can still happen for some on the drugs. Those who are at risk for schizophrenia may want to avoid psychedelics, Tagliazucchi says. \"There has been evidence saying what could happen is LSD could trigger the disease and turn it into full-fledged schizophrenia,\" he says. \"There is a lot of debate around this. It's an open topic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi thinks that this particular ability of psychedelics to evoke a sense of dissolution of self and unity with the external environment has already helped some patients. \"Psilocybin has been used to \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=210962#ref-yoa05049-27\" target=\"_blank\">treat anxiety with terminal cancer patients\u003c/a>,\" he says. \"One reason why they felt so good after treatment is the ego dissolution is they become part of something larger: the universe. This led them to a new perspective on their death.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Angus Chen on Twitter @angrchen.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+LSD+Makes+Your+Brain+One+With+The+Universe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Like Alcohol, Heavy Pot Use Linked to Economic, Social Problems",
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"content": "\u003cp>Persistent, heavy use of marijuana is associated with economic and social problems in adults, according to an international study led by researchers at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis was done on a group of more than 900 people whom researchers have followed since they were born almost 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, the people who smoked marijuana four or more times per week over many years were much more likely to end up in a lower social class than their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By that we mean they ended up in jobs that were lower paying, they were less prestigious and they required less skills than jobs that their parents have,\" said lead author \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/emergency/ourteam/faculty/cerda.html\" target=\"_blank\">Magdalena Cerda\u003c/a>, an associate professor of emergency medicine at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerda and other co-authors interviewed stressed that their study was observational and could not prove that marijuana use caused these problems, but the researchers took into account many factors that could skew results, including any history of criminal conviction for marijuana use, history of antisocial behavior during adolescence, impulsivity problems, and lower IQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://psychandneuro.duke.edu/people?Gurl=&Uil=6568&subpage=profile\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Moffitt\u003c/a>, a professor in the department of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University, was a co-author of the study, published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/journals/clinical\" target=\"_blank\">Clinical Psychological Science\u003c/a>. She said that in the group, the longer people used marijuana, the more their credit ratings fell. \"So they were at the point in their late 30s where they wouldn't be able to get a mortgage or borrow money to start a small business,\" she said. \"So this is a pretty crippling level of financial difficulties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also looked closely at people's job performance and relationship issues. Those who were long term, persistent users of marijuana, were more likely to have problems with coworkers and productivity problems, like calling in sick when they weren't actually sick, Moffitt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, long-term, persistent marijuana use was \"not safe\" for the users in their study, Cerda said. Problems were comparable to those seen in people who are dependent on alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/254670305\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\"We found that in the case of economic and social harms, cannabis was not safer than alcohol and, in fact, in the case of financial difficulties, cannabis was more harmful than alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerda said she was surprised when they saw that heavy pot users also reported more domestic violence than those who were not heavy users. \"We found that it was comparable to the effect of alcohol dependence on abuse,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people followed are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://dunedinstudy.otago.ac.nz\" target=\"_blank\">Dunedin Longitudinal Study\u003c/a>. Every child born in Dunedin, a city in New Zealand, between April, 1972 and March 1973 was enrolled and has been followed in three to six year intervals since. More than 1,000 papers have been published in the 40 years of follow up about everything from asthma to experience in the workforce. The group is mostly white, but of varying socio-economic levels that is similar to the general population of the U.S., Cerda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say the study is inherently flawed, because all current recreational pot smokers in New Zealand -- and in much of the U.S. -- are people who are willing to break the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really not a good indicator of marijuana's effects itself,\" said Mason Tvert, communications director for the Marijuana Policy Project in Washington, D.C., \"but more of who's more likely to break the law and use marijuana.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magdalena Cerda was on KQED Forum Wednesday morning talking about the study, and at least one caller had the same reaction as Tvert. (Others had stronger reactions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201603230900\" target=\"_blank\">you can listen\u003c/a> if you want to hear more.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But journalist David Downs, who writes \u003ca href=\"http://legalization%20nation%20east%20bay%20express\" target=\"_blank\">Legalization Nation\u003c/a> for the East Bay Express and described himself as supportive of updating both medicinal and recreational marijuana use laws, said he found the study \"super fascinating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the study suggested a common sense approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you drink a lot, if you smoke a lot, if you do any mind-altering activity heavily every day, I imagine it’s going to alter a lot of people’s life courses,\" Down said. \"I don’t hear anybody saying, 'Smoke pot every day, it’s going to turn out great.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Several people who called or emailed Forum said they were daily users and their lives were fine.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Wayne Hall directs the Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research at Australia's University of Queensland. He was not involved with the study, but he said the findings about economic and social problems were consistent with other studies, including in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00480.x/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">the Netherlands\u003c/a> where marijuana is \"defecto legal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an important study,\" he said and seemed especially interested by the comparison with alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's telling us what people don't want to hear,\" he said. \"There are patterns with marijuana use that can provide the same social outcomes as patterns we see with drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, this study did not look at health effects, which the authors agreed are far worse for alcohol than for marijuana. And because alcohol is more widely used it is \"still a bigger problem,\" UC Davis' Cerda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study comes as it's widely expected that a ballot measure to approve adult use of marijuana will be before California voters in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study authors said they took no position on whether recreational marijuana should be legal. Moffitt said that among the study authors, some used marijuana and some did not. But the study highlights the importance of investing in programs to prevent regular marijuana use and to treat addiction early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know with legalization is if cannabis abuse will start to become more prevalent like alcohol abuse is,\" said Moffitt. \"That's the $64 million question.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Persistent, heavy use of marijuana is associated with economic and social problems in adults, according to an international study led by researchers at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis was done on a group of more than 900 people whom researchers have followed since they were born almost 40 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, the people who smoked marijuana four or more times per week over many years were much more likely to end up in a lower social class than their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By that we mean they ended up in jobs that were lower paying, they were less prestigious and they required less skills than jobs that their parents have,\" said lead author \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/emergency/ourteam/faculty/cerda.html\" target=\"_blank\">Magdalena Cerda\u003c/a>, an associate professor of emergency medicine at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerda and other co-authors interviewed stressed that their study was observational and could not prove that marijuana use caused these problems, but the researchers took into account many factors that could skew results, including any history of criminal conviction for marijuana use, history of antisocial behavior during adolescence, impulsivity problems, and lower IQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://psychandneuro.duke.edu/people?Gurl=&Uil=6568&subpage=profile\" target=\"_blank\">Terrie Moffitt\u003c/a>, a professor in the department of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University, was a co-author of the study, published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/journals/clinical\" target=\"_blank\">Clinical Psychological Science\u003c/a>. She said that in the group, the longer people used marijuana, the more their credit ratings fell. \"So they were at the point in their late 30s where they wouldn't be able to get a mortgage or borrow money to start a small business,\" she said. \"So this is a pretty crippling level of financial difficulties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also looked closely at people's job performance and relationship issues. Those who were long term, persistent users of marijuana, were more likely to have problems with coworkers and productivity problems, like calling in sick when they weren't actually sick, Moffitt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, long-term, persistent marijuana use was \"not safe\" for the users in their study, Cerda said. Problems were comparable to those seen in people who are dependent on alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/254670305&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/254670305'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"We found that in the case of economic and social harms, cannabis was not safer than alcohol and, in fact, in the case of financial difficulties, cannabis was more harmful than alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerda said she was surprised when they saw that heavy pot users also reported more domestic violence than those who were not heavy users. \"We found that it was comparable to the effect of alcohol dependence on abuse,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people followed are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://dunedinstudy.otago.ac.nz\" target=\"_blank\">Dunedin Longitudinal Study\u003c/a>. Every child born in Dunedin, a city in New Zealand, between April, 1972 and March 1973 was enrolled and has been followed in three to six year intervals since. More than 1,000 papers have been published in the 40 years of follow up about everything from asthma to experience in the workforce. The group is mostly white, but of varying socio-economic levels that is similar to the general population of the U.S., Cerda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say the study is inherently flawed, because all current recreational pot smokers in New Zealand -- and in much of the U.S. -- are people who are willing to break the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really not a good indicator of marijuana's effects itself,\" said Mason Tvert, communications director for the Marijuana Policy Project in Washington, D.C., \"but more of who's more likely to break the law and use marijuana.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magdalena Cerda was on KQED Forum Wednesday morning talking about the study, and at least one caller had the same reaction as Tvert. (Others had stronger reactions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201603230900\" target=\"_blank\">you can listen\u003c/a> if you want to hear more.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But journalist David Downs, who writes \u003ca href=\"http://legalization%20nation%20east%20bay%20express\" target=\"_blank\">Legalization Nation\u003c/a> for the East Bay Express and described himself as supportive of updating both medicinal and recreational marijuana use laws, said he found the study \"super fascinating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the study suggested a common sense approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you drink a lot, if you smoke a lot, if you do any mind-altering activity heavily every day, I imagine it’s going to alter a lot of people’s life courses,\" Down said. \"I don’t hear anybody saying, 'Smoke pot every day, it’s going to turn out great.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Several people who called or emailed Forum said they were daily users and their lives were fine.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Wayne Hall directs the Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research at Australia's University of Queensland. He was not involved with the study, but he said the findings about economic and social problems were consistent with other studies, including in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00480.x/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">the Netherlands\u003c/a> where marijuana is \"defecto legal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an important study,\" he said and seemed especially interested by the comparison with alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's telling us what people don't want to hear,\" he said. \"There are patterns with marijuana use that can provide the same social outcomes as patterns we see with drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, this study did not look at health effects, which the authors agreed are far worse for alcohol than for marijuana. And because alcohol is more widely used it is \"still a bigger problem,\" UC Davis' Cerda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study comes as it's widely expected that a ballot measure to approve adult use of marijuana will be before California voters in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study authors said they took no position on whether recreational marijuana should be legal. Moffitt said that among the study authors, some used marijuana and some did not. But the study highlights the importance of investing in programs to prevent regular marijuana use and to treat addiction early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know with legalization is if cannabis abuse will start to become more prevalent like alcohol abuse is,\" said Moffitt. \"That's the $64 million question.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A pregnant woman in Napa has been confirmed positive for the Zika virus, the Napa County Public Health Division reported Wednesday. The agency received the confirmation from the California Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The woman, whom officials did not identify, had traveled to Central America in the last three months, and is not showing signs of Zika infection at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This Zika virus case is not a threat to public health. There is no active transmission of Zika virus in Napa County, and the two kinds of mosquitos that transmit the virus have not been found here,” Dr. Karen Relucio, Napa County health officer, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who is planning to travel to a country with active Zika virus transmission should consult with their health care provider before leaving,” she said, “especially if they are pregnant or are considering becoming pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa public health officials say they expect to see more Zika cases. The agency is working with local doctors to test for cases of Zika virus both in pregnant women who have traveled to countries with Zika virus or who have sexual partners who have traveled to these countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its press release, Napa County Public Health stressed prevention:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant are advised to avoid travel to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">areas with Zika\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women who are pregnant and have sexual partner(s) that have traveled to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">areas with Zika\u003c/a> are advised to abstain from sex or use condoms consistently for the duration of the pregnancy.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pregnant women or sexual partner(s) of pregnant women who cannot avoid travel to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">areas with Zika\u003c/a> are advised to take precautions to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_travelers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">avoid mosquito bites\u003c/a> (This information is also available in \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_travelers_spanish.pdf\">Spanish\u003c/a>).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, there has been\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/health-and-medicine/article59651061.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> one other reported case \u003c/a>of Zika, in a person who had recently traveled internationally. The person is a Yolo County resident. Statewide, there have been\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> six confirmed Zika cases\u003c/a> so far this year, but a spokesman for the state’s Department of Public Health said he could not confirm the location of each case, for privacy reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika is an illness caused by the Zika virus, and it’s spread mostly through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. While these mosquitos are found in California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/AedesDistributionMap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they are not widespread.\u003c/a> Common symptoms include fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis or red eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S. 107 people have contracted Zika after they traveled to a country where the virus is present, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC reports\u003c/a> that there are no cases of people in the U.S. who have acquired Zika from a mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika was first discovered in 1947 in Uganda and then spread through tropical Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2015, Brazil had its first confirmed case of Zika. It spread dramatically through South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. On Feb. 1, the World Health Organization declared Zika a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">public health emergency of international concern.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Zika is a relatively mild illness, it appears to put pregnant women at increased risk of their baby having microcephaly, a birth defect where the baby has a small head. Zika is also associated with increased risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome, an immune system disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more information about Zika \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on this page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It appears to be the first case in the Bay Area. The only other reported case in Northern California was in Yolo County.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A pregnant woman in Napa has been confirmed positive for the Zika virus, the Napa County Public Health Division reported Wednesday. The agency received the confirmation from the California Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The woman, whom officials did not identify, had traveled to Central America in the last three months, and is not showing signs of Zika infection at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This Zika virus case is not a threat to public health. There is no active transmission of Zika virus in Napa County, and the two kinds of mosquitos that transmit the virus have not been found here,” Dr. Karen Relucio, Napa County health officer, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who is planning to travel to a country with active Zika virus transmission should consult with their health care provider before leaving,” she said, “especially if they are pregnant or are considering becoming pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa public health officials say they expect to see more Zika cases. The agency is working with local doctors to test for cases of Zika virus both in pregnant women who have traveled to countries with Zika virus or who have sexual partners who have traveled to these countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its press release, Napa County Public Health stressed prevention:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant are advised to avoid travel to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">areas with Zika\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women who are pregnant and have sexual partner(s) that have traveled to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">areas with Zika\u003c/a> are advised to abstain from sex or use condoms consistently for the duration of the pregnancy.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pregnant women or sexual partner(s) of pregnant women who cannot avoid travel to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">areas with Zika\u003c/a> are advised to take precautions to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_travelers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">avoid mosquito bites\u003c/a> (This information is also available in \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_travelers_spanish.pdf\">Spanish\u003c/a>).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, there has been\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/health-and-medicine/article59651061.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> one other reported case \u003c/a>of Zika, in a person who had recently traveled internationally. The person is a Yolo County resident. Statewide, there have been\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> six confirmed Zika cases\u003c/a> so far this year, but a spokesman for the state’s Department of Public Health said he could not confirm the location of each case, for privacy reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika is an illness caused by the Zika virus, and it’s spread mostly through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. While these mosquitos are found in California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/AedesDistributionMap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they are not widespread.\u003c/a> Common symptoms include fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis or red eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S. 107 people have contracted Zika after they traveled to a country where the virus is present, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC reports\u003c/a> that there are no cases of people in the U.S. who have acquired Zika from a mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika was first discovered in 1947 in Uganda and then spread through tropical Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2015, Brazil had its first confirmed case of Zika. It spread dramatically through South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. On Feb. 1, the World Health Organization declared Zika a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">public health emergency of international concern.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Zika is a relatively mild illness, it appears to put pregnant women at increased risk of their baby having microcephaly, a birth defect where the baby has a small head. Zika is also associated with increased risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome, an immune system disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more information about Zika \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on this page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Levels Of Flame Retardant In Breast Milk Are Down in California Women",
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"content": "\u003cp>Levels of harmful flame-retardant chemicals in women’s breast milk have dropped by nearly 40 percent since California’s decade-old ban on these chemicals took effect, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653515303659\" target=\"_blank\">according to a new study\u003c/a> by state environmental scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It shows that regulatory and public health interventions do work.'\u003ccite>Dr. Barbara Lee, Calif. Department of Toxic Substances Control\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The chemicals, called PBDEs, were widely used for decades in household products including furniture, crib mattresses and televisions. They tend to leach out of products like furniture and can settle in household dust, tainting homes and offices and accumulating in both people and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They persist in body fluids and fat for years, and are associated with neurological and thyroid disorders. In particular, researchers have linked fetal exposure to high levels of PBDEs to IQ deficits and hyperactivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California phased out the use of two of the main types of PBDEs in 2006. There is no federal ban on PBDEs, but the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has worked with manufacturers to phase out production. The European Union banned PBDEs in 2004, but the chemicals may be present in products imported from other countries or U.S. products manufactured before the mid-2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, sponsored by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control and conducted by researchers from the agency’s Environmental Chemistry Laboratory in Berkeley, was published in the peer-reviewed journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653515303659\" target=\"_blank\">Chemosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists measured PBDE levels in the breast milk of 66 first-time mothers recruited at a Santa Rosa clinic between 2009 and 2012. They compared the levels to another group of 82 first-time mothers from around the state, tested in 2003-2005, before the ban took effect — and found a 39 percent decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s results echo those from a previous department study showing a similar decline in PBDE levels in the blood of San Francisco women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really wonderful news,” said Barbara Lee, director of the department. “It shows that regulatory and public health interventions do work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study revealed other sobering data: PBDE levels in the post-ban group of mothers remained high enough that nearly 30 percent of their breastfed babies would be exposed to the chemicals at levels above what the EPA says is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracey Woodruff, professor and director of the Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment at the UC San Francisco School of Medicine, said she was pleased by the study’s results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one more piece of evidence that the state did the right thing” in banning PBDEs. But, she said, the chemicals are “like that bad houseguest that hangs around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made a mistake by using them in the beginning. You can’t pull the genie back into the lamp,” Woodruff said. “We still have people with exposures that are going to be problematic — and we’re going to be seeing problems for years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by\u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/news/levels-of-flame-retardant-in-breast-milk-are-down/\" target=\"_blank\"> California Healthline\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Levels of harmful flame-retardant chemicals in women’s breast milk have dropped by nearly 40 percent since California’s decade-old ban on these chemicals took effect, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653515303659\" target=\"_blank\">according to a new study\u003c/a> by state environmental scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It shows that regulatory and public health interventions do work.'\u003ccite>Dr. Barbara Lee, Calif. Department of Toxic Substances Control\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The chemicals, called PBDEs, were widely used for decades in household products including furniture, crib mattresses and televisions. They tend to leach out of products like furniture and can settle in household dust, tainting homes and offices and accumulating in both people and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They persist in body fluids and fat for years, and are associated with neurological and thyroid disorders. In particular, researchers have linked fetal exposure to high levels of PBDEs to IQ deficits and hyperactivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California phased out the use of two of the main types of PBDEs in 2006. There is no federal ban on PBDEs, but the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has worked with manufacturers to phase out production. The European Union banned PBDEs in 2004, but the chemicals may be present in products imported from other countries or U.S. products manufactured before the mid-2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, sponsored by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control and conducted by researchers from the agency’s Environmental Chemistry Laboratory in Berkeley, was published in the peer-reviewed journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653515303659\" target=\"_blank\">Chemosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists measured PBDE levels in the breast milk of 66 first-time mothers recruited at a Santa Rosa clinic between 2009 and 2012. They compared the levels to another group of 82 first-time mothers from around the state, tested in 2003-2005, before the ban took effect — and found a 39 percent decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s results echo those from a previous department study showing a similar decline in PBDE levels in the blood of San Francisco women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really wonderful news,” said Barbara Lee, director of the department. “It shows that regulatory and public health interventions do work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study revealed other sobering data: PBDE levels in the post-ban group of mothers remained high enough that nearly 30 percent of their breastfed babies would be exposed to the chemicals at levels above what the EPA says is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracey Woodruff, professor and director of the Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment at the UC San Francisco School of Medicine, said she was pleased by the study’s results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one more piece of evidence that the state did the right thing” in banning PBDEs. But, she said, the chemicals are “like that bad houseguest that hangs around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made a mistake by using them in the beginning. You can’t pull the genie back into the lamp,” Woodruff said. “We still have people with exposures that are going to be problematic — and we’re going to be seeing problems for years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by\u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/news/levels-of-flame-retardant-in-breast-milk-are-down/\" target=\"_blank\"> California Healthline\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Offers Better Immunity: The Flu Vaccine or the Flu Itself?",
"title": "What Offers Better Immunity: The Flu Vaccine or the Flu Itself?",
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"content": "\u003cp>This year’s flu season has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-february-flu-20160211-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">fairly mild\u003c/a> so far, as predicted. But also as \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/12/17/flu-season-february/\">predicted\u003c/a>, flu cases have been picking up, in line with the expected February peak this year. The most \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/summary.htm\">recent report\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows an increase in influenza-like illnesses and notes that it’s never too late to get vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The big problem with immunity you might get from having the flu ... is that you have to actually get the flu. It can be a serious illness.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But the flu vaccines varies widely in its effectiveness from year to year. So, how worthwhile is it, really? You could instead take your chances with the flu, and if you get it, you’ll have even better immunity to the flu in the future anyway, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it’s not that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two things to unpack here: how effective the flu vaccine is and whether getting the flu might protect someone more than the vaccine from future illness. Both of these start with understanding the virus itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What makes the flu virus so confusing and tricky is it mutates,” explained Dr. Kawsar R. Talaat with the Center For Immunization Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. “When it makes copies of itself, it does so sloppily, and there are mistakes made,” Talaat said. “Some of those mistakes don’t work — the virus doesn’t leave the cell or dies — but occasionally in the copying process, it allows the virus to be a little bit better at infecting the next person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influenza virus also mutates very rapidly, explained Litjen Tan, Ph.D., chief strategy officer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunize.org/\">Immunization Action Coalition\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With flu, we’re dealing with a very cool virus,” Tan said. “It’s got these great ways of switching around its genes so it can look different, and it wants to look different so it can better evade the immune system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rapid mutations account for the different strains among the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\">four basic types\u003c/a> of flu viruses that infect humans. That variety of strains partly explains the variation in the flu vaccine’s effectiveness. To make an effective vaccine, public health officials must predict which strains will be circulating almost a year ahead of time, all while the virus is a moving target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine’s effectiveness falls short for other reasons too, Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person's \"immune response to flu vaccine is not perfect, so effectiveness will never be 100 percent even if the strains perfectly match,” Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, even if strains or antibodies match well, each new vaccine’s ability to induce an immune response varies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, individuals respond differently to the vaccine. Older adults do not mount as strong a defense because their immune systems are older. Infants don’t mount a strong response because their immune systems aren’t fully developed yet. And if you're in the middle -- being sick, tired, sleep-deprived or otherwise run down in some way may affect how well your own body responds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the evidence suggesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.statnews.com/2015/11/11/flu-shots-reduce-effectiveness/\" target=\"_blank\">annual flu shots are less effective\u003c/a> when you’ve had one the previous year. One possible explanation for this is that the body’s response to a previous year’s vaccine blunts the response the following year, Tan said, but scientists are still trying to understand it. A blunted immune response from the vaccine, however, still offers more protection than not getting the vaccine at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until we get a true handle on what the mechanism could be, the current recommendation is the best one we have,” Tan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point you might be thinking -- maybe I'll just take the immunity I would get from contracting the flu itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152607\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-152607 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/02/RS12665_20141017_vaccines_jt_002-400x267.jpg\" alt='A student gets a \"flu mist\" vaccine at a campaign at hi Oakland elementary school. The Centers for Disease Control says people ages 2-49 can get this nasal spray vaccine.' width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student gets a \"flu mist\" vaccine during a clinic at his Oakland elementary school. The Centers for Disease Control says people ages 2-49 can get this nasal spray vaccine. \u003ccite>(James Tensuan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That might make some sense — except it requires actually getting sick, and the flu is not a mild illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first problem with this idea is that you can get really, really sick and die from the flu,” Talaat said. “If you get the flu vaccine, even if it doesn’t protect you from getting sick, hopefully it protects you from severe disease and from death. It tends to mitigate the illness somewhat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is true that a flu infection will stimulate the immune system more strongly than the vaccine will, said Tan, but that comes with a price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a country, we don’t think flu is a big deal, but it is deceivingly serious,” Tan said. Deaths from flu each year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm\" target=\"_blank\">vary widely\u003c/a>, but they’re always in the thousands, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5933a1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">ranging from 3,000 to 49,000\u003c/a> people a year in the U.S. “It makes absolutely no sense when we have proven safe and effective vaccine against flu -- and all these other diseases -- that we don’t use them,” Tan said. “It’s like throwing the dice with your child’s, your own or your grandparent’s life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even aside from that gamble, however, the immunity gained from a bout of the flu only protects against that particular subtype and won’t last long because of those rapid mutations described above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Getting the flu and surviving is the best immunity against that particular strain of flu, but that’s just one of the four lineages, and it drifts. That one may be circulating for only three or four years,” Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are you willing to get the flu every three or four years to maintain immunity to it? That doesn’t make a lot of sense.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You may have wondered this yourself: won't getting the flu give me better immunity? One big problem with this idea. You have to get the flu. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This year’s flu season has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-february-flu-20160211-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">fairly mild\u003c/a> so far, as predicted. But also as \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/12/17/flu-season-february/\">predicted\u003c/a>, flu cases have been picking up, in line with the expected February peak this year. The most \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/summary.htm\">recent report\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows an increase in influenza-like illnesses and notes that it’s never too late to get vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The big problem with immunity you might get from having the flu ... is that you have to actually get the flu. It can be a serious illness.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But the flu vaccines varies widely in its effectiveness from year to year. So, how worthwhile is it, really? You could instead take your chances with the flu, and if you get it, you’ll have even better immunity to the flu in the future anyway, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it’s not that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two things to unpack here: how effective the flu vaccine is and whether getting the flu might protect someone more than the vaccine from future illness. Both of these start with understanding the virus itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What makes the flu virus so confusing and tricky is it mutates,” explained Dr. Kawsar R. Talaat with the Center For Immunization Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. “When it makes copies of itself, it does so sloppily, and there are mistakes made,” Talaat said. “Some of those mistakes don’t work — the virus doesn’t leave the cell or dies — but occasionally in the copying process, it allows the virus to be a little bit better at infecting the next person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influenza virus also mutates very rapidly, explained Litjen Tan, Ph.D., chief strategy officer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunize.org/\">Immunization Action Coalition\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With flu, we’re dealing with a very cool virus,” Tan said. “It’s got these great ways of switching around its genes so it can look different, and it wants to look different so it can better evade the immune system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rapid mutations account for the different strains among the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\">four basic types\u003c/a> of flu viruses that infect humans. That variety of strains partly explains the variation in the flu vaccine’s effectiveness. To make an effective vaccine, public health officials must predict which strains will be circulating almost a year ahead of time, all while the virus is a moving target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine’s effectiveness falls short for other reasons too, Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person's \"immune response to flu vaccine is not perfect, so effectiveness will never be 100 percent even if the strains perfectly match,” Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, even if strains or antibodies match well, each new vaccine’s ability to induce an immune response varies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, individuals respond differently to the vaccine. Older adults do not mount as strong a defense because their immune systems are older. Infants don’t mount a strong response because their immune systems aren’t fully developed yet. And if you're in the middle -- being sick, tired, sleep-deprived or otherwise run down in some way may affect how well your own body responds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the evidence suggesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.statnews.com/2015/11/11/flu-shots-reduce-effectiveness/\" target=\"_blank\">annual flu shots are less effective\u003c/a> when you’ve had one the previous year. One possible explanation for this is that the body’s response to a previous year’s vaccine blunts the response the following year, Tan said, but scientists are still trying to understand it. A blunted immune response from the vaccine, however, still offers more protection than not getting the vaccine at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until we get a true handle on what the mechanism could be, the current recommendation is the best one we have,” Tan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point you might be thinking -- maybe I'll just take the immunity I would get from contracting the flu itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152607\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-152607 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/02/RS12665_20141017_vaccines_jt_002-400x267.jpg\" alt='A student gets a \"flu mist\" vaccine at a campaign at hi Oakland elementary school. The Centers for Disease Control says people ages 2-49 can get this nasal spray vaccine.' width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student gets a \"flu mist\" vaccine during a clinic at his Oakland elementary school. The Centers for Disease Control says people ages 2-49 can get this nasal spray vaccine. \u003ccite>(James Tensuan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That might make some sense — except it requires actually getting sick, and the flu is not a mild illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first problem with this idea is that you can get really, really sick and die from the flu,” Talaat said. “If you get the flu vaccine, even if it doesn’t protect you from getting sick, hopefully it protects you from severe disease and from death. It tends to mitigate the illness somewhat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is true that a flu infection will stimulate the immune system more strongly than the vaccine will, said Tan, but that comes with a price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a country, we don’t think flu is a big deal, but it is deceivingly serious,” Tan said. Deaths from flu each year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm\" target=\"_blank\">vary widely\u003c/a>, but they’re always in the thousands, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5933a1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">ranging from 3,000 to 49,000\u003c/a> people a year in the U.S. “It makes absolutely no sense when we have proven safe and effective vaccine against flu -- and all these other diseases -- that we don’t use them,” Tan said. “It’s like throwing the dice with your child’s, your own or your grandparent’s life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even aside from that gamble, however, the immunity gained from a bout of the flu only protects against that particular subtype and won’t last long because of those rapid mutations described above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Getting the flu and surviving is the best immunity against that particular strain of flu, but that’s just one of the four lineages, and it drifts. That one may be circulating for only three or four years,” Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are you willing to get the flu every three or four years to maintain immunity to it? That doesn’t make a lot of sense.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How A Simple Bump Can Cause An Insidious Brain Injury",
"title": "How A Simple Bump Can Cause An Insidious Brain Injury",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>It's not just football players or troops who fought in the wars who suffer from brain injuries. Researchers estimate that hundreds of thousands of ordinary people in the U.S. get potentially serious brain injuries every year, too. Yet they and even their doctors often don't know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such doctor is \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/10000041/Bryan-Arling\" target=\"_blank\">Bryan Arling\u003c/a>, an internist in Washington, D.C. His peers often vote to put him on those lists of \"top doctors,\" published by glossy magazines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it's ironic that the brain injury he failed to diagnose was his own. And he could have died from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last spring, Arling went looking for some files in his walk-up attic. It was jammed with boxes of Christmas tree ornaments, old clothes and other odds and ends that define decades of family life. After an hour of searching, he found the files in a box, grabbed the folders and stood up. He then felt a shooting pain in the center of his back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pain I've had before,\" says Arling, who has battled back problems for years. \"But it was more intense than I've ever had it before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He took painkillers and went back to work. Weeks went by, and his back was still hurting him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then I began noticing that I was shuffling. I was so weak I couldn't carry my plate out to the back deck. I would just drop things. And everybody commented on how I seemed different,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And gradually, Arling says, his thinking seemed different, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I could make sense of things, I could get things done, I could make decisions,\" he says. \"But I was slower at what I did.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arling thought he was having trouble focusing because his back pain was so intense. So a neurosurgeon, who had treated Arling's back problems before, ordered an MRI of Arling's spine — and also his brain. When the MRI technician saw Arling's pictures taking shape on his screen, he called the radiologist and said, \"You need to see this right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images showed a big, white, lake-like shape where Arling's brain should have been, inside the top right side of his skull. It was a pool of blood that was pushing down on the brain, causing it to shift from right to left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sent Arling straight from the MRI to the emergency room at Georgetown University Medical Center. He says as they started prepping him for open brain surgery, the medical staff kept asking about his fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I said, 'I haven't fallen,' \" Arling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, just as they were wheeling him into the operating room, Arling remembered: The day he stood up in the attic and threw out his back, he had forgotten he was under the eaves, and had knocked the top of his head against a wood beam. But he didn't even get a cut, so he forgot about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everybody knows you can get hurt if you fall off a ladder, or slip and bash your head on the ice. But Arling got a kind of brain injury that's usually more insidious — a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000713.htm\" target=\"_blank\">subdural hematoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A subdural hematoma is different from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129726135\" target=\"_blank\">typical blast injuries\u003c/a> that affected hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. In those cases, shock waves rattled their brains and caused microscopic damage that's hard or impossible to detect. It's also different from the usual football concussions, in which blows to the head damage the brain's electrical wiring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main population at risk for a subdural hematoma is the elderly. To understand why, it helps to picture an aging brain. The brain is wrapped and protected by a membrane called the dura mater. Inside the dura, there's a network of veins that connect it to the surface of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-135431 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM-400x324.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-01-06 at 3.19.26 PM\" width=\"400\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM-400x324.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM.png 423w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">Studies suggest that as you get older, your brain shrinks and pulls away from the dura, especially after you're 60 or 70 years old. But the veins keep holding on to both the dura and the brain. So as your brain pulls away, some of those veins become more exposed and more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say if you simply bump your head on the eaves of your attic, as Arling did, or if you simply start to fall and then catch yourself — so your head doesn't strike anything, but it jerks in the air — that can be enough force to jostle your shrinking brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And those veins stretch, and you'll get tearing in those veins,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmr.vcu.edu/Department/Directory/faculty/dcifu/dcifu.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Cifu\u003c/a>, who runs a joint research project studying brain injuries for the departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because blood from veins tends to ooze, instead of pump as it does from arteries, Cifu says, \"when the veins tear, we get a very low-pressure ribbon of blood that's layering on top of the surface of the brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As that blood starts to pool over days or weeks, it irritates the brain cells. And if the pool's big enough, it presses on the brain and damages it, much like a tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers studied the problem a few years ago at a sample of 20 percent of the nation's hospitals. As they \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jan/rates-of-traumatic-subdural-hematoma.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported in the Journal of Neurosurgery\u003c/a>, those hospitals alone diagnosed almost 44,000 subdural hematomas in one year. So the researchers estimate there could be more than 200,000 subdural hematoma injuries diagnosed annually at all the hospitals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say an unknown additional number of subdural hematomas are misdiagnosed, or simply missed: Half the patients studied have trouble remembering they hit their heads at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Arling. And like Tom Feild, a retired computer systems analyst who used to work for the VA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-135405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/tbi-at-home1-2bfc90dd1b879b954a1f0aa6ac297c5c1a7d10da-e1452122149567.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Feild looks at a brain scan with his doctor at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Va. Feild had brain surgery after experiencing a low-grade headache that wouldn't go away and difficulty driving.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Feild looks at a brain scan with his doctor at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Va. Feild had brain surgery after experiencing a low-grade headache that wouldn't go away and difficulty driving. \u003ccite>(Matailong Du for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Feild says his own medical mystery began with headaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wasn't a constant headache — it was a low-grade headache. But it wouldn't go away,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he was driving his wife on an errand, and he kept drifting across the yellow line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I said, 'Tom, you're going on their side of the road.' He said, 'I know ... I can't seem to help it,' \" Jody Feild says.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Feild made an appointment with his local doctor. And the next thing he knew, a helicopter was rushing him to Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond. Neurosurgeon Bill Broaddus drilled three holes into Feild's skull and vacuumed out roughly 8 ounces of blood that had pooled since he developed a subdural hematoma.\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broaddus says before the surgery, he asked Feild what type of accident had injured his head. It took awhile before Feild could remember. He had put a sprinkler away under his porch two months earlier and bumped his head against the floorboards when he stood up before backing out all the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We may see 50 to 100 [similar subdural hematomas] here at this institution every year,\" says Broaddus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain specialists say it's important to view these injuries in perspective: Most people who get a subdural hematoma will never know it. The brain will reabsorb the blood, the victim's symptoms will disappear, and life will go on as normal. But for tens of thousands of others, it's serious. Doctors say they often see families who think loved ones are getting dementia, and it turns out they hit their heads and have a bleed. Some victims die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Cifu say you don't need to consult a doctor the second you get a headache. But they say it's sensible, and responsible, to follow some simple guidelines: Consult a physician as soon as possible if the headaches don't go away, or if you begin to have trouble with your balance or feel weakness in your legs or arms. Also, if the way you think starts to seem \"different,\" Cifu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internist Arling says even if it turns out that you do have a bleed, he's living proof that these brain injuries can be cured if you catch them in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's so easy to come away from a story like mine, and to feel fragile, and so to worry unnecessarily,\" Arling says. \"The body is phenomenally well-designed, and it has a phenomenal ability to heal itself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+A+Simple+Bump+Can+Cause+An+Insidious+Brain+Injury&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hundreds of thousands of people suffer brain injuries each year. Sometimes the damage is caused by something that seems innocuous, like a stumble or a bump on the head. When should you see a doctor?",
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"description": "Hundreds of thousands of people suffer brain injuries each year. Sometimes the damage is caused by something that seems innocuous, like a stumble or a bump on the head. When should you see a doctor?",
"title": "How A Simple Bump Can Cause An Insidious Brain Injury | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's not just football players or troops who fought in the wars who suffer from brain injuries. Researchers estimate that hundreds of thousands of ordinary people in the U.S. get potentially serious brain injuries every year, too. Yet they and even their doctors often don't know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such doctor is \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/10000041/Bryan-Arling\" target=\"_blank\">Bryan Arling\u003c/a>, an internist in Washington, D.C. His peers often vote to put him on those lists of \"top doctors,\" published by glossy magazines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it's ironic that the brain injury he failed to diagnose was his own. And he could have died from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last spring, Arling went looking for some files in his walk-up attic. It was jammed with boxes of Christmas tree ornaments, old clothes and other odds and ends that define decades of family life. After an hour of searching, he found the files in a box, grabbed the folders and stood up. He then felt a shooting pain in the center of his back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pain I've had before,\" says Arling, who has battled back problems for years. \"But it was more intense than I've ever had it before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He took painkillers and went back to work. Weeks went by, and his back was still hurting him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then I began noticing that I was shuffling. I was so weak I couldn't carry my plate out to the back deck. I would just drop things. And everybody commented on how I seemed different,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And gradually, Arling says, his thinking seemed different, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I could make sense of things, I could get things done, I could make decisions,\" he says. \"But I was slower at what I did.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arling thought he was having trouble focusing because his back pain was so intense. So a neurosurgeon, who had treated Arling's back problems before, ordered an MRI of Arling's spine — and also his brain. When the MRI technician saw Arling's pictures taking shape on his screen, he called the radiologist and said, \"You need to see this right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images showed a big, white, lake-like shape where Arling's brain should have been, inside the top right side of his skull. It was a pool of blood that was pushing down on the brain, causing it to shift from right to left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sent Arling straight from the MRI to the emergency room at Georgetown University Medical Center. He says as they started prepping him for open brain surgery, the medical staff kept asking about his fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I said, 'I haven't fallen,' \" Arling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, just as they were wheeling him into the operating room, Arling remembered: The day he stood up in the attic and threw out his back, he had forgotten he was under the eaves, and had knocked the top of his head against a wood beam. But he didn't even get a cut, so he forgot about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everybody knows you can get hurt if you fall off a ladder, or slip and bash your head on the ice. But Arling got a kind of brain injury that's usually more insidious — a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000713.htm\" target=\"_blank\">subdural hematoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A subdural hematoma is different from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129726135\" target=\"_blank\">typical blast injuries\u003c/a> that affected hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. In those cases, shock waves rattled their brains and caused microscopic damage that's hard or impossible to detect. It's also different from the usual football concussions, in which blows to the head damage the brain's electrical wiring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main population at risk for a subdural hematoma is the elderly. To understand why, it helps to picture an aging brain. The brain is wrapped and protected by a membrane called the dura mater. Inside the dura, there's a network of veins that connect it to the surface of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-135431 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM-400x324.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-01-06 at 3.19.26 PM\" width=\"400\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM-400x324.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM.png 423w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">Studies suggest that as you get older, your brain shrinks and pulls away from the dura, especially after you're 60 or 70 years old. But the veins keep holding on to both the dura and the brain. So as your brain pulls away, some of those veins become more exposed and more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say if you simply bump your head on the eaves of your attic, as Arling did, or if you simply start to fall and then catch yourself — so your head doesn't strike anything, but it jerks in the air — that can be enough force to jostle your shrinking brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And those veins stretch, and you'll get tearing in those veins,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmr.vcu.edu/Department/Directory/faculty/dcifu/dcifu.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Cifu\u003c/a>, who runs a joint research project studying brain injuries for the departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because blood from veins tends to ooze, instead of pump as it does from arteries, Cifu says, \"when the veins tear, we get a very low-pressure ribbon of blood that's layering on top of the surface of the brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As that blood starts to pool over days or weeks, it irritates the brain cells. And if the pool's big enough, it presses on the brain and damages it, much like a tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers studied the problem a few years ago at a sample of 20 percent of the nation's hospitals. As they \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jan/rates-of-traumatic-subdural-hematoma.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported in the Journal of Neurosurgery\u003c/a>, those hospitals alone diagnosed almost 44,000 subdural hematomas in one year. So the researchers estimate there could be more than 200,000 subdural hematoma injuries diagnosed annually at all the hospitals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say an unknown additional number of subdural hematomas are misdiagnosed, or simply missed: Half the patients studied have trouble remembering they hit their heads at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Arling. And like Tom Feild, a retired computer systems analyst who used to work for the VA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-135405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/tbi-at-home1-2bfc90dd1b879b954a1f0aa6ac297c5c1a7d10da-e1452122149567.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Feild looks at a brain scan with his doctor at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Va. Feild had brain surgery after experiencing a low-grade headache that wouldn't go away and difficulty driving.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Feild looks at a brain scan with his doctor at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Va. Feild had brain surgery after experiencing a low-grade headache that wouldn't go away and difficulty driving. \u003ccite>(Matailong Du for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Feild says his own medical mystery began with headaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wasn't a constant headache — it was a low-grade headache. But it wouldn't go away,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he was driving his wife on an errand, and he kept drifting across the yellow line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I said, 'Tom, you're going on their side of the road.' He said, 'I know ... I can't seem to help it,' \" Jody Feild says.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Feild made an appointment with his local doctor. And the next thing he knew, a helicopter was rushing him to Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond. Neurosurgeon Bill Broaddus drilled three holes into Feild's skull and vacuumed out roughly 8 ounces of blood that had pooled since he developed a subdural hematoma.\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broaddus says before the surgery, he asked Feild what type of accident had injured his head. It took awhile before Feild could remember. He had put a sprinkler away under his porch two months earlier and bumped his head against the floorboards when he stood up before backing out all the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We may see 50 to 100 [similar subdural hematomas] here at this institution every year,\" says Broaddus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain specialists say it's important to view these injuries in perspective: Most people who get a subdural hematoma will never know it. The brain will reabsorb the blood, the victim's symptoms will disappear, and life will go on as normal. But for tens of thousands of others, it's serious. Doctors say they often see families who think loved ones are getting dementia, and it turns out they hit their heads and have a bleed. Some victims die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Cifu say you don't need to consult a doctor the second you get a headache. But they say it's sensible, and responsible, to follow some simple guidelines: Consult a physician as soon as possible if the headaches don't go away, or if you begin to have trouble with your balance or feel weakness in your legs or arms. Also, if the way you think starts to seem \"different,\" Cifu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internist Arling says even if it turns out that you do have a bleed, he's living proof that these brain injuries can be cured if you catch them in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's so easy to come away from a story like mine, and to feel fragile, and so to worry unnecessarily,\" Arling says. \"The body is phenomenally well-designed, and it has a phenomenal ability to heal itself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+A+Simple+Bump+Can+Cause+An+Insidious+Brain+Injury&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California's New Health Laws Coming in 2016",
"title": "California's New Health Laws Coming in 2016",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The new year arrives Friday, and with it a host of new state laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's our roundup of new ones coming in health. Most take effect on Friday, except where noted:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccines: \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a> was perhaps the most vehemently debated bill in Sacramento in a long time. Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) introduced the bill just weeks after a measles outbreak tied to Disneyland. The law requires that all children be fully vaccinated to attend school -- both public and private -- unless they have a medical exemption. The law takes effect July 1, in advance of the 2016-2017 school year.\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB792\" target=\"_blank\"> A second law\u003c/a> related to vaccines requires all child-care workers to be vaccinated against measles, pertussis and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Physician-Assisted Suicide\u003c/strong>: Gov. Jerry Brown signed the \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520162AB15\" target=\"_blank\">End of Life Option Act \u003c/a>into law with\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/10/05/governor-brown-signs-physician-assisted-suicide-bill-into-law-california-right-to-die/\" target=\"_blank\"> an unusually personal comment.\u003c/a> The law permits physicians to prescribe lethal medication to terminally ill patients who request it. There is no firm date for the law to go into effect because it was passed as part of an ongoing special legislative session that was called by the governor to address health care financing. It won't take effect until 90 days after the session ends. California became the fifth state to allow the practice, along with Oregon, Washington, Montana and Vermont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medi-Cal for Undocumented Children\u003c/strong>: California became\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/17/california-budget-includes-health-coverage-of-undocumented-children-a-first-nationally/\" target=\"_blank\"> the first state in the country\u003c/a> to extend state-subsidized health coverage to children who are living in the United States illegally. An estimated 170,000 children under age 19 will become eligible for Medi-Cal, the state's health insurance problem for people who are low income, when \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB4\" target=\"_blank\">the law\u003c/a> goes into effect on May 1. (Legislators are expected to consider \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB10\" target=\"_blank\">SB10,\u003c/a> which would extend Medi-Cal to adults, in 2016 as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reproductive Services Notification\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB775\" target=\"_blank\">The new law\u003c/a> covers required notifications at two types of facilities. Unlicensed facilities now will be required to notify clients that they are not licensed as medical facilities by the state. Meanwhile, licensed medical facilities are required to notify clients that California has public programs that provide free or low-cost access to contraceptives, prenatal care and abortion services. The law was\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/04/california-law-adds-new-twist-to-abortion-religious-freedom-debate\" target=\"_blank\"> challenged by centers \u003c/a>that do not provide abortions. Just before Christmas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article51197235.html\" target=\"_blank\">a federal judge upheld the law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translation of Prescription Drug Information\u003c/strong>: Pharmacists are now required, upon request, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/10/calif-legislature-approves-bill-requiring-prescription-labels-in-5-foreign-languages/\" target=\"_blank\">to provide labels or medication information \u003c/a>in the five most common languages in California, after English: Spanish, Tagalog, Chinese, Vietnamese or Korean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hospitals and Caregivers\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB675\" target=\"_blank\">AB675\u003c/a> requires hospitals to include family caregivers in the hospitalization and discharge process. \u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/2015/12/california-latest-state-requiring-hospitals-to-keep-caregivers-in-the-loop.php\" target=\"_blank\">The goal \u003c/a>is to improve a patient's care and reduce the chance of readmission. California is one of 18 states to pass this type of law in the last two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CONSUMER PROTECTIONS:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Caps on Drug Copays\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB339\" target=\"_blank\">This law\u003c/a> limits patient's cost-sharing on specialty drugs to $250 a month and prohibits placing most or all drugs used to treat a certain condition on the highest cost tier in drug formularies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Accurate Provider Directories\u003c/strong>: Insurers now must maintain an accurate database of providers on a website -- and they must update that directory every week, under \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB137\" target=\"_blank\">this new law. \u003c/a>The directories will include languages spoken by providers other than English.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cost-sharing Limits in Family Plans\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1305\" target=\"_blank\">This law\u003c/a> brings California into line with federal regulations, that an individual patient faces the out-of-pocket maximum set by the Affordable Care Act (now $6,600) for an individual, even if they are in a family plan (which has a max of $13,200 at present).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Insurance offered by Large Employers\u003c/strong>: Large employers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB248\" target=\"_blank\">must now follow consumer protections \u003c/a>that ensure they do not offer so-called junk insurance that does not offer minimum value, as defined.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LGBT HEALTH CARE:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sperm Donation:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB960\" target=\"_blank\">AB960 \u003c/a>was inspired by lesbian couples who want to have children. Many receive sperm donations from friends or relatives. This law says that the donor will not be viewed as the \"natural parent\" unless otherwise agreed to in writing prior to conception of the child.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Demographic Data Collection\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB959\" target=\"_blank\">This law requires\u003c/a> state departments overseeing health programs to collect voluntary information about sexual orientation and gender identity just as they collect race and ethnicity data.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FOSTER CHILDREN\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Placements for Trans Children\u003c/strong>: Foster children \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB731\" target=\"_blank\">now have the right \u003c/a>to placements consistent with their gender identity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Psychotropic Medications\u003c/strong>: Child welfare social workers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB238\" target=\"_blank\">will be better able \u003c/a>to oversee mental health treatments, including use of psychotropic medications, by foster children.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Foster Children Who Are Parents\u003c/strong>: This law \u003ca href=\"http://www.calyouthconn.org/assets/files/AB%20260%20Fact%20Sheet%20(4.1.15).pdf\" target=\"_blank\">provides support and protections\u003c/a> for foster children who are parents themselves.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The new year arrives Friday, and with it a host of new state laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's our roundup of new ones coming in health. Most take effect on Friday, except where noted:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccines: \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a> was perhaps the most vehemently debated bill in Sacramento in a long time. Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) introduced the bill just weeks after a measles outbreak tied to Disneyland. The law requires that all children be fully vaccinated to attend school -- both public and private -- unless they have a medical exemption. The law takes effect July 1, in advance of the 2016-2017 school year.\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB792\" target=\"_blank\"> A second law\u003c/a> related to vaccines requires all child-care workers to be vaccinated against measles, pertussis and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Physician-Assisted Suicide\u003c/strong>: Gov. Jerry Brown signed the \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520162AB15\" target=\"_blank\">End of Life Option Act \u003c/a>into law with\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/10/05/governor-brown-signs-physician-assisted-suicide-bill-into-law-california-right-to-die/\" target=\"_blank\"> an unusually personal comment.\u003c/a> The law permits physicians to prescribe lethal medication to terminally ill patients who request it. There is no firm date for the law to go into effect because it was passed as part of an ongoing special legislative session that was called by the governor to address health care financing. It won't take effect until 90 days after the session ends. California became the fifth state to allow the practice, along with Oregon, Washington, Montana and Vermont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medi-Cal for Undocumented Children\u003c/strong>: California became\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/17/california-budget-includes-health-coverage-of-undocumented-children-a-first-nationally/\" target=\"_blank\"> the first state in the country\u003c/a> to extend state-subsidized health coverage to children who are living in the United States illegally. An estimated 170,000 children under age 19 will become eligible for Medi-Cal, the state's health insurance problem for people who are low income, when \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB4\" target=\"_blank\">the law\u003c/a> goes into effect on May 1. (Legislators are expected to consider \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB10\" target=\"_blank\">SB10,\u003c/a> which would extend Medi-Cal to adults, in 2016 as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reproductive Services Notification\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB775\" target=\"_blank\">The new law\u003c/a> covers required notifications at two types of facilities. Unlicensed facilities now will be required to notify clients that they are not licensed as medical facilities by the state. Meanwhile, licensed medical facilities are required to notify clients that California has public programs that provide free or low-cost access to contraceptives, prenatal care and abortion services. The law was\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/04/california-law-adds-new-twist-to-abortion-religious-freedom-debate\" target=\"_blank\"> challenged by centers \u003c/a>that do not provide abortions. Just before Christmas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article51197235.html\" target=\"_blank\">a federal judge upheld the law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translation of Prescription Drug Information\u003c/strong>: Pharmacists are now required, upon request, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/10/calif-legislature-approves-bill-requiring-prescription-labels-in-5-foreign-languages/\" target=\"_blank\">to provide labels or medication information \u003c/a>in the five most common languages in California, after English: Spanish, Tagalog, Chinese, Vietnamese or Korean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hospitals and Caregivers\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB675\" target=\"_blank\">AB675\u003c/a> requires hospitals to include family caregivers in the hospitalization and discharge process. \u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/2015/12/california-latest-state-requiring-hospitals-to-keep-caregivers-in-the-loop.php\" target=\"_blank\">The goal \u003c/a>is to improve a patient's care and reduce the chance of readmission. California is one of 18 states to pass this type of law in the last two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CONSUMER PROTECTIONS:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Caps on Drug Copays\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB339\" target=\"_blank\">This law\u003c/a> limits patient's cost-sharing on specialty drugs to $250 a month and prohibits placing most or all drugs used to treat a certain condition on the highest cost tier in drug formularies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Accurate Provider Directories\u003c/strong>: Insurers now must maintain an accurate database of providers on a website -- and they must update that directory every week, under \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB137\" target=\"_blank\">this new law. \u003c/a>The directories will include languages spoken by providers other than English.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cost-sharing Limits in Family Plans\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1305\" target=\"_blank\">This law\u003c/a> brings California into line with federal regulations, that an individual patient faces the out-of-pocket maximum set by the Affordable Care Act (now $6,600) for an individual, even if they are in a family plan (which has a max of $13,200 at present).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Insurance offered by Large Employers\u003c/strong>: Large employers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB248\" target=\"_blank\">must now follow consumer protections \u003c/a>that ensure they do not offer so-called junk insurance that does not offer minimum value, as defined.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LGBT HEALTH CARE:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sperm Donation:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB960\" target=\"_blank\">AB960 \u003c/a>was inspired by lesbian couples who want to have children. Many receive sperm donations from friends or relatives. This law says that the donor will not be viewed as the \"natural parent\" unless otherwise agreed to in writing prior to conception of the child.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Demographic Data Collection\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB959\" target=\"_blank\">This law requires\u003c/a> state departments overseeing health programs to collect voluntary information about sexual orientation and gender identity just as they collect race and ethnicity data.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FOSTER CHILDREN\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Placements for Trans Children\u003c/strong>: Foster children \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB731\" target=\"_blank\">now have the right \u003c/a>to placements consistent with their gender identity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Psychotropic Medications\u003c/strong>: Child welfare social workers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB238\" target=\"_blank\">will be better able \u003c/a>to oversee mental health treatments, including use of psychotropic medications, by foster children.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Foster Children Who Are Parents\u003c/strong>: This law \u003ca href=\"http://www.calyouthconn.org/assets/files/AB%20260%20Fact%20Sheet%20(4.1.15).pdf\" target=\"_blank\">provides support and protections\u003c/a> for foster children who are parents themselves.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "More Bay Area Kids Getting Vaccinated, Preliminary Numbers Show",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the face of a measles outbreak tied to Disneyland and the heated debate around a legislative move to end parents' option not to vaccinate their children, vaccination rates are increasing across the Bay Area, a KQED analysis of preliminary state data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All incoming California kindergarteners are required to be vaccinated against a range of diseases, unless the child has a medical exemption or a personal belief exemption (PBE) on file with their school. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">A new state law\u003c/a>, known as \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a>, will end the PBE in July, but during the current school year, the exemption is still permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote align right\">'The outbreak of measles was a real wake up call for all of us.' \u003ccite>Dr. Matt Willis, Marin County public health officer \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Statewide, the PBE rate declined from 2.54 percent of incoming kindergartners to 2.33 percent. In addition, the percent of children receiving both doses of the measles, mumps, rubella -- or \"MMR\" -- vaccine increased from 92.55 percent to 94.59 percent statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can only assume that this is in part a response to ... the measles outbreak and the publicity that that received,\" said Art Reingold, head of epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health. \"It's unfortunate that fear or outbreaks of disease are necessary to get people to do what we'd like them to do, but I think that's human nature.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health collects vaccination rates from every kindergarten, public or private, with more than 10 students. It then \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Pages/ImmunizationLevels.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">publishes \u003c/a>a downloadable data set and a separate summary document. This year, CDPH published the data set on its site last Thursday, Dec. 24. The summary document was not published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED downloaded the data and calculated a PBE rate and an MMR rate for nine Bay Area counties and a statewide average. We contacted CDPH to request an interview about our analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But late Monday, after calls from reporters, CDPH deleted the data set from its site, saying it was preliminary and incomplete, and said final data would be published by mid-January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the KQED analysis, across the Bay Area, most counties saw a decline in the PBE rate when compared to last year, with the exceptions of Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties, where the rates are already below the statewide average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Contra Costa's PBE rate was 1.90 percent; this year it increased slightly to 1.97 percent. Santa Clara's rate was 1.57 percent last year; this year it also increased slightly to 1.62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PBE rates for other Bay Area counties declined, as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda: 1.54 percent last year to 1.20 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marin: from 6.45 to 5.97 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Napa: from 3.18 to 3.15 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: from 1.80 to 1.46 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: from 1.85 to 1.62 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solano: from 1.80 to 1.50 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sonoma: from 5.54 to 4.69 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Marin County has long had the highest PBE rate in the Bay Area, but county public health officer Dr. Matt Willis called the decline in Marin's PBE rate this year \"great news\" and said it was the third year in a row of increasing vaccination rates. \"We haven't seen this many children vaccinated in Marin County since 2007,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area counties saw a corresponding increase in rates of the MMR vaccine, with the exception of Napa County, where there was a small decrease. Last year, Napa's MMR rate was 94.74 percent; this year it declined slightly to 94.51 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the MMR vaccination rates for the other Bay Area counties:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda: from 91.40 percent last year to 97.11 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contra Costa: from 95.52 percent to 96.34 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marin: 88.03 percent to 90.97 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: from 89.63 percent to 94.45 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: from 94.83 percent to 96.57 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Clara: from 95.33 percent to 96.29 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solano: from 95.41 percent to 95.99 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sonoma: from 91.48 percent to 93.70 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Alameda County had the most dramatic increase in the Bay Area in its MMR rate, more than 5.5 percentage points. Erica Pan, deputy health officer with the Alameda County Public Health Department, said that staff had noticed more than a year ago that there were many children who were not up to date on immunizations. The health department launched an outreach effort to help get children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZugDxUbK78gNenbhpe38Q9Te7QQc793p\"]The work has paid off. Over the past few years, kindergarteners up to date on vaccines had ranged from 86 to 89 percent. This year it's more than 96 percent, Pan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between our work with the staff and various leadership, and public awareness,\" she said, \"that's how we made some really dramatic improvement. We're really excited to see the huge change in Alameda County.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis, Pan and Reingold all said that a driver of the increase in vaccination rates was the widespread news coverage of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">measles outbreak earlier this year\u003c/a> and the vocal debate around SB277, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">law signed by Gov. Jerry Brown in June\u003c/a> that ends a parent's option to refuse vaccination for their children for personal reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The outbreak of measles was a real wake up call for all of us around this issue,\" Willis said. \"It gave us a chance to speak openly as a community about what vaccination does for us, it gave us a chance to understand vaccination as a matter of community responsibility.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley pediatrician Olivia Lang said she's seen a change among families in her practice. \"There were a lot of families who had been waffling on vaccines, but perhaps were not strong believers in anti-vaccination ideals,\" she said. \"But now they're saying, 'Well, I guess we're going to have to do it,'\" and so they are having their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 277 takes effect July 1. Starting with the 2016-2017 school year, all kindergarteners and 7th graders in California will need to be up to date on vaccines to enter school. Only those children who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons will be exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Richard Pan, D-Sacramento, was co-author of the new law. In an interview Monday, he said that the vocal debate around the passage of the bill helped many parents to learn more about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is part of the momentum where people realize there’s a lot of misinformation about vaccines,\" he said. \"During the 277 debate they saw in the news that vaccines are important, that diseases have not gone away. People became educated and more aware of the importance of vaccinations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement late Monday afternoon, state epidemiologist Dr. Gil Chavez said, \"The summary reports and [final] immunization status data are anticipated to be posted by Jan. 15, 2016.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the face of a measles outbreak tied to Disneyland and the heated debate around a legislative move to end parents' option not to vaccinate their children, vaccination rates are increasing across the Bay Area, a KQED analysis of preliminary state data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All incoming California kindergarteners are required to be vaccinated against a range of diseases, unless the child has a medical exemption or a personal belief exemption (PBE) on file with their school. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">A new state law\u003c/a>, known as \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a>, will end the PBE in July, but during the current school year, the exemption is still permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote align right\">'The outbreak of measles was a real wake up call for all of us.' \u003ccite>Dr. Matt Willis, Marin County public health officer \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Statewide, the PBE rate declined from 2.54 percent of incoming kindergartners to 2.33 percent. In addition, the percent of children receiving both doses of the measles, mumps, rubella -- or \"MMR\" -- vaccine increased from 92.55 percent to 94.59 percent statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can only assume that this is in part a response to ... the measles outbreak and the publicity that that received,\" said Art Reingold, head of epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health. \"It's unfortunate that fear or outbreaks of disease are necessary to get people to do what we'd like them to do, but I think that's human nature.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health collects vaccination rates from every kindergarten, public or private, with more than 10 students. It then \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Pages/ImmunizationLevels.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">publishes \u003c/a>a downloadable data set and a separate summary document. This year, CDPH published the data set on its site last Thursday, Dec. 24. The summary document was not published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED downloaded the data and calculated a PBE rate and an MMR rate for nine Bay Area counties and a statewide average. We contacted CDPH to request an interview about our analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But late Monday, after calls from reporters, CDPH deleted the data set from its site, saying it was preliminary and incomplete, and said final data would be published by mid-January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the KQED analysis, across the Bay Area, most counties saw a decline in the PBE rate when compared to last year, with the exceptions of Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties, where the rates are already below the statewide average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Contra Costa's PBE rate was 1.90 percent; this year it increased slightly to 1.97 percent. Santa Clara's rate was 1.57 percent last year; this year it also increased slightly to 1.62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PBE rates for other Bay Area counties declined, as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda: 1.54 percent last year to 1.20 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marin: from 6.45 to 5.97 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Napa: from 3.18 to 3.15 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: from 1.80 to 1.46 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: from 1.85 to 1.62 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solano: from 1.80 to 1.50 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sonoma: from 5.54 to 4.69 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Marin County has long had the highest PBE rate in the Bay Area, but county public health officer Dr. Matt Willis called the decline in Marin's PBE rate this year \"great news\" and said it was the third year in a row of increasing vaccination rates. \"We haven't seen this many children vaccinated in Marin County since 2007,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area counties saw a corresponding increase in rates of the MMR vaccine, with the exception of Napa County, where there was a small decrease. Last year, Napa's MMR rate was 94.74 percent; this year it declined slightly to 94.51 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the MMR vaccination rates for the other Bay Area counties:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda: from 91.40 percent last year to 97.11 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contra Costa: from 95.52 percent to 96.34 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marin: 88.03 percent to 90.97 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: from 89.63 percent to 94.45 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: from 94.83 percent to 96.57 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Clara: from 95.33 percent to 96.29 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solano: from 95.41 percent to 95.99 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sonoma: from 91.48 percent to 93.70 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Alameda County had the most dramatic increase in the Bay Area in its MMR rate, more than 5.5 percentage points. Erica Pan, deputy health officer with the Alameda County Public Health Department, said that staff had noticed more than a year ago that there were many children who were not up to date on immunizations. The health department launched an outreach effort to help get children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The work has paid off. Over the past few years, kindergarteners up to date on vaccines had ranged from 86 to 89 percent. This year it's more than 96 percent, Pan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between our work with the staff and various leadership, and public awareness,\" she said, \"that's how we made some really dramatic improvement. We're really excited to see the huge change in Alameda County.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis, Pan and Reingold all said that a driver of the increase in vaccination rates was the widespread news coverage of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">measles outbreak earlier this year\u003c/a> and the vocal debate around SB277, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">law signed by Gov. Jerry Brown in June\u003c/a> that ends a parent's option to refuse vaccination for their children for personal reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The outbreak of measles was a real wake up call for all of us around this issue,\" Willis said. \"It gave us a chance to speak openly as a community about what vaccination does for us, it gave us a chance to understand vaccination as a matter of community responsibility.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley pediatrician Olivia Lang said she's seen a change among families in her practice. \"There were a lot of families who had been waffling on vaccines, but perhaps were not strong believers in anti-vaccination ideals,\" she said. \"But now they're saying, 'Well, I guess we're going to have to do it,'\" and so they are having their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 277 takes effect July 1. Starting with the 2016-2017 school year, all kindergarteners and 7th graders in California will need to be up to date on vaccines to enter school. Only those children who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons will be exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Richard Pan, D-Sacramento, was co-author of the new law. In an interview Monday, he said that the vocal debate around the passage of the bill helped many parents to learn more about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is part of the momentum where people realize there’s a lot of misinformation about vaccines,\" he said. \"During the 277 debate they saw in the news that vaccines are important, that diseases have not gone away. People became educated and more aware of the importance of vaccinations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement late Monday afternoon, state epidemiologist Dr. Gil Chavez said, \"The summary reports and [final] immunization status data are anticipated to be posted by Jan. 15, 2016.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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