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"bio": "Lisa Aliferis is the founding editor of KQED's \u003cem>State of Health\u003c/em> blog. Since 2011, she's been writing and editing stories for the site. Before taking up blogging, she toiled for many years (more than we can count) producing health stories for television, including\u003cem> Dateline NBC\u003c/em> and San Francisco's CBS affiliate, KPIX-TV. She also wrote up a \u003ca title=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\">handy guide to the Affordable Care Act\u003c/a>, especially for Californians. Her work has been honored for many awards. Most recently she was a finalist for \"Best Topical Reporting\" from the Online News Association. You can follow her on Twitter: \u003ca title=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\" href=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\">@laliferis\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When doctors want to help untangle confusing and sometimes contradictory findings in the scientific literature, they often turn to specially crafted summary studies. These are considered the gold standard for evidence. But one of the leading advocates for this practice is now raising alarm about them, because they are increasingly being tainted by commercial interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, these studies — called meta-analyses and systematic reviews — seemed to solve a big problem. Doctors who had once relied on each other's expert opinions to select the best treatments gradually turned to careful scientific studies instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the number of studies mushroomed and often came to different conclusions. So in the 1990s, doctors and medical advisory committees started relying on studies that combined results from many different research projects to streamline the search for answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of studies are \"extremely important,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/john-ioannidis\">Dr. John Ioannidis\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine health research and policy at Stanford University. He has conducted many of these types of studies over the course of his career. \"They're trying to make some sense out of a very convoluted scientific and medical literature.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ioannidis says unfortunately things have gotten out of hand. First, \"the problem is that there are just too many meta-analyses,\" Ioannidis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.milbank.org/wp-content/files/documents/The_Mass_Production_of_Redundant_Misleading_and_Conflicted_Systematic_Reviews_and_Meta-Analyses.pdf\">recent study on the subject\u003c/a>, titled \"The Mass Production of Redundant, Misleading, and Conflicted Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses,\" he chose as an example studies involving antidepressant drugs. \"There are 185 of them published in the literature within seven years, which means about 25 of them published every year for the very same drugs and the very same indication, major depression,\" Ioannidis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's worse, they're increasingly being generated by scientists who have financial interests in the outcome, Ioannidis \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399904\">found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About 80 percent of them have been funded or have some other conflicts of interest with manufacturers of these drugs,\" he says. \"If you look at what their conclusions are, those that have been authored by industry employees, practically all of them, with one exception, have claimed that there are no caveats about antidepressants.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to read deep into the studies to find warnings about potential suicide risks, for example — if downsides are mentioned at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's potentially misleading to doctors who turn to this kind of analysis to get a quick take on what works and what doesn't. Ioannidis says the drug industry has started using meta-analysis for commercial purposes, rather than as a disinterested look at the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can get the results or at least the interpretation that fits their needs. So you have the most powerful and most prestigious design in current medical evidence, and it can be easily manipulated as an advertisement, as a marketing tool.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that defeats one of the main purposes of these studies, which is to make an overflowing scientific literature more manageable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kramer, a clinical professor emeritus at Brown University and author of \u003cem>Listening to Prozac,\u003c/em> took a deep dive into meta-analyses when he was writing his latest book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2016/06/16/peter-kramers-new-defense-of-antidepressants\">Ordinarily Well\u003c/a>. He found the situation even worse than Ioannidis suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In some ways my doubts are stronger than his,\" Kramer told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some analyses he looked at were trying to parse very subtle differences — for example, comparing two very similar antidepressants. You could get any answer you want, depending on how you set up the study, Kramer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the problems he found aren't simply commercial conflicts of interest. For example, he saw biases among academics who were wedded to the notion that placebos are just as good as actual drugs for depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even on that side of the equation, where there's no adverse sponsorship but just an allegiance to an idea, I thought it wasn't always the case that everybody's hands were on the table,\" Kramer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But financial conflicts are easier to identify. Five years ago, the National Academy's Institute of Medicine (now called the National Academy of Medicine) suggested dozens of standards that should apply to systematic reviews of the research literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influence of funders is a concern, says \u003ca href=\"https://depts.washington.edu/fammed/profile/?id=00041\">Dr. Alfred Berg\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus of family medicine at the University of Washington who chaired one of the committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's obvious sponsorship from an organization that might have a conflict of interest, that's probably not a good idea,\" he says. It's reasonable to suggest that scientists with clear financial conflicts of interest should not be producing these studies. \"Is it going to happen in my lifetime?\" Berg says. \"Probably not!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer, one of the many drug companies that fund meta-analyses involving their own products, declined an interview request. But the company noted in an emailed statement that the drug company \"shares data from its clinical trials with outside members of the research community for them to conduct their own independent meta-analyses.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, scientific journals are starting to do a better job of making sure researchers disclose their financial interests. It's up to readers now to take heed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Email Richard Harris at \u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">rharris@npr.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Reviews+Of+Medical+Studies+May+Be+Tainted+By+Funders%27+Influence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When doctors want to help untangle confusing and sometimes contradictory findings in the scientific literature, they often turn to specially crafted summary studies. These are considered the gold standard for evidence. But one of the leading advocates for this practice is now raising alarm about them, because they are increasingly being tainted by commercial interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, these studies — called meta-analyses and systematic reviews — seemed to solve a big problem. Doctors who had once relied on each other's expert opinions to select the best treatments gradually turned to careful scientific studies instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the number of studies mushroomed and often came to different conclusions. So in the 1990s, doctors and medical advisory committees started relying on studies that combined results from many different research projects to streamline the search for answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of studies are \"extremely important,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/john-ioannidis\">Dr. John Ioannidis\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine health research and policy at Stanford University. He has conducted many of these types of studies over the course of his career. \"They're trying to make some sense out of a very convoluted scientific and medical literature.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ioannidis says unfortunately things have gotten out of hand. First, \"the problem is that there are just too many meta-analyses,\" Ioannidis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.milbank.org/wp-content/files/documents/The_Mass_Production_of_Redundant_Misleading_and_Conflicted_Systematic_Reviews_and_Meta-Analyses.pdf\">recent study on the subject\u003c/a>, titled \"The Mass Production of Redundant, Misleading, and Conflicted Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses,\" he chose as an example studies involving antidepressant drugs. \"There are 185 of them published in the literature within seven years, which means about 25 of them published every year for the very same drugs and the very same indication, major depression,\" Ioannidis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's worse, they're increasingly being generated by scientists who have financial interests in the outcome, Ioannidis \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399904\">found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About 80 percent of them have been funded or have some other conflicts of interest with manufacturers of these drugs,\" he says. \"If you look at what their conclusions are, those that have been authored by industry employees, practically all of them, with one exception, have claimed that there are no caveats about antidepressants.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to read deep into the studies to find warnings about potential suicide risks, for example — if downsides are mentioned at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's potentially misleading to doctors who turn to this kind of analysis to get a quick take on what works and what doesn't. Ioannidis says the drug industry has started using meta-analysis for commercial purposes, rather than as a disinterested look at the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can get the results or at least the interpretation that fits their needs. So you have the most powerful and most prestigious design in current medical evidence, and it can be easily manipulated as an advertisement, as a marketing tool.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that defeats one of the main purposes of these studies, which is to make an overflowing scientific literature more manageable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kramer, a clinical professor emeritus at Brown University and author of \u003cem>Listening to Prozac,\u003c/em> took a deep dive into meta-analyses when he was writing his latest book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2016/06/16/peter-kramers-new-defense-of-antidepressants\">Ordinarily Well\u003c/a>. He found the situation even worse than Ioannidis suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In some ways my doubts are stronger than his,\" Kramer told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some analyses he looked at were trying to parse very subtle differences — for example, comparing two very similar antidepressants. You could get any answer you want, depending on how you set up the study, Kramer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the problems he found aren't simply commercial conflicts of interest. For example, he saw biases among academics who were wedded to the notion that placebos are just as good as actual drugs for depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even on that side of the equation, where there's no adverse sponsorship but just an allegiance to an idea, I thought it wasn't always the case that everybody's hands were on the table,\" Kramer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But financial conflicts are easier to identify. Five years ago, the National Academy's Institute of Medicine (now called the National Academy of Medicine) suggested dozens of standards that should apply to systematic reviews of the research literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influence of funders is a concern, says \u003ca href=\"https://depts.washington.edu/fammed/profile/?id=00041\">Dr. Alfred Berg\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus of family medicine at the University of Washington who chaired one of the committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's obvious sponsorship from an organization that might have a conflict of interest, that's probably not a good idea,\" he says. It's reasonable to suggest that scientists with clear financial conflicts of interest should not be producing these studies. \"Is it going to happen in my lifetime?\" Berg says. \"Probably not!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer, one of the many drug companies that fund meta-analyses involving their own products, declined an interview request. But the company noted in an emailed statement that the drug company \"shares data from its clinical trials with outside members of the research community for them to conduct their own independent meta-analyses.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, scientific journals are starting to do a better job of making sure researchers disclose their financial interests. It's up to readers now to take heed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Email Richard Harris at \u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">rharris@npr.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Reviews+Of+Medical+Studies+May+Be+Tainted+By+Funders%27+Influence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg has a goal that's even more ambitious than connecting the entire world to the internet: He and his wife, Priscilla Chan, a pediatrician, want to help eradicate all disease by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan are committing $3 billion over the next 10 years to accelerate basic scientific research, including the creation of research tools — from software to hardware to yet-undiscovered techniques — they hope will ultimately lead to scientific breakthroughs, the way the microscope and DNA sequencing have in generations past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, which they are unlikely to live to see accomplished, is to \"cure, prevent or manage all disease\" in the next 80 or so years. They acknowledge that this might sound a crazy, but point to how far medicine and science have come in the last century — with vaccines, statins for heart disease, chemotherapy, and so on — following millennia with little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So if you even just assume that we'll be able to continue to make progress on that same trajectory, then that implies that by the end of this century we will have been able to solve most of these types of things,\" Zuckerberg said in an interview. He and Chan have spent the past two years speaking to scientists and other experts to plan the endeavor. He emphasized \"that this isn't something where we just read a book and decided we're going to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through their philanthropic organization, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the commitment includes $600 million to fund a new research center in San Francisco where scientific and medical researchers will work alongside engineers on long-term projects spanning years or even decades. The goal is not to focus narrowly on specific ailments, such as bone cancer or Parkinson's disease, but rather to do basic research. One example: a cell atlas that maps out all the different types of cells in the body, which could help researchers create various types of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan's work as a pediatrician seems to be a big driver in their couple's decision to take up this latest cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been with families where we've hit the limit of what's possible through medicine and science,\" Chan said. \"I've had to tell families devastating diagnoses of leukemia, or that we just weren't able to resuscitate their child.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple spoke with The Associated Press in their home in Palo Alto, California, where their infant daughter, Max, had just woken from a nap. Their dog, Beast, came by to sit briefly during the 25-minute interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan hope that their effort will inspire other far-reaching efforts and collaboration in science, medicine and engineering, so that basic research is no longer relegated to the margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spend 50 times more on health care treating people who are sick than we spend on science research (to cure) diseases so that people don't get sick in the first place,\" Zuckerberg said. He added that the approach reflects a belief that \"people are always going to suffer from disease so therefore we should focus on treating people who are sick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Lander, a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and director of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, said he's had some 20 conversations with Zuckerberg and Chan over the past year about the initiative and called their goal \"the right kind of goal for thinking about that kind of timeframe.\" He is not involved with the project itself, but expressed confidence in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mark has brought new models to industry with Facebook,\" he said, adding that while organizations like the National Institutes of Health are \"fantastic,\" there is \"no point in replicating what existing models do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very hard with today's science funding to build a team to work on scientific problems that are like what you would find at a world-class technology company, that are that scale,\" Zuckerberg said. \"So that's something I think we can concretely help out with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their new center, called Biohub, will run as an independent research center at the University of California, San Francisco in collaboration with UC Berkeley and Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chan Zuckerberg science initiative will be headed by Cori Bargmann, a neuroscientist who is best known in scientific circles for her research on the behavior of a tiny worm called C. elegans. Bargmann said the idea of bringing engineers and scientists together presents a \"unique opportunity to take science in a new direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg said the couple decided to focus on creating better tools because this is where they see need, based on their conversations with scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that no one is doing this today, but out of all the money that our society spends on science funding, probably not enough is going toward tool development,\" Zuckerberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools, he added, are long-term investments. It will likely take years for the first tools to be developed through this initiative, and even longer before they are used to cure diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan, who have committed to donating 99 percent of their wealth, have spent the past two years meeting with scientists and other experts to come up with the endeavor. The two stressed that they believe that their goal can be accomplished, if not in their lifetime, then in their child's lifetime. It was Max's birth last November that inspired the billionaire couple to give away nearly all their money to help solve the world's problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, this was valued at more than $45 billion worth of Facebook stock, which the couple transferred to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. The couple's philanthropy plan won't affect Zuckerberg's status as controlling shareholder of Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan often draw comparisons to Bill and Melinda Gates, whose philanthropic work also focuses on health and education. In an emailed statement, the Gates said investing \"in basic science research is at the root of the world's most important innovations and achievements.\" Zuckerberg and Chan, they added \"are making an incredible commitment to research and development that will lead to the breakthroughs to cure disease and lift millions out of poverty.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg has a goal that's even more ambitious than connecting the entire world to the internet: He and his wife, Priscilla Chan, a pediatrician, want to help eradicate all disease by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan are committing $3 billion over the next 10 years to accelerate basic scientific research, including the creation of research tools — from software to hardware to yet-undiscovered techniques — they hope will ultimately lead to scientific breakthroughs, the way the microscope and DNA sequencing have in generations past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, which they are unlikely to live to see accomplished, is to \"cure, prevent or manage all disease\" in the next 80 or so years. They acknowledge that this might sound a crazy, but point to how far medicine and science have come in the last century — with vaccines, statins for heart disease, chemotherapy, and so on — following millennia with little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So if you even just assume that we'll be able to continue to make progress on that same trajectory, then that implies that by the end of this century we will have been able to solve most of these types of things,\" Zuckerberg said in an interview. He and Chan have spent the past two years speaking to scientists and other experts to plan the endeavor. He emphasized \"that this isn't something where we just read a book and decided we're going to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through their philanthropic organization, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the commitment includes $600 million to fund a new research center in San Francisco where scientific and medical researchers will work alongside engineers on long-term projects spanning years or even decades. The goal is not to focus narrowly on specific ailments, such as bone cancer or Parkinson's disease, but rather to do basic research. One example: a cell atlas that maps out all the different types of cells in the body, which could help researchers create various types of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan's work as a pediatrician seems to be a big driver in their couple's decision to take up this latest cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been with families where we've hit the limit of what's possible through medicine and science,\" Chan said. \"I've had to tell families devastating diagnoses of leukemia, or that we just weren't able to resuscitate their child.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple spoke with The Associated Press in their home in Palo Alto, California, where their infant daughter, Max, had just woken from a nap. Their dog, Beast, came by to sit briefly during the 25-minute interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan hope that their effort will inspire other far-reaching efforts and collaboration in science, medicine and engineering, so that basic research is no longer relegated to the margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spend 50 times more on health care treating people who are sick than we spend on science research (to cure) diseases so that people don't get sick in the first place,\" Zuckerberg said. He added that the approach reflects a belief that \"people are always going to suffer from disease so therefore we should focus on treating people who are sick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Lander, a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and director of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, said he's had some 20 conversations with Zuckerberg and Chan over the past year about the initiative and called their goal \"the right kind of goal for thinking about that kind of timeframe.\" He is not involved with the project itself, but expressed confidence in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mark has brought new models to industry with Facebook,\" he said, adding that while organizations like the National Institutes of Health are \"fantastic,\" there is \"no point in replicating what existing models do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very hard with today's science funding to build a team to work on scientific problems that are like what you would find at a world-class technology company, that are that scale,\" Zuckerberg said. \"So that's something I think we can concretely help out with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their new center, called Biohub, will run as an independent research center at the University of California, San Francisco in collaboration with UC Berkeley and Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chan Zuckerberg science initiative will be headed by Cori Bargmann, a neuroscientist who is best known in scientific circles for her research on the behavior of a tiny worm called C. elegans. Bargmann said the idea of bringing engineers and scientists together presents a \"unique opportunity to take science in a new direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg said the couple decided to focus on creating better tools because this is where they see need, based on their conversations with scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that no one is doing this today, but out of all the money that our society spends on science funding, probably not enough is going toward tool development,\" Zuckerberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools, he added, are long-term investments. It will likely take years for the first tools to be developed through this initiative, and even longer before they are used to cure diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan, who have committed to donating 99 percent of their wealth, have spent the past two years meeting with scientists and other experts to come up with the endeavor. The two stressed that they believe that their goal can be accomplished, if not in their lifetime, then in their child's lifetime. It was Max's birth last November that inspired the billionaire couple to give away nearly all their money to help solve the world's problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, this was valued at more than $45 billion worth of Facebook stock, which the couple transferred to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. The couple's philanthropy plan won't affect Zuckerberg's status as controlling shareholder of Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "4 Zika Cases in Florida Are Likely From Mosquitoes",
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"content": "\u003cp>Florida likely has the first cases of Zika transmitted by mosquitoes on the U.S. mainland, the state's governor said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mosquitoes in the state have tested positive for Zika, but one woman and three men in Miami-Dade and Broward counties likely contracted the virus through mosquito bites, Gov. Rick Scott said during a news conference in Orlando.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 1,650 Zika infections have been reported in the U.S., but the four patients in Florida would be the first not linked to travel outside the U.S. mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is not just a Florida issue. It's a national issue — we just happen to be at the forefront,\" Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials believe the infections occurred in a small area just north of downtown Miami, in the popular Wynwood arts district, Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the only part of the state currently being tested for potential local transmissions of Zika, Scott said. Women in the area who are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant are urged to contact their doctors and the county health department for Zika prevention kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal health officials have not recommended that pregnant women avoid travel to South Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a series of factors we'll have to look at. The number of cases, the relationship in geography of those cases, how closely linked they are in time, as well as a series of other factors that we will use to determine what recommendations we issue in terms of travel guidance,\" U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika primarily spreads through bites from tropical mosquitoes, but it also can be spread through sex. In most people, the virus causes only mild illness, but infection during pregnancy can lead to severe brain-related birth defects for the fetus. There is no vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since February, over 380 Zika cases related to travel have been confirmed in Florida, including 151 cases in Miami-Dade and Broward counties. Since 2015 in California, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">98 people \u003c/a>have been confirmed to be infected with Zika virus. All cases are associated with travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tropical mosquito that spreads Zika and other viruses is found in the southern U.S. While health officials have predicted that mosquitoes in the continental U.S. would begin spreading Zika this summer, they also have said they expect only isolated clusters of infections and not widespread outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"otl96TyzT7kgPI9mM6XBL4cTvDAfTVU4\"]Florida should be able to contain the virus to an isolated area because its neighborhoods have better sanitation and living conditions than countries where Zika outbreaks have been widespread, said Adam Putnam, Florida's commissioner for agriculture and consumer services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has told blood centers in Miami-Dade and Broward counties to suspend collections until they can screen each unit of blood for the Zika virus with authorized tests. Neighboring counties have been urged to implement the same precautions, and visitors to South Florida in the last month are encouraged to defer donations as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA previously advised U.S. blood banks to refuse donations from people who recently traveled to areas outside the country that have Zika outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florida's main supplier of blood, OneBlood, said it was working as quickly as possible to comply with the FDA's recommendation and would start testing all its collections for Zika on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": " Officials say they've found the first indication that mosquitoes are transmitting Zika virus in the continental U.S.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Florida likely has the first cases of Zika transmitted by mosquitoes on the U.S. mainland, the state's governor said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mosquitoes in the state have tested positive for Zika, but one woman and three men in Miami-Dade and Broward counties likely contracted the virus through mosquito bites, Gov. Rick Scott said during a news conference in Orlando.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 1,650 Zika infections have been reported in the U.S., but the four patients in Florida would be the first not linked to travel outside the U.S. mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is not just a Florida issue. It's a national issue — we just happen to be at the forefront,\" Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials believe the infections occurred in a small area just north of downtown Miami, in the popular Wynwood arts district, Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the only part of the state currently being tested for potential local transmissions of Zika, Scott said. Women in the area who are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant are urged to contact their doctors and the county health department for Zika prevention kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal health officials have not recommended that pregnant women avoid travel to South Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a series of factors we'll have to look at. The number of cases, the relationship in geography of those cases, how closely linked they are in time, as well as a series of other factors that we will use to determine what recommendations we issue in terms of travel guidance,\" U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika primarily spreads through bites from tropical mosquitoes, but it also can be spread through sex. In most people, the virus causes only mild illness, but infection during pregnancy can lead to severe brain-related birth defects for the fetus. There is no vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since February, over 380 Zika cases related to travel have been confirmed in Florida, including 151 cases in Miami-Dade and Broward counties. Since 2015 in California, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">98 people \u003c/a>have been confirmed to be infected with Zika virus. All cases are associated with travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tropical mosquito that spreads Zika and other viruses is found in the southern U.S. While health officials have predicted that mosquitoes in the continental U.S. would begin spreading Zika this summer, they also have said they expect only isolated clusters of infections and not widespread outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Florida should be able to contain the virus to an isolated area because its neighborhoods have better sanitation and living conditions than countries where Zika outbreaks have been widespread, said Adam Putnam, Florida's commissioner for agriculture and consumer services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has told blood centers in Miami-Dade and Broward counties to suspend collections until they can screen each unit of blood for the Zika virus with authorized tests. Neighboring counties have been urged to implement the same precautions, and visitors to South Florida in the last month are encouraged to defer donations as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA previously advised U.S. blood banks to refuse donations from people who recently traveled to areas outside the country that have Zika outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florida's main supplier of blood, OneBlood, said it was working as quickly as possible to comply with the FDA's recommendation and would start testing all its collections for Zika on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Florida Officials Probe Possible Zika Case from Mosquito",
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"content": "\u003cp>Health officials are investigating a Zika virus infection in Florida that could be the first case in which someone caught the virus by being bitten by a mosquito in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/07/071916-investigating-possible-non-travel-related-case-zika.html\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> posted on its website Tuesday, the Florida Department of Health says the \"possible non-travel related case of Zika\" occurred in Miami-Dade County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it's possible that the infected person did not catch the virus while traveling in another country where the virus is spreading. Rather, the infection might have been acquired from an infected mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's also the possibility that the Florida case may have occurred another way, such as sexual contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement does not mention sexual transmission, and officials did not provide any additional information in response to a request from NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We do not have additional information to share at this time,\" Brad Dalton, deputy press secretary in the department's office of communications, said in an email. He added that the investigation is ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in an email that the agency \"has been informed\" of the case and is \"closely coordinating\" with Florida officials in the investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquito control inspectors have been going door-to-door in the area under investigation since health authorities alerted them late last week, spraying to kill mosquitoes and emptying containers of the water they need to breed. If the virus is there, they want to keep it from spreading through more mosquito bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're constantly in the area. We're doing hand-held spraying, and we'll do more truck spraying Thursday,\" said Gayle Love, a spokeswoman for Miami-Dade County Solid Waste Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika prevention kits and mosquito repellent — strongly recommended for women who are pregnant or planning to be pregnant — are being distributed in the area and can be picked up at the health department as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health authorities have been expecting that Zika could eventually spread by mosquitoes in parts of the United States. But they have repeatedly said they are confident they could prevent any large outbreaks from occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 1,300 cases of Zika have been reported in the the continental United States and Hawaii. So far none have occurred by being bitten by a mosquito in this country. Most have been in travelers returning from countries where the virus is spreading. At least 14 are believed to have occurred through sexual contact with someone who was infected elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika can cause \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/zika/\" target=\"_blank\">serious birth defects\u003c/a> when pregnant women get infected, and can cause neurological complications in adults in rare cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Florida+Officials+Probe+Zika+Case+That+May+Not+Be+Related+To+Travel&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Health officials are investigating a Zika virus infection in Florida that could be the first case in which someone caught the virus by being bitten by a mosquito in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/07/071916-investigating-possible-non-travel-related-case-zika.html\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> posted on its website Tuesday, the Florida Department of Health says the \"possible non-travel related case of Zika\" occurred in Miami-Dade County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it's possible that the infected person did not catch the virus while traveling in another country where the virus is spreading. Rather, the infection might have been acquired from an infected mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's also the possibility that the Florida case may have occurred another way, such as sexual contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement does not mention sexual transmission, and officials did not provide any additional information in response to a request from NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We do not have additional information to share at this time,\" Brad Dalton, deputy press secretary in the department's office of communications, said in an email. He added that the investigation is ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in an email that the agency \"has been informed\" of the case and is \"closely coordinating\" with Florida officials in the investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquito control inspectors have been going door-to-door in the area under investigation since health authorities alerted them late last week, spraying to kill mosquitoes and emptying containers of the water they need to breed. If the virus is there, they want to keep it from spreading through more mosquito bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're constantly in the area. We're doing hand-held spraying, and we'll do more truck spraying Thursday,\" said Gayle Love, a spokeswoman for Miami-Dade County Solid Waste Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika prevention kits and mosquito repellent — strongly recommended for women who are pregnant or planning to be pregnant — are being distributed in the area and can be picked up at the health department as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health authorities have been expecting that Zika could eventually spread by mosquitoes in parts of the United States. But they have repeatedly said they are confident they could prevent any large outbreaks from occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 1,300 cases of Zika have been reported in the the continental United States and Hawaii. So far none have occurred by being bitten by a mosquito in this country. Most have been in travelers returning from countries where the virus is spreading. At least 14 are believed to have occurred through sexual contact with someone who was infected elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika can cause \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/zika/\" target=\"_blank\">serious birth defects\u003c/a> when pregnant women get infected, and can cause neurological complications in adults in rare cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Florida+Officials+Probe+Zika+Case+That+May+Not+Be+Related+To+Travel&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A person who cared for a Zika-infected relative in Utah also got the virus, but exactly how it was transmitted is a medical mystery, health officials announced Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The new case in Utah is a surprise, showing that we still have more to learn about Zika.' \u003ccite>Erin Staples, CDC epidemiologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The tropical mosquito that mainly spreads Zika isn't found in the high-altitude area with cold winters where the two lived, Salt Lake County Health Department officials said. They didn't have sexual contact, which is how the virus is typically spread between adults when there's no mosquito bite or mother-to-child transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The new case in Utah is a surprise, showing that we still have more to learn about Zika,\" Centers for Disease Control and Prevention medical epidemiologist Erin Staples said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The caregiver has fully recovered, but authorities did not give further details. The person cared for an elderly man who contracted the disease overseas, where mosquitoes are known to spread Zika and who became the first Zika-infected person to die in the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The caregiver did not travel to an affected area, but it's possible that a mosquito came back with the relative, perhaps in a suitcase, CDC Director Tom Frieden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man who died in late June had an unusually high level of the virus in his blood, more than 100,000 times higher than other samples of infected people. Health workers are testing others who had contact with him, and officials are trapping mosquitoes in Utah to test them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new case was discovered after a doctor noticed the caregiver's Zika-like symptoms, which include rash, fever and pink eye, officials said. The relative had cared for the elderly man both at home and in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was unclear exactly how the older man died because of his age and another health condition he suffered, according to the CDC. The agency did not immediately revise its advice to health care workers or caregivers after the new case emerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Based on what we know so far about this case, there is no evidence that there is any risk of Zika virus transmission among the general public in Utah,\" said Dr. Angela Dunn, deputy state epidemiologist at the Utah Department of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no evidence yet that the Zika infection in this case is an unusual mutation, but researchers are exploring that possibility through genomic analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus causes only a mild illness in most people. But during recent outbreaks in Latin America, scientists discovered that infection during pregnancy has led to severe brain-related birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No cases of mosquito-spread Zika have been reported in the continental United States, according to the CDC. Health experts think mosquito transmission probably will occur in the U.S., but the expectation is that it will be in low-elevation, sweltering places where the insect has been a steady problem — such as southern Florida or southern Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 1,300 Zika illnesses have been reported in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, including eight in Utah, according to health officials. Almost all were people who had traveled to Zika-outbreak countries and caught the virus there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 14 were people who had not traveled to Zika zones but had sex with someone who had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has also been tracking pregnant women infected with Zika, and says they have five reports of pregnancy losses because of miscarriage, stillbirth or abortion.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A person who cared for a Zika-infected relative in Utah also got the virus, but exactly how it was transmitted is a medical mystery, health officials announced Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The new case in Utah is a surprise, showing that we still have more to learn about Zika.' \u003ccite>Erin Staples, CDC epidemiologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The tropical mosquito that mainly spreads Zika isn't found in the high-altitude area with cold winters where the two lived, Salt Lake County Health Department officials said. They didn't have sexual contact, which is how the virus is typically spread between adults when there's no mosquito bite or mother-to-child transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The new case in Utah is a surprise, showing that we still have more to learn about Zika,\" Centers for Disease Control and Prevention medical epidemiologist Erin Staples said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The caregiver has fully recovered, but authorities did not give further details. The person cared for an elderly man who contracted the disease overseas, where mosquitoes are known to spread Zika and who became the first Zika-infected person to die in the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The caregiver did not travel to an affected area, but it's possible that a mosquito came back with the relative, perhaps in a suitcase, CDC Director Tom Frieden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man who died in late June had an unusually high level of the virus in his blood, more than 100,000 times higher than other samples of infected people. Health workers are testing others who had contact with him, and officials are trapping mosquitoes in Utah to test them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new case was discovered after a doctor noticed the caregiver's Zika-like symptoms, which include rash, fever and pink eye, officials said. The relative had cared for the elderly man both at home and in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was unclear exactly how the older man died because of his age and another health condition he suffered, according to the CDC. The agency did not immediately revise its advice to health care workers or caregivers after the new case emerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Based on what we know so far about this case, there is no evidence that there is any risk of Zika virus transmission among the general public in Utah,\" said Dr. Angela Dunn, deputy state epidemiologist at the Utah Department of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no evidence yet that the Zika infection in this case is an unusual mutation, but researchers are exploring that possibility through genomic analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus causes only a mild illness in most people. But during recent outbreaks in Latin America, scientists discovered that infection during pregnancy has led to severe brain-related birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No cases of mosquito-spread Zika have been reported in the continental United States, according to the CDC. Health experts think mosquito transmission probably will occur in the U.S., but the expectation is that it will be in low-elevation, sweltering places where the insect has been a steady problem — such as southern Florida or southern Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 1,300 Zika illnesses have been reported in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, including eight in Utah, according to health officials. Almost all were people who had traveled to Zika-outbreak countries and caught the virus there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 14 were people who had not traveled to Zika zones but had sex with someone who had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has also been tracking pregnant women infected with Zika, and says they have five reports of pregnancy losses because of miscarriage, stillbirth or abortion.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Utah Patient is First Zika-Related Death in Continental U.S.",
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"content": "\u003cp>A person infected with Zika has died in Utah, and while the exact cause is unclear, authorities said Friday it marks the first death related to the virus in the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unidentified Salt Lake County resident contracted the virus while traveling abroad to an area with a Zika outbreak, health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient who died in late June was elderly and also suffered from another health condition, according to the Salt Lake County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The person had Zika symptoms — including rash, fever and conjunctivitis — but it's unclear if or how the virus contributed to the death, said Centers for Disease Control and Prevention spokesman Benjamin Haynes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"i3nT6MUWwBQllVWjA4SkbgGUQV8ucFvg\"]Officials discovered the case while reviewing death certificates, and lab tests confirmed their suspicions, said Gary Edwards, executive director of the Salt Lake County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah authorities refused to release additional information about the patient or where he or she traveled, citing health privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus causes only a mild illness in most people. But during recent outbreaks in Latin America, scientists discovered that infection during pregnancy has led to severe brain-related birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's spread mainly through the bite of a tropical mosquito, the Aedes aegpyti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No cases of locally transmitted mosquito-borne Zika have been reported in the continental United States, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a 70-year-old man from the San Juan metro area in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/zika-virus-outbreak/u-s-records-first-zika-virus-death-puerto-rico-n564886\" target=\"_blank\">died in late February\u003c/a>. Officials said he recovered from initial Zika symptoms, but then developed a condition in which antibodies that formed in reaction to the Zika infection started attacking blood platelet cells. He died after suffering internal bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Friday, the California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported 77 people\u003c/a> with Zika statewide, including 18 pregnant women. All cases except one were acquired through travel to a Zika-affected area. There is one case of confirmed infection through sexual transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes aegypti mosquito is present in only a fraction of California's 58 counties. You can check \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/06/30/map-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-found-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">this map\u003c/a> to see if your county has had an infestation of the mosquito recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide,\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\"> more than 1,100 Zika illnesses \u003c/a>have been reported in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, including six in Salt Lake County, according to health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost all were people who had traveled to Zika outbreak countries and caught the virus there. But 14 were people who had not traveled to Zika zones but had sex with someone who had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has also been tracking pregnant women infected with Zika, and says they have five reports of pregnancy losses because of miscarriage, stillbirth or abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Many people\u003c/a> who are infected with Zika will show no symptoms or mild symptoms, according to the CDC, and usually do not need to be hospitalized. Many people may not even realize they are infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main risk is to pregnant women. Zika infection can cause a serious birth defect called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\" target=\"_blank\">microcephaly\u003c/a> and other severe fetal brain defects.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A person infected with Zika has died in Utah, and while the exact cause is unclear, authorities said Friday it marks the first death related to the virus in the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unidentified Salt Lake County resident contracted the virus while traveling abroad to an area with a Zika outbreak, health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient who died in late June was elderly and also suffered from another health condition, according to the Salt Lake County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The person had Zika symptoms — including rash, fever and conjunctivitis — but it's unclear if or how the virus contributed to the death, said Centers for Disease Control and Prevention spokesman Benjamin Haynes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Officials discovered the case while reviewing death certificates, and lab tests confirmed their suspicions, said Gary Edwards, executive director of the Salt Lake County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah authorities refused to release additional information about the patient or where he or she traveled, citing health privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus causes only a mild illness in most people. But during recent outbreaks in Latin America, scientists discovered that infection during pregnancy has led to severe brain-related birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's spread mainly through the bite of a tropical mosquito, the Aedes aegpyti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No cases of locally transmitted mosquito-borne Zika have been reported in the continental United States, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a 70-year-old man from the San Juan metro area in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/zika-virus-outbreak/u-s-records-first-zika-virus-death-puerto-rico-n564886\" target=\"_blank\">died in late February\u003c/a>. Officials said he recovered from initial Zika symptoms, but then developed a condition in which antibodies that formed in reaction to the Zika infection started attacking blood platelet cells. He died after suffering internal bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Friday, the California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported 77 people\u003c/a> with Zika statewide, including 18 pregnant women. All cases except one were acquired through travel to a Zika-affected area. There is one case of confirmed infection through sexual transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes aegypti mosquito is present in only a fraction of California's 58 counties. You can check \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/06/30/map-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-found-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">this map\u003c/a> to see if your county has had an infestation of the mosquito recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide,\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\"> more than 1,100 Zika illnesses \u003c/a>have been reported in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, including six in Salt Lake County, according to health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost all were people who had traveled to Zika outbreak countries and caught the virus there. But 14 were people who had not traveled to Zika zones but had sex with someone who had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has also been tracking pregnant women infected with Zika, and says they have five reports of pregnancy losses because of miscarriage, stillbirth or abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Many people\u003c/a> who are infected with Zika will show no symptoms or mild symptoms, according to the CDC, and usually do not need to be hospitalized. Many people may not even realize they are infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main risk is to pregnant women. Zika infection can cause a serious birth defect called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\" target=\"_blank\">microcephaly\u003c/a> and other severe fetal brain defects.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: Here's Where Zika Mosquitoes Are Likely Found in California",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/a482a6ba-39a1-11e6-8dd6-0e674067d321/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing to know about the mosquito that can carry Zika is that it is not widespread in California. Most of California’s 58 counties do not have — and have never had — any infestation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the most worrisome carrier when it comes to Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has \u003ca href=\"http://jme.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/07/jme.tjw072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crunched data \u003c/a>from across the country and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/13/481606093/heres-really-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-in-the-u-s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created a national map \u003c/a>showing where the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been found any time over the past two decades. We asked CDC for the county-specific data in California. Click on the map above to see how your county fares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your county has a faint neutral color, then Aedes aegypti has not been found there since 1995. Counties colored red mean the Aedes aegypti has been found in three or more years since 1995, orange means two years and yellow means one. Hover your mouse over the county and see all the years the mosquito has been found. In some cases, the mosquito has not been found there for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the mosquito is present in your county, that doesn’t mean it’s widespread in your county. For example, the mosquito has been found in Alameda County — but only in the city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prof. Thomas Scott, a UC Davis entomologist, says that distribution of the mosquito “tends to be patchy.” Even in places where it’s very common, like Thailand, he said, “distribution will fluctuate, even through the course of a season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes aegypti mosquito was introduced to the Americas from Africa, likely on slave ships, perhaps as early as the 16th century, Georgetown historian \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/15/health/mosquitoes-that-changed-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof. John McNeill told CNN\u003c/a>. Along with it came yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and now Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the spread of the virus has been very rapid across much of South and Central America, Scott says it is less likely to spread as swiftly in the U.S. primarily because “our lifestyle is different than places where [many] people are infected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S. window screens or air conditioning are common, so mosquitoes are less likely to be in people’s homes. In Central and South America, people’s homes are more open, the “mosquitoes move frequently [in homes] and bite frequently,” Scott noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been present across southern Arizona “for a long time,” Scott says, but the risk of dengue fever in Arizona is low. Meanwhile, just across the border in Mexico, the risk of dengue to people is much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika spreads when a mosquito bites a person who is infected. Then the mosquito becomes infected itself. But Scott says it cannot spread Zika to another person right away. The virus must replicate within the mosquito first. Then the virus must travel to the insect’s salivary glands and replicate there. Only then has the mosquito moved from being infected to being infective, Scott said, and that takes awhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That period of time is about the average life span of the mosquito, 10-14 days, for them to become infective,” Scott says. In other words, it’s possible the mosquito could die before it’s able to infect another person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika can also be sexually transmitted and a pregnant women can transmit the virus to her fetus during pregnancy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-basics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the CDC.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/AedesDistributionMap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lists the cities\u003c/a> where Aedes aegypti has been found. It did not get back to us by deadline to tell us when the mosquito was found in these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alameda: \u003c/strong>Hayward\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fresno: \u003c/strong>Clovis, Fowler, Fresno, Kerman, Mendota, Sanger\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imperial:\u003c/strong> Andrade, Brawley, Calexico, El Centro, Heber, Holtville, Imperial, Seeley\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kern\u003c/strong> Arvin\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Los Angeles: \u003c/strong>Commerce, East Los Angeles, Florence, La Mirada,Los Angeles, Maywood, Montebello, Pico Rivera, South Gate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Madera: \u003c/strong>Madera, Madera Ranchos, Parkwood\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Orange\u003c/strong> Anaheim, Costa Mesa, Garden Grove, Lake Forest, Mission Viejo, Orange, Santa Ana\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Riverside\u003c/strong> Coachella, Riverside, San Jacinto\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Bernardino: \u003c/strong>Colton, Montclair\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Diego:\u003c/strong> Bonita, Chula Vista, El Cajon, Escondido, Imperial Beach, Oceanside, San Diego, Spring Valley, Tecate, Vista\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Mateo:\u003c/strong> Atherton, Menlo Park\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tulare:\u003c/strong> Exeter\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/a482a6ba-39a1-11e6-8dd6-0e674067d321/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing to know about the mosquito that can carry Zika is that it is not widespread in California. Most of California’s 58 counties do not have — and have never had — any infestation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the most worrisome carrier when it comes to Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has \u003ca href=\"http://jme.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/07/jme.tjw072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crunched data \u003c/a>from across the country and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/13/481606093/heres-really-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-in-the-u-s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created a national map \u003c/a>showing where the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been found any time over the past two decades. We asked CDC for the county-specific data in California. Click on the map above to see how your county fares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your county has a faint neutral color, then Aedes aegypti has not been found there since 1995. Counties colored red mean the Aedes aegypti has been found in three or more years since 1995, orange means two years and yellow means one. Hover your mouse over the county and see all the years the mosquito has been found. In some cases, the mosquito has not been found there for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the mosquito is present in your county, that doesn’t mean it’s widespread in your county. For example, the mosquito has been found in Alameda County — but only in the city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prof. Thomas Scott, a UC Davis entomologist, says that distribution of the mosquito “tends to be patchy.” Even in places where it’s very common, like Thailand, he said, “distribution will fluctuate, even through the course of a season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes aegypti mosquito was introduced to the Americas from Africa, likely on slave ships, perhaps as early as the 16th century, Georgetown historian \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/15/health/mosquitoes-that-changed-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof. John McNeill told CNN\u003c/a>. Along with it came yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and now Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the spread of the virus has been very rapid across much of South and Central America, Scott says it is less likely to spread as swiftly in the U.S. primarily because “our lifestyle is different than places where [many] people are infected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S. window screens or air conditioning are common, so mosquitoes are less likely to be in people’s homes. In Central and South America, people’s homes are more open, the “mosquitoes move frequently [in homes] and bite frequently,” Scott noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been present across southern Arizona “for a long time,” Scott says, but the risk of dengue fever in Arizona is low. Meanwhile, just across the border in Mexico, the risk of dengue to people is much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika spreads when a mosquito bites a person who is infected. Then the mosquito becomes infected itself. But Scott says it cannot spread Zika to another person right away. The virus must replicate within the mosquito first. Then the virus must travel to the insect’s salivary glands and replicate there. Only then has the mosquito moved from being infected to being infective, Scott said, and that takes awhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That period of time is about the average life span of the mosquito, 10-14 days, for them to become infective,” Scott says. In other words, it’s possible the mosquito could die before it’s able to infect another person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika can also be sexually transmitted and a pregnant women can transmit the virus to her fetus during pregnancy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-basics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the CDC.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/AedesDistributionMap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lists the cities\u003c/a> where Aedes aegypti has been found. It did not get back to us by deadline to tell us when the mosquito was found in these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alameda: \u003c/strong>Hayward\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fresno: \u003c/strong>Clovis, Fowler, Fresno, Kerman, Mendota, Sanger\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imperial:\u003c/strong> Andrade, Brawley, Calexico, El Centro, Heber, Holtville, Imperial, Seeley\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kern\u003c/strong> Arvin\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Los Angeles: \u003c/strong>Commerce, East Los Angeles, Florence, La Mirada,Los Angeles, Maywood, Montebello, Pico Rivera, South Gate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Madera: \u003c/strong>Madera, Madera Ranchos, Parkwood\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Orange\u003c/strong> Anaheim, Costa Mesa, Garden Grove, Lake Forest, Mission Viejo, Orange, Santa Ana\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Riverside\u003c/strong> Coachella, Riverside, San Jacinto\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Bernardino: \u003c/strong>Colton, Montclair\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Diego:\u003c/strong> Bonita, Chula Vista, El Cajon, Escondido, Imperial Beach, Oceanside, San Diego, Spring Valley, Tecate, Vista\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Mateo:\u003c/strong> Atherton, Menlo Park\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tulare:\u003c/strong> Exeter\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Your Pipes Made Of Lead? Here's A Quick Way To Find Out",
"title": "Are Your Pipes Made Of Lead? Here's A Quick Way To Find Out",
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"content": "\u003cp>Until the 1970s, lead was a common additive in gasoline and household paints. But now, scientists agree that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1601013\" target=\"_blank\">no amount\u003c/a> of lead in a child's blood is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6104a1.htm?s_cid=su6104a1_w\" target=\"_blank\">considered safe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In kids, even low levels of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=10\">lead exposure\u003c/a> can cause behavior and learning problems. In adults, it's associated with high blood pressure and kidney problems. And there's evidence it can \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/leadandpregnancy2010.pdf\">affect\u003c/a> a developing fetus.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What are your pipes made of? \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/find-lead-pipes-in-your-home/#intro\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to find out\u003c/a>. All you need is a key and a magnet\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Corrosive water running through lead pipes in Flint, Mich., led to a public health crisis — signaled in part by \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003\" target=\"_blank\">a rise\u003c/a> in the amount of lead in children's blood. Conditions in Flint were particularly disastrous, but lead pipes continue to bring water to homes in much of the country. And wherever lead plumbing is in place, there is a risk that small amounts of the metal could leach into drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main source of lead in domestic drinking water is the service line. It's like a straw that carries water to the house from the main, and it \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/water.htm\" target=\"_blank\">can be\u003c/a> pure lead. (If it isn't made of lead, it might be soldered together with lead or connected to brass fixtures containing lead.) And in many cities, most of the service line is considered private property – the homeowner's responsibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-corrosive chemicals can reduce the amount of lead leaching into the water, but they can't stop it entirely. Lead can still flake off from pipes or soldering in tiny pieces and end up in drinking water, especially when it sits in pipes for more than a few hours. Other things can shake lead free, like construction or heavy trucks driving down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll help you find out if your drinking water is at risk. And if you do find lead, we'll show you what you can do. Check \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/find-lead-pipes-in-your-home/#intro\" target=\"_blank\">our app\u003c/a> for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Are+Your+Pipes+Made+Of+Lead%3F+Here%27s+A+Quick+Way+To+Find+Out&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Until the 1970s, lead was a common additive in gasoline and household paints. But now, scientists agree that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1601013\" target=\"_blank\">no amount\u003c/a> of lead in a child's blood is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6104a1.htm?s_cid=su6104a1_w\" target=\"_blank\">considered safe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In kids, even low levels of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=10\">lead exposure\u003c/a> can cause behavior and learning problems. In adults, it's associated with high blood pressure and kidney problems. And there's evidence it can \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/leadandpregnancy2010.pdf\">affect\u003c/a> a developing fetus.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What are your pipes made of? \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/find-lead-pipes-in-your-home/#intro\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to find out\u003c/a>. All you need is a key and a magnet\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Corrosive water running through lead pipes in Flint, Mich., led to a public health crisis — signaled in part by \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003\" target=\"_blank\">a rise\u003c/a> in the amount of lead in children's blood. Conditions in Flint were particularly disastrous, but lead pipes continue to bring water to homes in much of the country. And wherever lead plumbing is in place, there is a risk that small amounts of the metal could leach into drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main source of lead in domestic drinking water is the service line. It's like a straw that carries water to the house from the main, and it \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/water.htm\" target=\"_blank\">can be\u003c/a> pure lead. (If it isn't made of lead, it might be soldered together with lead or connected to brass fixtures containing lead.) And in many cities, most of the service line is considered private property – the homeowner's responsibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-corrosive chemicals can reduce the amount of lead leaching into the water, but they can't stop it entirely. Lead can still flake off from pipes or soldering in tiny pieces and end up in drinking water, especially when it sits in pipes for more than a few hours. Other things can shake lead free, like construction or heavy trucks driving down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll help you find out if your drinking water is at risk. And if you do find lead, we'll show you what you can do. Check \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/find-lead-pipes-in-your-home/#intro\" target=\"_blank\">our app\u003c/a> for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Are+Your+Pipes+Made+Of+Lead%3F+Here%27s+A+Quick+Way+To+Find+Out&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What you see in the photo above is a young child getting a flu vaccine via nasal mist. The picture was taken in 2014. But you likely won't see any children getting that version of the vaccine this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials have studied its effectiveness and found \"no evidence\" the spray actually prevented the flu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I found this out last night, all I could think was \"My kids are going to have a cow.\" My son is at sleepaway camp, so is temporarily spared the news. But when I told my 15-year-old daughter that she would have to switch to a shot, she exclaimed, \"OH NO\" and threw her head in my lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-202763\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/IMG_1756-e1466702366826.jpg\" alt=\"A 15-year-old girl in mock horror after learning she can no longer get a flu vaccine via nasal mist. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1715\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 15-year-old girl in mock horror after learning she can no longer get a flu vaccine via nasal mist. \u003ccite>(John Storella)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(She quickly recovered.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sad news comes from the Center for Disease Control's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice which voted Wednesday that the live attenuated influenza vaccine (that's the \"nasal spray\" vaccine) should not be used in the 2016-2017 influenza season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC usually adopts the committee's recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/23/483239744/bad-news-for-kids-who-dont-like-flu-shots\" target=\"_blank\">NPR reports \u003c/a>that scientists aren't really sure why the nasal spray is no longer working:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The company [that manufactures FluMist], the FDA, and other investigators still haven't been able to put their scientific finger on the exact reason, but there are several studies that have indicated that in the United States the vaccine has underperformed in a very substantial way,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.mc.vanderbilt.edu/node/451\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. William Schaffner\u003c/a>, an infectious disease specialist at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and longtime member of the Influenza Vaccine Working Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schaffner did note, however, that the spray began performing poorly when all flu vaccines were adjusted to protect against four influenza strains instead of three.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, AstraZeneca, the maker of FluMist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2016/astrazeneca-provides-update-on-flumist-quadrivalent-vaccine-in-the-us-for-the-2016-17-influenza-season-23062016.html\" target=\"_blank\">said in a statement \u003c/a>that it \"is working with the CDC to better understand its data to help ensure eligible patients continue to receive the vaccine in future seasons in the U.S.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early studies, including randomized trials coordinated by the manufacturer, showed FluMist was highly effective, and in children performed better than traditional flu shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers looked so good that in 2014 the committee made the unusual decision to advise doctors that FluMist was better at preventing flu in healthy kids ages 2 through 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since then, studies have shown the vaccine didn't work well against the most common flu strains in any of the past three flu seasons. All flu vaccines performed poorly two winters ago, but data show FluMist performed poorly the two other seasons as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter that just ended, flu shots were nearly 50 percent effective against the flu strain that made most people sick. But FluMist didn't work at all, CDC researchers said, citing preliminary results from a study of about 2,300 U.S. children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Joseph Bresee, a flu expert at the CDC said there's no evidence of an increase in flu deaths among kids who had the FluMist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC recommends that everyone over age six months receives a flu vaccine every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What you see in the photo above is a young child getting a flu vaccine via nasal mist. The picture was taken in 2014. But you likely won't see any children getting that version of the vaccine this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials have studied its effectiveness and found \"no evidence\" the spray actually prevented the flu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I found this out last night, all I could think was \"My kids are going to have a cow.\" My son is at sleepaway camp, so is temporarily spared the news. But when I told my 15-year-old daughter that she would have to switch to a shot, she exclaimed, \"OH NO\" and threw her head in my lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-202763\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/IMG_1756-e1466702366826.jpg\" alt=\"A 15-year-old girl in mock horror after learning she can no longer get a flu vaccine via nasal mist. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1715\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 15-year-old girl in mock horror after learning she can no longer get a flu vaccine via nasal mist. \u003ccite>(John Storella)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(She quickly recovered.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sad news comes from the Center for Disease Control's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice which voted Wednesday that the live attenuated influenza vaccine (that's the \"nasal spray\" vaccine) should not be used in the 2016-2017 influenza season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC usually adopts the committee's recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/23/483239744/bad-news-for-kids-who-dont-like-flu-shots\" target=\"_blank\">NPR reports \u003c/a>that scientists aren't really sure why the nasal spray is no longer working:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The company [that manufactures FluMist], the FDA, and other investigators still haven't been able to put their scientific finger on the exact reason, but there are several studies that have indicated that in the United States the vaccine has underperformed in a very substantial way,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.mc.vanderbilt.edu/node/451\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. William Schaffner\u003c/a>, an infectious disease specialist at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and longtime member of the Influenza Vaccine Working Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schaffner did note, however, that the spray began performing poorly when all flu vaccines were adjusted to protect against four influenza strains instead of three.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, AstraZeneca, the maker of FluMist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2016/astrazeneca-provides-update-on-flumist-quadrivalent-vaccine-in-the-us-for-the-2016-17-influenza-season-23062016.html\" target=\"_blank\">said in a statement \u003c/a>that it \"is working with the CDC to better understand its data to help ensure eligible patients continue to receive the vaccine in future seasons in the U.S.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early studies, including randomized trials coordinated by the manufacturer, showed FluMist was highly effective, and in children performed better than traditional flu shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers looked so good that in 2014 the committee made the unusual decision to advise doctors that FluMist was better at preventing flu in healthy kids ages 2 through 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since then, studies have shown the vaccine didn't work well against the most common flu strains in any of the past three flu seasons. All flu vaccines performed poorly two winters ago, but data show FluMist performed poorly the two other seasons as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter that just ended, flu shots were nearly 50 percent effective against the flu strain that made most people sick. But FluMist didn't work at all, CDC researchers said, citing preliminary results from a study of about 2,300 U.S. children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Joseph Bresee, a flu expert at the CDC said there's no evidence of an increase in flu deaths among kids who had the FluMist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC recommends that everyone over age six months receives a flu vaccine every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Using A Smartphone In Bed Made Women Momentarily Blind",
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"content": "\u003cp>A 22-year-old woman in England thought she was going blind in one eye. She could always see fine out of her left eye. But on some nights, the right eye failed her. All she could see out of it were vague shapes in the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, it happened about two or three times a week. Then it started happening every night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went to the doctor, her vision appeared normal. So did brain scans. But it was a disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the same time, another woman noticed the same thing. On some mornings, she'd lose vision in just one eye for up to 20 minutes. It was bothersome enough to land her in the emergency room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vision loss in one eye can be a sign that a person is having a small stroke, which is why one of the women was put on blood thinners and the other got a brain scan. It can also signal a compressed optic nerve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after further investigation, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1514294\">researchers writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in \u003cem>The New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> think the problem is much simpler. They're calling the affliction \"transient smartphone 'blindness.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were looking at their smartphones and they just happened to have one eye covered because they were lying in bed,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lsm/research/divisions/dns/about/people/Profiles/omar-mahroo.aspx\">Omar Mahroo\u003c/a>, an ophthalmologist at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London and an author on the letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first patient had a habit of gazing at her smartphone before falling asleep. She'd lie on her left side and look at the screen primarily with her right eye. Her left eye was often covered by the pillow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other patient, who was in her 40s, had similar problems when she woke up in the morning before sunrise and checked the news on her smartphone before sitting up. It had been going on for about a year, ever since she'd injured her cornea. But around the same time, she'd bought an iPhone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, nothing bad was going on. Mahroo says. It's just that one retina was adapted to light, and the other to dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The retina is pretty amazing because it can adapt to lots of different light levels, probably better than any camera,\" he says. \"It can reduce its sensitivity, so that when you're on the beach or in the bright snow you can still see relatively well,\" he says. In the dark on a clear sky, it can adjust to detect extremely dim, far away points of light like stars in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retinas constantly adjust when someone leaves a room and enters a slightly dimmer room, or goes inside after being outdoors. But these patients experienced a rare scenario in which that change would actually be noticeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how it happens: Light makes the pigment in rod-shaped cells change shape, which changes the electrical current running to another set of cells, which determines how much of a chemical those cells release to nerve cells, which eventually pass the message on to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposure to a bright light, it can take 40 minutes for that process to reset, after which a person can again see in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers asked the two patients to do a little experiment, viewing the smartphone with just the left eye, then just the right eye on separate occasions. They realized that the eye going temporarily \"blind\" was always the one that was being used to look at the bright screen. The other eye was likely hidden by a pillow, blocking the light from the screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm the hypothesis, Mahroo and his colleagues did a little experiment on themselves. Mahroo went in a dark room and with one eye covered, gazed at a smartphone for 20 minutes before turning off the screen. \"It did actually feel quite strange,\" he says of his self-experiment. \"It would be very alarming if you didn't know what was going on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he connected himself to a device that measured the current flowing in the photoreceptors in his retinas using electrodes. And sure enough, after flashes of dim light, the retina that had been exposed to the screen took longer to adjust to new light settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The retina is like a minibrain in our eye, and we're still trying to understand what goes on there,\" says Mahroo, who studies the cascade of cell communication that happens constantly between the retina and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mahroo says since he and his colleagues made their finding, multiple other patients have said they experienced concerning vision loss because of smartphone use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, should you not read a phone with one eye in a dark room? \"We don't know of any ill effects,\" Mahroo says. But it can be jarring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, this next bit has nothing to do with smartphones. But Mahroo says there's an urban legend that speculates that pirates' eye patches could have been used to manipulate vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wearing an eye patch allows the eye that's covered to be in a constant state of darkness, which keeps the rod cells in that eye at their maximum sensitivity, what we call 'dark adapted,' \" Mahroo says. \"So simply by wearing an eye patch in bright light, and then, when in the dark, switching it over to the other eye, a pirate should, in theory, have instantly been able to see well in the dark.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That of course presumes that the pirates were hip to the effect, and not merely wearing an eye patch to cover the unfortunate result of a sword fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Using+A+Smartphone+In+Bed+Made+Women+Momentarily+Blind&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A 22-year-old woman in England thought she was going blind in one eye. She could always see fine out of her left eye. But on some nights, the right eye failed her. All she could see out of it were vague shapes in the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, it happened about two or three times a week. Then it started happening every night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went to the doctor, her vision appeared normal. So did brain scans. But it was a disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the same time, another woman noticed the same thing. On some mornings, she'd lose vision in just one eye for up to 20 minutes. It was bothersome enough to land her in the emergency room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vision loss in one eye can be a sign that a person is having a small stroke, which is why one of the women was put on blood thinners and the other got a brain scan. It can also signal a compressed optic nerve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after further investigation, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1514294\">researchers writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in \u003cem>The New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> think the problem is much simpler. They're calling the affliction \"transient smartphone 'blindness.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were looking at their smartphones and they just happened to have one eye covered because they were lying in bed,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lsm/research/divisions/dns/about/people/Profiles/omar-mahroo.aspx\">Omar Mahroo\u003c/a>, an ophthalmologist at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London and an author on the letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first patient had a habit of gazing at her smartphone before falling asleep. She'd lie on her left side and look at the screen primarily with her right eye. Her left eye was often covered by the pillow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other patient, who was in her 40s, had similar problems when she woke up in the morning before sunrise and checked the news on her smartphone before sitting up. It had been going on for about a year, ever since she'd injured her cornea. But around the same time, she'd bought an iPhone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, nothing bad was going on. Mahroo says. It's just that one retina was adapted to light, and the other to dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The retina is pretty amazing because it can adapt to lots of different light levels, probably better than any camera,\" he says. \"It can reduce its sensitivity, so that when you're on the beach or in the bright snow you can still see relatively well,\" he says. In the dark on a clear sky, it can adjust to detect extremely dim, far away points of light like stars in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retinas constantly adjust when someone leaves a room and enters a slightly dimmer room, or goes inside after being outdoors. But these patients experienced a rare scenario in which that change would actually be noticeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how it happens: Light makes the pigment in rod-shaped cells change shape, which changes the electrical current running to another set of cells, which determines how much of a chemical those cells release to nerve cells, which eventually pass the message on to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposure to a bright light, it can take 40 minutes for that process to reset, after which a person can again see in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers asked the two patients to do a little experiment, viewing the smartphone with just the left eye, then just the right eye on separate occasions. They realized that the eye going temporarily \"blind\" was always the one that was being used to look at the bright screen. The other eye was likely hidden by a pillow, blocking the light from the screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm the hypothesis, Mahroo and his colleagues did a little experiment on themselves. Mahroo went in a dark room and with one eye covered, gazed at a smartphone for 20 minutes before turning off the screen. \"It did actually feel quite strange,\" he says of his self-experiment. \"It would be very alarming if you didn't know what was going on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he connected himself to a device that measured the current flowing in the photoreceptors in his retinas using electrodes. And sure enough, after flashes of dim light, the retina that had been exposed to the screen took longer to adjust to new light settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The retina is like a minibrain in our eye, and we're still trying to understand what goes on there,\" says Mahroo, who studies the cascade of cell communication that happens constantly between the retina and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mahroo says since he and his colleagues made their finding, multiple other patients have said they experienced concerning vision loss because of smartphone use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, should you not read a phone with one eye in a dark room? \"We don't know of any ill effects,\" Mahroo says. But it can be jarring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, this next bit has nothing to do with smartphones. But Mahroo says there's an urban legend that speculates that pirates' eye patches could have been used to manipulate vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wearing an eye patch allows the eye that's covered to be in a constant state of darkness, which keeps the rod cells in that eye at their maximum sensitivity, what we call 'dark adapted,' \" Mahroo says. \"So simply by wearing an eye patch in bright light, and then, when in the dark, switching it over to the other eye, a pirate should, in theory, have instantly been able to see well in the dark.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That of course presumes that the pirates were hip to the effect, and not merely wearing an eye patch to cover the unfortunate result of a sword fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Using+A+Smartphone+In+Bed+Made+Women+Momentarily+Blind&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Effective today, the legal age to buy tobacco products-- including e-cigarettes -- in California is now 21 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 144 years the legal age to buy tobacco in California was 18. But a package of anti-tobacco bills moved through the legislature and Gov. Jerry Brown\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/05/04/gov-brown-signs-major-tobacco-bills-raises-legal-age-to-21/\" target=\"_blank\"> signed five of them\u003c/a> last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intent of the higher age is to get tobacco products out of the hands of teenagers. Many 18-year-olds are in high school and can share their lawfully-purchased cigarettes with those too young to buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving the tobacco age to 21 moves legal purchasers out of the orbit of teens. An Institute of Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Activities/PublicHealth/TobaccoMinimumAge.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">analysis \u003c/a>last year concluded that raising the tobacco age to 21 nationwide would result in a 12 percent drop in the number of teen and young adult smokers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 240,000 18- to 20-year-olds use tobacco products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a press conference Thursday morning, the California Department of Public Health announced an education program targeted at vape shops and tobacco retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"aaK9djuMZIqMps7F1Q0KzQpISKHWwGXB\"]\"Our goal is to help retailers comply with these important new laws governing the sale of tobacco products,\" said Dr. Karen Smith, director of the health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith also pointed out that 70 percent of tobacco retailers also sell alcohol, and now the age of sale for tobacco matches that of alcohol products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/Pages/FDB.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">food and drug branch\u003c/a> of the health department oversees enforcement of tobacco control. The Stop Tobacco Access to Kids Enforcement Act, commonly known as the Stake Act, has netted a significant drop in illegal sales of tobacco to minors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said that in 1995 one in three California stores illegally sold tobacco products to minors under age 18. \"In 2015, it was just one in 13 stores violating the law,\" Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active members of the United States military are exempt from the new law and can still purchase tobacco at 18 with military-issued ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also effective today -- e-cigarettes are subject to the same smoke-free laws traditional cigarettes are. So, wherever cigarettes can't be smoked, e-cigarettes can't be used either. This includes hookah products as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only indoor places where smoking is allowed are \"tobacco-only retailers.\" These are businesses that sell only tobacco. Use of tobacco products would not be permitted, for example, in a business that sells tobacco along with food and drinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said that success in the implementation of the new laws would mean fewer people under age 21 are smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really do want to save lives,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Effective today, the legal age to buy tobacco products-- including e-cigarettes -- in California is now 21 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 144 years the legal age to buy tobacco in California was 18. But a package of anti-tobacco bills moved through the legislature and Gov. Jerry Brown\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/05/04/gov-brown-signs-major-tobacco-bills-raises-legal-age-to-21/\" target=\"_blank\"> signed five of them\u003c/a> last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intent of the higher age is to get tobacco products out of the hands of teenagers. Many 18-year-olds are in high school and can share their lawfully-purchased cigarettes with those too young to buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving the tobacco age to 21 moves legal purchasers out of the orbit of teens. An Institute of Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Activities/PublicHealth/TobaccoMinimumAge.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">analysis \u003c/a>last year concluded that raising the tobacco age to 21 nationwide would result in a 12 percent drop in the number of teen and young adult smokers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 240,000 18- to 20-year-olds use tobacco products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a press conference Thursday morning, the California Department of Public Health announced an education program targeted at vape shops and tobacco retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"Our goal is to help retailers comply with these important new laws governing the sale of tobacco products,\" said Dr. Karen Smith, director of the health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith also pointed out that 70 percent of tobacco retailers also sell alcohol, and now the age of sale for tobacco matches that of alcohol products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/Pages/FDB.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">food and drug branch\u003c/a> of the health department oversees enforcement of tobacco control. The Stop Tobacco Access to Kids Enforcement Act, commonly known as the Stake Act, has netted a significant drop in illegal sales of tobacco to minors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said that in 1995 one in three California stores illegally sold tobacco products to minors under age 18. \"In 2015, it was just one in 13 stores violating the law,\" Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active members of the United States military are exempt from the new law and can still purchase tobacco at 18 with military-issued ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also effective today -- e-cigarettes are subject to the same smoke-free laws traditional cigarettes are. So, wherever cigarettes can't be smoked, e-cigarettes can't be used either. This includes hookah products as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only indoor places where smoking is allowed are \"tobacco-only retailers.\" These are businesses that sell only tobacco. Use of tobacco products would not be permitted, for example, in a business that sells tobacco along with food and drinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said that success in the implementation of the new laws would mean fewer people under age 21 are smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really do want to save lives,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Genetically manipulated food remains generally safe for humans and the environment, a high-powered science advisory board declared in a report Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine concluded that tinkering with the genetics of what we eat doesn't produce the \"Frankenfood\" monster some opponents claim — but it isn't feeding the world with substantially increased yields, as proponents promised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the line between engineered and natural foods blurring thanks to newer techniques such as gene editing, the 408-page report said, regulators need to make their safety focus more on the end-product of the food that's made rather than the nuts and bolts of how it's made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report waltzed a bit around the hot political issue of whether genetically modified food should be labeled. The study's authors said labels aren't needed for food safety reasons but potentially could be justified because of transparency, social and cultural factors, somewhat similar to made-in-America stickers. That stance was praised by some environmental and consumer groups, but criticized by some scientists as unnecessary because the food poses no unique risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no evidence of environmental problems caused by genetically modified crops, but pesticide resistance is a problem, the report said. Farms that use genetically modified crops in general are helped, but it may be a different story for smaller farmers and in poorer areas of the world, it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the modified plants are soybean, cotton, corn and canola; in most cases, genetic tinkering has made them resistant to certain herbicides and insects. When farms switched from conventional crops to the engineered varieties, there was no substantial change in the yield compared to non-engineered food. Production in general is increasing in agriculture, but U.S. Department of Agriculture data don't show that genetically engineered crops are increasing at a higher rate, despite experimental results suggest that they should, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Farmers in general are gaining,\" with less pesticide use and a bit higher yield, academy committee chairman Fred Gould said at a Tuesday news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nuanced report first said it is important not to make sweeping statements on genetically engineered foods, which it called GE. Still, \"the committee concluded that no differences have been found that implicate a higher risk to human health safety from these GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Academy, established by President Abraham Lincoln to provide scientific advice, has issued reports before saying it could find no safety problem with eating genetically modified food. But the academy committee chairman Fred Gould of North Carolina State University said this report is different because his study team started by listening to critics of such foods and examined anew more than 1,000 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To some extent we know more about some genetically engineered food than we do about other food,\" committee member Dominique Brossard of the University of Wisconsin said. \"There are limits to what can be known about any food. That's something we're not used to hearing as consumers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many scientists who work on the issue but weren't part of the study team lauded the report as sensible, but not surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Sorrells at Cornell called it \"very well balanced, accurate, and reiterates much of what has already been published many times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Science is science, facts are facts,\" emailed Bruce Chassy, an emeritus professor of biochemistry and food science at the University of Illinois. \"There's just no sound basis for their opposition just as there was never any scientific basis to believe GM plants should be viewed any differently than any other,\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One dissenter was Charles Benbrook, who used to be at Washington State University but is now a private consultant. He said he feels the risks of genetically engineered food are more serious than more mainstream scientists do, and that the human health assessments aren't ample enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups critical of genetically engineering foods criticized the report before it came out. Food & Water Watch criticized the National Academy as taking funding from biotechnology firms and using \"pro-GMO scientists\" to write its reports. The report was funded by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the New Venture Fund, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the academy itself — none of which have direct connections to the agricultural biotechnology industry. It was peer reviewed by outside experts and committee members are vetted for financial conflicts of interests, said academy spokesman William Kearney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many scientists, Marion Nestle of New York University, who was a reviewer but not author of the report, said \"the report reveals how little is known about the effects of GE foods.\" She said if the people behind the report wanted to end the polarization over these foods, \"this won't do the trick.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Genetically manipulated food remains generally safe for humans and the environment, a high-powered science advisory board declared in a report Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine concluded that tinkering with the genetics of what we eat doesn't produce the \"Frankenfood\" monster some opponents claim — but it isn't feeding the world with substantially increased yields, as proponents promised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the line between engineered and natural foods blurring thanks to newer techniques such as gene editing, the 408-page report said, regulators need to make their safety focus more on the end-product of the food that's made rather than the nuts and bolts of how it's made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report waltzed a bit around the hot political issue of whether genetically modified food should be labeled. The study's authors said labels aren't needed for food safety reasons but potentially could be justified because of transparency, social and cultural factors, somewhat similar to made-in-America stickers. That stance was praised by some environmental and consumer groups, but criticized by some scientists as unnecessary because the food poses no unique risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no evidence of environmental problems caused by genetically modified crops, but pesticide resistance is a problem, the report said. Farms that use genetically modified crops in general are helped, but it may be a different story for smaller farmers and in poorer areas of the world, it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the modified plants are soybean, cotton, corn and canola; in most cases, genetic tinkering has made them resistant to certain herbicides and insects. When farms switched from conventional crops to the engineered varieties, there was no substantial change in the yield compared to non-engineered food. Production in general is increasing in agriculture, but U.S. Department of Agriculture data don't show that genetically engineered crops are increasing at a higher rate, despite experimental results suggest that they should, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Farmers in general are gaining,\" with less pesticide use and a bit higher yield, academy committee chairman Fred Gould said at a Tuesday news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nuanced report first said it is important not to make sweeping statements on genetically engineered foods, which it called GE. Still, \"the committee concluded that no differences have been found that implicate a higher risk to human health safety from these GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Academy, established by President Abraham Lincoln to provide scientific advice, has issued reports before saying it could find no safety problem with eating genetically modified food. But the academy committee chairman Fred Gould of North Carolina State University said this report is different because his study team started by listening to critics of such foods and examined anew more than 1,000 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To some extent we know more about some genetically engineered food than we do about other food,\" committee member Dominique Brossard of the University of Wisconsin said. \"There are limits to what can be known about any food. That's something we're not used to hearing as consumers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many scientists who work on the issue but weren't part of the study team lauded the report as sensible, but not surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Sorrells at Cornell called it \"very well balanced, accurate, and reiterates much of what has already been published many times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Science is science, facts are facts,\" emailed Bruce Chassy, an emeritus professor of biochemistry and food science at the University of Illinois. \"There's just no sound basis for their opposition just as there was never any scientific basis to believe GM plants should be viewed any differently than any other,\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One dissenter was Charles Benbrook, who used to be at Washington State University but is now a private consultant. He said he feels the risks of genetically engineered food are more serious than more mainstream scientists do, and that the human health assessments aren't ample enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups critical of genetically engineering foods criticized the report before it came out. Food & Water Watch criticized the National Academy as taking funding from biotechnology firms and using \"pro-GMO scientists\" to write its reports. The report was funded by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the New Venture Fund, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the academy itself — none of which have direct connections to the agricultural biotechnology industry. It was peer reviewed by outside experts and committee members are vetted for financial conflicts of interests, said academy spokesman William Kearney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many scientists, Marion Nestle of New York University, who was a reviewer but not author of the report, said \"the report reveals how little is known about the effects of GE foods.\" She said if the people behind the report wanted to end the polarization over these foods, \"this won't do the trick.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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