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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm478031.htm\" target=\"_blank\">announced Monday \u003c/a>that it is easing the ban on blood donations from men who have sex with men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ban had been in place for more than 30 years, since the early days of the AIDS epidemic when little was known about AIDS or how it spread. But advocates had long argued that the policy was antiquated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy has been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/12/23/fda-proposes-lifting-lifetime-ban-on-gay-blood-donors/\" target=\"_blank\">under review \u003c/a>for the last year and was issued today as a \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/UCM446580.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">final guidance\u003c/a>\" by the FDA. Under the revision, men who have sex with men may donate blood -- but only if they have not had sex with another man for the last year or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy matches that of many other countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm478031.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a statement, \u003c/a>acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Stephen Ostroff said that the FDA's responsibility was to maintain a high level of safety in the nation's blood supply. “We have taken great care to ensure this policy revision is backed by sound science and continues to protect our blood supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But gay rights activists say the change doesn't go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It continues to stigmatize gay and bisexual men,\" David Stacy, of the Human Rights Campaign, \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/fda-eases-restrictions-blood-donations-gay-men-35888660\" target=\"_blank\">told ABC News\u003c/a>. \"It simply cannot be justified in light of current scientific research and updated blood screening technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Gay Blood Drive said the change \"was a huge first step in the right direction,\" but also \u003ca href=\"http://www.gayblooddrive.com/#!updates/c1vwd\" target=\"_blank\">called on the FDA \u003c/a>to move toward a non-discriminatory policy and end discrimination based on sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the recommendations approved today, the FDA says the following donors should not be permitted to donate blood \"indefinitely\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever had a positive test for HIV.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever exchanged sex for money or drugs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever engaged in injection drug use that was not prescribed.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And these people should be deferred:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact any individual who has a history of sex with a person who: has ever had a positive test for HIV, ever exchanged sex for money or drugs, or ever engaged in non-prescription injection drug use.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent transfusion any individual who has a history of receiving a transfusion of Whole Blood or blood components donated by another person (allogeneic transfusion).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent exposure any individual who has a history of through-the-skin contact with the blood of another individual, such as a needle stick or blood contact with an open wound or mucous membrane.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent tattoo, ear or body piercing. However, individuals who have undergone tattooing within 12 months of donation are eligible to donate if the tattoo was applied by a state regulated entity with sterile needles and non-reused ink. Individuals who have undergone ear or body piercing within 12 months of donation are eligible to donate if the piercing was done using single-use equipment.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months after completion of treatment any individual with a history of syphilis or gonorrhea or with a history of diagnosis or treatment for syphilis or gonorrhea in the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact a man who has had sex with another man during the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact a female who has had sex during the past 12 months with a man who has had sex with another man in the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The policy also addressed transgender donors, saying \"male or female gender should be self-identified and self-reported.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This does little to clarify \"a policy that some blood banks have interpreted as a ban on all transgender donors,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/new-fda-policy-relaxes-ban-on-gay-men-donating-blood#.djy8W0PPV\" target=\"_blank\">reports BuzzFeed News and continued\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>One national blood donation company — facing two discrimination lawsuits from transgender women who were allegedly turned away — has \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/why-are-blood-banks-rejecting-transgender-women#.rf04yR9Z\">argued\u003c/a> in court records that previous FDA policy banned all transgender women. It is unclear that donors self-reporting their gender, as specified by the new guidance, clarifies that issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA did not immediately reply to questions Monday from BuzzFeed News about whether all transgender people are banned from donating blood under the new guidelines.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp id=\"story-continues-4\" class=\"story-body-text story-content\">All U.S. blood donations are screened for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. But there is a roughly 10-day window between initial infection and when the virus can be detected in the bloodstream. The American Red Cross estimates the risk of getting an HIV-positive blood donation is 1 in 1.5 million for U.S. patients. About 15.7 million blood donations are collected in the U.S. each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">In 2006 the Red Cross, the American Association of Blood Banks, and America's Blood Centers called the ban \"medically and scientifically unwarranted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The FDA concluded that moving to a one-year abstinence requirement would not change the safety of the U.S. blood supply, based on data from Australia and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">On the current blood donor questionnaire, men are asked if they have ever had sex with another man since 1977 -- the start of the AIDS epidemic in the U.S. Potential donors who answer positively are barred from donating blood. The new questionnaire, as outlined by the FDA, would ask men if they have had sex with another man in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>This story includes reporting from the Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm478031.htm\" target=\"_blank\">announced Monday \u003c/a>that it is easing the ban on blood donations from men who have sex with men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ban had been in place for more than 30 years, since the early days of the AIDS epidemic when little was known about AIDS or how it spread. But advocates had long argued that the policy was antiquated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy has been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/12/23/fda-proposes-lifting-lifetime-ban-on-gay-blood-donors/\" target=\"_blank\">under review \u003c/a>for the last year and was issued today as a \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/UCM446580.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">final guidance\u003c/a>\" by the FDA. Under the revision, men who have sex with men may donate blood -- but only if they have not had sex with another man for the last year or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy matches that of many other countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm478031.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a statement, \u003c/a>acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Stephen Ostroff said that the FDA's responsibility was to maintain a high level of safety in the nation's blood supply. “We have taken great care to ensure this policy revision is backed by sound science and continues to protect our blood supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But gay rights activists say the change doesn't go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It continues to stigmatize gay and bisexual men,\" David Stacy, of the Human Rights Campaign, \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/fda-eases-restrictions-blood-donations-gay-men-35888660\" target=\"_blank\">told ABC News\u003c/a>. \"It simply cannot be justified in light of current scientific research and updated blood screening technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Gay Blood Drive said the change \"was a huge first step in the right direction,\" but also \u003ca href=\"http://www.gayblooddrive.com/#!updates/c1vwd\" target=\"_blank\">called on the FDA \u003c/a>to move toward a non-discriminatory policy and end discrimination based on sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the recommendations approved today, the FDA says the following donors should not be permitted to donate blood \"indefinitely\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever had a positive test for HIV.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever exchanged sex for money or drugs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever engaged in injection drug use that was not prescribed.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And these people should be deferred:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact any individual who has a history of sex with a person who: has ever had a positive test for HIV, ever exchanged sex for money or drugs, or ever engaged in non-prescription injection drug use.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent transfusion any individual who has a history of receiving a transfusion of Whole Blood or blood components donated by another person (allogeneic transfusion).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent exposure any individual who has a history of through-the-skin contact with the blood of another individual, such as a needle stick or blood contact with an open wound or mucous membrane.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent tattoo, ear or body piercing. However, individuals who have undergone tattooing within 12 months of donation are eligible to donate if the tattoo was applied by a state regulated entity with sterile needles and non-reused ink. Individuals who have undergone ear or body piercing within 12 months of donation are eligible to donate if the piercing was done using single-use equipment.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months after completion of treatment any individual with a history of syphilis or gonorrhea or with a history of diagnosis or treatment for syphilis or gonorrhea in the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact a man who has had sex with another man during the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact a female who has had sex during the past 12 months with a man who has had sex with another man in the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The policy also addressed transgender donors, saying \"male or female gender should be self-identified and self-reported.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This does little to clarify \"a policy that some blood banks have interpreted as a ban on all transgender donors,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/new-fda-policy-relaxes-ban-on-gay-men-donating-blood#.djy8W0PPV\" target=\"_blank\">reports BuzzFeed News and continued\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>One national blood donation company — facing two discrimination lawsuits from transgender women who were allegedly turned away — has \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/why-are-blood-banks-rejecting-transgender-women#.rf04yR9Z\">argued\u003c/a> in court records that previous FDA policy banned all transgender women. It is unclear that donors self-reporting their gender, as specified by the new guidance, clarifies that issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA did not immediately reply to questions Monday from BuzzFeed News about whether all transgender people are banned from donating blood under the new guidelines.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp id=\"story-continues-4\" class=\"story-body-text story-content\">All U.S. blood donations are screened for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. But there is a roughly 10-day window between initial infection and when the virus can be detected in the bloodstream. The American Red Cross estimates the risk of getting an HIV-positive blood donation is 1 in 1.5 million for U.S. patients. About 15.7 million blood donations are collected in the U.S. each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">In 2006 the Red Cross, the American Association of Blood Banks, and America's Blood Centers called the ban \"medically and scientifically unwarranted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The FDA concluded that moving to a one-year abstinence requirement would not change the safety of the U.S. blood supply, based on data from Australia and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">On the current blood donor questionnaire, men are asked if they have ever had sex with another man since 1977 -- the start of the AIDS epidemic in the U.S. Potential donors who answer positively are barred from donating blood. The new questionnaire, as outlined by the FDA, would ask men if they have had sex with another man in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>This story includes reporting from the Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Farm Antibiotic Use Is Up, Despite Promises to Cut Back",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you go by their declarations and promises, meat producers are drastically cutting back on the use of antibiotics to treat their poultry, pigs and cattle. Over the past year, one big food company after another has announced plans to stop using these drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you go by the government's data on drugs sold to livestock producers, it's a different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Food and Drug Administration, which compiles \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/UCM476258.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">these numbers\u003c/a>, sales of antibiotics for use on the farm increased in 2014, just as they had for most years before that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And most alarming to public health advocates, sales of antibiotics important in human medicine went up three percent from 2013 to 2014, the FDA found. That's just slightly less than the five-year trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating sick animals, meat producers use antibiotics to prevent disease and also to get animals to grow faster. The FDA has taken steps to stop the use of these drugs for growth promotion purposes by the end of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA, and a lot of scientists and health advocates, are concerned that the livestock industry's excessive use of antibiotics will raise the risk that bacteria will become resistant to these drugs, and bacteria carrying those resistance genes could then infect people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing pressure from consumers around this issue has prompted several Big Food companies to pledge to reduce their reliance on antibiotics or announce reductions they've already made. Among them are the giant agribusinesses \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/04/28/402736017/tyson-foods-to-stop-giving-chickens-human-used-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">Tyson Foods\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/09/03/345315380/perdue-says-its-hatching-chicks-are-off-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">Perdue Farms\u003c/a> and Foster Farms and restaurant chains like McDonalds, Chick-fil-A and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/10/20/450314991/subway-joins-the-fast-food-antibiotic-free-meat-club\" target=\"_blank\">Subway\u003c/a>. Many of those companies made commitments in 2015, so reductions in antibiotic use by their suppliers may not be reflected in the latest FDA data from 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/10/10/california-now-has-strictest-limits-in-u-s-on-livestock-antibiotics/\" target=\"_blank\">passed the toughest law in the nation\u003c/a> on the use of antibiotics healthy livestock. The law,\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB27\" target=\"_blank\"> SB 27\u003c/a> which takes effect in 2018, bars the routine use of antibiotics to promote growth or prevent illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in previous years, a class of older antibiotics called tetracyclines dominated the statistics on antibiotic use. Tetracyclines accounted for 70 percent of all \"medically important\" antibiotics used in animal agriculture. Tetracyclines are no longer considered first-line drugs in human medicine. But sales of other classes of antibiotics, including widely used human drugs such as cephalosporins and macrolides, also increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health groups that have demanded the industry to curb antibiotic use say the latest data confirms that more regulation is still needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no indication that FDA's change in policy has yet resulted in any meaningful reductions on antibiotic sales and usage in food animal production,\" Susan Vaughn Grooters, a policy analyst for \u003ca href=\"http://www.keepantibioticsworking.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Keep Antibiotics Working\u003c/a>, a coalition of advocacy groups, said in a \u003ca href=\"http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5519650ce4b01b71131cb5f9/t/566a54cdc21b86abf16e79e0/1449809101600/KAW+ADUFA+Statement_12.10.15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a>. \"As the coalition has been saying for years, FDA must set clear targets for the reduction in antibiotic use. Otherwise, industry will continue to conduct business as usual, while the crisis of resistance continues to loom large and consumers pay the price.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antibiotic+Use+On+Farms+Is+Up%2C+Despite+Promises+To+Kick+The+Drugs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you go by their declarations and promises, meat producers are drastically cutting back on the use of antibiotics to treat their poultry, pigs and cattle. Over the past year, one big food company after another has announced plans to stop using these drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you go by the government's data on drugs sold to livestock producers, it's a different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Food and Drug Administration, which compiles \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/UCM476258.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">these numbers\u003c/a>, sales of antibiotics for use on the farm increased in 2014, just as they had for most years before that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And most alarming to public health advocates, sales of antibiotics important in human medicine went up three percent from 2013 to 2014, the FDA found. That's just slightly less than the five-year trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating sick animals, meat producers use antibiotics to prevent disease and also to get animals to grow faster. The FDA has taken steps to stop the use of these drugs for growth promotion purposes by the end of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA, and a lot of scientists and health advocates, are concerned that the livestock industry's excessive use of antibiotics will raise the risk that bacteria will become resistant to these drugs, and bacteria carrying those resistance genes could then infect people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing pressure from consumers around this issue has prompted several Big Food companies to pledge to reduce their reliance on antibiotics or announce reductions they've already made. Among them are the giant agribusinesses \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/04/28/402736017/tyson-foods-to-stop-giving-chickens-human-used-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">Tyson Foods\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/09/03/345315380/perdue-says-its-hatching-chicks-are-off-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">Perdue Farms\u003c/a> and Foster Farms and restaurant chains like McDonalds, Chick-fil-A and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/10/20/450314991/subway-joins-the-fast-food-antibiotic-free-meat-club\" target=\"_blank\">Subway\u003c/a>. Many of those companies made commitments in 2015, so reductions in antibiotic use by their suppliers may not be reflected in the latest FDA data from 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/10/10/california-now-has-strictest-limits-in-u-s-on-livestock-antibiotics/\" target=\"_blank\">passed the toughest law in the nation\u003c/a> on the use of antibiotics healthy livestock. The law,\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB27\" target=\"_blank\"> SB 27\u003c/a> which takes effect in 2018, bars the routine use of antibiotics to promote growth or prevent illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in previous years, a class of older antibiotics called tetracyclines dominated the statistics on antibiotic use. Tetracyclines accounted for 70 percent of all \"medically important\" antibiotics used in animal agriculture. Tetracyclines are no longer considered first-line drugs in human medicine. But sales of other classes of antibiotics, including widely used human drugs such as cephalosporins and macrolides, also increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health groups that have demanded the industry to curb antibiotic use say the latest data confirms that more regulation is still needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no indication that FDA's change in policy has yet resulted in any meaningful reductions on antibiotic sales and usage in food animal production,\" Susan Vaughn Grooters, a policy analyst for \u003ca href=\"http://www.keepantibioticsworking.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Keep Antibiotics Working\u003c/a>, a coalition of advocacy groups, said in a \u003ca href=\"http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5519650ce4b01b71131cb5f9/t/566a54cdc21b86abf16e79e0/1449809101600/KAW+ADUFA+Statement_12.10.15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a>. \"As the coalition has been saying for years, FDA must set clear targets for the reduction in antibiotic use. Otherwise, industry will continue to conduct business as usual, while the crisis of resistance continues to loom large and consumers pay the price.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antibiotic+Use+On+Farms+Is+Up%2C+Despite+Promises+To+Kick+The+Drugs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Uranium Contaminates Water Across California's Central Valley",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a trailer park tucked among the irrigated orchards outside Fresno that help make California's San Joaquin Valley the richest farm region in the world, 16-year-old Giselle Alvarez, one of the few English speakers in this community of farmworkers, puzzles over the notices posted on front doors: There's a danger in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This has been a decades-long process that has occurred. It’s going to take many decades to reverse.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bryant Jurgens, U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tests for uranium, the notices warn, show a level considered unsafe by federal and state standards. The trailer park's owners are legally required to post the warnings. But the notices are awkwardly worded and in English, a language few of the park's dozens of Spanish-speaking families can read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says you can drink the water -- but if you drink the water over a period of time, you can get cancer,\" said Alvarez, whose working-class family has no choice but to keep drinking and cooking with the tainted tap water daily, as they have since Alvarez was just learning to walk. \"They really don't explain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium, the stuff of nuclear fuel for power plants and atom bombs, \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">increasingly is showing up in drinking water systems \u003c/a>in major farming regions of the U.S. West — a naturally occurring but unexpected byproduct of irrigation, of drought, and of the overpumping of natural underground water reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Associated Press investigation in Central California — along with the U.S. Central Plains, among the areas most affected — found authorities are doing little to inform the public at large of the growing risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At particular risk are the San Joaquin Valley families who rely on private wells; as many as one out of every four of them are unknowingly drinking dangerous amounts of uranium, researchers determined this year and last. Government authorities say long-term exposure to uranium can damage kidneys and raise cancer risks, and scientists say it can have other harmful effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this swath of farmland, roughly 250 miles long and encompassing major cities, including Fresno, Bakersfield, and Modesto, the pre-treated water of up to one in 10 public systems has uranium levels that exceed federal and state safety standards, the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More broadly, nearly 2 million people in California's Central Valley and in the U.S. Midwest live within a half-mile of groundwater containing uranium over the safety standards, University of Nebraska researchers said in a study published in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything from state agencies to tiny rural schools are scrambling to deal with hundreds of tainted public wells — more regulated than private wells under safe-drinking-water laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes water wells at Westport Elementary School, where 450 children from rural families study outside the Central California farm hub of Modesto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Westport's playground, schoolchildren take a break from tetherball to sip from fountains marked with Spanish and English placards: \"SAFE TO DRINK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school, which draws on its own wells for its drinking fountains, sinks and cafeteria, is one of about 10 water systems in the farm region that have installed uranium removal facilities in recent years. Prices range from $65,000 for the smallest system to millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"rPJv8j1Ci8bZ6nTksYCUVlSr51iN6Pw7\"]Just off Westport's playground, a school maintenance chief jangles the keys to the school's treatment operation, locked in a shed the size of a garage. Inside, a system of tubes, dials and canisters resembling large scuba tanks removes up to a pound a year of uranium from the school's wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uranium gleaned from the school's well water and other Central California water systems is handled like the nuclear material it is — taken away by workers in masks, gloves and other protective garments, said Ron Dollar, a vice president at Water Remediation Technology, a Colorado-based firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is then processed into nuclear fuel for power plants, Dollar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before treatment, Westport's water tested up to four times state and federal limits. After treatment, it's safe for the children, teachers and staff to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central California farm schools opt to buy bottled water in place of drinking fountains, which are off limits because of uranium and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have a choice,\" said Terri Lancaster, principal of the 260 students at Waukena Elementary School in rural Tulare County. \"You do what you have to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until winning a state grant to pay for trucked-in drinking water, her school was spending $10,000 a year from its general fund on bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city of Modesto, with a half-million residents, recently spent more than $500,000 to start blending water from one contaminated well to dilute the uranium to safe levels. The city has retired a half-dozen other wells with excess levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials don't track spending on uranium-contaminated wells. But the state's Water Resources Control Board identified at least $16.7 million the state has spent since 2010 helping public water systems deal with high levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In coming years, more public water systems likely will be compelled to invest in such costly fixes, said Miranda Fram, a researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and colleagues at USGS have taken the lead over the past decade in identifying the problem in farm centers, including Central California, which produces a quarter of the country's agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists and water experts are still piecing together the ways in which levels of uranium exceeding federal and state health standards are seeping into more public water systems and household wells in major farm areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and her colleagues believe the amount of uranium increased in Central Valley drinking water supplies over the last 150 years with the spread of farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, as in the Rockies, mountain snowmelt washes uranium-laden sediment to the flatlands, where groundwater is used to irrigate crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irrigation allows year-round farming, and the irrigated plants naturally create a weak acid that is leeching more and more uranium from sediment, said Fram and Bryant Jurgens, another USGS researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ongoing Drought is a Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater pumping pulls the contaminated water down into the earth, where it is tapped by wells that supply drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now experiencing its driest four-year span on record, and farmers and other users are pumping groundwater at the highest rates ever, helping to pull yet more uranium into areas of aquifers tapped by water wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a decades-long process that has occurred,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if authorities were to intervene to somehow curb uranium contamination — and no such effort is under way — \"we expect that it's going to take many decades to reverse this,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is.' \u003ccite>Doug Brugge, professor of public health, Tufts University School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The USGS calculates that the average level of uranium in public-supply wells of the eastern San Joaquin Valley increased 17 percent from 1990 to the mid-2000s. The number of public-supply wells with unsafe levels of uranium, meantime, climbed from 7 percent to 10 percent over the same period there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem remains so unpublicized that even Fresno County farmer Mark Sorensen — who grows grapes and blueberries in one of the most impacted parts of the country, and deals with water issues routinely as a leader of the local farm bureau — admits to not knowing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be honest, I have never spoken to anybody about uranium,\" said Sorensen, a fifth-generation farmer. \"I've never even heard of it in drinking water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that uranium can damage kidneys and increase the risks of cancer when consumed over a year or more, which is why authorities have set maximum levels for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drinking water tainted by uranium is the chief concern — but uranium also sticks to potatoes, radishes and other root vegetables if they're not properly washed. (While studies have confirmed livestock and people can ingest high levels of uranium by eating contaminated vegetation, scientists have yet to fully research the dangers involved.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though people think mainly about uranium's radioactivity, the danger in water mainly comes from the toxic chemical effects of the metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old public health models for uranium date back to the U.S. uranium boom of the 1940s and 1950s, when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission set off a nuclear-age mining boom in the Central Valley and other points West as the country sought to build uranium stockpiles. Countless miners succumbed to cancer from breathing radioactive gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those models now need revising to deal with the larger population exposed through sources like drinking water, academics say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is,\" said Doug Brugge, professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. \"The larger the population that's drinking this water, the more people that are going to be affected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because \"there has not been an appreciation of the number of people exposed, it has received a lot less attention\" than it should, said researcher Johnnye Lewis at the University of New Mexico, which along with Brugge's team is studying the health impacts of uranium on communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research teams at Tufts and the University of New Mexico also link long-term exposure to signs of reproductive and genetic damage, among other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, changes in water standards since the late 2000s have mandated testing for uranium in public water systems, and the state frequently helps public water systems deal with wells testing at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I'm Sure A Lot of People Are Unaware'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For private well owners and small water systems, however, officials were unable to point to any public health campaigns in the most affected areas or any help with testing or dealing with wells that do test for high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS researchers recently sampled 170 domestic water wells in the San Joaquin Valley, and found 20 to 25 percent bore uranium at levels that broke federal and state limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal regulators say the U.S. Congress, outlining drinking water standards, has limited its enforcement authority to public water systems. \"Your home's your castle. If you've got a well at home, that's your business,\" said Bruce Macler, a San Francisco-based water program toxicologist for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium is on the radar of California water officials, but the officials are\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/03/13/nitrates-in-california-drinking-water-new-attention-from-state-water-board/?_ga=1.249130563.514739197.1438904388\" target=\"_blank\"> paying more attention to other farming-related contaminants\u003c/a>, including nitrates, as well as simply having enough water in the fourth year of the state's drought, said John Borkovich, head of water quality at the state Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When it comes to private domestic wells, we do what we can to get the word out,\" Borkovich said. \"It's safe to say that there's always more that can be done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press commissioned sampling of wells at five homes in the countryside outside Modesto, to look more closely at whether unregulated private wells that families depend on were as vulnerable as contaminated public water systems nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results: Water from two of the five wells contained dangerous levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the five families, however, had ever heard that uranium could be a problem in groundwater — let alone that it was a problem in their area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's something I'm sure a lot of people are unaware of,\" said Reyna Rico, whose rural home overlooking farm fields had a well that tested three times the federal and state health limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be nice to be informed, so we can make an informed decision, and those wells can be tested,\" said a resident nearby, Michelle Norleen, who was relieved to know that her own water — unlike those of two of her neighbors — tested below the limits in the AP sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even for bigger water systems for which government help is available, accessing safe water doesn't always come quickly. That's true at the Double L Mobile Ranch outside Fresno, where Giselle Alvarez lives in a one-room trailer with her mother and father.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities have recorded years of tests showing dangerous levels of uranium in the water provided to the Double L's low-income residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's owner, Carl Hunt, minimized the health risks to the families who live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not afraid of that water at all,\" Hunt told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An independent water test commissioned by the AP found water at Hunt's trailer park remained over the limits for uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials trying to set up delivery of safe water for the Double L's families have arranged with a local farm town, Kerman, to run its own water lines out to the trailer park — but Kerman is awaiting funding to deal with its own, uranium-contaminated well first. State officials expect it will take another three years to get safe water to the trailer park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, families in the rural trailer park mostly throw away the regular water notices, unable to comprehend their meaning. Suspicious in general of the park's tap water, families at the Double L who can afford it buy bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn't include Alvarez's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't really do anything about it,\" she says on the wooden steps of her mobile home. \"As you can see, we're not rich.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Manuel Valdes and Serdar Tumgoren contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a trailer park tucked among the irrigated orchards outside Fresno that help make California's San Joaquin Valley the richest farm region in the world, 16-year-old Giselle Alvarez, one of the few English speakers in this community of farmworkers, puzzles over the notices posted on front doors: There's a danger in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This has been a decades-long process that has occurred. It’s going to take many decades to reverse.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bryant Jurgens, U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tests for uranium, the notices warn, show a level considered unsafe by federal and state standards. The trailer park's owners are legally required to post the warnings. But the notices are awkwardly worded and in English, a language few of the park's dozens of Spanish-speaking families can read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says you can drink the water -- but if you drink the water over a period of time, you can get cancer,\" said Alvarez, whose working-class family has no choice but to keep drinking and cooking with the tainted tap water daily, as they have since Alvarez was just learning to walk. \"They really don't explain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium, the stuff of nuclear fuel for power plants and atom bombs, \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">increasingly is showing up in drinking water systems \u003c/a>in major farming regions of the U.S. West — a naturally occurring but unexpected byproduct of irrigation, of drought, and of the overpumping of natural underground water reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Associated Press investigation in Central California — along with the U.S. Central Plains, among the areas most affected — found authorities are doing little to inform the public at large of the growing risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At particular risk are the San Joaquin Valley families who rely on private wells; as many as one out of every four of them are unknowingly drinking dangerous amounts of uranium, researchers determined this year and last. Government authorities say long-term exposure to uranium can damage kidneys and raise cancer risks, and scientists say it can have other harmful effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this swath of farmland, roughly 250 miles long and encompassing major cities, including Fresno, Bakersfield, and Modesto, the pre-treated water of up to one in 10 public systems has uranium levels that exceed federal and state safety standards, the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More broadly, nearly 2 million people in California's Central Valley and in the U.S. Midwest live within a half-mile of groundwater containing uranium over the safety standards, University of Nebraska researchers said in a study published in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything from state agencies to tiny rural schools are scrambling to deal with hundreds of tainted public wells — more regulated than private wells under safe-drinking-water laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes water wells at Westport Elementary School, where 450 children from rural families study outside the Central California farm hub of Modesto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Westport's playground, schoolchildren take a break from tetherball to sip from fountains marked with Spanish and English placards: \"SAFE TO DRINK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school, which draws on its own wells for its drinking fountains, sinks and cafeteria, is one of about 10 water systems in the farm region that have installed uranium removal facilities in recent years. Prices range from $65,000 for the smallest system to millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Just off Westport's playground, a school maintenance chief jangles the keys to the school's treatment operation, locked in a shed the size of a garage. Inside, a system of tubes, dials and canisters resembling large scuba tanks removes up to a pound a year of uranium from the school's wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uranium gleaned from the school's well water and other Central California water systems is handled like the nuclear material it is — taken away by workers in masks, gloves and other protective garments, said Ron Dollar, a vice president at Water Remediation Technology, a Colorado-based firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is then processed into nuclear fuel for power plants, Dollar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before treatment, Westport's water tested up to four times state and federal limits. After treatment, it's safe for the children, teachers and staff to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central California farm schools opt to buy bottled water in place of drinking fountains, which are off limits because of uranium and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have a choice,\" said Terri Lancaster, principal of the 260 students at Waukena Elementary School in rural Tulare County. \"You do what you have to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until winning a state grant to pay for trucked-in drinking water, her school was spending $10,000 a year from its general fund on bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city of Modesto, with a half-million residents, recently spent more than $500,000 to start blending water from one contaminated well to dilute the uranium to safe levels. The city has retired a half-dozen other wells with excess levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials don't track spending on uranium-contaminated wells. But the state's Water Resources Control Board identified at least $16.7 million the state has spent since 2010 helping public water systems deal with high levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In coming years, more public water systems likely will be compelled to invest in such costly fixes, said Miranda Fram, a researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and colleagues at USGS have taken the lead over the past decade in identifying the problem in farm centers, including Central California, which produces a quarter of the country's agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists and water experts are still piecing together the ways in which levels of uranium exceeding federal and state health standards are seeping into more public water systems and household wells in major farm areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and her colleagues believe the amount of uranium increased in Central Valley drinking water supplies over the last 150 years with the spread of farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, as in the Rockies, mountain snowmelt washes uranium-laden sediment to the flatlands, where groundwater is used to irrigate crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irrigation allows year-round farming, and the irrigated plants naturally create a weak acid that is leeching more and more uranium from sediment, said Fram and Bryant Jurgens, another USGS researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ongoing Drought is a Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater pumping pulls the contaminated water down into the earth, where it is tapped by wells that supply drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now experiencing its driest four-year span on record, and farmers and other users are pumping groundwater at the highest rates ever, helping to pull yet more uranium into areas of aquifers tapped by water wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a decades-long process that has occurred,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if authorities were to intervene to somehow curb uranium contamination — and no such effort is under way — \"we expect that it's going to take many decades to reverse this,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is.' \u003ccite>Doug Brugge, professor of public health, Tufts University School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The USGS calculates that the average level of uranium in public-supply wells of the eastern San Joaquin Valley increased 17 percent from 1990 to the mid-2000s. The number of public-supply wells with unsafe levels of uranium, meantime, climbed from 7 percent to 10 percent over the same period there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem remains so unpublicized that even Fresno County farmer Mark Sorensen — who grows grapes and blueberries in one of the most impacted parts of the country, and deals with water issues routinely as a leader of the local farm bureau — admits to not knowing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be honest, I have never spoken to anybody about uranium,\" said Sorensen, a fifth-generation farmer. \"I've never even heard of it in drinking water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that uranium can damage kidneys and increase the risks of cancer when consumed over a year or more, which is why authorities have set maximum levels for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drinking water tainted by uranium is the chief concern — but uranium also sticks to potatoes, radishes and other root vegetables if they're not properly washed. (While studies have confirmed livestock and people can ingest high levels of uranium by eating contaminated vegetation, scientists have yet to fully research the dangers involved.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though people think mainly about uranium's radioactivity, the danger in water mainly comes from the toxic chemical effects of the metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old public health models for uranium date back to the U.S. uranium boom of the 1940s and 1950s, when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission set off a nuclear-age mining boom in the Central Valley and other points West as the country sought to build uranium stockpiles. Countless miners succumbed to cancer from breathing radioactive gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those models now need revising to deal with the larger population exposed through sources like drinking water, academics say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is,\" said Doug Brugge, professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. \"The larger the population that's drinking this water, the more people that are going to be affected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because \"there has not been an appreciation of the number of people exposed, it has received a lot less attention\" than it should, said researcher Johnnye Lewis at the University of New Mexico, which along with Brugge's team is studying the health impacts of uranium on communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research teams at Tufts and the University of New Mexico also link long-term exposure to signs of reproductive and genetic damage, among other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, changes in water standards since the late 2000s have mandated testing for uranium in public water systems, and the state frequently helps public water systems deal with wells testing at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I'm Sure A Lot of People Are Unaware'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For private well owners and small water systems, however, officials were unable to point to any public health campaigns in the most affected areas or any help with testing or dealing with wells that do test for high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS researchers recently sampled 170 domestic water wells in the San Joaquin Valley, and found 20 to 25 percent bore uranium at levels that broke federal and state limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal regulators say the U.S. Congress, outlining drinking water standards, has limited its enforcement authority to public water systems. \"Your home's your castle. If you've got a well at home, that's your business,\" said Bruce Macler, a San Francisco-based water program toxicologist for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium is on the radar of California water officials, but the officials are\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/03/13/nitrates-in-california-drinking-water-new-attention-from-state-water-board/?_ga=1.249130563.514739197.1438904388\" target=\"_blank\"> paying more attention to other farming-related contaminants\u003c/a>, including nitrates, as well as simply having enough water in the fourth year of the state's drought, said John Borkovich, head of water quality at the state Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When it comes to private domestic wells, we do what we can to get the word out,\" Borkovich said. \"It's safe to say that there's always more that can be done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press commissioned sampling of wells at five homes in the countryside outside Modesto, to look more closely at whether unregulated private wells that families depend on were as vulnerable as contaminated public water systems nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results: Water from two of the five wells contained dangerous levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the five families, however, had ever heard that uranium could be a problem in groundwater — let alone that it was a problem in their area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's something I'm sure a lot of people are unaware of,\" said Reyna Rico, whose rural home overlooking farm fields had a well that tested three times the federal and state health limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be nice to be informed, so we can make an informed decision, and those wells can be tested,\" said a resident nearby, Michelle Norleen, who was relieved to know that her own water — unlike those of two of her neighbors — tested below the limits in the AP sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even for bigger water systems for which government help is available, accessing safe water doesn't always come quickly. That's true at the Double L Mobile Ranch outside Fresno, where Giselle Alvarez lives in a one-room trailer with her mother and father.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities have recorded years of tests showing dangerous levels of uranium in the water provided to the Double L's low-income residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's owner, Carl Hunt, minimized the health risks to the families who live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not afraid of that water at all,\" Hunt told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An independent water test commissioned by the AP found water at Hunt's trailer park remained over the limits for uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials trying to set up delivery of safe water for the Double L's families have arranged with a local farm town, Kerman, to run its own water lines out to the trailer park — but Kerman is awaiting funding to deal with its own, uranium-contaminated well first. State officials expect it will take another three years to get safe water to the trailer park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, families in the rural trailer park mostly throw away the regular water notices, unable to comprehend their meaning. Suspicious in general of the park's tap water, families at the Double L who can afford it buy bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn't include Alvarez's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't really do anything about it,\" she says on the wooden steps of her mobile home. \"As you can see, we're not rich.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Manuel Valdes and Serdar Tumgoren contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Women who have an abnormal mammogram should stay vigilant for cancer for the next decade, even when follow-up tests fail to detect cancer, a study released Wednesday finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because there's a \"modest\" risk that cancer will develop during the next decade, says lead author \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/bric/people/faculty-pages/louise-henderson\" target=\"_blank\">Louise M. Henderson\u003c/a> of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The absolute increase in risk amounts to about one additional cancer in every 100 women who have a false positive mammogram over a 10-year period, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when put another way, the numbers may appear alarming. The study divided women into two groups — those who got additional imaging and those who also got biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women with an abnormal screening mammogram had a 39 percent higher risk of cancer if they got additional imaging that turned out to be negative, too. That's compared with women who were truly negative and never developed breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women who got biopsies that turned out negative, the chance of cancer was increased by 76 percent over the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't want women to read this and feel worried,\" Henderson says. Instead, the findings should be considered one more \"useful tool\" when weighing all the other factors that might be raising a particular woman's risk, such as age, race, breast density and family history of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson says the study wasn't designed to figure out why a falsely positive mammogram is associated with an increased cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's possible, she says, that the increased risk \"could be the fact that the radiologist sees an abnormal pattern that's not cancerous, but it's a radio-graphic marker,\" and it could be that this is a precursor to some subsequent cancer diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, done at several leading universities, looked back at more than 2.2 million screening mammograms considered to be false alarms between 1994 and 2009. It was \u003ca href=\"http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2015/11/09/1055-9965.EPI-15-0623.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">published Wednesday\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. \u003c/em>The mammograms were done in 1.3 million women, ages 40 to 74.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier studies have had conflicting results. But the size of this study makes researchers more confident that whatever is going on is a true phenomenon and not chance, says \u003ca href=\"http://pressroom.cancer.org/index.php?s=20&item=167\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Richard Wender\u003c/a>, chief cancer control officer of the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you've had a false positive, that is a risk factor,\" he says, \"so it's very important that a woman stay up to date with regular mammography.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it is now, Wender says, at least one-third of women who should be getting routinely screened for breast cancer are falling behind schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer society \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/20/449920789/cancer-group-now-says-most-mammograms-can-wait-till-45\" target=\"_blank\">created controversy\u003c/a> in October, when it changed its guidelines to recommend that regular screening start at age 45. Other groups recommend starting earlier, at age 40, and some say it's OK to wait until age 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that the chance of getting an abnormal screening mammogram that is falsely positive is about 50 percent over the course of 10 years. That often leads to further testing, including more mammograms, possible ultrasound exams, MRIs and even biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=False+Alarm+Mammograms+May+Still+Signal+Higher+Breast+Cancer+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Women who have an abnormal mammogram should stay vigilant for cancer for the next decade, even when follow-up tests fail to detect cancer, a study released Wednesday finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because there's a \"modest\" risk that cancer will develop during the next decade, says lead author \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/bric/people/faculty-pages/louise-henderson\" target=\"_blank\">Louise M. Henderson\u003c/a> of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The absolute increase in risk amounts to about one additional cancer in every 100 women who have a false positive mammogram over a 10-year period, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when put another way, the numbers may appear alarming. The study divided women into two groups — those who got additional imaging and those who also got biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women with an abnormal screening mammogram had a 39 percent higher risk of cancer if they got additional imaging that turned out to be negative, too. That's compared with women who were truly negative and never developed breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women who got biopsies that turned out negative, the chance of cancer was increased by 76 percent over the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't want women to read this and feel worried,\" Henderson says. Instead, the findings should be considered one more \"useful tool\" when weighing all the other factors that might be raising a particular woman's risk, such as age, race, breast density and family history of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson says the study wasn't designed to figure out why a falsely positive mammogram is associated with an increased cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's possible, she says, that the increased risk \"could be the fact that the radiologist sees an abnormal pattern that's not cancerous, but it's a radio-graphic marker,\" and it could be that this is a precursor to some subsequent cancer diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, done at several leading universities, looked back at more than 2.2 million screening mammograms considered to be false alarms between 1994 and 2009. It was \u003ca href=\"http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2015/11/09/1055-9965.EPI-15-0623.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">published Wednesday\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. \u003c/em>The mammograms were done in 1.3 million women, ages 40 to 74.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier studies have had conflicting results. But the size of this study makes researchers more confident that whatever is going on is a true phenomenon and not chance, says \u003ca href=\"http://pressroom.cancer.org/index.php?s=20&item=167\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Richard Wender\u003c/a>, chief cancer control officer of the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you've had a false positive, that is a risk factor,\" he says, \"so it's very important that a woman stay up to date with regular mammography.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it is now, Wender says, at least one-third of women who should be getting routinely screened for breast cancer are falling behind schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer society \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/20/449920789/cancer-group-now-says-most-mammograms-can-wait-till-45\" target=\"_blank\">created controversy\u003c/a> in October, when it changed its guidelines to recommend that regular screening start at age 45. Other groups recommend starting earlier, at age 40, and some say it's OK to wait until age 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that the chance of getting an abnormal screening mammogram that is falsely positive is about 50 percent over the course of 10 years. That often leads to further testing, including more mammograms, possible ultrasound exams, MRIs and even biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=False+Alarm+Mammograms+May+Still+Signal+Higher+Breast+Cancer+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's the time of year when the flu starts circulating more widely and with it -- the myths about the flu shot start circulating, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just over 2 minutes, \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/12/flu_from_a_flu_shot_why_it_s_impossible_to_get_sick_from_the_vaccination.html\" target=\"_blank\">The Slate\u003c/a> does a highly entertaining job of debunking one of the most tenacious myths of all -- that you can get the flu from the flu shot. You can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"9y0bGYul6YOWIysqD0LulPn3VJ178Iqg\"]The Centers for Disease Control recommends that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/consumer/vaccinations.htm\" target=\"_blank\">everyone over 6 months \u003c/a>get the flu shot. While effectiveness varies from year to year, this year's version is expected to be a good match against the specific strains of influenza that are circulating this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is impossible to predict if this year's flu season will be particularly bad or not, but the California Department of Public Health reports that two people have already died of complications from the flu, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR15-083.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">an adult in Santa Clara County \u003c/a>and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR15-085.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Stanislaus County infant. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's the time of year when the flu starts circulating more widely and with it -- the myths about the flu shot start circulating, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just over 2 minutes, \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/12/flu_from_a_flu_shot_why_it_s_impossible_to_get_sick_from_the_vaccination.html\" target=\"_blank\">The Slate\u003c/a> does a highly entertaining job of debunking one of the most tenacious myths of all -- that you can get the flu from the flu shot. You can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control recommends that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/consumer/vaccinations.htm\" target=\"_blank\">everyone over 6 months \u003c/a>get the flu shot. While effectiveness varies from year to year, this year's version is expected to be a good match against the specific strains of influenza that are circulating this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is impossible to predict if this year's flu season will be particularly bad or not, but the California Department of Public Health reports that two people have already died of complications from the flu, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR15-083.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">an adult in Santa Clara County \u003c/a>and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR15-085.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Stanislaus County infant. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you've made it past the headline, you deserve to know more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's right, a 26-year-old Napa man went to the Queen of the Valley Medical Center ER with an awful headache and nausea, went into a coma and when he woke up was told there was a\u003cem> tapeworm larva \u003c/em>living in his brain. (I tend not to use italics, but it seemed like emphasis was needed in this case.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press picks up the story:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>College student Luis Ortiz, 26, of Napa said doctors told him he needed immediate surgery to remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was shocked,\" Ortiz said. \"I just couldn't believe something like that would happen to me. I didn't know there was a parasite in my head trying to ruin my life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surgery and the aftermath have greatly impacted his life, Ortiz said. He had to drop out of school, move back home and find a temporary place for his dog. He can't drive or work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My memory is like a work in progress,\" he said. \"It gets better from therapy,\" but he has to remind himself to do his memory exercises and other daily tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortiz's neurosurgeon, Dr. Soren Singel, said Ortiz was lucky he arrived at the hospital when he did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worm was forming in a cyst that was blocking the flow of water to chambers in his brain, \"like a cork in a bottle,\" Singel told the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1RQzfHc\" target=\"_blank\">Napa Valley Register\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 30 minutes of that blockage, and \"he would have been dead,\" Singel said. \"It was a close call.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortiz said his headaches began in late August and he didn't think much of it at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just ignored it,\" said Ortiz, who was attending California State University, Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first days of September, Ortiz had been skateboarding on a warm day when the pain increased. When he arrived at his mother's house, he appeared disoriented and began to vomit. She rushed him to the hospital.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By now I'm sure you're wondering how a tapeworm larva got to Ortiz's brain in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how he did not get it: \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/\" target=\"_blank\">He did not get it from eating undercooked pork\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eating undercooked pork can only give you an intestinal tapeworm, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control \u003c/a>says, and then only if it is also infected with tapeworm larva. The larva mature in the intestine and give you a tapeworm. The tapeworm spews eggs but they do not travel through the body. They end up in the toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Ray Kuhn at Wake Forest University is an expert on parasites. \"The only way you can get the [tapeworm] larva is for the person to actually eat the eggs of the tapeworm, and that is only found in human fecal material.\" That's how pigs get infected as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we get it? \"It's possible that people preparing foods will have the tapeworm and don't use good bathroom sanitation and go back to preparing food,\" Kuhn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet another reason why good hand-washing is so important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated with more information about how the larvae are spread.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you've made it past the headline, you deserve to know more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's right, a 26-year-old Napa man went to the Queen of the Valley Medical Center ER with an awful headache and nausea, went into a coma and when he woke up was told there was a\u003cem> tapeworm larva \u003c/em>living in his brain. (I tend not to use italics, but it seemed like emphasis was needed in this case.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press picks up the story:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>College student Luis Ortiz, 26, of Napa said doctors told him he needed immediate surgery to remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was shocked,\" Ortiz said. \"I just couldn't believe something like that would happen to me. I didn't know there was a parasite in my head trying to ruin my life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surgery and the aftermath have greatly impacted his life, Ortiz said. He had to drop out of school, move back home and find a temporary place for his dog. He can't drive or work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My memory is like a work in progress,\" he said. \"It gets better from therapy,\" but he has to remind himself to do his memory exercises and other daily tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortiz's neurosurgeon, Dr. Soren Singel, said Ortiz was lucky he arrived at the hospital when he did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worm was forming in a cyst that was blocking the flow of water to chambers in his brain, \"like a cork in a bottle,\" Singel told the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/1RQzfHc\" target=\"_blank\">Napa Valley Register\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 30 minutes of that blockage, and \"he would have been dead,\" Singel said. \"It was a close call.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortiz said his headaches began in late August and he didn't think much of it at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just ignored it,\" said Ortiz, who was attending California State University, Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first days of September, Ortiz had been skateboarding on a warm day when the pain increased. When he arrived at his mother's house, he appeared disoriented and began to vomit. She rushed him to the hospital.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By now I'm sure you're wondering how a tapeworm larva got to Ortiz's brain in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how he did not get it: \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/\" target=\"_blank\">He did not get it from eating undercooked pork\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eating undercooked pork can only give you an intestinal tapeworm, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control \u003c/a>says, and then only if it is also infected with tapeworm larva. The larva mature in the intestine and give you a tapeworm. The tapeworm spews eggs but they do not travel through the body. They end up in the toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Ray Kuhn at Wake Forest University is an expert on parasites. \"The only way you can get the [tapeworm] larva is for the person to actually eat the eggs of the tapeworm, and that is only found in human fecal material.\" That's how pigs get infected as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we get it? \"It's possible that people preparing foods will have the tapeworm and don't use good bathroom sanitation and go back to preparing food,\" Kuhn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet another reason why good hand-washing is so important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated with more information about how the larvae are spread.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bad Day For Bacon: Processed Meats Cause Cancer, WHO Says",
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"content": "\u003cp>The World Health Organization has deemed that processed meats — such as bacon, sausages and hot dogs — cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the WHO says red meats including beef, pork, veal and lamb are \"probably carcinogenic\" to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">World Health Organization conclusion puts processed meats in same category as tobacco smoking and asbestos ...\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A group of 22 scientists reviewed the evidence linking red meat and processed meat consumption to cancer, and concluded that eating processed meats regularly increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Their evidence review is explained in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2900444-1/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">article\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>The Lancet.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conclusion puts processed meats in the same \u003ca href=\"http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsAlphaOrder.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">category of cancer risk\u003c/a> as tobacco smoking and asbestos. This does not mean that they are equally dangerous, says the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iarc.fr/\" target=\"_blank\">International Agency for Research on Cancer\u003c/a> — the agency within the WHO that sets the classifications. And it's important to note that even things such as aloe vera are on the list of possible carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a Q & A released by the IARC, the agency says that \"eating meat has known health benefits,\" but it also points out that the cancer risk increases with the amount of meat consumed. As we've \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/03/12/148457233/death-by-bacon-study-finds-eating-meat-is-risky\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a>, studies show that the heaviest meat eaters tend to have the highest risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IARC says high-temperature cooking methods (such as cooking meat in direct contact with a flame) produce more carcinogenic compounds. However, the group says there were not enough data \"to reach a conclusion about whether the way meat is cooked affects the risk of cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/research/acsresearchers/susan-gapstur-phd-mph\">Susan Gapstur\u003c/a> of the American Cancer Society says the society recommends \"consuming a healthy diet with an emphasis on plant foods and limiting consumption of processed meat and red meat,\" she told us in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">... WHO also says red meats including beef, pork, veal and lamb are “probably carcinogenic” to people.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The recommendation, Gapstur tells The Salt, is based on research. For instance, a systematic literature review on colorectal cancer published in 2011 by the World Cancer Research Fund found a statistically significant, 16 percent increased risk of colorectal cancer associated with each 3.5 ounces of red and processed meat consumed per day. As the ACS points out, this is an amount of meat roughly equivalent in size to a deck of cards. And according to the experts convened by IARC to make its new evaluation, eating just half that amount of processed meats daily – about 1.8 ounces per day — will increase the risk of colorectal cancer — by about 18 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> paper points out that red meat also contains \"high biological-value proteins and important micronutrients such as B vitamins, iron and zinc.\" And the North American Meat Institute says lots of research points to the benefits of red meat consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Scientific evidence shows cancer is a complex disease not caused by single foods and that a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle choices are essential to good health,\" writes Barry Carpenter, president of the North American Meat Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.meatinstitute.org/index.php?ht=display/ReleaseDetails/i/116609\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> on the new WHO classification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carpenter says it's important to put this new classification in context. \"IARC's panel was given the basic task of looking at hazards that meat could pose at some level, under circumstance, but was not asked to consider any off-setting benefits, like the nutrition that meat delivers or the implications of drastically reducing or removing meat from the diet altogether,\" the statement concludes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Bad+Day+For+Bacon%3A+Processed+Meats+Cause+Cancer%2C+WHO+Says+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The World Health Organization has deemed that processed meats — such as bacon, sausages and hot dogs — cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the WHO says red meats including beef, pork, veal and lamb are \"probably carcinogenic\" to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">World Health Organization conclusion puts processed meats in same category as tobacco smoking and asbestos ...\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A group of 22 scientists reviewed the evidence linking red meat and processed meat consumption to cancer, and concluded that eating processed meats regularly increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Their evidence review is explained in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2900444-1/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">article\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>The Lancet.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conclusion puts processed meats in the same \u003ca href=\"http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsAlphaOrder.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">category of cancer risk\u003c/a> as tobacco smoking and asbestos. This does not mean that they are equally dangerous, says the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iarc.fr/\" target=\"_blank\">International Agency for Research on Cancer\u003c/a> — the agency within the WHO that sets the classifications. And it's important to note that even things such as aloe vera are on the list of possible carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a Q & A released by the IARC, the agency says that \"eating meat has known health benefits,\" but it also points out that the cancer risk increases with the amount of meat consumed. As we've \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/03/12/148457233/death-by-bacon-study-finds-eating-meat-is-risky\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a>, studies show that the heaviest meat eaters tend to have the highest risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IARC says high-temperature cooking methods (such as cooking meat in direct contact with a flame) produce more carcinogenic compounds. However, the group says there were not enough data \"to reach a conclusion about whether the way meat is cooked affects the risk of cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/research/acsresearchers/susan-gapstur-phd-mph\">Susan Gapstur\u003c/a> of the American Cancer Society says the society recommends \"consuming a healthy diet with an emphasis on plant foods and limiting consumption of processed meat and red meat,\" she told us in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">... WHO also says red meats including beef, pork, veal and lamb are “probably carcinogenic” to people.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The recommendation, Gapstur tells The Salt, is based on research. For instance, a systematic literature review on colorectal cancer published in 2011 by the World Cancer Research Fund found a statistically significant, 16 percent increased risk of colorectal cancer associated with each 3.5 ounces of red and processed meat consumed per day. As the ACS points out, this is an amount of meat roughly equivalent in size to a deck of cards. And according to the experts convened by IARC to make its new evaluation, eating just half that amount of processed meats daily – about 1.8 ounces per day — will increase the risk of colorectal cancer — by about 18 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> paper points out that red meat also contains \"high biological-value proteins and important micronutrients such as B vitamins, iron and zinc.\" And the North American Meat Institute says lots of research points to the benefits of red meat consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Scientific evidence shows cancer is a complex disease not caused by single foods and that a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle choices are essential to good health,\" writes Barry Carpenter, president of the North American Meat Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.meatinstitute.org/index.php?ht=display/ReleaseDetails/i/116609\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> on the new WHO classification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carpenter says it's important to put this new classification in context. \"IARC's panel was given the basic task of looking at hazards that meat could pose at some level, under circumstance, but was not asked to consider any off-setting benefits, like the nutrition that meat delivers or the implications of drastically reducing or removing meat from the diet altogether,\" the statement concludes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Bad+Day+For+Bacon%3A+Processed+Meats+Cause+Cancer%2C+WHO+Says+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "You Heard It Right: American Cancer Society Now Recommends Fewer Mammograms",
"title": "You Heard It Right: American Cancer Society Now Recommends Fewer Mammograms",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>In 2009, an influential panel \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/breast-cancer-screening?ds=1&s=breast%20cancer\" target=\"_blank\">updated its guidelines\u003c/a> about mammograms -- when women should start getting them and how frequently -- and ignited a firestorm. More on their recommendations below, but in short, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force said that average-risk women in their 40s could skip screening and start every-other-year mammograms at age 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the august American Cancer Society stayed its course and kept recommending that women get annual mammograms starting at age 40.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until today. Now, in updated guidelines, the American Cancer Society says that women can wait to commence mammograms until age 45 and have them every year until age 54. Starting at 55, women should have them every other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendation is for women at average risk, not for women with a family history or other factors that would put them at higher risk. The new \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2463262\" target=\"_blank\">guidelines were published \u003c/a>in the journal JAMA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are \"big changes\" for the American Cancer Society, writes Liz Szabo at \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/10/20/american-cancer-society-say-women-should-start-mammograms-45/74232470/?csp=breakingnews\" target=\"_blank\">USA Today\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>As recently as 1992, the American Cancer Society recommended women get a \"baseline\" mammogram at age 35 to 39, so that doctors would have an image to which to compare their later screening results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new guidelines reflect the growing recognition that mammograms can do harm, as well as good, said Richard Wender, chief cancer control officer at the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest evolution has been not in the American Cancer Society, but in the science of cancer screening and the evolution of health care in general,\" Wender said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In another significant change, the cancer society also said doctors should no longer perform routine clinical breast exams. There's no evidence that these exams save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cancer society's guidelines move closer to that of the task force that ignited a debate, the two organizations recommendations still differ:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>American Cancer Society -- ages 45-54 annual mammograms; age 55 and for as long as a woman is healthy -- and has a life expectancy of at least 10 years -- every other year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>U.S. Preventive Services Task Force -- mammograms every other year starting at age 50, until age 74. More research is needed, the group says, on potential benefits in women 75 and older\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>As the cancer society has moved toward less frequent screening, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/20/449920789/cancer-group-now-says-most-mammograms-can-wait-till-45\" target=\"_blank\">Rob Stein at NPR reports\u003c/a> that some experts hope that it will reduce confusion in women:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"There really is not a single answer to the question: Should I have a mammogram?\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/faculty/core/nancy-keating-md-mph\" target=\"_blank\">Nancy Keating\u003c/a>, a professor of health care policy at Harvard Medical School and a physician at the Brigham & Women's Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really involves looking at each patient individually,\" she says, \"thinking about their risk of developing breast cancer and thinking about the harms.\" She co-authored an \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2015.13086\" target=\"_blank\">editorial\u003c/a> published with the new guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn't look like the new guidelines will end the debate. The American College of Radiology and the Society of Breast Imaging, for example, still recommend annual mammography beginning at age 40. Later, less frequent screening could be risky, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am personally concerned as a woman and as a person heavily involved in breast cancer screening [that] there will be lives that we could save that will be lost,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sw.org/Dr-Debra-L-Monticciolo\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Debra Monticciolo\u003c/a>, a professor of radiology at Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine. She chairs the radiology college's commission on breast imaging.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"rZvfCYBX7jHggiQhhG0bWHsaVear3MwO\"]While most women grasp the benefit of cancer screening, the harms of mammograms are likely less well-known to the average patient. Denise Grady at the New York Times outlined the risk of \"false positives,\" a finding on a mammogram which is suspicious, but only through additional testing, often including biopsies, can the finding be determined not to be cancer. From\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/21/health/breast-cancer-screening-guidelines.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\"> the Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A 2011 study cited in the article explaining the new [cancer society] guidelines found that 61 percent of women who had yearly mammograms starting at age 40 had at least one false positive by the time they were 50. Being tested every other year instead of every year can cut the false positive rate significantly, ... to about 42 percent from 61 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Some women consider false positives a small price to pay for the chance of identifying a cancer early. Others find being called back for more tests too nerve-racking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Another potential risk of mammography is overdiagnosis, meaning that some of the tiny cancers it finds might never progress or threaten the patient’s life. But because there is now no way to be sure which will turn dangerous, they are treated anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The treatment can include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/2015/10/20/american-cancer-society-screening-guidelines-for-breast-cancer-baby-step-toward-evidence-based-recommendations/\" target=\"_blank\">In a statement,\u003c/a> the San Francisco-based Breast Cancer Action, which has long advocated for changes in screening guidelines, said it welcomed the \"long overdue step\" by the cancer society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After years of relentlessly promoting annual mammography for women age 40 and older and overstating the benefits of early detection, the ACS is finally starting to follow the evidence on the limitations of routine breast cancer screening for women at average risk,” said Karuna Jaggar, executive director of Breast Cancer Action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is tens of thousands of women each year would have been spared the harms of overtreatment if the ACS and other large cancer organizations had followed the evidence sooner,\" Jaggar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer society says women ages 40-44 who wish to have mammograms should be informed of the test's risks and benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force is in the process of \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementDraft/breast-cancer-screening1\" target=\"_blank\">updating its guidelines\u003c/a>, especially for women in their 40s, and now says: \"The decision to start screening mammography in women prior to age 50 years should be an individual one.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2009, an influential panel \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/breast-cancer-screening?ds=1&s=breast%20cancer\" target=\"_blank\">updated its guidelines\u003c/a> about mammograms -- when women should start getting them and how frequently -- and ignited a firestorm. More on their recommendations below, but in short, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force said that average-risk women in their 40s could skip screening and start every-other-year mammograms at age 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the august American Cancer Society stayed its course and kept recommending that women get annual mammograms starting at age 40.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until today. Now, in updated guidelines, the American Cancer Society says that women can wait to commence mammograms until age 45 and have them every year until age 54. Starting at 55, women should have them every other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendation is for women at average risk, not for women with a family history or other factors that would put them at higher risk. The new \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2463262\" target=\"_blank\">guidelines were published \u003c/a>in the journal JAMA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are \"big changes\" for the American Cancer Society, writes Liz Szabo at \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/10/20/american-cancer-society-say-women-should-start-mammograms-45/74232470/?csp=breakingnews\" target=\"_blank\">USA Today\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>As recently as 1992, the American Cancer Society recommended women get a \"baseline\" mammogram at age 35 to 39, so that doctors would have an image to which to compare their later screening results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new guidelines reflect the growing recognition that mammograms can do harm, as well as good, said Richard Wender, chief cancer control officer at the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest evolution has been not in the American Cancer Society, but in the science of cancer screening and the evolution of health care in general,\" Wender said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In another significant change, the cancer society also said doctors should no longer perform routine clinical breast exams. There's no evidence that these exams save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cancer society's guidelines move closer to that of the task force that ignited a debate, the two organizations recommendations still differ:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>American Cancer Society -- ages 45-54 annual mammograms; age 55 and for as long as a woman is healthy -- and has a life expectancy of at least 10 years -- every other year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>U.S. Preventive Services Task Force -- mammograms every other year starting at age 50, until age 74. More research is needed, the group says, on potential benefits in women 75 and older\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>As the cancer society has moved toward less frequent screening, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/20/449920789/cancer-group-now-says-most-mammograms-can-wait-till-45\" target=\"_blank\">Rob Stein at NPR reports\u003c/a> that some experts hope that it will reduce confusion in women:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"There really is not a single answer to the question: Should I have a mammogram?\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/faculty/core/nancy-keating-md-mph\" target=\"_blank\">Nancy Keating\u003c/a>, a professor of health care policy at Harvard Medical School and a physician at the Brigham & Women's Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really involves looking at each patient individually,\" she says, \"thinking about their risk of developing breast cancer and thinking about the harms.\" She co-authored an \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2015.13086\" target=\"_blank\">editorial\u003c/a> published with the new guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn't look like the new guidelines will end the debate. The American College of Radiology and the Society of Breast Imaging, for example, still recommend annual mammography beginning at age 40. Later, less frequent screening could be risky, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am personally concerned as a woman and as a person heavily involved in breast cancer screening [that] there will be lives that we could save that will be lost,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sw.org/Dr-Debra-L-Monticciolo\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Debra Monticciolo\u003c/a>, a professor of radiology at Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine. She chairs the radiology college's commission on breast imaging.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>While most women grasp the benefit of cancer screening, the harms of mammograms are likely less well-known to the average patient. Denise Grady at the New York Times outlined the risk of \"false positives,\" a finding on a mammogram which is suspicious, but only through additional testing, often including biopsies, can the finding be determined not to be cancer. From\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/21/health/breast-cancer-screening-guidelines.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\"> the Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A 2011 study cited in the article explaining the new [cancer society] guidelines found that 61 percent of women who had yearly mammograms starting at age 40 had at least one false positive by the time they were 50. Being tested every other year instead of every year can cut the false positive rate significantly, ... to about 42 percent from 61 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Some women consider false positives a small price to pay for the chance of identifying a cancer early. Others find being called back for more tests too nerve-racking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Another potential risk of mammography is overdiagnosis, meaning that some of the tiny cancers it finds might never progress or threaten the patient’s life. But because there is now no way to be sure which will turn dangerous, they are treated anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The treatment can include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/2015/10/20/american-cancer-society-screening-guidelines-for-breast-cancer-baby-step-toward-evidence-based-recommendations/\" target=\"_blank\">In a statement,\u003c/a> the San Francisco-based Breast Cancer Action, which has long advocated for changes in screening guidelines, said it welcomed the \"long overdue step\" by the cancer society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After years of relentlessly promoting annual mammography for women age 40 and older and overstating the benefits of early detection, the ACS is finally starting to follow the evidence on the limitations of routine breast cancer screening for women at average risk,” said Karuna Jaggar, executive director of Breast Cancer Action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is tens of thousands of women each year would have been spared the harms of overtreatment if the ACS and other large cancer organizations had followed the evidence sooner,\" Jaggar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer society says women ages 40-44 who wish to have mammograms should be informed of the test's risks and benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force is in the process of \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementDraft/breast-cancer-screening1\" target=\"_blank\">updating its guidelines\u003c/a>, especially for women in their 40s, and now says: \"The decision to start screening mammography in women prior to age 50 years should be an individual one.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Think Before You Paint: Flame Retardants Found in Nail Polish",
"title": "Think Before You Paint: Flame Retardants Found in Nail Polish",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Fans of perfectly primped nails were forced to rethink a favorite beauty ritual earlier this year, when \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nyc-manicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times revealed\u003c/a> that the women pampering their feet and hands were likely subjected to abuse, discrimination and wage theft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $8.5 billion nail salon industry grew nearly 25 percent between 2004 and 2014, as more women embraced the affordable treat. But salons kept manicure prices low, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/05/07/something-rotten-in-the-state-of-nail-salons/?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">the Times reported\u003c/a>, by exploiting their workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making matters worse, manicurists face serious health risks from handling toxic chemicals all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412015300714\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a> suggests that manicurists aren’t the only ones at risk from using nail products. Women applying polish at home may also face risks from nail polish. Many brands of nail polish, it turns out, contain a chemical commonly used to make foam resist fire and plastics more durable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical – called triphenyl phosphate, or TPHP – appears to be seeping out of the polish into women’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emerging evidence of harm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidence of TPHP’s health effects is limited because federal regulations rarely require safety data for chemicals used in consumer products, leaving scientists scrambling to keep up with emerging chemicals of concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research in lab and animal experiments suggests the chemical can disrupt hormone activity, promote obesity and cause heart damage. Human data is limited, though \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194068\" target=\"_blank\">a 2010 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/a> found an association between TPHP in men and lower sperm counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heather Stapleton is an associate professor of environmental sciences and policy at Duke University and led the current study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of attention on nail salons and what the workers are exposed to,” she said in an interview. “But we should also be thinking about all the people attending these nail salons and what they are being exposed to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In previous work, Stapleton, an expert on human exposure to flame retardants, had found TPHP’s breakdown product, DPHP, in the urine of over 90 percent of people tested. She had assumed the exposures came from treated foam and electronics, among the chemical’s primary uses. But surprisingly, the levels in women were twice as high as those in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gender disparity in exposures \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton was puzzled. How could women have higher levels if the exposures were coming from couches or computers? A similar pattern had been seen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241863/pdf/ehp0112-000331.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control survey\u003c/a> of Americans’ exposure to phthalates, a chemical added to hairspray and perfume, which could explain the gender disparity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton doubted that manufacturers would use a flame retardant in personal care products. But a quick Internet search revealed that TPHP – commonly used to replace the brominated and chlorinated flame retardants that were phased out due to safety concerns -- was indeed being used in nail polish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Stapleton went to the store, bought some nail polish and analyzed it in her lab. “Sure enough,” she says, “it was in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this new study, published in Environment International, Stapleton partnered with scientists at the Environmental Working Group, which maintains a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/\" target=\"_blank\">database of ingredients\u003c/a> in cosmetics. About half of over 3,000 nail products on the market the past three years list TPHP as an ingredient, according to the EWG database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TPHP is likely used as a plasticizer in polish, to prevent chipping and cracking so paint and nails bend together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out if the nail polish could explain the women’s higher TPHP exposures, Stapleton first bought 10 more bottles of polish and, using a magnifying glass to check the ingredients hidden in the tiny type, looked for TPHP. When her team analyzed the bottles, they found TPHP in eight of the samples, including two that didn’t list it. Clear nail polish had higher concentrations than colored varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team recruited 16 women, gave them a urine collection kit and a bottle of clear nail polish and asked them to collect urine before and after they painted their nails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The TPHP metabolite was in most of the urine samples before women started painting their nails. But 10 to 14 hours afterward, the levels in many of the samples were nearly seven times as high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Routes of exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton thought women were inhaling the chemical. To make sure, she recruited a second group of 10 women and modified the experiment. The volunteers still collected urine before and after applying nail polish, but this time they also applied polish to fake nails attached to gloves, to prevent skin contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton expected that when women painted the fake nails, TPHP levels would be about the same as when they painted their own nails. But they weren’t. They dropped substantially, looking more like the baseline levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was actually very shocked to see the levels drop so much,” Stapleton said. Nails are generally impervious to most substances. But clearly, the chemicals were entering the women’s bodies through the skin, probably through the cuticles, a possibility Stapleton says she still needs to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/nailed/nail-polish-chemical-doubles-furniture-fire-retardant\" target=\"_blank\">report accompanying the study\u003c/a>, EWG recommends consumers check the label for TPHP and search their Skin Deep database to find brands that don’t use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Beth Lange, chief scientist for the Personal Care Products Council, said the council stands behind its products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\"Clearly, there is no substance behind these alarming claims,\" she said. \"The makers of nail polish ... take pride in providing Americans with access to a wide variety of safe high quality and innovative products they trust and enjoy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The council did not respond to questions about how long manufacturers have been using TPHP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 26 Duke University students and employees that participated in the study may not reflect the broader U.S. population, the researchers allow. But it’s not just a simple observational study, says Asa Bradman, an exposure assessment expert at the UC Berkeley, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tested different exposure scenarios and over 400 urine samples,” Bradman says. “It may not be representative of the general population, but it shows that nail polish is a source of exposure and that more general studies are needed to test population exposures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco recognized that nail products carry health risks five years ago, when it passed the first legislation in the country to encourage safer practices among the city’s 250 nail salons by promoting shops that avoid the “toxic trio” -- dibutyl phthalate, toluene and formaldehyde.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton suspects that manufacturers are using TPHP as a replacement for dibutyl phthalate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the flame retardants, we went from brominated to chlorinated and then TPHP,\" says Green Science Policy Institute Director Arlene Blum, who helped revise the California furniture standard so flame retardants were no longer needed in foam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now most new furniture has no flame retardants,” Blum says. “It’s really ironic that we got the TPHP out of furniture only to find it in nail polish.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fans of perfectly primped nails were forced to rethink a favorite beauty ritual earlier this year, when \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nyc-manicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times revealed\u003c/a> that the women pampering their feet and hands were likely subjected to abuse, discrimination and wage theft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $8.5 billion nail salon industry grew nearly 25 percent between 2004 and 2014, as more women embraced the affordable treat. But salons kept manicure prices low, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/05/07/something-rotten-in-the-state-of-nail-salons/?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">the Times reported\u003c/a>, by exploiting their workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making matters worse, manicurists face serious health risks from handling toxic chemicals all day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412015300714\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a> suggests that manicurists aren’t the only ones at risk from using nail products. Women applying polish at home may also face risks from nail polish. Many brands of nail polish, it turns out, contain a chemical commonly used to make foam resist fire and plastics more durable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical – called triphenyl phosphate, or TPHP – appears to be seeping out of the polish into women’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emerging evidence of harm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evidence of TPHP’s health effects is limited because federal regulations rarely require safety data for chemicals used in consumer products, leaving scientists scrambling to keep up with emerging chemicals of concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research in lab and animal experiments suggests the chemical can disrupt hormone activity, promote obesity and cause heart damage. Human data is limited, though \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194068\" target=\"_blank\">a 2010 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/a> found an association between TPHP in men and lower sperm counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heather Stapleton is an associate professor of environmental sciences and policy at Duke University and led the current study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of attention on nail salons and what the workers are exposed to,” she said in an interview. “But we should also be thinking about all the people attending these nail salons and what they are being exposed to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In previous work, Stapleton, an expert on human exposure to flame retardants, had found TPHP’s breakdown product, DPHP, in the urine of over 90 percent of people tested. She had assumed the exposures came from treated foam and electronics, among the chemical’s primary uses. But surprisingly, the levels in women were twice as high as those in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gender disparity in exposures \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton was puzzled. How could women have higher levels if the exposures were coming from couches or computers? A similar pattern had been seen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241863/pdf/ehp0112-000331.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control survey\u003c/a> of Americans’ exposure to phthalates, a chemical added to hairspray and perfume, which could explain the gender disparity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton doubted that manufacturers would use a flame retardant in personal care products. But a quick Internet search revealed that TPHP – commonly used to replace the brominated and chlorinated flame retardants that were phased out due to safety concerns -- was indeed being used in nail polish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Stapleton went to the store, bought some nail polish and analyzed it in her lab. “Sure enough,” she says, “it was in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this new study, published in Environment International, Stapleton partnered with scientists at the Environmental Working Group, which maintains a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/\" target=\"_blank\">database of ingredients\u003c/a> in cosmetics. About half of over 3,000 nail products on the market the past three years list TPHP as an ingredient, according to the EWG database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TPHP is likely used as a plasticizer in polish, to prevent chipping and cracking so paint and nails bend together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out if the nail polish could explain the women’s higher TPHP exposures, Stapleton first bought 10 more bottles of polish and, using a magnifying glass to check the ingredients hidden in the tiny type, looked for TPHP. When her team analyzed the bottles, they found TPHP in eight of the samples, including two that didn’t list it. Clear nail polish had higher concentrations than colored varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team recruited 16 women, gave them a urine collection kit and a bottle of clear nail polish and asked them to collect urine before and after they painted their nails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The TPHP metabolite was in most of the urine samples before women started painting their nails. But 10 to 14 hours afterward, the levels in many of the samples were nearly seven times as high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Routes of exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton thought women were inhaling the chemical. To make sure, she recruited a second group of 10 women and modified the experiment. The volunteers still collected urine before and after applying nail polish, but this time they also applied polish to fake nails attached to gloves, to prevent skin contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton expected that when women painted the fake nails, TPHP levels would be about the same as when they painted their own nails. But they weren’t. They dropped substantially, looking more like the baseline levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was actually very shocked to see the levels drop so much,” Stapleton said. Nails are generally impervious to most substances. But clearly, the chemicals were entering the women’s bodies through the skin, probably through the cuticles, a possibility Stapleton says she still needs to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/nailed/nail-polish-chemical-doubles-furniture-fire-retardant\" target=\"_blank\">report accompanying the study\u003c/a>, EWG recommends consumers check the label for TPHP and search their Skin Deep database to find brands that don’t use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Beth Lange, chief scientist for the Personal Care Products Council, said the council stands behind its products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\"Clearly, there is no substance behind these alarming claims,\" she said. \"The makers of nail polish ... take pride in providing Americans with access to a wide variety of safe high quality and innovative products they trust and enjoy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The council did not respond to questions about how long manufacturers have been using TPHP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 26 Duke University students and employees that participated in the study may not reflect the broader U.S. population, the researchers allow. But it’s not just a simple observational study, says Asa Bradman, an exposure assessment expert at the UC Berkeley, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tested different exposure scenarios and over 400 urine samples,” Bradman says. “It may not be representative of the general population, but it shows that nail polish is a source of exposure and that more general studies are needed to test population exposures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco recognized that nail products carry health risks five years ago, when it passed the first legislation in the country to encourage safer practices among the city’s 250 nail salons by promoting shops that avoid the “toxic trio” -- dibutyl phthalate, toluene and formaldehyde.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stapleton suspects that manufacturers are using TPHP as a replacement for dibutyl phthalate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the flame retardants, we went from brominated to chlorinated and then TPHP,\" says Green Science Policy Institute Director Arlene Blum, who helped revise the California furniture standard so flame retardants were no longer needed in foam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now most new furniture has no flame retardants,” Blum says. “It’s really ironic that we got the TPHP out of furniture only to find it in nail polish.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California has adopted the toughest limits in the nation on the use of antibiotics in healthy livestock, barring their routine use to prevent illness or promote growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calling the overuse of antibiotics “an urgent public health problem,” Gov. Jerry Brown announced Saturday that he signed the legislation. The bill, SB 27, will curb the overuse of antibiotics in livestock, which limits the effectiveness of the medicines in both animals and people and contributes to the spread of dangerous, drug-resistant superbugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is clear that the overuse of antibiotics in livestock has contributed to the spread of antibiotic resistance and the undermining of decades of life-saving advances in medicine,” Brown said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”IPA7Z2cNGNEWXM3RNUpN7LFKzKK8f0Ui”]The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls antibiotic resistance one of the world’s most pressing health problems and estimates that 23,000 Americans die annually as a result of antibiotic-resistant infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has recommended phasing out their use in cases solely to promote growth in livestock. In low doses, some antibiotics can generate greater muscle development by boosting the efficiency of food that animals eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the legislation by Sen. Jerry Hill, D-San Mateo, say the antibiotics are fed to mostly healthy animals such as cows, pigs and chickens to make them grow faster and prevent disease in crowded industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Widespread use of antibiotics by humans and animals reduce their effectiveness in treating illnesses because the diseases adapt by mutating, creating superbugs. Once-treatable illnesses can become dangerous infections when antibiotics are no longer effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lifesaving potential of antibiotics is quickly diminishing, and people are dying because the drugs are less effective,” Hill said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents argued that the California legislation does not go far enough to restrict preventive or routine use of antimicrobial drugs. Groups such as the California Cattlemen’s Association remained neutral on the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Hansen, a senior scientist at Consumers Union, the policy division of Consumer Reports, said many companies have voluntarily agreed to stop using antibiotics to promote growth after guidance from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No state yet has been able to pass a bill that is stronger than the one in California, and the fact that California is an important ag state, that makes this an important action,” Hansen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The antibiotics are different from the growth hormones used by many food producers that have drawn criticism and that some grocery stores and food chains have phased out. Companies including McDonald’s, Chipotle and Panera also have begun promoting their chicken as raised without antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, a Democrat, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/02/why-advocates-say-browns-veto-of-livestock-antibiotics-bill-is-a-good-thing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vetoed a weaker version\u003c/a> of the bill last year, urging the state Department of Food and Agriculture to work with lawmakers on the issue. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/16/bill-making-california-toughest-in-u-s-on-livestock-antibiotics-now-up-to-governor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">His office helped make changes\u003c/a> to this year’s measure to strengthen protections against using antibiotics to prevent disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill allows exemptions when a licensed veterinarian determines antimicrobial drugs are needed to treat a disease or infection, to control the spread of a disease, or in relation to surgery or a medical procedure, according to an analysis prepared for the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Veterinary Medical Association expressed concern that veterinarians might not be able to prescribe the drugs preventively to treat diseases for which there is no test available to determine which animals are carriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law, which takes effect in 2018, also eliminates the availability of livestock antibiotics for over-the-counter sales.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has adopted the toughest limits in the nation on the use of antibiotics in healthy livestock, barring their routine use to prevent illness or promote growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calling the overuse of antibiotics “an urgent public health problem,” Gov. Jerry Brown announced Saturday that he signed the legislation. The bill, SB 27, will curb the overuse of antibiotics in livestock, which limits the effectiveness of the medicines in both animals and people and contributes to the spread of dangerous, drug-resistant superbugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is clear that the overuse of antibiotics in livestock has contributed to the spread of antibiotic resistance and the undermining of decades of life-saving advances in medicine,” Brown said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls antibiotic resistance one of the world’s most pressing health problems and estimates that 23,000 Americans die annually as a result of antibiotic-resistant infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has recommended phasing out their use in cases solely to promote growth in livestock. In low doses, some antibiotics can generate greater muscle development by boosting the efficiency of food that animals eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the legislation by Sen. Jerry Hill, D-San Mateo, say the antibiotics are fed to mostly healthy animals such as cows, pigs and chickens to make them grow faster and prevent disease in crowded industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Widespread use of antibiotics by humans and animals reduce their effectiveness in treating illnesses because the diseases adapt by mutating, creating superbugs. Once-treatable illnesses can become dangerous infections when antibiotics are no longer effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lifesaving potential of antibiotics is quickly diminishing, and people are dying because the drugs are less effective,” Hill said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents argued that the California legislation does not go far enough to restrict preventive or routine use of antimicrobial drugs. Groups such as the California Cattlemen’s Association remained neutral on the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Hansen, a senior scientist at Consumers Union, the policy division of Consumer Reports, said many companies have voluntarily agreed to stop using antibiotics to promote growth after guidance from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No state yet has been able to pass a bill that is stronger than the one in California, and the fact that California is an important ag state, that makes this an important action,” Hansen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The antibiotics are different from the growth hormones used by many food producers that have drawn criticism and that some grocery stores and food chains have phased out. Companies including McDonald’s, Chipotle and Panera also have begun promoting their chicken as raised without antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, a Democrat, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/02/why-advocates-say-browns-veto-of-livestock-antibiotics-bill-is-a-good-thing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vetoed a weaker version\u003c/a> of the bill last year, urging the state Department of Food and Agriculture to work with lawmakers on the issue. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/16/bill-making-california-toughest-in-u-s-on-livestock-antibiotics-now-up-to-governor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">His office helped make changes\u003c/a> to this year’s measure to strengthen protections against using antibiotics to prevent disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill allows exemptions when a licensed veterinarian determines antimicrobial drugs are needed to treat a disease or infection, to control the spread of a disease, or in relation to surgery or a medical procedure, according to an analysis prepared for the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Veterinary Medical Association expressed concern that veterinarians might not be able to prescribe the drugs preventively to treat diseases for which there is no test available to determine which animals are carriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law, which takes effect in 2018, also eliminates the availability of livestock antibiotics for over-the-counter sales.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The breast cancer rate in Marin County -- once called the highest in the world -- is now at the lowest level since tracking started in 1988 and matches the statewide average, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpic.org/files/PDF/Cancer_Registry/Cancer_Data_and_Statistics/CPIC_Breast_Cancer_Marin_Update_2015-09-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">new analysis. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question, of course, is why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A whole lot of people are scratching their heads over this one,\" said Tina Clarke, an epidemiologist with the Cancer Prevention Institute of California and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, Clarke can explain part of the decline. But before we get into more detail on that, a bit of history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1994, \u003ca href=\"http://www.zerobreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-in-marin\" target=\"_blank\">a report from CPIC \u003c/a>(then called Northern California Cancer Center) identified the high rate of breast cancer in Marin County, compared it to that of countries around the world and concluded that the Marin County rate was the highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women in Marin, an affluent county, have \"a whole cluster of established risk factors for breast cancer,\" Clarke said. These risk factors tend to go along with being more affluent: later age of childbearing, if at all, and higher alcohol consumption. White women are at slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer than are women of other races or ethnicities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the 1990s, breast cancer rates for non-Hispanic white women in Marin \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincounty.org/~/media/files/departments/bs/district-4/docs/faq_breast_cancer_in_marin.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\">climbed 60 percent,\u003c/a> compared to 5 percent in other parts of the Bay Area. It reached its peak in 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rate started to fall after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/news/press-releases/2002/nhlbi-stops-trial-of-estrogen-plus-progestin-due-to-increased-breast-cancer-risk-lack-of-overall-benefit\" target=\"_blank\">major study was halted in 2002\u003c/a>, when researchers identified a link between use of hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. Affluent women were also more likely to use hormone therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women abandoned the hormones in droves, and the breast cancer rate started to fall, in Marin and nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Marin county's breast cancer rate still exceeded the statewide average until a second drop started in 2007. That's what researchers can't quite account for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarke said it's likely due to a host of reasons -- perhaps women are exercising more or losing weight, two other factors that reduce risk of breast cancer. It's also possible women are consuming less alcohol, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One factor they know is not responsible: the change in mammography screening guidelines. In 2009, a major government panel, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/breast-cancer-screening\" target=\"_blank\">recommended women have fewer mammograms\u003c/a>. Researchers found no evidence that this recommendation has led to less breast cancer being found, in part because the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ -- or DCIS -- is increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased incidence of \u003cem>in situ \u003c/em>cancer suggests a decline in mammography screening likely is not a key factor contributing to the decline in invasive breast cancer in Marin County,\" Dr. Karly Kerlikowske, a UCSF epidemiologist said in a release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, \"We're really happy to see things trending in the right direction,\" Clarke said. \"We're obviously delighted to tell women in Marin County that the rates are similar to the rest of the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2001, the breast cancer rate in Marin has dropped 31 percent. Mortality has also sharply declined. Since record-keeping began in 1988, the death rate from breast cancer has dropped 65 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An interesting footnote: Clarke said that monitoring incidence rates is based on county-level census data. It's highly likely, she said, that similarly affluent areas in California, like Palo Alto or West LA, might have had the same pattern of a higher rate -- fueled at least in part by hormone therapy -- and the decline that Marin has seen.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The breast cancer rate in Marin County -- once called the highest in the world -- is now at the lowest level since tracking started in 1988 and matches the statewide average, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpic.org/files/PDF/Cancer_Registry/Cancer_Data_and_Statistics/CPIC_Breast_Cancer_Marin_Update_2015-09-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">new analysis. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question, of course, is why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A whole lot of people are scratching their heads over this one,\" said Tina Clarke, an epidemiologist with the Cancer Prevention Institute of California and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, Clarke can explain part of the decline. But before we get into more detail on that, a bit of history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1994, \u003ca href=\"http://www.zerobreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-in-marin\" target=\"_blank\">a report from CPIC \u003c/a>(then called Northern California Cancer Center) identified the high rate of breast cancer in Marin County, compared it to that of countries around the world and concluded that the Marin County rate was the highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women in Marin, an affluent county, have \"a whole cluster of established risk factors for breast cancer,\" Clarke said. These risk factors tend to go along with being more affluent: later age of childbearing, if at all, and higher alcohol consumption. White women are at slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer than are women of other races or ethnicities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the 1990s, breast cancer rates for non-Hispanic white women in Marin \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincounty.org/~/media/files/departments/bs/district-4/docs/faq_breast_cancer_in_marin.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\">climbed 60 percent,\u003c/a> compared to 5 percent in other parts of the Bay Area. It reached its peak in 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rate started to fall after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/news/press-releases/2002/nhlbi-stops-trial-of-estrogen-plus-progestin-due-to-increased-breast-cancer-risk-lack-of-overall-benefit\" target=\"_blank\">major study was halted in 2002\u003c/a>, when researchers identified a link between use of hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. Affluent women were also more likely to use hormone therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women abandoned the hormones in droves, and the breast cancer rate started to fall, in Marin and nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Marin county's breast cancer rate still exceeded the statewide average until a second drop started in 2007. That's what researchers can't quite account for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarke said it's likely due to a host of reasons -- perhaps women are exercising more or losing weight, two other factors that reduce risk of breast cancer. It's also possible women are consuming less alcohol, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One factor they know is not responsible: the change in mammography screening guidelines. In 2009, a major government panel, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/breast-cancer-screening\" target=\"_blank\">recommended women have fewer mammograms\u003c/a>. Researchers found no evidence that this recommendation has led to less breast cancer being found, in part because the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ -- or DCIS -- is increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased incidence of \u003cem>in situ \u003c/em>cancer suggests a decline in mammography screening likely is not a key factor contributing to the decline in invasive breast cancer in Marin County,\" Dr. Karly Kerlikowske, a UCSF epidemiologist said in a release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, \"We're really happy to see things trending in the right direction,\" Clarke said. \"We're obviously delighted to tell women in Marin County that the rates are similar to the rest of the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2001, the breast cancer rate in Marin has dropped 31 percent. Mortality has also sharply declined. Since record-keeping began in 1988, the death rate from breast cancer has dropped 65 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An interesting footnote: Clarke said that monitoring incidence rates is based on county-level census data. It's highly likely, she said, that similarly affluent areas in California, like Palo Alto or West LA, might have had the same pattern of a higher rate -- fueled at least in part by hormone therapy -- and the decline that Marin has seen.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — Dirty cooling towers were to blame for an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/28/san-quentin-responds-to-possible-legionnaires-outbreak\" target=\"_blank\">outbreak of Legionnaires' disease\u003c/a> that has sickened dozens of inmates and at least three employees at San Quentin State Prison since late August, according to a report Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tests showed two of the towers on the roof of the prison's Central Health Services Building had high concentrations of the bacterium that causes the disease, according to the federal receiver who controls inmate medical care. The report says people walking near the towers evidently inhaled contaminated mist, because no drinking water was affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Receiver J. Clark Kelso blamed a buildup of sludge in the cooling tower water pans, as well as a heat wave in the San Francisco Bay Area, for the Legionnaires' disease outbreak that sickened 81 inmates and sent 13 of them to outside hospitals. Twelve employees are still being tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The towers have since been cleaned and the 163-year-old prison north of San Francisco is back to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED, Donald Specter with the Prison Law Office, an advocacy group, says the administration handled the situation well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were quite transparent about the whole process. We were allowed to go into the prison and interview scores of prisoners and talk to prison officials. And they brought in the appropriate specialists to help them solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a time, the outbreak caused the state's oldest prison to cancel visits, hot meals and showers, and haul in water and portable toilets for the more than 3,300 inmates and 1,200 employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legionnaires' disease is considered a severe type of pneumonia that can bring high fever, chills and a cough. It occurs when contaminated water is inhaled in the form of steam, mist or moisture. A recent outbreak that sickened 128 people and killed 12 in New York City was similarly traced to a Bronx hotel's rooftop air conditioning unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation said it is working with employees at prisons statewide to make sure they carefully clean danger areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, Kelso reported that 88 percent of 5,420 inmates housed in Avenal and Pleasant Valley state prisons, the epicenter of California's Valley Fever outbreak, recently refused to be tested for exposure to the soil-borne fungus that causes the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who were tested at the two Central Valley prisons were four times as likely to have been exposed to the fungus as inmates at other state prisons. However, the high rate of refusals raises questions about the effectiveness of the testing, which cost taxpayers $5.4 million this year, Kelso said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prison system is using the tests to decide which inmates can more safely be housed at the prisons near Fresno. An early round of tests this year forced more than 2,100 inmates to be moved from the two prisons, while more than 3,000 inmates could be moved in to take their place because they are less likely to get the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Gransee, a spokeswoman for the receiver, said the office is sending a team to talk to inmate representatives at the two prisons to find out why so many refused, and it plans an education campaign based on the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Andrew Stelzer contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — Dirty cooling towers were to blame for an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/28/san-quentin-responds-to-possible-legionnaires-outbreak\" target=\"_blank\">outbreak of Legionnaires' disease\u003c/a> that has sickened dozens of inmates and at least three employees at San Quentin State Prison since late August, according to a report Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tests showed two of the towers on the roof of the prison's Central Health Services Building had high concentrations of the bacterium that causes the disease, according to the federal receiver who controls inmate medical care. The report says people walking near the towers evidently inhaled contaminated mist, because no drinking water was affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Receiver J. Clark Kelso blamed a buildup of sludge in the cooling tower water pans, as well as a heat wave in the San Francisco Bay Area, for the Legionnaires' disease outbreak that sickened 81 inmates and sent 13 of them to outside hospitals. Twelve employees are still being tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The towers have since been cleaned and the 163-year-old prison north of San Francisco is back to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED, Donald Specter with the Prison Law Office, an advocacy group, says the administration handled the situation well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were quite transparent about the whole process. We were allowed to go into the prison and interview scores of prisoners and talk to prison officials. And they brought in the appropriate specialists to help them solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a time, the outbreak caused the state's oldest prison to cancel visits, hot meals and showers, and haul in water and portable toilets for the more than 3,300 inmates and 1,200 employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legionnaires' disease is considered a severe type of pneumonia that can bring high fever, chills and a cough. It occurs when contaminated water is inhaled in the form of steam, mist or moisture. A recent outbreak that sickened 128 people and killed 12 in New York City was similarly traced to a Bronx hotel's rooftop air conditioning unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation said it is working with employees at prisons statewide to make sure they carefully clean danger areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, Kelso reported that 88 percent of 5,420 inmates housed in Avenal and Pleasant Valley state prisons, the epicenter of California's Valley Fever outbreak, recently refused to be tested for exposure to the soil-borne fungus that causes the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who were tested at the two Central Valley prisons were four times as likely to have been exposed to the fungus as inmates at other state prisons. However, the high rate of refusals raises questions about the effectiveness of the testing, which cost taxpayers $5.4 million this year, Kelso said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prison system is using the tests to decide which inmates can more safely be housed at the prisons near Fresno. An early round of tests this year forced more than 2,100 inmates to be moved from the two prisons, while more than 3,000 inmates could be moved in to take their place because they are less likely to get the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Gransee, a spokeswoman for the receiver, said the office is sending a team to talk to inmate representatives at the two prisons to find out why so many refused, and it plans an education campaign based on the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Andrew Stelzer contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"order": 9
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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