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"content": "\u003cp>From the start of this pandemic, science news has unfolded at a dizzying pace and crushing volume. Scientific research, which usually creeps along in the background until publication day and then pops up to say something worthy, is suddenly making breathtaking international news every few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium']‘What could happen here is that the public may begin to doubt the results. And the danger here is that the public may begin to doubt science.’[/pullquote]The speed of science research has gone into overdrive and the media horde is hungry for answers. Science is meant to be a slow process of asking questions, then submitting the answers to the kind of vigorous probing ordinary people devote considerable energy to avoiding. After \u003cem>that\u003c/em> is when the media report the answers—vetted! peer reviewed! confident!—usually with caveats attached: Areas where questions yet unasked are lingering to be sought after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, studies on COVID-19 therapies and possible therapies and could-be-someday-down-the-road-if-it-proves-out-in-mice-first-therapies make screaming headlines before the studies are vetted to assess their merits or limitations. As a result, the public has heard some contradictory and confusing results, and some claims that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11814749/bakersfield-doctors-dubious-covid-19-test-conclusions-spread-like-wildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flat-out wrong\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Tara Siler spoke with science reporter Danielle Venton about this problem and how to understand the science being reported these days. \u003cem>(Edited for length and clarity.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why are people hearing so much science that’s not ready for prime-time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Danielle Venton:\u003c/em> We’re at a time where there’s this brand new problem, a brand new virus. There are so many unanswered questions. There’s a huge need for research and a real desire to get it out quickly. Now, what is also true is that science can be a messy process and things aren’t always correct. Science has a way of correcting itself, but unfortunately, right now, that process is happening in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you mean by messy process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many of the normal safeguards have been glossed over in this desire to get findings out quickly. Dr. Irving Steinberg is a professor of clinical pharmacy and pediatrics at USC. He’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/04/coronavirus-science-rush-to-publish-retractions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">talking\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-research-done-too-fast-is-testing-publishing-safeguards-bad-science-is-getting-through-134653\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">writing\u003c/a> about this \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/apr/30/australias-chief-scientist-warns-against-claims-of-breakthroughs-on-coronavirus-cures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">issue\u003c/a> a lot, and he uses the analogy of working in a sausage factory where production suddenly had to be doubled because people were so hungry:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“You can imagine that there might be some problems that would arise in the back room where science is adjudicated—whether it’s in the lab or whether it’s in the editorial processes—where the sausage is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the public is seeing is some of the spilled sausage out of the casing. You’ve got this sort of spillage of raw sausage. You know it’s a food product, but you don’t know what to do with it at that point. It’s on the floor. It’s dirty. I can’t really put it on the grill. Maybe I can put it into a cast iron pan? We’ve left to the public too many things to figure out.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>What could happen here is that the public may begin to doubt the results. And the danger here is that the public may begin to doubt science. Right now, we are in need of good science and for the public to trust it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the big failures in this pandemic, the so-called sausage spillage?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in March, some researchers raised concerns in a letter—not a reviewed study—that ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19 symptoms. It wasn’t based on experimental data, it was a theoretical concern based on how ibuprofen works in cells. Three days later, the French health minister tweeted a message saying to avoid ibuprofen. The World Health Organization did the same thing and then reversed itself a day later. More scientists weighed in, and now it’s thought that it’s fine to take ibuprofen. The original worries were based on an incomplete understanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Dr. Irving Steinberg, USC']‘We’re seeing knowledge that is being rushed to the public without being assessed. We’re seeing misapplied wisdom and we’re seeing no perspective.’[/pullquote]A famous example is hydroxychloroquine, which was touted in public as a possible treatment for COVID-19 in an early study. The study was poorly designed and later retracted, but we saw some politicians, notably the president, seize on this and just shoot from the hip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demand surged for the drug, so that some patients who need it for conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1960404/at-kaiser-trumps-pharmaceutical-advice-creates-chaos-for-lupus-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">couldn’t fill their prescriptions\u003c/a>. But it can have toxic side effects—some people abusing it were \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2020/04/09/hydroxychloroquine-abuse-up-since-trump-first-mentioned-drug-us-poison-centers-say/#6ca40a943071\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">poisoned\u003c/a>. That’s \u003cem>not\u003c/em> how science is supposed to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steinberg summed these problems up by saying, “We’re seeing knowledge that is being rushed to the public without being assessed. We’re seeing misapplied wisdom and we’re seeing no perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there basically a tradeoff between speed and accuracy? Is this inevitable during a pandemic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving more quickly always makes it harder to be careful. But we can improve this flow of information without entirely sacrificing speed. You can think of an expert chef, who can still chop quickly and safely at the same time. Training really helps. Experience helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are layers of responsibility. It starts with scientists and researchers, then moves on to scientific journals that publish their work. It also includes policymakers who are trying to interpret results and issue advice to the public. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/162446/is-health-journalism-doing-more-harm-than-good\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">press is very important\u003c/a> in all this as well. Everyone has different incentives along the way. I would say in our field, competition to be first is a big challenge, but the public loses out when there are shortcuts along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bad science generally is corrected in the end, but I do worry about the loss of public trust. So more care, more training, learning from mistakes—these can all help avoid some of the missteps we’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can readers of science news be more careful? Are there some tips out there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of questions everyone can keep in the back of their mind when reading science news. Try to maintain some perspective and look for context. Here’s a series of questions to consider:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Is a finding preliminary?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is it from a study or is it just a question scientists are posing?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If it’s a study, was it peer reviewed?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What do neutral experts, people who are not involved in the research, say about it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If someone is pushing a claim, do they stand to make any money from it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is this the first time you’re hearing about something? Or is there a body of work that supports it? Is the finding in cells, in animals or in humans? If it’s in humans, it’s a lot more relevant than if it’s in cells or even mice.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And here’s a great \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/about-us/review-criteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tip sheet\u003c/a> on how to evaluate news reports on scientific studies, from the website Health News Review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The speed of science research has gone into overdrive and the media horde is hungry for answers. Science is meant to be a slow process of asking questions, then submitting the answers to the kind of vigorous probing ordinary people devote considerable energy to avoiding. After \u003cem>that\u003c/em> is when the media report the answers—vetted! peer reviewed! confident!—usually with caveats attached: Areas where questions yet unasked are lingering to be sought after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, studies on COVID-19 therapies and possible therapies and could-be-someday-down-the-road-if-it-proves-out-in-mice-first-therapies make screaming headlines before the studies are vetted to assess their merits or limitations. As a result, the public has heard some contradictory and confusing results, and some claims that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11814749/bakersfield-doctors-dubious-covid-19-test-conclusions-spread-like-wildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flat-out wrong\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Tara Siler spoke with science reporter Danielle Venton about this problem and how to understand the science being reported these days. \u003cem>(Edited for length and clarity.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why are people hearing so much science that’s not ready for prime-time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Danielle Venton:\u003c/em> We’re at a time where there’s this brand new problem, a brand new virus. There are so many unanswered questions. There’s a huge need for research and a real desire to get it out quickly. Now, what is also true is that science can be a messy process and things aren’t always correct. Science has a way of correcting itself, but unfortunately, right now, that process is happening in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you mean by messy process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many of the normal safeguards have been glossed over in this desire to get findings out quickly. Dr. Irving Steinberg is a professor of clinical pharmacy and pediatrics at USC. He’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/04/coronavirus-science-rush-to-publish-retractions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">talking\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-research-done-too-fast-is-testing-publishing-safeguards-bad-science-is-getting-through-134653\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">writing\u003c/a> about this \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/apr/30/australias-chief-scientist-warns-against-claims-of-breakthroughs-on-coronavirus-cures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">issue\u003c/a> a lot, and he uses the analogy of working in a sausage factory where production suddenly had to be doubled because people were so hungry:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“You can imagine that there might be some problems that would arise in the back room where science is adjudicated—whether it’s in the lab or whether it’s in the editorial processes—where the sausage is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the public is seeing is some of the spilled sausage out of the casing. You’ve got this sort of spillage of raw sausage. You know it’s a food product, but you don’t know what to do with it at that point. It’s on the floor. It’s dirty. I can’t really put it on the grill. Maybe I can put it into a cast iron pan? We’ve left to the public too many things to figure out.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>What could happen here is that the public may begin to doubt the results. And the danger here is that the public may begin to doubt science. Right now, we are in need of good science and for the public to trust it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the big failures in this pandemic, the so-called sausage spillage?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in March, some researchers raised concerns in a letter—not a reviewed study—that ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19 symptoms. It wasn’t based on experimental data, it was a theoretical concern based on how ibuprofen works in cells. Three days later, the French health minister tweeted a message saying to avoid ibuprofen. The World Health Organization did the same thing and then reversed itself a day later. More scientists weighed in, and now it’s thought that it’s fine to take ibuprofen. The original worries were based on an incomplete understanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A famous example is hydroxychloroquine, which was touted in public as a possible treatment for COVID-19 in an early study. The study was poorly designed and later retracted, but we saw some politicians, notably the president, seize on this and just shoot from the hip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demand surged for the drug, so that some patients who need it for conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1960404/at-kaiser-trumps-pharmaceutical-advice-creates-chaos-for-lupus-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">couldn’t fill their prescriptions\u003c/a>. But it can have toxic side effects—some people abusing it were \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2020/04/09/hydroxychloroquine-abuse-up-since-trump-first-mentioned-drug-us-poison-centers-say/#6ca40a943071\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">poisoned\u003c/a>. That’s \u003cem>not\u003c/em> how science is supposed to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steinberg summed these problems up by saying, “We’re seeing knowledge that is being rushed to the public without being assessed. We’re seeing misapplied wisdom and we’re seeing no perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there basically a tradeoff between speed and accuracy? Is this inevitable during a pandemic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving more quickly always makes it harder to be careful. But we can improve this flow of information without entirely sacrificing speed. You can think of an expert chef, who can still chop quickly and safely at the same time. Training really helps. Experience helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are layers of responsibility. It starts with scientists and researchers, then moves on to scientific journals that publish their work. It also includes policymakers who are trying to interpret results and issue advice to the public. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/162446/is-health-journalism-doing-more-harm-than-good\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">press is very important\u003c/a> in all this as well. Everyone has different incentives along the way. I would say in our field, competition to be first is a big challenge, but the public loses out when there are shortcuts along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bad science generally is corrected in the end, but I do worry about the loss of public trust. So more care, more training, learning from mistakes—these can all help avoid some of the missteps we’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can readers of science news be more careful? Are there some tips out there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of questions everyone can keep in the back of their mind when reading science news. Try to maintain some perspective and look for context. Here’s a series of questions to consider:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Is a finding preliminary?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is it from a study or is it just a question scientists are posing?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If it’s a study, was it peer reviewed?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What do neutral experts, people who are not involved in the research, say about it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If someone is pushing a claim, do they stand to make any money from it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is this the first time you’re hearing about something? Or is there a body of work that supports it? Is the finding in cells, in animals or in humans? If it’s in humans, it’s a lot more relevant than if it’s in cells or even mice.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And here’s a great \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/about-us/review-criteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tip sheet\u003c/a> on how to evaluate news reports on scientific studies, from the website Health News Review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration has given emergency use authorization to the antiviral drug remdesivir to treat hospitalized patients with the coronavirus, the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-potential-covid-19-treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced\u003c/a> Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead CEO Daniel O’Day said remdesivir maker Gilead Sciences is donating 1.5 million vials of the drug and will work with the federal government to distribute it to patients in need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news comes days after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/29/848034963/antiviral-drug-remdesivir-shows-promise-for-treating-coronavirus-in-nih-study\">preliminary results from a study\u003c/a> of the drug showed it can help patients recover faster. Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, hailed the findings earlier this week as “quite good news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authorization means remdesivir can be distributed in the U.S. and given intravenously to treat COVID-19 patients – both adults and children – who are hospitalized with severe disease, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-potential-covid-19-treatment\">the FDA says\u003c/a>. The agency defines that category as “patients with low blood oxygen levels or needing oxygen therapy or more intensive breathing support such as a mechanical ventilator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discussing the findings about the drug’s ability to help COVID-19 patients, O’Day cautioned earlier Friday that remdesivir is used to treat advanced cases, in which people are already hospitalized. The recent positive findings, he said, are a starting point in the fight against the respiratory disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to continue to see how we can expand remdesivir to more patient populations,” O’Day said on \u003ca href=\"https://on.today.com/3dhvTOP\">NBC’s Today show\u003c/a>. “Clearly with other medicines and vaccines to come, this is part, I think — the beginning of our ability to make an impact on this devastating virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+Gives+Emergency+Authorization+For+Some+COVID-19+Patients+To+Use+Remdesivir+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration has given emergency use authorization to the antiviral drug remdesivir to treat hospitalized patients with the coronavirus, the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-potential-covid-19-treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced\u003c/a> Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead CEO Daniel O’Day said remdesivir maker Gilead Sciences is donating 1.5 million vials of the drug and will work with the federal government to distribute it to patients in need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news comes days after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/29/848034963/antiviral-drug-remdesivir-shows-promise-for-treating-coronavirus-in-nih-study\">preliminary results from a study\u003c/a> of the drug showed it can help patients recover faster. Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, hailed the findings earlier this week as “quite good news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authorization means remdesivir can be distributed in the U.S. and given intravenously to treat COVID-19 patients – both adults and children – who are hospitalized with severe disease, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-potential-covid-19-treatment\">the FDA says\u003c/a>. The agency defines that category as “patients with low blood oxygen levels or needing oxygen therapy or more intensive breathing support such as a mechanical ventilator.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discussing the findings about the drug’s ability to help COVID-19 patients, O’Day cautioned earlier Friday that remdesivir is used to treat advanced cases, in which people are already hospitalized. The recent positive findings, he said, are a starting point in the fight against the respiratory disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to continue to see how we can expand remdesivir to more patient populations,” O’Day said on \u003ca href=\"https://on.today.com/3dhvTOP\">NBC’s Today show\u003c/a>. “Clearly with other medicines and vaccines to come, this is part, I think — the beginning of our ability to make an impact on this devastating virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+Gives+Emergency+Authorization+For+Some+COVID-19+Patients+To+Use+Remdesivir+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Amid Hundreds of Coronavirus Deaths in California Nursing Homes, It's Still Not Clear How State Is Monitoring",
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"content": "\u003cp>California is now monitoring nearly 200 nursing homes where coronavirus has spread among thousands of care workers and patients, Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CAgovernor/status/1255209289905401856\">said\u003c/a> Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='Davlyn Jones, 85, recovering from a stroke at nursing home in Santa Clara County']‘I don’t feel very monitored.’ [/pullquote]It’s still not clear what monitoring means or how exactly it’s helping slow the spread in long-term care facilities. Where assisted living and nursing homes report problems, like with shortages of protective gear or staff, county public health departments have varied responses and levels of resources to fill the gaps. The governor says testing is a priority, but it’s not required where outbreaks are reported, either by state or local order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirusliveupdates/science/1963256/over-40-of-californians-dead-from-covid-19-lived-or-worked-in-elder-care-facilities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Over 40%\u003c/a> of COVID-19 deaths have been people who lived or worked in elder care facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t feel very monitored,” says 85-year-old Davlyn Jones, who has been recovering from a stroke at the Mountain View Healthcare Center in Santa Clara County. Looking out her window and across a patio, she can see into the wing where nurses have told her that COVID-19 patients live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of April 28, the skilled nursing facility \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/SNFsCOVID_19.aspx\">reports\u003c/a> at least one case of coronavirus. Jones says her caregivers reported the presence of the virus there to her only after she asked about what she was seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Occasionally I’ll see the nurses and doctors coming out fully clothed in protective gear, not just face masks, but everything,” she says. “So it’s close.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones needs a walker; she has lost some control of movement in the left side of her body. But she’s also pretty buoyant; she says that she’s healthy, considering her age, and the risks inherent to a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m scared to death. [But] other than that, yeah,” she laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">Let us know if you have a story or a question about life in nursing homes or assisted living facilities now…\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones, a longtime feminist and founder of hundreds of chapters of the National Organization of Women, is also assertive. She says that helped her push for her own COVID-19 test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two months that included hospitalization for a stroke and time in skilled nursing, Jones is returning home today, to her two-bedroom residence in San Jose’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfoundation.org/news/2019/6/26/landmark-agreementnbspreached-between-winchester-mobile-home-residents-and-pultenbsphomes\">Winchester Ranch Mobile Home Park\u003c/a>. In order to contract with in-home support services as she continues to recuperate, Jones says she needed to prove she had not been infected with the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, she says, her doctor told her she wouldn’t get a test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain View Healthcare administrators didn’t respond to emailed and telephone questions about testing, though an operator who answered the phone Wednesday confirmed a COVID case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County health officials say they “have tested large numbers of patients and staff both on-site and via drive through testing, helping to contain any potential outbreaks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Testing Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No state rule or guidance requires testing for long-term care home residents or workers who appear well. In the absence of a statewide plan, local health authorities have wide leeway, resulting in divergent methods for how they counsel facilities about tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part, testing availability appears to be driving those decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you test everyone in a facility and say there’s 500 people, first, you have to have those resources and then you have to decide, OK, I’ve tested them now (and) they don’t have symptoms. And then do I test them every week, every two weeks?” says Dr. Erica Pan, medical officer for Alameda County. “It just becomes like a very big operational logistical challenge with limited resources when we might have another facility that has 10 symptomatic people that we need to test.”\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pan says the utility of testing is also a factor. “I only want to order a test that I know what I’m going to do with information,” she said. Since workers and residents will continue to interact in a high-risk environment, Pan says the test may mislead them into false confidence or fear about not having or having the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Angeles, Mayor Eric Garcetti has doubled the number of teams available to test in long-term care facilities and ordered nursing homes to test workers monthly going forward. The governor has also said that testing is a priority and there needs to be more: “A lot more, it’s not enough, that’s the honest truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says she’s worried about the nurses and care workers at the facility too. Over the last month, she says, it appears that fewer staffers have to work harder now, caring for patients separately, COVID-19 positive or not. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain View Healthcare Center also did not respond to questions about staffing. In Santa Clara County, health officials say they’ve supplemented staffing at facilities with larger outbreaks, using county workers and workplace registry lists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alameda County, medical officer Pan says “there have been some really difficult situations where the staffing was at very concerning levels” during an outbreak. As a result, health officials “have gotten creative” when responding to staffing requests, including by working with EMTs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pan says it’s hard to meet all of the need. “The very unique situation about being in a pandemic is we can’t ask for mutual aid in the same way you can when you have a local disaster, because everyone is experiencing the same situation,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has created a database of potential volunteers to supplement pandemic health care needs, though it’s not clear how many volunteers have gone to assisted living or nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More generally, monitoring, at the state and county level, is done remotely. In Santa Clara, the emergency operations center sends a survey every day to all congregate living and long-term care facilities in the county. The California Department of Public Health says it calls facilities daily, using its cadre of 600 health facility evaluation nurses who conduct inspections and surveys in nonpandemic times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones is happy she has tested negative for COVID-19. But she remains worried, both for her neighbors in the mobile home park, with whom she has agreed to take strict precautions to limit exposure, and for the care workers at the skilled nursing facility she is now leaving behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nurses are nice,” she says. “And I worry about them getting the disease and dying. Too many people have died from this thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic!\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[hearken src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/5489.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mollydacious\">@Mollydacious\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It’s still not clear what monitoring means or how exactly it’s helping slow the spread in long-term care facilities. Where assisted living and nursing homes report problems, like with shortages of protective gear or staff, county public health departments have varied responses and levels of resources to fill the gaps. The governor says testing is a priority, but it’s not required where outbreaks are reported, either by state or local order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirusliveupdates/science/1963256/over-40-of-californians-dead-from-covid-19-lived-or-worked-in-elder-care-facilities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Over 40%\u003c/a> of COVID-19 deaths have been people who lived or worked in elder care facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t feel very monitored,” says 85-year-old Davlyn Jones, who has been recovering from a stroke at the Mountain View Healthcare Center in Santa Clara County. Looking out her window and across a patio, she can see into the wing where nurses have told her that COVID-19 patients live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of April 28, the skilled nursing facility \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/SNFsCOVID_19.aspx\">reports\u003c/a> at least one case of coronavirus. Jones says her caregivers reported the presence of the virus there to her only after she asked about what she was seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Occasionally I’ll see the nurses and doctors coming out fully clothed in protective gear, not just face masks, but everything,” she says. “So it’s close.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones needs a walker; she has lost some control of movement in the left side of her body. But she’s also pretty buoyant; she says that she’s healthy, considering her age, and the risks inherent to a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m scared to death. [But] other than that, yeah,” she laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">Let us know if you have a story or a question about life in nursing homes or assisted living facilities now…\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones, a longtime feminist and founder of hundreds of chapters of the National Organization of Women, is also assertive. She says that helped her push for her own COVID-19 test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two months that included hospitalization for a stroke and time in skilled nursing, Jones is returning home today, to her two-bedroom residence in San Jose’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfoundation.org/news/2019/6/26/landmark-agreementnbspreached-between-winchester-mobile-home-residents-and-pultenbsphomes\">Winchester Ranch Mobile Home Park\u003c/a>. In order to contract with in-home support services as she continues to recuperate, Jones says she needed to prove she had not been infected with the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, she says, her doctor told her she wouldn’t get a test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain View Healthcare administrators didn’t respond to emailed and telephone questions about testing, though an operator who answered the phone Wednesday confirmed a COVID case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County health officials say they “have tested large numbers of patients and staff both on-site and via drive through testing, helping to contain any potential outbreaks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Testing Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No state rule or guidance requires testing for long-term care home residents or workers who appear well. In the absence of a statewide plan, local health authorities have wide leeway, resulting in divergent methods for how they counsel facilities about tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part, testing availability appears to be driving those decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you test everyone in a facility and say there’s 500 people, first, you have to have those resources and then you have to decide, OK, I’ve tested them now (and) they don’t have symptoms. And then do I test them every week, every two weeks?” says Dr. Erica Pan, medical officer for Alameda County. “It just becomes like a very big operational logistical challenge with limited resources when we might have another facility that has 10 symptomatic people that we need to test.”\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pan says the utility of testing is also a factor. “I only want to order a test that I know what I’m going to do with information,” she said. Since workers and residents will continue to interact in a high-risk environment, Pan says the test may mislead them into false confidence or fear about not having or having the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Angeles, Mayor Eric Garcetti has doubled the number of teams available to test in long-term care facilities and ordered nursing homes to test workers monthly going forward. The governor has also said that testing is a priority and there needs to be more: “A lot more, it’s not enough, that’s the honest truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says she’s worried about the nurses and care workers at the facility too. Over the last month, she says, it appears that fewer staffers have to work harder now, caring for patients separately, COVID-19 positive or not. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain View Healthcare Center also did not respond to questions about staffing. In Santa Clara County, health officials say they’ve supplemented staffing at facilities with larger outbreaks, using county workers and workplace registry lists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Alameda County, medical officer Pan says “there have been some really difficult situations where the staffing was at very concerning levels” during an outbreak. As a result, health officials “have gotten creative” when responding to staffing requests, including by working with EMTs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pan says it’s hard to meet all of the need. “The very unique situation about being in a pandemic is we can’t ask for mutual aid in the same way you can when you have a local disaster, because everyone is experiencing the same situation,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has created a database of potential volunteers to supplement pandemic health care needs, though it’s not clear how many volunteers have gone to assisted living or nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More generally, monitoring, at the state and county level, is done remotely. In Santa Clara, the emergency operations center sends a survey every day to all congregate living and long-term care facilities in the county. The California Department of Public Health says it calls facilities daily, using its cadre of 600 health facility evaluation nurses who conduct inspections and surveys in nonpandemic times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones is happy she has tested negative for COVID-19. But she remains worried, both for her neighbors in the mobile home park, with whom she has agreed to take strict precautions to limit exposure, and for the care workers at the skilled nursing facility she is now leaving behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nurses are nice,” she says. “And I worry about them getting the disease and dying. Too many people have died from this thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic!\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated May 5\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ingredient found in everyday cold medicine appears to promote infection from the coronavirus, according to a new lab \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2286-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> looking at the impact of over-the-counter and prescription drugs on the coronavirus, led by virus experts at UCSF and the \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that dextromethorphan — found in most over-the-counter cough syrups tablets and gel capsules — caused SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, to grow more in a lab setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists initially said people who have COVID-19 should be cautious about using cold medication that contains the drug until more studies are conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, if you have COVID-19, you’re coughing and you’re reaching on the shelf for the cough syrup,” said Nevan Krogan, director of the Quantitative Biosciences Institute at UCSF and a senior investigator at Gladstone Institutes. “We’re throwing out a caveat here, at least in the laboratory setting — in the context of this drug, you actually see increased infection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krogan said he, himself, if he had COVID-19, would “think twice about using some of these cough syrups until more information was available to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Krogan softened that advice in an interview with NBC’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.today.com/health/coronavirus-cough-medicine-does-dextromethorphan-help-virus-grow-t180535\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Today show\u003c/a>. “This is information we wanted to responsibly report but tempered with a strong caveat that these results were seen in the lab (and) more tests are needed, especially in humans, before any definite conclusions are drawn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alexander Borowsky, a medical doctor and a professor at UC Davis’ Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, cautions about reading too much into the findings about dextromethorphan, which were conducted in a lab on animal cells and not as part of a clinical trial. Borowsky said it’s “possible” that within the constraints of the study, the drug “is contributing to a little more viral infectivity, but it’s impossible to know from these data whether that changes the ability of the virus to get into the cells or the ability of the virus to replicate copies of its number in a cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sorting all that out, obviously, would be important,” he said. “But I just cannot imagine that this has a real impact on patients taking Robitussin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Consumer Healthcare Products Association, an industry group representing makers of over-the-counter medications, said in a statement: “It’s important to point out that these preliminary study results demonstrating a pro-viral effect of dextromethorphan are not conclusive. The authors only examined three samples and note further study is required on dextromethorphan in the context of COVID-19.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Promising Drugs Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study, which included 120 scientists from around the world, primarily examined the impact of 47 over-the-counter and prescription drugs on SARS-CoV-2. In the coming weeks, the scientists plan to examine another 28 drugs, or 75 total. Results of the study were published today in the journal \u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Nature\u003c/span>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found several drugs already approved by the FDA and other drug compounds that could pave the way for improved treatment of COVID-19. You can read more about the study and which drugs showed promise in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/New-UCSF-study-finds-potential-drugs-for-treating-15235804.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new findings come on the heels of another promising \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1963229/government-study-shows-patients-responding-to-coronavirus-treatment-drugmaker-gilead-says\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by federal scientists into Gilead’s \u003cspan class=\"s3\">drug remdesivir, which found the median recovery time for patients sick with COVID-19 who took the antiviral medication was 4 days faster compared to those who received a placebo. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our drugs and compounds are many times more potent than remdesivir, at least in the laboratory setting,” Krogan said. “So we’re very excited not just to look at these drugs and compounds in isolation, but in combination with other drugs like remdesivir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited to add the statements by the industry group and outside researcher.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated May 5\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ingredient found in everyday cold medicine appears to promote infection from the coronavirus, according to a new lab \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2286-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> looking at the impact of over-the-counter and prescription drugs on the coronavirus, led by virus experts at UCSF and the \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that dextromethorphan — found in most over-the-counter cough syrups tablets and gel capsules — caused SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, to grow more in a lab setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists initially said people who have COVID-19 should be cautious about using cold medication that contains the drug until more studies are conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, if you have COVID-19, you’re coughing and you’re reaching on the shelf for the cough syrup,” said Nevan Krogan, director of the Quantitative Biosciences Institute at UCSF and a senior investigator at Gladstone Institutes. “We’re throwing out a caveat here, at least in the laboratory setting — in the context of this drug, you actually see increased infection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krogan said he, himself, if he had COVID-19, would “think twice about using some of these cough syrups until more information was available to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Krogan softened that advice in an interview with NBC’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.today.com/health/coronavirus-cough-medicine-does-dextromethorphan-help-virus-grow-t180535\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Today show\u003c/a>. “This is information we wanted to responsibly report but tempered with a strong caveat that these results were seen in the lab (and) more tests are needed, especially in humans, before any definite conclusions are drawn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alexander Borowsky, a medical doctor and a professor at UC Davis’ Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, cautions about reading too much into the findings about dextromethorphan, which were conducted in a lab on animal cells and not as part of a clinical trial. Borowsky said it’s “possible” that within the constraints of the study, the drug “is contributing to a little more viral infectivity, but it’s impossible to know from these data whether that changes the ability of the virus to get into the cells or the ability of the virus to replicate copies of its number in a cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sorting all that out, obviously, would be important,” he said. “But I just cannot imagine that this has a real impact on patients taking Robitussin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Consumer Healthcare Products Association, an industry group representing makers of over-the-counter medications, said in a statement: “It’s important to point out that these preliminary study results demonstrating a pro-viral effect of dextromethorphan are not conclusive. The authors only examined three samples and note further study is required on dextromethorphan in the context of COVID-19.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Promising Drugs Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study, which included 120 scientists from around the world, primarily examined the impact of 47 over-the-counter and prescription drugs on SARS-CoV-2. In the coming weeks, the scientists plan to examine another 28 drugs, or 75 total. Results of the study were published today in the journal \u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Nature\u003c/span>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found several drugs already approved by the FDA and other drug compounds that could pave the way for improved treatment of COVID-19. You can read more about the study and which drugs showed promise in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/New-UCSF-study-finds-potential-drugs-for-treating-15235804.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new findings come on the heels of another promising \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1963229/government-study-shows-patients-responding-to-coronavirus-treatment-drugmaker-gilead-says\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by federal scientists into Gilead’s \u003cspan class=\"s3\">drug remdesivir, which found the median recovery time for patients sick with COVID-19 who took the antiviral medication was 4 days faster compared to those who received a placebo. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our drugs and compounds are many times more potent than remdesivir, at least in the laboratory setting,” Krogan said. “So we’re very excited not just to look at these drugs and compounds in isolation, but in combination with other drugs like remdesivir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited to add the statements by the industry group and outside researcher.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. government has abruptly terminated funding for a years-long research project in China that many experts say is vital to preventing the next major coronavirus outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"Robert Garry, microbiologist, Tulane University\"]‘Scientifically this doesn’t make sense. Scientists should be able to work with other scientists without politics.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project was run by a U.S. nonprofit called EcoHealth Alliance. For more than a decade, the group has been sending teams to China to trap bats, collect samples of their blood, saliva and feces, and then check those samples for new coronaviruses that could spark the next global pandemic. The idea is to identify locations that need to be monitored, come up with strategies to prevent spillover of the virus into human populations and get a jump on creating vaccines and treatments. Already the project has identified hundreds of coronaviruses, including one very similar to the virus behind the current outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since early this month, U.S. officials have been working to raise suspicions about a key collaborator on the project: the Wuhan Institute of Virology, located in the city where the outbreak began. U.S. intelligence officials are investigating whether the coronavirus escaped from the Wuhan Institute through some sort of contamination accident. As noted in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/23/841729646/virus-researchers-cast-doubt-on-theory-of-coronavirus-lab-accident\">NPR story published last week\u003c/a>, many scientists have discounted that theory as nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, at an April 17 news conference, President Trump said he had given instructions to check if any U.S. funding was slated for the Wuhan Institute, and if so, he said, it would immediately be terminated. Days later, on April 25, the National Institutes of Health, or NIH — which was providing the grant for the project — notified EcoHealth Alliance that the money was being canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the cutoff of funds and the possible impact on coronavirus research, NPR interviewed the president of EcoHealth Alliance, Peter Daszak, as well as Robert Garry, a microbiologist at Tulane University who is playing a prominent role in COVID-19 research but who does not work with the nonprofit. (NPR reached out to both NIH and the White House for comment. The White House referred questions to the Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees NIH. A spokesman for the department did not respond to a request for comment and neither did officials at NIH.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the answers we got to four key questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who approved funding for this project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the April 17 White House news conference, a reporter mischaracterized key details about the project, stating that “the NIH, under the Obama administration, in 2015 gave that lab $3.7 million in a grant” and asking Trump, “Why would the U.S. give a grant like that to China?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump continued that erroneous depiction, answering, “I understand it was a number of years ago, right?” Then he added, “2015? Who was president then, I wonder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, while the first grant for the project was indeed given in 2015 (for $3.25 million over five years), the $3.7 million was approved last year as a five-year renewal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, only about 10% of the grant — about $76,000 per year — was slated for the Wuhan Institute. This was provided in recognition that the Wuhan lab was doing the bulk of the on-the-ground sample collection and analysis, says EcoHealth Alliance’s Daszak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just turn up as an American and say, ‘I want to find out what viruses you’ve got,’ ” says Daszak. “You have to work with local collaboration and with the permission of the governments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daszak adds that NIH approved the five-year renewal unusually quickly. “When you submit those grants, they get reviewed independently by scientists, and they’re assigned a score,” says Daszak. “We received a really extremely high priority for funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What results has the project yielded so far?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daszak says the China bat sampling project has already racked up quite a number \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/20/807742861/new-research-bats-harbor-hundreds-of-coronaviruses-and-spillovers-arent-rare\">of successes\u003c/a>. The team and its collaborators at the Wuhan Institute of Virology have collected about 15,000 samples from bats. From these they have already identified about 400 wholly new coronaviruses. About 50 of those fall into a category that caused the 2002 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, and, now, the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were also able to demonstrate that at least some of the new bat coronaviruses they have found are capable of infecting a human cell in a petri dish. Then the team sampled the blood of people in China who live near various bat caves. They found evidence that for some time now, these bat coronaviruses have been spilling over into the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work has shown that between 1 [million] and 7 million people a year are exposed in rural China and rural Southeast Asia to these viruses,” says Daszak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really gives us a forward look at what could be coming down the pike.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, once the current pandemic began, the Wuhan Institute researchers on the project were able to consult their library of bat coronaviruses. They found an extremely close match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work makes EcoHealth Alliance a “major player” in the field, says Garry, the microbiologist at Tulane. “These are notable papers that people will be citing going forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did funding for the project unravel so quickly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost as soon as the pandemic began, conspiracy theories started circulating, pointing to the Wuhan Institute of Virology as the culprit. In recent weeks, these have gained traction with the revelation that U.S. intelligence agencies are assessing the possibility of a lab accident, as well as with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/14/state-department-cables-warned-safety-issues-wuhan-lab-studying-bat-coronaviruses/\">leak of State Department cables\u003c/a> obtained by \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> indicating that in 2018, officials had raised safety concerns about the Wuhan lab. Trump and other Republican figures have used these points in a broader narrative that they are advancing, blaming China for the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EcoHealth Alliance’s Daszak says his first “inkling” of the impact that this would have on funding for the China research project came in an email from NIH shortly after Trump’s April 17 press conference. “They said, ‘Can you not send funds to the Wuhan Institute of Virology?’ ” he recalls. “We wrote back straight away and said, ‘Of course we won’t [fund them]. Absolutely.’ And they said, ‘Thank you.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the next day, on Friday, April 25, he received another email from NIH informing him that the funding for the China bat coronavirus project had been eliminated because “at this time NIH does not believe the current project outcomes align with the program goals and agency priorities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was particularly mystifying, Daszak says, because just a day earlier, NIH had released \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/niaid-strategic-plan-details-covid-19-research-priorities\">a strategic plan\u003c/a> detailing COVID-19 research priorities. “Our work is relevant to all four priority areas within that strategic plan,” says Daszak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really don’t understand the rationale behind this,” he says. “And we’ve reached out to NIH and have not received a response yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garry of Tulane says it is “highly unusual” for NIH to halt funding for a project this way. “Scientifically this doesn’t make sense. Scientists should be able to work with other scientists without politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens to the research that the project was doing? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The China bat research project was funded entirely through the NIH grant, says Daszak. “So with the funding terminated, we won’t be able to do this work. The fieldwork will not carry on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That poses a threat to U.S. national security and public health, he says. “Once this pandemic is over, we know of hundreds of other coronaviruses that we’ve found evidence of in China that are waiting to emerge,” says Daszak. “We are now going to be unable to know about the risk of that, which puts us completely at risk of the next pandemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a minimum, EcoHealth — and the many international researchers to whom it provides information — will no longer have the ability to study the vast collection of new coronavirus samples it has already collected. “They’re in freezers in China. We had free and open access while we were doing this collaboration to get the genetic sequences of the virus from those samples. But without the funding, we won’t be able to get that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that among the project’s objectives over the next four years “was to say, ‘In rural China, are there communities getting exposed to viruses like COVID-19? And what are the ways?’ We have anthropologists that try to understand which human behaviors are most likely to cause those viruses to emerge. We designed programs to help reduce those behaviors — things like the wildlife trade — and to try to persuade governments and communities to do things in a less risky way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, EcoHealth Alliance had planned to collect many more samples to expand its database of novel coronaviruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most importantly, the genetic sequences of the viruses we find in wildlife are given to labs here in the U.S. — who then work to incorporate them into vaccines and drug designs so that we can be better prepared if there’s an emergence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, he adds, at least one of the teams researching a treatment to help in the current pandemic — a group based at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill — \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uonc-ana040320.php\">has been testing a drug\u003c/a> called EIDD-2801 against not just COVID-19 but against several of the other bat coronaviruses that the EcoHealth Alliance project helped identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, says Daszak, ideally drugs and vaccines for COVID-19 will be designed to work on a “broader spectrum” of similar viruses — because, he says, it’s only a matter of time before one of those sparks another outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all scientists think that’s achievable. But Tulane’s Garry agrees it’s a reasonable — if challenging — goal. “It’s entirely possible to come up with a universal anti-coronavirus vaccine,” he says. “That’s the hope. It’s aspirational. But to do that we would need to know what the diversity of the coronavirus species are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+The+U.S.+Government+Stopped+Funding+A+Research+Project+On+Bats+And+Coronaviruses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. government has abruptly terminated funding for a years-long research project in China that many experts say is vital to preventing the next major coronavirus outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project was run by a U.S. nonprofit called EcoHealth Alliance. For more than a decade, the group has been sending teams to China to trap bats, collect samples of their blood, saliva and feces, and then check those samples for new coronaviruses that could spark the next global pandemic. The idea is to identify locations that need to be monitored, come up with strategies to prevent spillover of the virus into human populations and get a jump on creating vaccines and treatments. Already the project has identified hundreds of coronaviruses, including one very similar to the virus behind the current outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since early this month, U.S. officials have been working to raise suspicions about a key collaborator on the project: the Wuhan Institute of Virology, located in the city where the outbreak began. U.S. intelligence officials are investigating whether the coronavirus escaped from the Wuhan Institute through some sort of contamination accident. As noted in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/23/841729646/virus-researchers-cast-doubt-on-theory-of-coronavirus-lab-accident\">NPR story published last week\u003c/a>, many scientists have discounted that theory as nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, at an April 17 news conference, President Trump said he had given instructions to check if any U.S. funding was slated for the Wuhan Institute, and if so, he said, it would immediately be terminated. Days later, on April 25, the National Institutes of Health, or NIH — which was providing the grant for the project — notified EcoHealth Alliance that the money was being canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the cutoff of funds and the possible impact on coronavirus research, NPR interviewed the president of EcoHealth Alliance, Peter Daszak, as well as Robert Garry, a microbiologist at Tulane University who is playing a prominent role in COVID-19 research but who does not work with the nonprofit. (NPR reached out to both NIH and the White House for comment. The White House referred questions to the Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees NIH. A spokesman for the department did not respond to a request for comment and neither did officials at NIH.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the answers we got to four key questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who approved funding for this project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the April 17 White House news conference, a reporter mischaracterized key details about the project, stating that “the NIH, under the Obama administration, in 2015 gave that lab $3.7 million in a grant” and asking Trump, “Why would the U.S. give a grant like that to China?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump continued that erroneous depiction, answering, “I understand it was a number of years ago, right?” Then he added, “2015? Who was president then, I wonder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, while the first grant for the project was indeed given in 2015 (for $3.25 million over five years), the $3.7 million was approved last year as a five-year renewal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, only about 10% of the grant — about $76,000 per year — was slated for the Wuhan Institute. This was provided in recognition that the Wuhan lab was doing the bulk of the on-the-ground sample collection and analysis, says EcoHealth Alliance’s Daszak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just turn up as an American and say, ‘I want to find out what viruses you’ve got,’ ” says Daszak. “You have to work with local collaboration and with the permission of the governments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daszak adds that NIH approved the five-year renewal unusually quickly. “When you submit those grants, they get reviewed independently by scientists, and they’re assigned a score,” says Daszak. “We received a really extremely high priority for funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What results has the project yielded so far?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daszak says the China bat sampling project has already racked up quite a number \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/20/807742861/new-research-bats-harbor-hundreds-of-coronaviruses-and-spillovers-arent-rare\">of successes\u003c/a>. The team and its collaborators at the Wuhan Institute of Virology have collected about 15,000 samples from bats. From these they have already identified about 400 wholly new coronaviruses. About 50 of those fall into a category that caused the 2002 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, and, now, the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were also able to demonstrate that at least some of the new bat coronaviruses they have found are capable of infecting a human cell in a petri dish. Then the team sampled the blood of people in China who live near various bat caves. They found evidence that for some time now, these bat coronaviruses have been spilling over into the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work has shown that between 1 [million] and 7 million people a year are exposed in rural China and rural Southeast Asia to these viruses,” says Daszak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really gives us a forward look at what could be coming down the pike.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, once the current pandemic began, the Wuhan Institute researchers on the project were able to consult their library of bat coronaviruses. They found an extremely close match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work makes EcoHealth Alliance a “major player” in the field, says Garry, the microbiologist at Tulane. “These are notable papers that people will be citing going forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did funding for the project unravel so quickly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost as soon as the pandemic began, conspiracy theories started circulating, pointing to the Wuhan Institute of Virology as the culprit. In recent weeks, these have gained traction with the revelation that U.S. intelligence agencies are assessing the possibility of a lab accident, as well as with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/14/state-department-cables-warned-safety-issues-wuhan-lab-studying-bat-coronaviruses/\">leak of State Department cables\u003c/a> obtained by \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> indicating that in 2018, officials had raised safety concerns about the Wuhan lab. Trump and other Republican figures have used these points in a broader narrative that they are advancing, blaming China for the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EcoHealth Alliance’s Daszak says his first “inkling” of the impact that this would have on funding for the China research project came in an email from NIH shortly after Trump’s April 17 press conference. “They said, ‘Can you not send funds to the Wuhan Institute of Virology?’ ” he recalls. “We wrote back straight away and said, ‘Of course we won’t [fund them]. Absolutely.’ And they said, ‘Thank you.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the next day, on Friday, April 25, he received another email from NIH informing him that the funding for the China bat coronavirus project had been eliminated because “at this time NIH does not believe the current project outcomes align with the program goals and agency priorities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was particularly mystifying, Daszak says, because just a day earlier, NIH had released \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/niaid-strategic-plan-details-covid-19-research-priorities\">a strategic plan\u003c/a> detailing COVID-19 research priorities. “Our work is relevant to all four priority areas within that strategic plan,” says Daszak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really don’t understand the rationale behind this,” he says. “And we’ve reached out to NIH and have not received a response yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garry of Tulane says it is “highly unusual” for NIH to halt funding for a project this way. “Scientifically this doesn’t make sense. Scientists should be able to work with other scientists without politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens to the research that the project was doing? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The China bat research project was funded entirely through the NIH grant, says Daszak. “So with the funding terminated, we won’t be able to do this work. The fieldwork will not carry on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That poses a threat to U.S. national security and public health, he says. “Once this pandemic is over, we know of hundreds of other coronaviruses that we’ve found evidence of in China that are waiting to emerge,” says Daszak. “We are now going to be unable to know about the risk of that, which puts us completely at risk of the next pandemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a minimum, EcoHealth — and the many international researchers to whom it provides information — will no longer have the ability to study the vast collection of new coronavirus samples it has already collected. “They’re in freezers in China. We had free and open access while we were doing this collaboration to get the genetic sequences of the virus from those samples. But without the funding, we won’t be able to get that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that among the project’s objectives over the next four years “was to say, ‘In rural China, are there communities getting exposed to viruses like COVID-19? And what are the ways?’ We have anthropologists that try to understand which human behaviors are most likely to cause those viruses to emerge. We designed programs to help reduce those behaviors — things like the wildlife trade — and to try to persuade governments and communities to do things in a less risky way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, EcoHealth Alliance had planned to collect many more samples to expand its database of novel coronaviruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most importantly, the genetic sequences of the viruses we find in wildlife are given to labs here in the U.S. — who then work to incorporate them into vaccines and drug designs so that we can be better prepared if there’s an emergence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, he adds, at least one of the teams researching a treatment to help in the current pandemic — a group based at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill — \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uonc-ana040320.php\">has been testing a drug\u003c/a> called EIDD-2801 against not just COVID-19 but against several of the other bat coronaviruses that the EcoHealth Alliance project helped identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, says Daszak, ideally drugs and vaccines for COVID-19 will be designed to work on a “broader spectrum” of similar viruses — because, he says, it’s only a matter of time before one of those sparks another outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all scientists think that’s achievable. But Tulane’s Garry agrees it’s a reasonable — if challenging — goal. “It’s entirely possible to come up with a universal anti-coronavirus vaccine,” he says. “That’s the hope. It’s aspirational. But to do that we would need to know what the diversity of the coronavirus species are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+The+U.S.+Government+Stopped+Funding+A+Research+Project+On+Bats+And+Coronaviruses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>An experimental drug has proved effective against the new coronavirus in a major study, shortening the time it takes for patients to recover, U.S. government and company officials announced Wednesday. The median recovery time for patients who were taking the antiviral medication remdesivir was 11 days, compared with 15 days for those who received a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug from Gilead Sciences is the first treatment to pass such a strict test against the virus, which has killed more than 218,000 people since it emerged late last year in China. Having a treatment could have a profound effect on the global pandemic, especially because health officials say any vaccine is likely a year or more away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, run by the National Institutes of Health, tested remdesivir versus usual care in 1,063 hospitalized coronavirus patients around the world. At the White House, NIH’s Dr. Anthony Fauci said the drug reduced the time it takes patients to recover by 31% — 11 days on average versus 15 days for those just given usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said there was a trend toward fewer deaths among those on remdesivir, and that full results would soon be published in a medical journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it has proven is that a drug can block this virus,” Fauci said. “This will be the standard of care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement from the Food and Drug Administration says that the agency has been talking with California-based Gilead “regarding making remdesivir available to patients as quickly as possible, as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remdesivir is among many treatments being tested against the coronavirus but was the farthest along in study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is given through an IV and is designed to interfere with the virus’s ability to copy its genetic material. In animal tests against SARS and MERS, diseases caused by similar coronaviruses, the drug helped prevent infection and reduced the severity of symptoms when given early enough in the course of illness. But it is not yet approved anywhere in the world for any use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NIH study quickly enrolled its original goal of 440 patients and then was expanded to give more answers on questions such as which subgroups may or may not benefit, and other factors that may affect success, such as how early in the course of illness the drug was given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s main goal also was altered. Originally, it was the percentage of patients having various outcomes such as needing a breathing machine, fully recovered or dying 15 days after starting treatment. The new main goal is time to recovery, such as no longer needing oxygen or hospitalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are excited and optimistic,” said one expert, Vanderbilt University’s Dr. Mark Denison. His lab first tested remdesivir against other coronaviruses in 2013 and has done much research on it since, but was not involved in the NIH study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s active against every coronavirus that we’ve ever tested,” he said. “It was very hard for the virus to develop resistance to remdesivir. That means the drug would likely be effective over longer term use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A less encouraging picture came from partial results from a separate study testing remdesivir in severely ill patients in China, published Wednesday in the British medical journal Lancet. Treatment did not speed recovery in that study, which was stopped after only 237 of a planned 453 patients were enrolled. Researchers gave 158 people the drug and 79 others got usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately on Wednesday, Gilead announced partial results from its own ongoing study of the drug in severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The company said patients treated for five days “achieved similar improvement” in health as others treated for 10 days. However, that result is hard to interpret because there is no comparison group of people getting usual care, so it’s impossible to know how much patients would have improved on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also said no new safety problems emerged in that study, and that it would publish results in a medical journal soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead also is testing remdesivir in a separate study of moderately ill coronavirus patients. No results have yet been announced from that study, which does have a comparison group getting usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides these studies, Gilead also has given remdesivir to more than 1,700 patients on a case-by-case emergency basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other treatment-related news this week, two studies gave updates on anti-inflammatory drugs that aim to tamp down the severe inflammation that often develops in later stages of severe COVID-19 and often proves fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A French hospital consortium reported success with using Acetemra, a Roche drug sold for rheumatoid arthritis and some other conditions, in a study of 129 coronavirus patients where 65 got the drug and the rest, usual care. No details were released; doctors said they were preparing to publish results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar drug, Kevzara, did not work as well at low doses in a study of severely ill coronavirus patients, its makers Sanofi and Regeneron said. They’re continuing to test it at higher doses in critically ill patients, though.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An experimental drug has proved effective against the new coronavirus in a major study, shortening the time it takes for patients to recover, U.S. government and company officials announced Wednesday. The median recovery time for patients who were taking the antiviral medication remdesivir was 11 days, compared with 15 days for those who received a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug from Gilead Sciences is the first treatment to pass such a strict test against the virus, which has killed more than 218,000 people since it emerged late last year in China. Having a treatment could have a profound effect on the global pandemic, especially because health officials say any vaccine is likely a year or more away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, run by the National Institutes of Health, tested remdesivir versus usual care in 1,063 hospitalized coronavirus patients around the world. At the White House, NIH’s Dr. Anthony Fauci said the drug reduced the time it takes patients to recover by 31% — 11 days on average versus 15 days for those just given usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said there was a trend toward fewer deaths among those on remdesivir, and that full results would soon be published in a medical journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it has proven is that a drug can block this virus,” Fauci said. “This will be the standard of care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement from the Food and Drug Administration says that the agency has been talking with California-based Gilead “regarding making remdesivir available to patients as quickly as possible, as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remdesivir is among many treatments being tested against the coronavirus but was the farthest along in study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is given through an IV and is designed to interfere with the virus’s ability to copy its genetic material. In animal tests against SARS and MERS, diseases caused by similar coronaviruses, the drug helped prevent infection and reduced the severity of symptoms when given early enough in the course of illness. But it is not yet approved anywhere in the world for any use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NIH study quickly enrolled its original goal of 440 patients and then was expanded to give more answers on questions such as which subgroups may or may not benefit, and other factors that may affect success, such as how early in the course of illness the drug was given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s main goal also was altered. Originally, it was the percentage of patients having various outcomes such as needing a breathing machine, fully recovered or dying 15 days after starting treatment. The new main goal is time to recovery, such as no longer needing oxygen or hospitalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are excited and optimistic,” said one expert, Vanderbilt University’s Dr. Mark Denison. His lab first tested remdesivir against other coronaviruses in 2013 and has done much research on it since, but was not involved in the NIH study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s active against every coronavirus that we’ve ever tested,” he said. “It was very hard for the virus to develop resistance to remdesivir. That means the drug would likely be effective over longer term use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A less encouraging picture came from partial results from a separate study testing remdesivir in severely ill patients in China, published Wednesday in the British medical journal Lancet. Treatment did not speed recovery in that study, which was stopped after only 237 of a planned 453 patients were enrolled. Researchers gave 158 people the drug and 79 others got usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately on Wednesday, Gilead announced partial results from its own ongoing study of the drug in severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The company said patients treated for five days “achieved similar improvement” in health as others treated for 10 days. However, that result is hard to interpret because there is no comparison group of people getting usual care, so it’s impossible to know how much patients would have improved on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also said no new safety problems emerged in that study, and that it would publish results in a medical journal soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead also is testing remdesivir in a separate study of moderately ill coronavirus patients. No results have yet been announced from that study, which does have a comparison group getting usual care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides these studies, Gilead also has given remdesivir to more than 1,700 patients on a case-by-case emergency basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other treatment-related news this week, two studies gave updates on anti-inflammatory drugs that aim to tamp down the severe inflammation that often develops in later stages of severe COVID-19 and often proves fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A French hospital consortium reported success with using Acetemra, a Roche drug sold for rheumatoid arthritis and some other conditions, in a study of 129 coronavirus patients where 65 got the drug and the rest, usual care. No details were released; doctors said they were preparing to publish results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar drug, Kevzara, did not work as well at low doses in a study of severely ill coronavirus patients, its makers Sanofi and Regeneron said. They’re continuing to test it at higher doses in critically ill patients, though.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California doctors are diagnosing anything from appendicitis to strep throat with only a phone during the coronavirus pandemic. Video visits and conversations are the closest doctors can get to patients who are sheltering in place and avoiding potential exposure from doctor visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"Dr. Mark Henderson, UC Davis School of Medicine\"]‘Because of COVID-19…it has accelerated all of these ideas and it’s totally exploded our thinking around what we can do with telemedicine in primary care.’[/pullquote]COVID-19 has catapulted telehealth — those virtual visits — into the mainstream more effectively than years of advocacy and policy-making. Experts and physicians are calling it a rare “silver lining” of the current crisis: An overnight availability of video and phone appointments for medical needs, especially in areas where doctors have been in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 has changed everything,” said Dr. Mark Henderson, professor of internal medicine and associate dean for admissions and outreach at UC Davis School of Medicine. “Because of COVID-19 we have all of this distance and it has accelerated all of these ideas and it’s totally exploded our thinking around what we can do with telemedicine in primary care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telehealth has been in use for decades, long before smartphones or tablets, and California already was poised to expand options under several new laws passed last year. Initially, though, it was seen as a tool for rural communities and inner-city areas with a shortage of providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a change in regulations affecting billing during the pandemic to allow a dramatic pivot to telehealth, as much as 40% to 80% of patient visits in some health systems in recent weeks. The Department of Managed Health Care announced March 18 that all health plans must reimburse telehealth medical care at \u003ca href=\"http://www.dmhc.ca.gov/Portals/0/Docs/OPL/APL%2020-009%20(OPL)%20-%20Reimbursement%20for%20Telehealth%20Services%20(3_18_20).pdf?ver=2020-03-18-105612-547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the same rate\u003c/a> as face-to-face appointments, and California’s Department of Health Care Services \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/Documents/COVID-19/CA-1135-Waiver-COVID-19-031620.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">obtained a federal waiver\u003c/a> to allow similar Medi-Cal reimbursement. The federal government \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/medicare-telemedicine-health-care-provider-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eased regulations on March 17\u003c/a> affecting Medicare payments to allow the same flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers say telehealth is especially important during the pandemic, allowing doctors to keep tabs on fragile patients, especially those with chronic conditions who are most vulnerable to falling ill from the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Convenience to Necessity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health systems that serve rural and inner-city areas already were investing in telehealth infrastructure to try to bridge the doctor shortage gap. Riverside County in the Inland Empire has only half the physicians it needs, for instance, so telehealth was one way to provide medical care in far-flung corners of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riverside University Health System, the county’s public health network, had offered limited primary care telehealth for patients facing transportation, childcare and work schedule problems. But telehealth mostly was used by behavioral health teams and those caring for incarcerated patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s changed. In the past week, the system’s medical center and 13 community health centers have handled 5,600 virtual visits by phone or video, accounting for two-thirds of all patient visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This challenging situation right now has shown how telehealth can help us provide the right care in the right setting at the right time for people,” said Dr. Geoffrey Leung, chair of the family medicine department and ambulatory medical director at Riverside University Health System. He called the ingenuity behind telehealth “one of those silver linings during this difficult time for all of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Kaiser Permanente has had a telehealth program in place for years, under pandemic restrictions about 80% of the system’s appointments nationally are for video or phone calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963157 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"836\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic-.jpg 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic--160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past, a lot of what we thought of in respect to telehealth was offering our patients choice and convenience,” said Dr. Edward Lee, the physician leader for telehealth at Kaiser Permanente. “Nowadays, because of COVID-19 and the shelter-in-place order, a lot of patients are seeing this as a necessity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, at UC San Diego Health, about half of all outpatient visits in recent weeks were through video, said Dr. Christopher Longhurst, chief information officer for the health system. Prior to the coronavirus outbreak, UCSD Health already had a well-established telehealth system in place, but still only about 1% of their outpatient visits were handled virtually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did more video visits in the first three days of rolling it out broadly (during pandemic) than we had done in the previous three years,” Longhurst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all providers, however, were as experienced in the world of telehealth as Kaiser or the UC medical centers. Many didn’t have the infrastructure set up, administrators said, and others didn’t get reimbursed for telehealth visits prior to the pandemic. In underserved communities, some health clinics were not allowed to charge Medi-Cal for telehealth appointments until the requirement was waived because of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AltaMed, a health center with sites in Los Angeles and Orange counties, began video and telephone visits on March 16, just days before the state issued its stay-at-home order. AltaMed had to spread the word quickly to let patients know they could keep their appointments, they would just look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Efrain Talamantes, medical director for the AltaMed’s Institute for Health Equity, said that for patients who didn’t have this option in the past, telehealth is a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s allowed us to care for people in their own homes, so they can stay safe, they don’t have to take time away from their family or work and we can still make sure they have the care and medication they need,” Talamantes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A California law starting next year ensures at least some telehealth appointments will continue to be reimbursed at the same rate as in-person visits after the pandemic. Talamantes doesn’t yet know the impact on his clinic, he said, but thinks the coronavirus shows how useful remote services can be in communities with strapped resources and high poverty. Still, it doesn’t work for every type of visit — you can’t really do a physical exam over the phone, you can’t feel a bump or administer vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson, of UC Davis, who described himself as a telehealth skeptic before the coronavirus, has been pleasantly surprised by how much can be done via video, such as examining a skin rash or a healing wound and assessing breathing or the color of a patient’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe strongly in the power of putting your hands on a patient, the connection you form with patients when you lay your hands on them, that to me is something very fundamental and sacred in some ways,” he said. “But that doesn’t mean there isn’t a bigger role for telehealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see the patient via video makes a huge difference, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a whole new world when you can see them and they can see you. There are nonverbal clues that are visible and you can use to make a connection,” he said. “The video visit adds life to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telehealth also helps to screen patients for the coronavirus. UC Davis Health expanded its telehealth capacity as a way to check in with those who might be infected, Henderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers across California have been screening patients suspected of possible COVID-19 infection using video and the phone and, if they meet testing criteria, directing patients to urgent care centers, emergency rooms or testing facilities such as the temporary tents set up in some clinic parking lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t want them to come in, we wanted to figure out what they looked like and if they had symptoms,” Henderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Offices Afloat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the new payment rules for telehealth, medical visits are down across California. Health centers and private practices are struggling to stay open; for them, a drop in appointments means a drop in revenue. The California Primary Care Association, which oversees nearly 1,400 health centers in the state, has said that clinics are \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2020/04/not-enough-patients-community-clinics-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">losing about $90 million a week collectively during the pandemic.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sumana Reddy runs Acacia Family Medical Group, a private practice with offices in Salinas and Prunedale in Monterey County. She said she’s scrambling to apply for every option to keep her business afloat, from loans for small businesses to advances from insurance providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re working really hard to do what’s right by our patients and community and yet of course the irony is that it can lead to cash flow challenges,” Reddy said. “We were struggling to meet our payroll this last time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full payment for telehealth patient care is a big help, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without that I’m not sure what we would do,” Reddy said. “We made such a rapid pivot that we went within two weeks of never having even thought of telehealth to doing over 75% of our patients’ visits by telehealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But video visits aren’t always the most efficient. Technology can be a barrier, especially with frail patients. Helping patients conduct a video visit is time and labor intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine someone who is 80 years old, with pain, he has to look for an assistant to hold the phone, and we’re asking can you move the phone around to see the area. The entire process is so much slower,” she said. “It sounds like you could just replace a regular visit with a telehealth visit but actually there are many barriers there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While telehealth is necessary during these times, it can’t solve all of the issues, she said,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural California Still Needs Broadband\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers in rural California are familiar with the technological barriers. Madera Community Hospital serves a region of California’s San Joaquin Valley with a 106-bed hospital and several community clinics. Telehealth there is mostly in the form of phone calls because many patients don’t have access to a smart phone or computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re finding many patients don’t have fast enough internet to even do a telehealth visit,” said Karen Paolinelli, CEO of Madera Community Hospital. “When you take care of patients from all walks of life and different age groups, not everyone has the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who can participate in a video visit, it helps with another big issue in rural areas, and that is transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paolinelli said she believes COVID-19 will forever change how they provide care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know that we can go back,” she said. “To have different ways to see patients — that’s access to care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mei Kwong, executive director of the Center for Connected Health Policy, The National Telehealth Policy Resource Center, said the data from this period about how to use telehealth, when it is best and for whom, will be invaluable in creating a roadmap for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The genie is out of the bottle and you can’t let it back in, people have experienced this,” she said. “Not everybody is going to like it and people are going to want to see their providers but the option should be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California doctors are diagnosing anything from appendicitis to strep throat with only a phone during the coronavirus pandemic. Video visits and conversations are the closest doctors can get to patients who are sheltering in place and avoiding potential exposure from doctor visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>COVID-19 has catapulted telehealth — those virtual visits — into the mainstream more effectively than years of advocacy and policy-making. Experts and physicians are calling it a rare “silver lining” of the current crisis: An overnight availability of video and phone appointments for medical needs, especially in areas where doctors have been in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 has changed everything,” said Dr. Mark Henderson, professor of internal medicine and associate dean for admissions and outreach at UC Davis School of Medicine. “Because of COVID-19 we have all of this distance and it has accelerated all of these ideas and it’s totally exploded our thinking around what we can do with telemedicine in primary care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telehealth has been in use for decades, long before smartphones or tablets, and California already was poised to expand options under several new laws passed last year. Initially, though, it was seen as a tool for rural communities and inner-city areas with a shortage of providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a change in regulations affecting billing during the pandemic to allow a dramatic pivot to telehealth, as much as 40% to 80% of patient visits in some health systems in recent weeks. The Department of Managed Health Care announced March 18 that all health plans must reimburse telehealth medical care at \u003ca href=\"http://www.dmhc.ca.gov/Portals/0/Docs/OPL/APL%2020-009%20(OPL)%20-%20Reimbursement%20for%20Telehealth%20Services%20(3_18_20).pdf?ver=2020-03-18-105612-547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the same rate\u003c/a> as face-to-face appointments, and California’s Department of Health Care Services \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/Documents/COVID-19/CA-1135-Waiver-COVID-19-031620.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">obtained a federal waiver\u003c/a> to allow similar Medi-Cal reimbursement. The federal government \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/medicare-telemedicine-health-care-provider-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eased regulations on March 17\u003c/a> affecting Medicare payments to allow the same flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers say telehealth is especially important during the pandemic, allowing doctors to keep tabs on fragile patients, especially those with chronic conditions who are most vulnerable to falling ill from the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Convenience to Necessity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health systems that serve rural and inner-city areas already were investing in telehealth infrastructure to try to bridge the doctor shortage gap. Riverside County in the Inland Empire has only half the physicians it needs, for instance, so telehealth was one way to provide medical care in far-flung corners of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riverside University Health System, the county’s public health network, had offered limited primary care telehealth for patients facing transportation, childcare and work schedule problems. But telehealth mostly was used by behavioral health teams and those caring for incarcerated patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s changed. In the past week, the system’s medical center and 13 community health centers have handled 5,600 virtual visits by phone or video, accounting for two-thirds of all patient visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This challenging situation right now has shown how telehealth can help us provide the right care in the right setting at the right time for people,” said Dr. Geoffrey Leung, chair of the family medicine department and ambulatory medical director at Riverside University Health System. He called the ingenuity behind telehealth “one of those silver linings during this difficult time for all of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Kaiser Permanente has had a telehealth program in place for years, under pandemic restrictions about 80% of the system’s appointments nationally are for video or phone calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963157 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"836\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic-.jpg 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42937_VIRTUAL-MEDICAL-VISITS-graphic--160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past, a lot of what we thought of in respect to telehealth was offering our patients choice and convenience,” said Dr. Edward Lee, the physician leader for telehealth at Kaiser Permanente. “Nowadays, because of COVID-19 and the shelter-in-place order, a lot of patients are seeing this as a necessity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, at UC San Diego Health, about half of all outpatient visits in recent weeks were through video, said Dr. Christopher Longhurst, chief information officer for the health system. Prior to the coronavirus outbreak, UCSD Health already had a well-established telehealth system in place, but still only about 1% of their outpatient visits were handled virtually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did more video visits in the first three days of rolling it out broadly (during pandemic) than we had done in the previous three years,” Longhurst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all providers, however, were as experienced in the world of telehealth as Kaiser or the UC medical centers. Many didn’t have the infrastructure set up, administrators said, and others didn’t get reimbursed for telehealth visits prior to the pandemic. In underserved communities, some health clinics were not allowed to charge Medi-Cal for telehealth appointments until the requirement was waived because of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AltaMed, a health center with sites in Los Angeles and Orange counties, began video and telephone visits on March 16, just days before the state issued its stay-at-home order. AltaMed had to spread the word quickly to let patients know they could keep their appointments, they would just look different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Efrain Talamantes, medical director for the AltaMed’s Institute for Health Equity, said that for patients who didn’t have this option in the past, telehealth is a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s allowed us to care for people in their own homes, so they can stay safe, they don’t have to take time away from their family or work and we can still make sure they have the care and medication they need,” Talamantes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A California law starting next year ensures at least some telehealth appointments will continue to be reimbursed at the same rate as in-person visits after the pandemic. Talamantes doesn’t yet know the impact on his clinic, he said, but thinks the coronavirus shows how useful remote services can be in communities with strapped resources and high poverty. Still, it doesn’t work for every type of visit — you can’t really do a physical exam over the phone, you can’t feel a bump or administer vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson, of UC Davis, who described himself as a telehealth skeptic before the coronavirus, has been pleasantly surprised by how much can be done via video, such as examining a skin rash or a healing wound and assessing breathing or the color of a patient’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe strongly in the power of putting your hands on a patient, the connection you form with patients when you lay your hands on them, that to me is something very fundamental and sacred in some ways,” he said. “But that doesn’t mean there isn’t a bigger role for telehealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see the patient via video makes a huge difference, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a whole new world when you can see them and they can see you. There are nonverbal clues that are visible and you can use to make a connection,” he said. “The video visit adds life to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telehealth also helps to screen patients for the coronavirus. UC Davis Health expanded its telehealth capacity as a way to check in with those who might be infected, Henderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers across California have been screening patients suspected of possible COVID-19 infection using video and the phone and, if they meet testing criteria, directing patients to urgent care centers, emergency rooms or testing facilities such as the temporary tents set up in some clinic parking lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t want them to come in, we wanted to figure out what they looked like and if they had symptoms,” Henderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Offices Afloat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the new payment rules for telehealth, medical visits are down across California. Health centers and private practices are struggling to stay open; for them, a drop in appointments means a drop in revenue. The California Primary Care Association, which oversees nearly 1,400 health centers in the state, has said that clinics are \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2020/04/not-enough-patients-community-clinics-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">losing about $90 million a week collectively during the pandemic.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sumana Reddy runs Acacia Family Medical Group, a private practice with offices in Salinas and Prunedale in Monterey County. She said she’s scrambling to apply for every option to keep her business afloat, from loans for small businesses to advances from insurance providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re working really hard to do what’s right by our patients and community and yet of course the irony is that it can lead to cash flow challenges,” Reddy said. “We were struggling to meet our payroll this last time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full payment for telehealth patient care is a big help, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without that I’m not sure what we would do,” Reddy said. “We made such a rapid pivot that we went within two weeks of never having even thought of telehealth to doing over 75% of our patients’ visits by telehealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But video visits aren’t always the most efficient. Technology can be a barrier, especially with frail patients. Helping patients conduct a video visit is time and labor intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine someone who is 80 years old, with pain, he has to look for an assistant to hold the phone, and we’re asking can you move the phone around to see the area. The entire process is so much slower,” she said. “It sounds like you could just replace a regular visit with a telehealth visit but actually there are many barriers there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While telehealth is necessary during these times, it can’t solve all of the issues, she said,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural California Still Needs Broadband\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical providers in rural California are familiar with the technological barriers. Madera Community Hospital serves a region of California’s San Joaquin Valley with a 106-bed hospital and several community clinics. Telehealth there is mostly in the form of phone calls because many patients don’t have access to a smart phone or computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re finding many patients don’t have fast enough internet to even do a telehealth visit,” said Karen Paolinelli, CEO of Madera Community Hospital. “When you take care of patients from all walks of life and different age groups, not everyone has the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who can participate in a video visit, it helps with another big issue in rural areas, and that is transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paolinelli said she believes COVID-19 will forever change how they provide care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know that we can go back,” she said. “To have different ways to see patients — that’s access to care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mei Kwong, executive director of the Center for Connected Health Policy, The National Telehealth Policy Resource Center, said the data from this period about how to use telehealth, when it is best and for whom, will be invaluable in creating a roadmap for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The genie is out of the bottle and you can’t let it back in, people have experienced this,” she said. “Not everybody is going to like it and people are going to want to see their providers but the option should be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s Native American communities seem to have avoided the high level of coronavirus infection that the Navajo Nation in the Southwest is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/04/24/842945050/navajo-nation-sees-high-rate-of-covid-19-and-contact-tracing-is-a-challenge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suffering\u003c/a>, and the Yurok in Northern California offer a window into how some tribes are keeping their communities safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, there have been no confirmed cases of the virus on the Yurok Reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key ways the tribe is fending off coronavirus transmission is through culturally relevant public health messaging, says Virginia Hedrick, who directs the \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ccuih.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Consortium for Urban Indian Health \u003c/a>\u003c/span>and was born and raised on the Yurok reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means using “targeted messaging that includes indigenous faces, indigenous colors, and baskets and things that relate to us,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an ad campaign created by the California Rural Indian Health Board refers to people over the age of 70 as elders instead of seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when communicating the idea of social distancing, it doesn’t work to talk about limiting interaction to your family, Hedrick said, because in her community, “we’re all family. If you think, ‘Oh, I can just see my family,’ that’s still a pretty large network of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, referring to social distancing as limiting contact to “people in your household” makes more sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963060\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1963060 size-medium\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; color: #767676;\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-800x418.jpg\" alt=\"An image from the California Rural Indian Health Board's #stayhomesavelives campaign, public health messaging built by and for California’s Native population. \" width=\"800\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-800x418.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-160x84.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-768x401.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-1020x533.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image from the California Rural Indian Health Board’s #stayhomesavelives campaign, public health messaging built by and for California’s Native American population. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of The California Rural Indian Health Board and The California Tribal Epidemiology Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s important that messages comes from tribal leadership,” Hedrick said, given the egregious injustices to which the U.S. government has subjected Native American communities in the past. She cited the \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coerced sterilization\u003c/a> of Native American women in the 1960s and 1970s as one example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So when you have these same institutions coming out and saying you can’t leave your home and this is the new guidance, it can be hard to trust that agency,” Hedrick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1963056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1020x660.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Chairman Joseph James at an in-person Tribal Council meeting, which took place before the pandemic began. Tribal Council meetings are now virtual.\" width=\"640\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1020x660.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-800x517.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1920x1242.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Chairman Joseph James at an in-person Tribal Council meeting, which took place before the pandemic began. Tribal Council meetings are now virtual. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Matt Mais/Yurok Tribe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In March, Joseph James, the Yurok chairman, declared a state of emergency for the tribe. Throughout this period, tribal leadership has been communicating both through social media and more traditional methods, like A-frame signs, as some households on the reservation do not have electricity. For the first time, the tribal council is holding their meetings online instead of in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribal leadership has closed the reservation, meaning nonresidents can drive through but are not allowed to stop. A curfew has also been instituted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe includes a lot of elders as well as vulnerable members who have high blood pressure or diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over these last two weeks, we made it a huge push, providing food boxes to our elders that live on the reservation and outside of our reservation,” James said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe has relied on its cultural heritage, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As Indian people, we go back to our culture and way of life and prayer,” said James.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a few weeks ago, tribal members scheduled what would traditionally be a communal dance, with restrictions for social distancing. They asked everyone to participate from their homes and pray however they wanted to — by lighting a fire, for instance, or bringing out traditional regalia for what’s known as the jump dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a prayer not just for us,” James said. “It was prayer for everybody across the world in combating and pushing back this COVID-19 virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this virus is new, Chairman James said it’s important to invoke some traditions that are very old.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s Native American communities seem to have avoided the high level of coronavirus infection that the Navajo Nation in the Southwest is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/04/24/842945050/navajo-nation-sees-high-rate-of-covid-19-and-contact-tracing-is-a-challenge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suffering\u003c/a>, and the Yurok in Northern California offer a window into how some tribes are keeping their communities safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, there have been no confirmed cases of the virus on the Yurok Reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key ways the tribe is fending off coronavirus transmission is through culturally relevant public health messaging, says Virginia Hedrick, who directs the \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ccuih.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Consortium for Urban Indian Health \u003c/a>\u003c/span>and was born and raised on the Yurok reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means using “targeted messaging that includes indigenous faces, indigenous colors, and baskets and things that relate to us,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an ad campaign created by the California Rural Indian Health Board refers to people over the age of 70 as elders instead of seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when communicating the idea of social distancing, it doesn’t work to talk about limiting interaction to your family, Hedrick said, because in her community, “we’re all family. If you think, ‘Oh, I can just see my family,’ that’s still a pretty large network of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, referring to social distancing as limiting contact to “people in your household” makes more sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963060\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1963060 size-medium\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; color: #767676;\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-800x418.jpg\" alt=\"An image from the California Rural Indian Health Board's #stayhomesavelives campaign, public health messaging built by and for California’s Native population. \" width=\"800\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-800x418.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-160x84.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-768x401.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut-1020x533.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/RS42919_Screen-Shot-2020-04-27-at-12.41.42-PM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image from the California Rural Indian Health Board’s #stayhomesavelives campaign, public health messaging built by and for California’s Native American population. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of The California Rural Indian Health Board and The California Tribal Epidemiology Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s important that messages comes from tribal leadership,” Hedrick said, given the egregious injustices to which the U.S. government has subjected Native American communities in the past. She cited the \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coerced sterilization\u003c/a> of Native American women in the 1960s and 1970s as one example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So when you have these same institutions coming out and saying you can’t leave your home and this is the new guidance, it can be hard to trust that agency,” Hedrick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1963056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1020x660.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Chairman Joseph James at an in-person Tribal Council meeting, which took place before the pandemic began. Tribal Council meetings are now virtual.\" width=\"640\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1020x660.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-800x517.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/chairman_james-1920x1242.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Chairman Joseph James at an in-person Tribal Council meeting, which took place before the pandemic began. Tribal Council meetings are now virtual. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Matt Mais/Yurok Tribe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In March, Joseph James, the Yurok chairman, declared a state of emergency for the tribe. Throughout this period, tribal leadership has been communicating both through social media and more traditional methods, like A-frame signs, as some households on the reservation do not have electricity. For the first time, the tribal council is holding their meetings online instead of in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tribal leadership has closed the reservation, meaning nonresidents can drive through but are not allowed to stop. A curfew has also been instituted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe includes a lot of elders as well as vulnerable members who have high blood pressure or diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over these last two weeks, we made it a huge push, providing food boxes to our elders that live on the reservation and outside of our reservation,” James said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe has relied on its cultural heritage, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As Indian people, we go back to our culture and way of life and prayer,” said James.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a few weeks ago, tribal members scheduled what would traditionally be a communal dance, with restrictions for social distancing. They asked everyone to participate from their homes and pray however they wanted to — by lighting a fire, for instance, or bringing out traditional regalia for what’s known as the jump dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a prayer not just for us,” James said. “It was prayer for everybody across the world in combating and pushing back this COVID-19 virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this virus is new, Chairman James said it’s important to invoke some traditions that are very old.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>By now we’ve heard plenty about the difficulty of accessing widespread testing for the coronavirus. However, there is another approach for municipalities who want to know the presence and extent of the COVID-19 virus in their community…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten counties, coordinated by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, are giving samples of sewage water to researchers at Stanford for testing. The scientists have received samples once a week for about the past two months, and results are expected soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus begins to show up in feces soon after infection, and according to some studies, well before the development of symptoms. That’s a pretty early warning compared to one given by, say, a diagnostic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eileen White, director of wastewater for East Bay MUD, is spearheading the effort, hoping it will provide information that officials can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can monitor trends in real time, evaluate community-based presence and infection rates,” said White, “and then prioritize to focus areas and theoretically observe the impacts of shelter-in-place orders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay MUD recently secured 1.5 million in anonymous funding to expand and extend the reach of testing. Areas such as Redding, in the northern part of the state, will be included. White sees the need for sampling to last the length of the pandemic, so communities can detect surges or resurgences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can use sewage as the tool,” she said. “You can see if it starts coming up back in the communities as we get into fall, and if you need to go back into shelter-in-place orders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also provide early warning for health departments to ramp up capacity, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great predictive tool for the medical community to know if they need to get ready for surges and patients coming into the hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar sewage monitoring for COVID-19 is happening in Massachusetts, Israel and the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t require sampling a whole bunch of people,” Dr. Angela Rasmussen, associate research scientist at Columbia University, said in an \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Revkin/status/1253352981086351360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">online webinar\u003c/a>. “This is exactly the sort of creative innovative approach we need to test at population scale.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By now we’ve heard plenty about the difficulty of accessing widespread testing for the coronavirus. However, there is another approach for municipalities who want to know the presence and extent of the COVID-19 virus in their community…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten counties, coordinated by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a>, are giving samples of sewage water to researchers at Stanford for testing. The scientists have received samples once a week for about the past two months, and results are expected soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus begins to show up in feces soon after infection, and according to some studies, well before the development of symptoms. That’s a pretty early warning compared to one given by, say, a diagnostic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eileen White, director of wastewater for East Bay MUD, is spearheading the effort, hoping it will provide information that officials can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can monitor trends in real time, evaluate community-based presence and infection rates,” said White, “and then prioritize to focus areas and theoretically observe the impacts of shelter-in-place orders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay MUD recently secured 1.5 million in anonymous funding to expand and extend the reach of testing. Areas such as Redding, in the northern part of the state, will be included. White sees the need for sampling to last the length of the pandemic, so communities can detect surges or resurgences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can use sewage as the tool,” she said. “You can see if it starts coming up back in the communities as we get into fall, and if you need to go back into shelter-in-place orders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also provide early warning for health departments to ramp up capacity, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great predictive tool for the medical community to know if they need to get ready for surges and patients coming into the hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar sewage monitoring for COVID-19 is happening in Massachusetts, Israel and the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t require sampling a whole bunch of people,” Dr. Angela Rasmussen, associate research scientist at Columbia University, said in an \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Revkin/status/1253352981086351360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">online webinar\u003c/a>. “This is exactly the sort of creative innovative approach we need to test at population scale.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>More than half of U.S. states will have to significantly step up their Covid-19 testing to even consider starting to relax stay-at-home orders after May 1, according to a new analysis by Harvard researchers and STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that as the U.S. tries to move beyond its months-long coronavirus testing debacle — faulty tests, shortages of tests, and guidelines that excluded many people who should have been tested to mitigate the outbreak — it is at risk of fumbling the next challenge: testing enough people to determine which cities and states can safely reopen and stay open. Doing so will require the ability to catch reappearances of the coronavirus before it again spreads uncontrollably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has repeatedly expressed confidence about states’ ability to do enough testing to begin a phased reopening of the economy. In a briefing last Thursday, President Trump said he \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">disagreed with comments\u003c/a> by Anthony Fauci, the top government infectious disease expert, that “\u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5826161/anthony-fauci-covid-19-testing-capabilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">we are not there yet\u003c/a>” with the number of tests and the capacity to perform them. “No, I think we’re doing a great job in testing,” the president said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new state-by-state review reveals a far more fragmented picture: 31 states and the District of Columbia were doing too little testing last week to identify most infected people in a timely manner. Ten states would need to increase their daily testing totals by at least 10,000 to do so by May 1. New York, for instance, would have to perform more than 100,000 more tests a day, and New Jersey 68,000 more. Nineteen states — all but two in the South or the western half of the country — are already doing enough testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most assessments of the amount of testing that will be needed over the next few months are national. But while those are a good starting point, they do not give individual states, let alone cities, much guidance. “You can’t just take the national number and scale it to states by their population,” said Ashish Jha, director of the Harvard Global Health Institute. “You have to base it on the size of the outbreak in a state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At STAT’s request, Jha and his colleagues at the institute calculated the number of tests that each state would need to be doing as of May 1. STAT then compared those numbers to each state’s daily testing totals in an average week in mid-April, using data collected by the \u003ca href=\"https://covidtracking.com/data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covid Tracking Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that states with few COVID-19 cases and deaths so far will need to perform relatively few tests: between 68 and 145 per day in Alaska and between 31 and 156 in Montana, for instance. States harder hit by the pandemic face a much heavier lift: New York would have to do 130,000 to 155,000 tests every day, New Jersey 75,000 to 90,000, and both Massachusetts and Illinois about 30,000 to 35,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many hard-hit states are not even close to their goals. New York, for instance, has been averaging barely more than 20,000 tests per day since mid-April. New Jersey has been doing about 7,000, on average. Neither has announced reopening plans or dates, giving them time to ramp up testing. Massachusetts and Illinois are in no better shape, conducting just under 7,000 a day. Michigan, Connecticut, and Colorado are all about 15,000 tests a day below their May 1 targets. Texas, with more than 9,000 tests a day, and Washington state, with more than 3,000, are already doing enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more worrisome gap involves states that, despite having thousands of COVID-19 cases, are easing mitigation strategies by, for instance, allowing more businesses and public spaces such as beaches to reopen. To catch hot spots before they turn into wildfires of disease, Georgia must do 9,600 to 10,000 tests per day; it has been averaging around 4,000. Florida will need 16,000; in the last week it has been hitting just above 10,000. South Carolina is a rare bright spot: It will need 1,200 to 1,600 tests per day and has been averaging close to the low end of that, with at least 1,500 tests on several recent days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last week, the U.S. as a whole conducted 1.6 million tests, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://covidtracking.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covid Tracking Project\u003c/a>. The Harvard team says twice that many tests will be needed — at minimum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Performing enough tests is only one of the essential steps before states can reopen, experts say. Test results also have to be returned more quickly, public health workers must identify and contact potentially exposed people, and hospitals and nursing homes require adequate amounts of personal protective equipment and other supplies in case a new wave of seriously ill patients crashes over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Harvard institute based its calculations on best-case scenarios. If the goal were not to miss a single new infection, “you would need more than 300 million tests a day,” said Jha — testing nearly every resident of every state every day (or every few days). “That’s an interesting theoretical exercise but since it’s not going to happen, it’s policy-irrelevant. If you say that, people stop listening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he said, “we tried to come up with numbers that wouldn’t make governors gag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jha and the institute’s Ben Jacobson crunched the numbers two ways for each state. Both start with the number of deaths projected for May 15 by Los Alamos National Laboratory, whose COVID-19 model the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/forecasting-us.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">consults\u003c/a>. Los Alamos projects that, nationally, the death toll on that day will be 545 — but more if states keep easing up on social distancing. For comparison, on April 25, the U.S. reported just over 2,065\u003cb> \u003c/b>new COVID-19 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then assume that deaths on May 15 will reflect the number of cases on May 1, since two weeks is the average time between infection and death. If 1 out of every 100 people diagnosed with COVID-19 dies (for a “case fatality rate” of 1%), then on May 1 there would be 100 times as many new cases as there would be deaths on May 15; call it 54,500 (545 times 100) cases on May 1 for the country as a whole. The case fatality rate for COVID-19 remains unknown, so if it is lower, perhaps 0.5%, then the number of cases would be greater: 109,000. Jha’s choice of 1% reflects his decision to make recommendations that are within reach of realistic testing capacity, and 1% is the rough consensus of experts now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the epidemic, public health workers would need to identify those 54,500 new cases on or around May 1 in order to trace and test their contacts, quarantining those who also test positive. (The “around” is because cases don’t have to be identified right away; probably within two or three days of infection is OK.) The chances of picking precisely the right 54,500 people to test are nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s therefore necessary to test many times more than 54,500 people to find that number of cases. How many more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson and Jha calculated that using two different methods, which serve as a check on each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One method is based on the fact that people most likely to be infected with the new coronavirus are also the most likely to be tested. But because of inadequate testing capacity, and because many people don’t even show symptoms, tens of thousands of cases have been missed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 20% of U.S. tests are positive for the virus. Epidemiologists estimate that for infectious diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis, if more than 3% of people test positive, then the net is not being cast wide enough. South Korea has a 3% positive rate for its coronavirus testing. To achieve that, the U.S. would have to increase its number of daily tests to 2 million by May 1. (It should be 5 million now, but that ship has sailed.) Even 2 million seems beyond reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World Health Organization says a positive rate below 10% “reflects adequate testing,” Jha said. Using that rate, the U.S. would have to be testing 545,000 people per day by May 1 and every day thereafter, until projected deaths two weeks ahead fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At STAT’s request, Jacobson and Jha then applied the 10% positive rate to each state individually. That yielded an enormous range, from 155,000 a day in New York to just 18 a day in Wyoming. Is it feasible? That will vary by state, but last week California \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-21/california-first-state-coronavirus-tests-without-symptoms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said\u003c/a> it aims to conduct 25,000 tests a day by the end of April, up from an average of about 14,000 in recent days. The Harvard team calculated the Golden State needs about 26,000, suggesting that if California hits its goal it could well be on track to safely reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a check on their work, the researchers did the calculation a second way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They again started with Los Alamos’ 545 projected deaths on May 15 and inferred that there were 100 times as many new cases, 54,500, on May 1. That’s a starting point for tracing contacts, which offers the best shot at containing both the current outbreak and any that threaten to erupt after shutdown orders are lifted: “Reopened” cities and states must catch and quarantine cases, then identify and test their contacts before they infect more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without social distancing, each case has an estimated 19 close contacts, Jha said. With social distancing, each might have 10, again suggesting roughly half a million tests per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of assumptions — case fatality rate, test positivity rate, and more — went into these calculations. But other researchers have come up with approximately the same number via different reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/national-covid-19-testing-action-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> by the Rockefeller Foundation concluded that the U.S. should test 3 million people a week. Vital Strategies, the nonprofit headed by former CDC Director \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/13/video-chat-conversation-on-the-coronavirus-with-tom-frieden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Frieden\u003c/a>, recommended a minimum of 450,000 tests per day. Researchers arrived at that figure by counting the number of people who have the highest priority for testing: people who are sick and their contacts, of course, but also nursing home and shelter residents, prison inmates, and vital workers in health care and public transit and other infrastructure, said epidemiologist Cyrus Shahpar of Vital Strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in the Harvard calculation, the national testing goal of 450,000 would not be evenly distributed according to state (or city) population, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has said that individual states and cities need to do roughly 30 tests per 1,000 people per month, as Deborah Birx, the White House’s COVID-19 response coordinator, \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-april-17-2020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explained\u003c/a> at a recent briefing, citing New Orleans’ 27 tests per 1,000. Birx said that all but three states — Oregon, Maine, and Montana — had the ability to do that many tests and that the administration is working with states to ensure all the potential for testing is “brought to bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Shahpar’s and Jha’s calculations, however, say the number of needed tests is closer to 45 per 1,000 people per month, but with significant regional variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, both say, is the lower bound of what is needed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Analysis: Most U.S. States Will Need a Lot More Testing to Safely Reopen | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than half of U.S. states will have to significantly step up their Covid-19 testing to even consider starting to relax stay-at-home orders after May 1, according to a new analysis by Harvard researchers and STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that as the U.S. tries to move beyond its months-long coronavirus testing debacle — faulty tests, shortages of tests, and guidelines that excluded many people who should have been tested to mitigate the outbreak — it is at risk of fumbling the next challenge: testing enough people to determine which cities and states can safely reopen and stay open. Doing so will require the ability to catch reappearances of the coronavirus before it again spreads uncontrollably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has repeatedly expressed confidence about states’ ability to do enough testing to begin a phased reopening of the economy. In a briefing last Thursday, President Trump said he \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">disagreed with comments\u003c/a> by Anthony Fauci, the top government infectious disease expert, that “\u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5826161/anthony-fauci-covid-19-testing-capabilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">we are not there yet\u003c/a>” with the number of tests and the capacity to perform them. “No, I think we’re doing a great job in testing,” the president said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new state-by-state review reveals a far more fragmented picture: 31 states and the District of Columbia were doing too little testing last week to identify most infected people in a timely manner. Ten states would need to increase their daily testing totals by at least 10,000 to do so by May 1. New York, for instance, would have to perform more than 100,000 more tests a day, and New Jersey 68,000 more. Nineteen states — all but two in the South or the western half of the country — are already doing enough testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most assessments of the amount of testing that will be needed over the next few months are national. But while those are a good starting point, they do not give individual states, let alone cities, much guidance. “You can’t just take the national number and scale it to states by their population,” said Ashish Jha, director of the Harvard Global Health Institute. “You have to base it on the size of the outbreak in a state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At STAT’s request, Jha and his colleagues at the institute calculated the number of tests that each state would need to be doing as of May 1. STAT then compared those numbers to each state’s daily testing totals in an average week in mid-April, using data collected by the \u003ca href=\"https://covidtracking.com/data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covid Tracking Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that states with few COVID-19 cases and deaths so far will need to perform relatively few tests: between 68 and 145 per day in Alaska and between 31 and 156 in Montana, for instance. States harder hit by the pandemic face a much heavier lift: New York would have to do 130,000 to 155,000 tests every day, New Jersey 75,000 to 90,000, and both Massachusetts and Illinois about 30,000 to 35,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many hard-hit states are not even close to their goals. New York, for instance, has been averaging barely more than 20,000 tests per day since mid-April. New Jersey has been doing about 7,000, on average. Neither has announced reopening plans or dates, giving them time to ramp up testing. Massachusetts and Illinois are in no better shape, conducting just under 7,000 a day. Michigan, Connecticut, and Colorado are all about 15,000 tests a day below their May 1 targets. Texas, with more than 9,000 tests a day, and Washington state, with more than 3,000, are already doing enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more worrisome gap involves states that, despite having thousands of COVID-19 cases, are easing mitigation strategies by, for instance, allowing more businesses and public spaces such as beaches to reopen. To catch hot spots before they turn into wildfires of disease, Georgia must do 9,600 to 10,000 tests per day; it has been averaging around 4,000. Florida will need 16,000; in the last week it has been hitting just above 10,000. South Carolina is a rare bright spot: It will need 1,200 to 1,600 tests per day and has been averaging close to the low end of that, with at least 1,500 tests on several recent days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last week, the U.S. as a whole conducted 1.6 million tests, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://covidtracking.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covid Tracking Project\u003c/a>. The Harvard team says twice that many tests will be needed — at minimum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Performing enough tests is only one of the essential steps before states can reopen, experts say. Test results also have to be returned more quickly, public health workers must identify and contact potentially exposed people, and hospitals and nursing homes require adequate amounts of personal protective equipment and other supplies in case a new wave of seriously ill patients crashes over them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Harvard institute based its calculations on best-case scenarios. If the goal were not to miss a single new infection, “you would need more than 300 million tests a day,” said Jha — testing nearly every resident of every state every day (or every few days). “That’s an interesting theoretical exercise but since it’s not going to happen, it’s policy-irrelevant. If you say that, people stop listening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he said, “we tried to come up with numbers that wouldn’t make governors gag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jha and the institute’s Ben Jacobson crunched the numbers two ways for each state. Both start with the number of deaths projected for May 15 by Los Alamos National Laboratory, whose COVID-19 model the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/forecasting-us.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">consults\u003c/a>. Los Alamos projects that, nationally, the death toll on that day will be 545 — but more if states keep easing up on social distancing. For comparison, on April 25, the U.S. reported just over 2,065\u003cb> \u003c/b>new COVID-19 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then assume that deaths on May 15 will reflect the number of cases on May 1, since two weeks is the average time between infection and death. If 1 out of every 100 people diagnosed with COVID-19 dies (for a “case fatality rate” of 1%), then on May 1 there would be 100 times as many new cases as there would be deaths on May 15; call it 54,500 (545 times 100) cases on May 1 for the country as a whole. The case fatality rate for COVID-19 remains unknown, so if it is lower, perhaps 0.5%, then the number of cases would be greater: 109,000. Jha’s choice of 1% reflects his decision to make recommendations that are within reach of realistic testing capacity, and 1% is the rough consensus of experts now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the epidemic, public health workers would need to identify those 54,500 new cases on or around May 1 in order to trace and test their contacts, quarantining those who also test positive. (The “around” is because cases don’t have to be identified right away; probably within two or three days of infection is OK.) The chances of picking precisely the right 54,500 people to test are nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s therefore necessary to test many times more than 54,500 people to find that number of cases. How many more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson and Jha calculated that using two different methods, which serve as a check on each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One method is based on the fact that people most likely to be infected with the new coronavirus are also the most likely to be tested. But because of inadequate testing capacity, and because many people don’t even show symptoms, tens of thousands of cases have been missed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 20% of U.S. tests are positive for the virus. Epidemiologists estimate that for infectious diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis, if more than 3% of people test positive, then the net is not being cast wide enough. South Korea has a 3% positive rate for its coronavirus testing. To achieve that, the U.S. would have to increase its number of daily tests to 2 million by May 1. (It should be 5 million now, but that ship has sailed.) Even 2 million seems beyond reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World Health Organization says a positive rate below 10% “reflects adequate testing,” Jha said. Using that rate, the U.S. would have to be testing 545,000 people per day by May 1 and every day thereafter, until projected deaths two weeks ahead fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At STAT’s request, Jacobson and Jha then applied the 10% positive rate to each state individually. That yielded an enormous range, from 155,000 a day in New York to just 18 a day in Wyoming. Is it feasible? That will vary by state, but last week California \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-21/california-first-state-coronavirus-tests-without-symptoms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said\u003c/a> it aims to conduct 25,000 tests a day by the end of April, up from an average of about 14,000 in recent days. The Harvard team calculated the Golden State needs about 26,000, suggesting that if California hits its goal it could well be on track to safely reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a check on their work, the researchers did the calculation a second way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They again started with Los Alamos’ 545 projected deaths on May 15 and inferred that there were 100 times as many new cases, 54,500, on May 1. That’s a starting point for tracing contacts, which offers the best shot at containing both the current outbreak and any that threaten to erupt after shutdown orders are lifted: “Reopened” cities and states must catch and quarantine cases, then identify and test their contacts before they infect more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without social distancing, each case has an estimated 19 close contacts, Jha said. With social distancing, each might have 10, again suggesting roughly half a million tests per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of assumptions — case fatality rate, test positivity rate, and more — went into these calculations. But other researchers have come up with approximately the same number via different reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/national-covid-19-testing-action-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a> by the Rockefeller Foundation concluded that the U.S. should test 3 million people a week. Vital Strategies, the nonprofit headed by former CDC Director \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/13/video-chat-conversation-on-the-coronavirus-with-tom-frieden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Frieden\u003c/a>, recommended a minimum of 450,000 tests per day. Researchers arrived at that figure by counting the number of people who have the highest priority for testing: people who are sick and their contacts, of course, but also nursing home and shelter residents, prison inmates, and vital workers in health care and public transit and other infrastructure, said epidemiologist Cyrus Shahpar of Vital Strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in the Harvard calculation, the national testing goal of 450,000 would not be evenly distributed according to state (or city) population, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has said that individual states and cities need to do roughly 30 tests per 1,000 people per month, as Deborah Birx, the White House’s COVID-19 response coordinator, \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-april-17-2020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explained\u003c/a> at a recent briefing, citing New Orleans’ 27 tests per 1,000. Birx said that all but three states — Oregon, Maine, and Montana — had the ability to do that many tests and that the administration is working with states to ensure all the potential for testing is “brought to bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Shahpar’s and Jha’s calculations, however, say the number of needed tests is closer to 45 per 1,000 people per month, but with significant regional variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, both say, is the lower bound of what is needed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Married 72 Years, Now Separated Due to Coronavirus",
"headTitle": "Married 72 Years, Now Separated Due to Coronavirus | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Larry Hawkinson can’t remember the last time he saw his wife, Elise, in person. They both reside at the Saratoga Retirement Community, but live separately, in adjacent buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963034\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963034\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Larry Hawkinson, year unknown. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Larry Hawkinson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Santa Clara County, health officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Pages/dashboard.aspx#LTCF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> hundreds of cases of COVID-19 at assisted living and nursing homes. Many of those facilities began to escalate infection control protocols months ago, and those efforts to slow the spread of the virus have changed life dramatically for older couples like the Hawkinsons, who need different levels of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly, it’s kept the Hawkinsons apart. “It just started tightening up a little bit and tightening up a little bit,” he says. “It’s kind of a dull life. But ‘tis what it is. I would be very upset if I got it, of course,” said Larry, who is 95. He laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Travelers No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they were young, Larry and Elise, who is 93, wandered Europe, not always knowing where they’d sleep the next night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the difficult distance they have to cover is the one between two buildings on the same property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a dozen years ago, the Hawkinsons moved into a two-bedroom apartment, living independently in the retirement community, commonly known as the Odd Fellows Home. Hawkinson led community emergency response training and was a ham radio enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, on vacation in Hawaii, Elise had a terrible fall that robbed her of mobility. They got caregiver help; eventually, it wasn’t enough. They moved to assisted living. When Elise’s condition declined to the point that she couldn’t recognize her own daughter, Larry reluctantly moved her to the memory care facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s in the closest room possible for me to get to,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two or three times a day, Hawkinson would walk downstairs from his assisted living apartment, past the dining room, across a paved lane to Elise’s room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d be there when they’d put her into bed at night, and we’d kiss goodnight, and she’d say, ‘I love you,’” he said. “And if she didn’t, I’d say, ‘Did you forget to say something?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in February, Santa Clara County reported its first cases of COVID-19. The dining room closed. He couldn’t get permission to visit his wife as much; state and county orders limited visitors and locked down nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county’s stay-at-home order means Hawkinson can’t play golf. Sunday church is now streamed video. He gets three meals a day delivered to his door. He eats them on a TV tray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It pretty well drives me nuts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saratoga Retirement Community has\u003ca href=\"https://www.retirement.org/saratoga/covid-19-virus/\"> reported\u003c/a> one staffer testing positive for the coronavirus. Still, Hawkinson feels safe, and he welcomes the precautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says it’s horrible that he hasn’t seen his wife in person since early last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkinson calls over to the nurses’ station in his wife’s building a couple of times a week. An aide calls him back from Elise’s room. Then she gets on the phone and her voice journeys back to him. It’s harder to connect that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just chat for a little bit,” he said. No use staying…very long on there cause she doesn’t understand what’s going on. She has pretty bad dementia. But she’s not unhappy. She is not belligerent at all. She just…exists. Pretty tough, but that’s the way it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">This story was reported with the help of a reader. You can share your story with us too…\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Happened in Burlingame…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now married 72 years, the Hawkinsons’ love story began in the Burlingame Public Library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Elise was in high school, she worked with Hawkinson’s sister there. A graduate of Lowell High School in San Francisco, Larry joined the naval reserve after Pearl Harbor, a military man \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/09/amid-armistice-centenary-one-saratoga-resident-shares-his-personal-connection-to-wwi/\">like his father\u003c/a>. Larry’s sister prodded Elise to send him, a boy she’d never met, a birthday card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got this card, very nice, and so I wrote back and said, ‘Thank you very much for the nice birthday card, whoever you are,” he said. “She wrote back and said, ‘Thank you for the nice thank you card, whoever you are.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He came back from officer candidate school, and they started to date. When he first asked Elise to marry him, she said maybe. “Maybe?” he says now. “I thought maybe she thought I might not come home from the war or maybe she could do better while I was gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was neither: She wanted to finish school and teach kindergarten. She did just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he returned from the Navy, he became a teacher, too, of mathematics, forging a whole career as part of the founding faculty at Gunn High School in Palo Alto. Larry and Elise raised two daughters in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All along the way, Elise matched him in work and adventures. They’ve been to 54 countries together, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the pandemic is over, Hawkinson wants to play golf again. And he holds out hope he can make the trip to his sister’s for her 100th birthday this summer, in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knows his travels with Elise are a thing of the past. But at night, once in a while when he can’t sleep, he relives them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I start redoing the 54 countries in order,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Number one, number two, and so on…”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic!\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[hearken src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/5489.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Larry Hawkinson can’t remember the last time he saw his wife, Elise, in person. They both reside at the Saratoga Retirement Community, but live separately, in adjacent buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1963034\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1963034\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/hawkinson-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Larry Hawkinson, year unknown. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Larry Hawkinson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Santa Clara County, health officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Pages/dashboard.aspx#LTCF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> hundreds of cases of COVID-19 at assisted living and nursing homes. Many of those facilities began to escalate infection control protocols months ago, and those efforts to slow the spread of the virus have changed life dramatically for older couples like the Hawkinsons, who need different levels of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly, it’s kept the Hawkinsons apart. “It just started tightening up a little bit and tightening up a little bit,” he says. “It’s kind of a dull life. But ‘tis what it is. I would be very upset if I got it, of course,” said Larry, who is 95. He laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Travelers No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they were young, Larry and Elise, who is 93, wandered Europe, not always knowing where they’d sleep the next night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the difficult distance they have to cover is the one between two buildings on the same property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a dozen years ago, the Hawkinsons moved into a two-bedroom apartment, living independently in the retirement community, commonly known as the Odd Fellows Home. Hawkinson led community emergency response training and was a ham radio enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, on vacation in Hawaii, Elise had a terrible fall that robbed her of mobility. They got caregiver help; eventually, it wasn’t enough. They moved to assisted living. When Elise’s condition declined to the point that she couldn’t recognize her own daughter, Larry reluctantly moved her to the memory care facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s in the closest room possible for me to get to,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two or three times a day, Hawkinson would walk downstairs from his assisted living apartment, past the dining room, across a paved lane to Elise’s room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d be there when they’d put her into bed at night, and we’d kiss goodnight, and she’d say, ‘I love you,’” he said. “And if she didn’t, I’d say, ‘Did you forget to say something?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in February, Santa Clara County reported its first cases of COVID-19. The dining room closed. He couldn’t get permission to visit his wife as much; state and county orders limited visitors and locked down nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county’s stay-at-home order means Hawkinson can’t play golf. Sunday church is now streamed video. He gets three meals a day delivered to his door. He eats them on a TV tray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It pretty well drives me nuts,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saratoga Retirement Community has\u003ca href=\"https://www.retirement.org/saratoga/covid-19-virus/\"> reported\u003c/a> one staffer testing positive for the coronavirus. Still, Hawkinson feels safe, and he welcomes the precautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says it’s horrible that he hasn’t seen his wife in person since early last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkinson calls over to the nurses’ station in his wife’s building a couple of times a week. An aide calls him back from Elise’s room. Then she gets on the phone and her voice journeys back to him. It’s harder to connect that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just chat for a little bit,” he said. No use staying…very long on there cause she doesn’t understand what’s going on. She has pretty bad dementia. But she’s not unhappy. She is not belligerent at all. She just…exists. Pretty tough, but that’s the way it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">This story was reported with the help of a reader. You can share your story with us too…\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Happened in Burlingame…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now married 72 years, the Hawkinsons’ love story began in the Burlingame Public Library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Elise was in high school, she worked with Hawkinson’s sister there. A graduate of Lowell High School in San Francisco, Larry joined the naval reserve after Pearl Harbor, a military man \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/09/amid-armistice-centenary-one-saratoga-resident-shares-his-personal-connection-to-wwi/\">like his father\u003c/a>. Larry’s sister prodded Elise to send him, a boy she’d never met, a birthday card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got this card, very nice, and so I wrote back and said, ‘Thank you very much for the nice birthday card, whoever you are,” he said. “She wrote back and said, ‘Thank you for the nice thank you card, whoever you are.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He came back from officer candidate school, and they started to date. When he first asked Elise to marry him, she said maybe. “Maybe?” he says now. “I thought maybe she thought I might not come home from the war or maybe she could do better while I was gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was neither: She wanted to finish school and teach kindergarten. She did just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he returned from the Navy, he became a teacher, too, of mathematics, forging a whole career as part of the founding faculty at Gunn High School in Palo Alto. Larry and Elise raised two daughters in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All along the way, Elise matched him in work and adventures. They’ve been to 54 countries together, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the pandemic is over, Hawkinson wants to play golf again. And he holds out hope he can make the trip to his sister’s for her 100th birthday this summer, in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knows his travels with Elise are a thing of the past. But at night, once in a while when he can’t sleep, he relives them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I start redoing the 54 countries in order,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Number one, number two, and so on…”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic!\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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