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Gavin Newsom unveiled the state’s updated water plan for a climate-changed future as “snow droughts,” deluges and dry times intensify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can take a deep breath this year, but don’t quadruple the amount of time in your shower; then consider that this time next year, we may be at a different place,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said California’s new climate reality demands a new sophisticated approach to modernize aging water infrastructure and limited water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/California-Water-Plan/Update-2023\">California Water Plan\u003c/a> 2023 update is a strategic blueprint \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that guides water managers\u003c/span> to ensure that water systems — from rural communities plagued by contaminated water to metropolitan areas capturing stormwater for drier times to the state’s interconnected water system — are prepared for weather whiplash, deepened by human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll remind all of you the water system in California was designed for a world that no longer exists,” Newsom said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year isn’t a prime example of the future — the snowpack is glistening white at \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">110% of the average for April\u003c/a>, which means the state is heading into warmer months with plentiful water supplies — but snow-packed years aren’t a guarantee. And the snowpack accounts for 30% of the state’s water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_1991866,science_1991662,science_1991522\"]“Those are pretty healthy numbers,” UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said. “From a short-term water supply problem, we’re not going to have major issues in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With climate change “an urgent threat,” the state’s sprawling plan, updated every five years, addresses three key areas: strengthening watersheds, addressing climate change and closing a gap in “long-standing inequities” in water management. Planning with equity in mind is important because the report notes that water supplies will likely decrease by 10% by 2040, “challenging many vulnerable Californians in accessing their human right to water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom also lauded an endeavor to potentially build a new reservoir and a controversial plan to build a 45-mile water tunnel beneath the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and said the project is “critical if we’re going to address the issue of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes after the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1991979/california-eases-urban-water-use-rules-as-residents-still-urged-to-conserve\">new conservation rules received strong criticism\u003c/a>. If the regulations go into effect, they will likely ease standards, giving water managers more time to comply, and environmentalists argue that this will lead to smaller water savings statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocacy groups, like the Community Water Center, applaud the state for focusing on equity and calling out a lack of inclusion in the world of water management. But Abraham Mendoza, the group’s policy manages, said the plan does “not speak to solving the problem in a timely manner.” He said funding and solutions are needed for “the infrastructure to implement community-driven solutions, programs for affordability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘Average is awesome’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In January, the snowpack measured just 25% of the average, and scientists warned of a potential “snow drought.” Water managers worried storms wouldn’t build it up and that the long-term trend of a shrinking snowpack would hold true this winter. But California’s luck changed in February as storm after storm rolled over the state. Then another in early March added as much as 12 feet of snow to the height of the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"California Gov. Gavin Newsom\"]‘I’ll remind all of you the water system in California was designed for a world that no longer exists.’[/pullquote]“The beginning of the year was more indicative of what we expect to see in the future,” said Andrew Schwartz, lead scientist at the UC Berkeley Central Sierra Snow Lab. “In terms of overall climate change this year, this is one of those years where we kind of wound up fortunate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, state leaders are rejoicing over this year’s snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Average is awesome,” said Karla Nemeth, director of California’s Department of Water Resources. “We’ve had some pretty big swings in the last couple of years, but average may be coming less and less common feature of snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s even more good news in the near term: the above-average snowpack could deepen this week — and potentially through the rest of April — as a cold storm could drop as much as a foot of fresh powder on the range starting Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the next week, another couple of storms may come through,” Schwartz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/UCB_CSSL/status/1775194478288175359\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz said the slightly above-average snowpack means a lighter flood risk as it melts, ultimately replenishing reservoirs “to help us prepare for a year when we might have a shortfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is another year that’s helping us along; We’re looking like we’re in good shape this year,” he said of state reservoirs already at 116% of average levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said two years of above-average snow does not mean California should pause preparing for future droughts — which is why the state’s new water plan is essential. Over the past decades, California has had two multiyear droughts followed by record snowpacks and damaging floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heightened snowpack is also good news for staving off the threat of early-season wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be an opportunity for a lot of prescribed burning,” UCLA’s Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While all the snow most likely means decreased wildfire risk at high elevations, Swain expects “a significant increase in fire activity” in late summer because lower elevations are now bright green with grasses, shrubs and chaparral. All the growth could mean fires in areas of the state that don’t often burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the water will allow “invasive grasses to fill in the gaps between sagebrush and Joshua trees,” which “may increase the likelihood of fires in the deserts earlier in the season,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tromping through multiple feet of snow near Lake Tahoe on Tuesday, California Gov. Gavin Newsom unveiled the state’s updated water plan for a climate-changed future as “snow droughts,” deluges and dry times intensify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can take a deep breath this year, but don’t quadruple the amount of time in your shower; then consider that this time next year, we may be at a different place,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said California’s new climate reality demands a new sophisticated approach to modernize aging water infrastructure and limited water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/California-Water-Plan/Update-2023\">California Water Plan\u003c/a> 2023 update is a strategic blueprint \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that guides water managers\u003c/span> to ensure that water systems — from rural communities plagued by contaminated water to metropolitan areas capturing stormwater for drier times to the state’s interconnected water system — are prepared for weather whiplash, deepened by human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll remind all of you the water system in California was designed for a world that no longer exists,” Newsom said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year isn’t a prime example of the future — the snowpack is glistening white at \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">110% of the average for April\u003c/a>, which means the state is heading into warmer months with plentiful water supplies — but snow-packed years aren’t a guarantee. And the snowpack accounts for 30% of the state’s water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Those are pretty healthy numbers,” UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said. “From a short-term water supply problem, we’re not going to have major issues in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With climate change “an urgent threat,” the state’s sprawling plan, updated every five years, addresses three key areas: strengthening watersheds, addressing climate change and closing a gap in “long-standing inequities” in water management. Planning with equity in mind is important because the report notes that water supplies will likely decrease by 10% by 2040, “challenging many vulnerable Californians in accessing their human right to water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom also lauded an endeavor to potentially build a new reservoir and a controversial plan to build a 45-mile water tunnel beneath the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and said the project is “critical if we’re going to address the issue of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes after the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1991979/california-eases-urban-water-use-rules-as-residents-still-urged-to-conserve\">new conservation rules received strong criticism\u003c/a>. If the regulations go into effect, they will likely ease standards, giving water managers more time to comply, and environmentalists argue that this will lead to smaller water savings statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocacy groups, like the Community Water Center, applaud the state for focusing on equity and calling out a lack of inclusion in the world of water management. But Abraham Mendoza, the group’s policy manages, said the plan does “not speak to solving the problem in a timely manner.” He said funding and solutions are needed for “the infrastructure to implement community-driven solutions, programs for affordability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘Average is awesome’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In January, the snowpack measured just 25% of the average, and scientists warned of a potential “snow drought.” Water managers worried storms wouldn’t build it up and that the long-term trend of a shrinking snowpack would hold true this winter. But California’s luck changed in February as storm after storm rolled over the state. Then another in early March added as much as 12 feet of snow to the height of the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The beginning of the year was more indicative of what we expect to see in the future,” said Andrew Schwartz, lead scientist at the UC Berkeley Central Sierra Snow Lab. “In terms of overall climate change this year, this is one of those years where we kind of wound up fortunate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, state leaders are rejoicing over this year’s snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Average is awesome,” said Karla Nemeth, director of California’s Department of Water Resources. “We’ve had some pretty big swings in the last couple of years, but average may be coming less and less common feature of snowpack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s even more good news in the near term: the above-average snowpack could deepen this week — and potentially through the rest of April — as a cold storm could drop as much as a foot of fresh powder on the range starting Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the next week, another couple of storms may come through,” Schwartz said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Schwartz said the slightly above-average snowpack means a lighter flood risk as it melts, ultimately replenishing reservoirs “to help us prepare for a year when we might have a shortfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is another year that’s helping us along; We’re looking like we’re in good shape this year,” he said of state reservoirs already at 116% of average levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said two years of above-average snow does not mean California should pause preparing for future droughts — which is why the state’s new water plan is essential. Over the past decades, California has had two multiyear droughts followed by record snowpacks and damaging floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heightened snowpack is also good news for staving off the threat of early-season wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be an opportunity for a lot of prescribed burning,” UCLA’s Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While all the snow most likely means decreased wildfire risk at high elevations, Swain expects “a significant increase in fire activity” in late summer because lower elevations are now bright green with grasses, shrubs and chaparral. All the growth could mean fires in areas of the state that don’t often burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the water will allow “invasive grasses to fill in the gaps between sagebrush and Joshua trees,” which “may increase the likelihood of fires in the deserts earlier in the season,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The California snowpack is glistening white at more than 100% of the average for this time of year — and meteorologists forecast a storm this weekend could deepen it even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack could grow by as much as 2 feet at the highest elevations as a typical winter-like storm passes over the Sierra Nevada as soon as Friday and lasts through Sunday, said National Weather Service Sacramento meteorologist Dakari Anderson.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Andrew Schwartz, lead scientist, UC Berkeley Central Sierra Snow Lab\"]‘If these storms pan out, we could go from 100% of our April 1 average to potentially above that. We’re in a good spot.”[/pullquote]Water managers consider California’s snowpack as a frozen reservoir that plays a significant role in providing water to farms and cities as it slowly melts into reservoirs, rivers and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storm won’t be like anything we saw in the last few storms,” Anderson said \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11977803/storm-barrels-down-on-sierra-as-blizzard-conditions-close-tahoe-resorts\">of weather patterns that piled as much as 12 feet of snow in parts of the Sierra\u003c/a>. “Overall, we are looking at above-normal amounts of snow across the Sierra because of what happened in February.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, California’s snowpack is \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">100% of the average for this time of year and 104% of the average of the April 1 snowpack\u003c/a>, which is the timeframe water managers look to as an indicator of potential water supply for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If these storms pan out, we could go from 100% of our April 1 average to potentially above that,” said Andrew Schwartz, lead scientist at the UC Berkeley Central Sierra Snow Lab. “We’re in a good spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSSacramento/status/1769708214788981173\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without the coming storm, California is on track to have an average snow year, which is a big deal because residents are used to bouncing back and forth between extremes: droughts, when Californians conserve water, and extremely wet years when the flood risk is highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s infrequent that we actually get somewhat of a normal winter, and so far, it’s shaped up to be just that,” he said. “It’s that thing that we really want to aspire to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significant snow years can increase flood risk as it melts into rivers and streams, but Schwartz and state officials said it is hard to tell if flooding will happen this year because of the snowpack melting. What could cause flooding is if spring heatwaves melt snow rapidly.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"David Rizzardo, manager, California Department of Water Resources hydrology section\"]‘The question now is how the snowpack translates into snowmelt and how much runoff reaches our reservoirs during the spring and summer.’[/pullquote]“The question now is how the snowpack translates into snowmelt and how much runoff reaches our reservoirs during the spring and summer,” said David Rizzardo, California Department of Water Resources hydrology section manager. “It is still possible that snowmelt runoff will be below average if we don’t see much added to the snowpack this month.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of a heatwave, Alan Rhoades, a Lawrence Berkeley National Lab atmospheric scientist, is aware that the\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/ocean-temperature-hit-record-high-february-2024-eu-scientists-say-2024-03-07/#:~:text=Ocean%20temperature%20hit%20record%20high%20in%20February%202024%2C%20EU%20scientists%20say,-By%20Gloria%20Dickie&text=LONDON%2C%20March%207%20(Reuters),(C3S)%20said%20on%20Thursday.\"> world’s oceans have experienced a year of unprecedented heat\u003c/a>. He said temperatures are way outside the normal range globally, which could impact the snowpack locally. The ocean temperature can significantly alter how much or how little rain or snow falls over the Sierra and how warm or cold the region is.[aside label='More on Climate Change' tag='climate-change']“With our snowpack, things like heat waves are something to keep in mind; they could lead to a potential ripening of the snow and an abrupt melt,” he said. “As we’re moving into a climate-changed world, we’re starting to see these heat waves start to occur more frequently in late spring and early summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The positive news is that now that the state has had two wet winters, \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/resapp/RescondMain\">its reservoir storage is above average\u003c/a>, meaning the threat of drought is virtually zero heading into the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a similar story for wildfire risk with two back-to-back wet years. UC Berkeley’s Schwartz doesn’t expect much fire danger at higher elevations because the forest is covered in thick snow, preventing brush and grasses from growing fast. The concern, he said, is primarily at lower elevations where rain has been more predominant in recent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always a concern during an above-average year down at the lower elevations, where grasses and shrubs experience a burst of growth as the temperatures warm up and then die off in the summer heat,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California snowpack is glistening white at more than 100% of the average for this time of year — and meteorologists forecast a storm this weekend could deepen it even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowpack could grow by as much as 2 feet at the highest elevations as a typical winter-like storm passes over the Sierra Nevada as soon as Friday and lasts through Sunday, said National Weather Service Sacramento meteorologist Dakari Anderson.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Water managers consider California’s snowpack as a frozen reservoir that plays a significant role in providing water to farms and cities as it slowly melts into reservoirs, rivers and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storm won’t be like anything we saw in the last few storms,” Anderson said \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11977803/storm-barrels-down-on-sierra-as-blizzard-conditions-close-tahoe-resorts\">of weather patterns that piled as much as 12 feet of snow in parts of the Sierra\u003c/a>. “Overall, we are looking at above-normal amounts of snow across the Sierra because of what happened in February.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, California’s snowpack is \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">100% of the average for this time of year and 104% of the average of the April 1 snowpack\u003c/a>, which is the timeframe water managers look to as an indicator of potential water supply for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Even without the coming storm, California is on track to have an average snow year, which is a big deal because residents are used to bouncing back and forth between extremes: droughts, when Californians conserve water, and extremely wet years when the flood risk is highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s infrequent that we actually get somewhat of a normal winter, and so far, it’s shaped up to be just that,” he said. “It’s that thing that we really want to aspire to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significant snow years can increase flood risk as it melts into rivers and streams, but Schwartz and state officials said it is hard to tell if flooding will happen this year because of the snowpack melting. What could cause flooding is if spring heatwaves melt snow rapidly.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘The question now is how the snowpack translates into snowmelt and how much runoff reaches our reservoirs during the spring and summer.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The question now is how the snowpack translates into snowmelt and how much runoff reaches our reservoirs during the spring and summer,” said David Rizzardo, California Department of Water Resources hydrology section manager. “It is still possible that snowmelt runoff will be below average if we don’t see much added to the snowpack this month.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of a heatwave, Alan Rhoades, a Lawrence Berkeley National Lab atmospheric scientist, is aware that the\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/ocean-temperature-hit-record-high-february-2024-eu-scientists-say-2024-03-07/#:~:text=Ocean%20temperature%20hit%20record%20high%20in%20February%202024%2C%20EU%20scientists%20say,-By%20Gloria%20Dickie&text=LONDON%2C%20March%207%20(Reuters),(C3S)%20said%20on%20Thursday.\"> world’s oceans have experienced a year of unprecedented heat\u003c/a>. He said temperatures are way outside the normal range globally, which could impact the snowpack locally. The ocean temperature can significantly alter how much or how little rain or snow falls over the Sierra and how warm or cold the region is.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“With our snowpack, things like heat waves are something to keep in mind; they could lead to a potential ripening of the snow and an abrupt melt,” he said. “As we’re moving into a climate-changed world, we’re starting to see these heat waves start to occur more frequently in late spring and early summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The positive news is that now that the state has had two wet winters, \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/resapp/RescondMain\">its reservoir storage is above average\u003c/a>, meaning the threat of drought is virtually zero heading into the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a similar story for wildfire risk with two back-to-back wet years. UC Berkeley’s Schwartz doesn’t expect much fire danger at higher elevations because the forest is covered in thick snow, preventing brush and grasses from growing fast. The concern, he said, is primarily at lower elevations where rain has been more predominant in recent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always a concern during an above-average year down at the lower elevations, where grasses and shrubs experience a burst of growth as the temperatures warm up and then die off in the summer heat,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Heavy Rain Is Still Hitting California. A Few Reservoirs Figured Out How to Capture More for Drought",
"headTitle": "Heavy Rain Is Still Hitting California. A Few Reservoirs Figured Out How to Capture More for Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Despite several weeks of torrential rain and flooding, California is still facing a severe multi-year drought. That has many people thinking about how to better capture winter floodwaters to last through the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An innovative approach at two California reservoirs could help boost the state’s water supply, potentially marking a larger shift from decades-old water management approaches to a system that can quickly adapt to precipitation in a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are rules that, at face value, seem perplexing to many Californians. Even in a chronically dry state, reservoirs are not allowed to fill up in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the late fall and winter, most are required to release water if they get too full, sometimes emptying out almost by half. That’s because the empty space is crucial if an intense storm hits. Reservoirs collect runoff and prevent it from flooding downstream cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, in some years, reservoirs preemptively empty out with little need if no major storms materialize. That means valuable water is lost for potentially drier months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two sites, Folsom Reservoir and Lake Mendocino, are rethinking this by using weather forecasts to guide their operations. Instead of sticking to set rules, they only empty out if a major storm is forecasted for the days ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parade of major storms that have hit California, known as atmospheric rivers, is providing a key test for these systems. Water experts say it’s showing that “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/03/18/469799456/in-california-dealing-with-a-drought-and-preparing-for-a-flood\">forecast-informed” reservoir operations\u003c/a> have the potential to reshape how water is stored across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981243\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981243\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"The NOAA Hurricane Hunters plane wing seen above clouds in the clear sky.\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1536x1004.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-2048x1339.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1920x1255.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NOAA Hurricane Hunters fly above an atmospheric river on January 9th, 2023, preparing to drop instruments into the storm to aid with weather forecasts. \u003ccite>(Rich Henning/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have to use every drop of water that much more effectively,” says Marty Ralph, director for the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “There’s not much to spare, and we need to do the best we can to use that water efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making water decisions in real-time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most reservoirs have two jobs that are completely at odds with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, reservoirs need to be as full as possible to provide water for people and wildlife. On the other, staying empty ensures they can safely handle the runoff from major storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are huge for walking that line. If a dam is overwhelmed, potentially hundreds of thousands of people risk being flooded downstream. Stay too empty, and cities and agriculture run short of water when a drought hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, reservoirs used fixed rules to guide those decisions, most created decades ago before human-induced climate change began fueling extreme weather. At Folsom Reservoir outside Sacramento, California, the water level could only reach 60 percent full in the winter. If more water flowed in, it had to be released. Some winters, where major storms stopped arriving, that water could have been safely stored and used later during the long, dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/03/18/469799456/in-california-dealing-with-a-drought-and-preparing-for-a-flood\">many years of study\u003c/a>, water managers remade that system in 2019, working with the federal Army Corps of Engineers which is responsible for flood safety. Now, the reservoir can stay 20 percent fuller in the winter, though not completely full. Then, if a major storm appears, the reservoir makes space by releasing water three to five days ahead of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when the dams were built, it was a pretty wise choice in my opinion not to use weather forecasts because they weren’t very good,” Ralph says. “But now with satellites and radars and models and science, there’s been a lot of improvements so it seems sensible to give it a try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981244\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows lake level conditions surrounding Granite Bay Main Beach at Folsom Lake in Placer County, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1020x646.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1536x972.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-2048x1296.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1920x1215.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By using flexible rules, Folsom Lake outside Sacramento, California could hold onto 20 percent more water by the summer, helping the state with its severe drought. \u003ccite>(Kenneth James/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key is spotting atmospheric rivers, massive plumes of moisture that stretch hundreds of miles across the Pacific. Predicting where they’ll land in California is crucial for forecasting how much runoff a reservoir will see. The relentless storms hitting the state this winter means water managers are continually recalibrating how much water Folsom Reservoir can hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re constantly rerunning these ensemble forecasts for river flows,” says Drew Lessard, who manages Folsom Reservoir at the Central California office of the Bureau of Reclamation. “So it’s working as intended, but it’s certainly pretty dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other Western reservoirs looking at dynamic methods\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Closer to the Bay Area, Lake Mendocino is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomawater.org/firo\">also using forecast-informed operations\u003c/a>. A handful of other California reservoirs are in the process of studying it as well. The federal Bureau of Reclamation, the largest provider of water for utilities in the country, says it’s looking into other places where it might be a good fit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate is changing, hydrology is changing, weather patterns are changing,” says David Raff, chief engineer at the Bureau of Reclamation. “In addition to that, the demand for water is increasing in the Western United States. When you put those things together, there is a significant interest to optimize operations in all of our reservoirs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method may not be a good fit in all Western reservoirs, however. Some are affected by other weather patterns or melting snow that’s harder to predict than California’s weather. Other reservoirs, like on the Colorado River, have the capacity to hold so much water that releasing water during the flood season isn’t much of an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts say as the climate gets hotter, Western water managers will need to use real-time data to be more responsive to the changing conditions. California is expected to see more “weather whiplash,” the abrupt swings from extreme dry periods to extreme floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Longer droughts, deeper droughts and bigger storms between them,” Ralph says. “That’s what Mother Nature is going to deliver us under a warmer climate. So we need to prepare. There’s a lot at stake and these are methods that could really help us with climate adaptation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Heavy+rain+is+still+hitting+California.+A+few+reservoirs+figured+out+how+to+capture+more+for+drought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite several weeks of torrential rain and flooding, California is still facing a severe multi-year drought. That has many people thinking about how to better capture winter floodwaters to last through the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An innovative approach at two California reservoirs could help boost the state’s water supply, potentially marking a larger shift from decades-old water management approaches to a system that can quickly adapt to precipitation in a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are rules that, at face value, seem perplexing to many Californians. Even in a chronically dry state, reservoirs are not allowed to fill up in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the late fall and winter, most are required to release water if they get too full, sometimes emptying out almost by half. That’s because the empty space is crucial if an intense storm hits. Reservoirs collect runoff and prevent it from flooding downstream cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, in some years, reservoirs preemptively empty out with little need if no major storms materialize. That means valuable water is lost for potentially drier months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two sites, Folsom Reservoir and Lake Mendocino, are rethinking this by using weather forecasts to guide their operations. Instead of sticking to set rules, they only empty out if a major storm is forecasted for the days ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parade of major storms that have hit California, known as atmospheric rivers, is providing a key test for these systems. Water experts say it’s showing that “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/03/18/469799456/in-california-dealing-with-a-drought-and-preparing-for-a-flood\">forecast-informed” reservoir operations\u003c/a> have the potential to reshape how water is stored across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981243\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981243\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"The NOAA Hurricane Hunters plane wing seen above clouds in the clear sky.\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1536x1004.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-2048x1339.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1920x1255.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NOAA Hurricane Hunters fly above an atmospheric river on January 9th, 2023, preparing to drop instruments into the storm to aid with weather forecasts. \u003ccite>(Rich Henning/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have to use every drop of water that much more effectively,” says Marty Ralph, director for the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “There’s not much to spare, and we need to do the best we can to use that water efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making water decisions in real-time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most reservoirs have two jobs that are completely at odds with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, reservoirs need to be as full as possible to provide water for people and wildlife. On the other, staying empty ensures they can safely handle the runoff from major storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are huge for walking that line. If a dam is overwhelmed, potentially hundreds of thousands of people risk being flooded downstream. Stay too empty, and cities and agriculture run short of water when a drought hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, reservoirs used fixed rules to guide those decisions, most created decades ago before human-induced climate change began fueling extreme weather. At Folsom Reservoir outside Sacramento, California, the water level could only reach 60 percent full in the winter. If more water flowed in, it had to be released. Some winters, where major storms stopped arriving, that water could have been safely stored and used later during the long, dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/03/18/469799456/in-california-dealing-with-a-drought-and-preparing-for-a-flood\">many years of study\u003c/a>, water managers remade that system in 2019, working with the federal Army Corps of Engineers which is responsible for flood safety. Now, the reservoir can stay 20 percent fuller in the winter, though not completely full. Then, if a major storm appears, the reservoir makes space by releasing water three to five days ahead of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when the dams were built, it was a pretty wise choice in my opinion not to use weather forecasts because they weren’t very good,” Ralph says. “But now with satellites and radars and models and science, there’s been a lot of improvements so it seems sensible to give it a try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981244\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows lake level conditions surrounding Granite Bay Main Beach at Folsom Lake in Placer County, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1020x646.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1536x972.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-2048x1296.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1920x1215.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By using flexible rules, Folsom Lake outside Sacramento, California could hold onto 20 percent more water by the summer, helping the state with its severe drought. \u003ccite>(Kenneth James/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key is spotting atmospheric rivers, massive plumes of moisture that stretch hundreds of miles across the Pacific. Predicting where they’ll land in California is crucial for forecasting how much runoff a reservoir will see. The relentless storms hitting the state this winter means water managers are continually recalibrating how much water Folsom Reservoir can hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re constantly rerunning these ensemble forecasts for river flows,” says Drew Lessard, who manages Folsom Reservoir at the Central California office of the Bureau of Reclamation. “So it’s working as intended, but it’s certainly pretty dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other Western reservoirs looking at dynamic methods\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Closer to the Bay Area, Lake Mendocino is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomawater.org/firo\">also using forecast-informed operations\u003c/a>. A handful of other California reservoirs are in the process of studying it as well. The federal Bureau of Reclamation, the largest provider of water for utilities in the country, says it’s looking into other places where it might be a good fit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate is changing, hydrology is changing, weather patterns are changing,” says David Raff, chief engineer at the Bureau of Reclamation. “In addition to that, the demand for water is increasing in the Western United States. When you put those things together, there is a significant interest to optimize operations in all of our reservoirs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method may not be a good fit in all Western reservoirs, however. Some are affected by other weather patterns or melting snow that’s harder to predict than California’s weather. Other reservoirs, like on the Colorado River, have the capacity to hold so much water that releasing water during the flood season isn’t much of an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts say as the climate gets hotter, Western water managers will need to use real-time data to be more responsive to the changing conditions. California is expected to see more “weather whiplash,” the abrupt swings from extreme dry periods to extreme floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Longer droughts, deeper droughts and bigger storms between them,” Ralph says. “That’s what Mother Nature is going to deliver us under a warmer climate. So we need to prepare. There’s a lot at stake and these are methods that could really help us with climate adaptation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Heavy+rain+is+still+hitting+California.+A+few+reservoirs+figured+out+how+to+capture+more+for+drought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "When the State Cut Their Water, These California Users Created a Collaborative Solution",
"headTitle": "When the State Cut Their Water, These California Users Created a Collaborative Solution | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California Gov. Gavin Newsom stood at a podium placed on the sandy bottom of Lake Mendocino, a basin built to hold more than 20 billion gallons of water. It was spring, which meant that the reservoir should have held water from the winter rains that in past decades provided water to millions of Californians. Instead, on this afternoon in 2021, the ground was dry and cracked. Newsom was there to declare a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is intensifying both the frequency and the severity of dry periods,” he said. It was time for California to prepare for “what may be a prolonged drought at our doorstep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is contending with its driest three-year period on record. The lake reservoir where Newsom set his declaration supplies water to the Russian River, which in turn provides water for 600,000 people and to some of California’s best-known wineries. Now, the watershed and the reservoir where this drought began have become the proving ground for an innovative water agreement that aims to make more of scarce supplies. Creators say the program could become a prototype for accords elsewhere in the state and in the West, a beacon of collaboration in a place where water can be contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working through the state’s convoluted water rights system, the novel agreement inked this summer allows water users to voluntarily conserve. The water left over can be passed on to other users in the area who have less priority and who, without the program, may have been left with nothing. Very generally, in a normal year, users with older water rights are allowed first priority, and in times of shortage, junior users are the first to be cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the project ran for about four weeks of the growing season, an abbreviated test run that allowed some grape growers to keep plants alive after years of scrimping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it was for only a few more weeks than the previous year, for a farmer, particularly, that can be make or break,” said Elizabeth Salomone, general manager of the Russian River Flood Control and Water Conservation Improvement District, which has contracts to disburse water from Lake Mendocino and the Russian River to farmers and water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An order to reduce flows further upstream shut the program down early, but the agreement’s architects hope to keep it ready to run again next year as they plan for the potential of another dry winter in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>After privation, working together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A few months after Newsom stood at the bottom of Lake Mendocino, water rights attorney Philip Williams recalls sitting in his law office, surrounded by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and framed paintings commemorating his time serving in the Army. He was logged onto a state court website, ready to sue California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My finger was on the trigger,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1981171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png\" alt=\"California Gov. Gavin Newsome has implemented a conservation program to provide water from Lake Mendocimo and the Russian River to drought-stricken wineries, farms and 600,000 area residents\" width=\"700\" height=\"820\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px-160x187.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2021, the state board that controls California water rights warned that Lake Mendocino was at a critically low level. Later in the summer, to prevent the reservoir from running dry, the state ordered thousands of users to stop diverting water from several rivers, a policy known as curtailment. The state even cut the rights for Ukiah, a town of about 20,000 in rural wine country with senior water rights that is one of Williams’ clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney thought the restrictions were wrong. Ukiah, which had access to recycled water and groundwater, wasn’t in danger of running out of supplies. But the town wanted to help other communities that didn’t have the same backup. The disagreement took Williams to the brink of legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a lawyer by trade, litigation wasn’t Williams’ preferred remedy. A veteran who served in Iraq, Williams felt the war was an institutional failure. Though his tour was decades ago, taking the state to court felt similar to him — parties have long sued over water, yet the fights over water supplies continued. He thought there was a better path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This program is a way to show that we can get out of that cycle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Salomone, the state water board had floated the potential for alternatives to curtailment back in 2020, suggesting in a meeting with water providers and users in the Russian River watershed that they devise some type of sharing program for constrained supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, those types of agreements are exceedingly rare. A complex rights system governs water, designating who can pull from underground supplies, rivers and state-run reservoirs and canals at certain times. Williams also remembers the board raising the idea, on a call he took while driving. Others on the call met the proposal with silence, which he read as surprise. Water supplies reached severe lows before any such agreement could be hatched, and then came the curtailments in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukiah was far from the only user upset by the policy, which affected thousands of rights holders, including municipalities and farms. In Redwood Valley, a community north of Ukiah that purchases most of its water, residents were each limited to 55 gallons per day, an amount the state sets for human health and safety needs. Some reported showering with rainwater collected from their roofs. Ukiah trucked water to the coast, where restaurants could only serve water on request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When users in the watershed got together in the fall to discuss solutions, the pain of those cuts and earlier ones remained fresh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was still a lot of bruising among the community,” said Salomone, who attended the meetings and helped coordinate the agreement. “So it took us a while to get the ball rolling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state hired a facilitator to help water users work together. Over the next several months, state regulators, water users, suppliers, tribes and city representatives including Williams met once a week, with many members gathering even more frequently in smaller groups. After months of negotiations, they unveiled a voluntary sharing agreement designed to avoid the cuts many of them had just experienced. Users signed up, agreed to conserve a certain amount based on previous usage and shared the extra water with more junior users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water users accounting for about 42% of the watershed’s demand participated, which felt like a success to the organizers of an unproven program. Contributors like Salomone see it as a way to bend the inflexibility of California water law to modern conditions influenced by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does provide a creative mentality of looking at solutions that are locally driven and collaborative,” said Devon Jones, executive director at the Mendocino County Farm Bureau, a grower membership organization where Jones estimates about three-quarters of the work is water-related. “That in itself is an improvement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Appreciating a bit of leeway as supplies dry up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California gets three-quarters of its precipitation in the months between November and March. Some of that falls as snow, which melts and eventually runs from the mountains down to the ocean. But in recent years, winters have been dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cusp of December this year, Lake Mendocino looked about as empty as it did in April 2021 when Newsom made his announcement. Residents walked their dogs on the reservoir’s floor, and craggy rocks marked a historic shoreline yards above the lake’s exposed bottom. Part of the reason the basin is so dry is because of a lack of rain. Climate change is making precipitation patterns in California more erratic, increasing temperatures and melting snow earlier, which makes the state drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With precipitation growing more inconsistent, users have had to look to other supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ukiah, where Lake Mendocino is located, concrete basins on the edge of town can hold up to 66 million gallons of recycled water, enough to supply roughly 30% of the city’s annual use and to provide nitrogen-rich water to nearby farms. Ukiah spent $34 million to build the facility, which came online in 2019. At the end of August, the basins that hold the recycled stores were completely empty, said Sean White, Ukiah’s director of water and sewer resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson Family Wines, one of the largest wine companies in the U.S., is recycling water, too. The company, which has vineyards across California, Oregon and abroad, now reuses water for washing wine barrels. In lean years, growers will also lop off weaker grape clusters to leave resources for more promising ones, or water just enough to keep vines alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other users rely on groundwater. The Dry Creek Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians, which owns sovereign land south of Ukiah and grows grapes on nearby vineyards, muscled through the last few years of drought using only wells. Though it supports the water sharing agreement, the Tribe didn’t sign on because it had sufficient water for its needs this year, said Christopher Ott, the Tribe’s environmental director. The Tribe will consider participating in future years if the program continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sharing program began in July, it offered greater water supply for participants. Big wineries like Sutter Home and Gallo and cities including Ukiah and Healdsburg joined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants said the program offered a bit of leeway amid more state water curtailments. In 2021, for example, Healdsburg was forced to stop nearly all irrigation. This year, the agreement allowed the city 10% to 20% more water, according to Terry Crowley, the city’s utilities director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carolyn Wasem, senior vice president for government relations and external affairs at Jackson Family Wines, said the company was able to extend its growing weeks when water was available. “We had one more month of water or two more months of water than we would have had otherwise,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which to me was the ultimate goal,” said Susanne Zechiel, the company’s vice president for environmental regulatory compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement functioned for just a few weeks before it hit a snag: a federal commission ordered a reduction in water flows through a hydroelectric project and into Lake Mendocino. The reduced flows lowered the amount of water available to downstream users participating in the agreement. In August, the state put the program on indefinite hiatus and told participants that many of them would have to adhere to the very cuts they had tried to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order was intended to protect water storage levels and habitat for fish. But for many associated with the water sharing agreement, the change in flows was a frustrating wrinkle in an already complex process. It’s unclear when and if flows will increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barring any change in California’s drought emergency, the agreement officially ends at the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration was nothing short of remarkable, said Sam Boland-Brien, a program manager at the state water board who helped set it in motion, and it could help other areas dealing with scarce water — even within restrictive water rights systems — to look at sharing. In Nevada, a recent Supreme Court ruling green-lighted a plan in which farmers and ranchers will work to reduce use and can trade the water left over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, many expect the program to get a second shot next year. Its creators are working on a report to the state about how to improve the agreement for 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody looked at each other and said, ‘I’m better off with you than without you, and the only way we’re all going to get through the drought is if we work together and we share,” said Laurel Marcus, who helped develop the agreement and operates a certification program called Fish Friendly Farming in nine California counties. “I don’t know how many places that can happen, but I bet a lot of the rural West can do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Gov. Gavin Newsom stood at a podium placed on the sandy bottom of Lake Mendocino, a basin built to hold more than 20 billion gallons of water. It was spring, which meant that the reservoir should have held water from the winter rains that in past decades provided water to millions of Californians. Instead, on this afternoon in 2021, the ground was dry and cracked. Newsom was there to declare a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is intensifying both the frequency and the severity of dry periods,” he said. It was time for California to prepare for “what may be a prolonged drought at our doorstep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is contending with its driest three-year period on record. The lake reservoir where Newsom set his declaration supplies water to the Russian River, which in turn provides water for 600,000 people and to some of California’s best-known wineries. Now, the watershed and the reservoir where this drought began have become the proving ground for an innovative water agreement that aims to make more of scarce supplies. Creators say the program could become a prototype for accords elsewhere in the state and in the West, a beacon of collaboration in a place where water can be contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working through the state’s convoluted water rights system, the novel agreement inked this summer allows water users to voluntarily conserve. The water left over can be passed on to other users in the area who have less priority and who, without the program, may have been left with nothing. Very generally, in a normal year, users with older water rights are allowed first priority, and in times of shortage, junior users are the first to be cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the project ran for about four weeks of the growing season, an abbreviated test run that allowed some grape growers to keep plants alive after years of scrimping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it was for only a few more weeks than the previous year, for a farmer, particularly, that can be make or break,” said Elizabeth Salomone, general manager of the Russian River Flood Control and Water Conservation Improvement District, which has contracts to disburse water from Lake Mendocino and the Russian River to farmers and water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An order to reduce flows further upstream shut the program down early, but the agreement’s architects hope to keep it ready to run again next year as they plan for the potential of another dry winter in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>After privation, working together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A few months after Newsom stood at the bottom of Lake Mendocino, water rights attorney Philip Williams recalls sitting in his law office, surrounded by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and framed paintings commemorating his time serving in the Army. He was logged onto a state court website, ready to sue California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My finger was on the trigger,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1981171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png\" alt=\"California Gov. Gavin Newsome has implemented a conservation program to provide water from Lake Mendocimo and the Russian River to drought-stricken wineries, farms and 600,000 area residents\" width=\"700\" height=\"820\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px-160x187.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2021, the state board that controls California water rights warned that Lake Mendocino was at a critically low level. Later in the summer, to prevent the reservoir from running dry, the state ordered thousands of users to stop diverting water from several rivers, a policy known as curtailment. The state even cut the rights for Ukiah, a town of about 20,000 in rural wine country with senior water rights that is one of Williams’ clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney thought the restrictions were wrong. Ukiah, which had access to recycled water and groundwater, wasn’t in danger of running out of supplies. But the town wanted to help other communities that didn’t have the same backup. The disagreement took Williams to the brink of legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a lawyer by trade, litigation wasn’t Williams’ preferred remedy. A veteran who served in Iraq, Williams felt the war was an institutional failure. Though his tour was decades ago, taking the state to court felt similar to him — parties have long sued over water, yet the fights over water supplies continued. He thought there was a better path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This program is a way to show that we can get out of that cycle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Salomone, the state water board had floated the potential for alternatives to curtailment back in 2020, suggesting in a meeting with water providers and users in the Russian River watershed that they devise some type of sharing program for constrained supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, those types of agreements are exceedingly rare. A complex rights system governs water, designating who can pull from underground supplies, rivers and state-run reservoirs and canals at certain times. Williams also remembers the board raising the idea, on a call he took while driving. Others on the call met the proposal with silence, which he read as surprise. Water supplies reached severe lows before any such agreement could be hatched, and then came the curtailments in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukiah was far from the only user upset by the policy, which affected thousands of rights holders, including municipalities and farms. In Redwood Valley, a community north of Ukiah that purchases most of its water, residents were each limited to 55 gallons per day, an amount the state sets for human health and safety needs. Some reported showering with rainwater collected from their roofs. Ukiah trucked water to the coast, where restaurants could only serve water on request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When users in the watershed got together in the fall to discuss solutions, the pain of those cuts and earlier ones remained fresh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was still a lot of bruising among the community,” said Salomone, who attended the meetings and helped coordinate the agreement. “So it took us a while to get the ball rolling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state hired a facilitator to help water users work together. Over the next several months, state regulators, water users, suppliers, tribes and city representatives including Williams met once a week, with many members gathering even more frequently in smaller groups. After months of negotiations, they unveiled a voluntary sharing agreement designed to avoid the cuts many of them had just experienced. Users signed up, agreed to conserve a certain amount based on previous usage and shared the extra water with more junior users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water users accounting for about 42% of the watershed’s demand participated, which felt like a success to the organizers of an unproven program. Contributors like Salomone see it as a way to bend the inflexibility of California water law to modern conditions influenced by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does provide a creative mentality of looking at solutions that are locally driven and collaborative,” said Devon Jones, executive director at the Mendocino County Farm Bureau, a grower membership organization where Jones estimates about three-quarters of the work is water-related. “That in itself is an improvement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Appreciating a bit of leeway as supplies dry up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California gets three-quarters of its precipitation in the months between November and March. Some of that falls as snow, which melts and eventually runs from the mountains down to the ocean. But in recent years, winters have been dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cusp of December this year, Lake Mendocino looked about as empty as it did in April 2021 when Newsom made his announcement. Residents walked their dogs on the reservoir’s floor, and craggy rocks marked a historic shoreline yards above the lake’s exposed bottom. Part of the reason the basin is so dry is because of a lack of rain. Climate change is making precipitation patterns in California more erratic, increasing temperatures and melting snow earlier, which makes the state drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With precipitation growing more inconsistent, users have had to look to other supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ukiah, where Lake Mendocino is located, concrete basins on the edge of town can hold up to 66 million gallons of recycled water, enough to supply roughly 30% of the city’s annual use and to provide nitrogen-rich water to nearby farms. Ukiah spent $34 million to build the facility, which came online in 2019. At the end of August, the basins that hold the recycled stores were completely empty, said Sean White, Ukiah’s director of water and sewer resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson Family Wines, one of the largest wine companies in the U.S., is recycling water, too. The company, which has vineyards across California, Oregon and abroad, now reuses water for washing wine barrels. In lean years, growers will also lop off weaker grape clusters to leave resources for more promising ones, or water just enough to keep vines alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other users rely on groundwater. The Dry Creek Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians, which owns sovereign land south of Ukiah and grows grapes on nearby vineyards, muscled through the last few years of drought using only wells. Though it supports the water sharing agreement, the Tribe didn’t sign on because it had sufficient water for its needs this year, said Christopher Ott, the Tribe’s environmental director. The Tribe will consider participating in future years if the program continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sharing program began in July, it offered greater water supply for participants. Big wineries like Sutter Home and Gallo and cities including Ukiah and Healdsburg joined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants said the program offered a bit of leeway amid more state water curtailments. In 2021, for example, Healdsburg was forced to stop nearly all irrigation. This year, the agreement allowed the city 10% to 20% more water, according to Terry Crowley, the city’s utilities director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carolyn Wasem, senior vice president for government relations and external affairs at Jackson Family Wines, said the company was able to extend its growing weeks when water was available. “We had one more month of water or two more months of water than we would have had otherwise,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which to me was the ultimate goal,” said Susanne Zechiel, the company’s vice president for environmental regulatory compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement functioned for just a few weeks before it hit a snag: a federal commission ordered a reduction in water flows through a hydroelectric project and into Lake Mendocino. The reduced flows lowered the amount of water available to downstream users participating in the agreement. In August, the state put the program on indefinite hiatus and told participants that many of them would have to adhere to the very cuts they had tried to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order was intended to protect water storage levels and habitat for fish. But for many associated with the water sharing agreement, the change in flows was a frustrating wrinkle in an already complex process. It’s unclear when and if flows will increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barring any change in California’s drought emergency, the agreement officially ends at the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration was nothing short of remarkable, said Sam Boland-Brien, a program manager at the state water board who helped set it in motion, and it could help other areas dealing with scarce water — even within restrictive water rights systems — to look at sharing. In Nevada, a recent Supreme Court ruling green-lighted a plan in which farmers and ranchers will work to reduce use and can trade the water left over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, many expect the program to get a second shot next year. Its creators are working on a report to the state about how to improve the agreement for 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody looked at each other and said, ‘I’m better off with you than without you, and the only way we’re all going to get through the drought is if we work together and we share,” said Laurel Marcus, who helped develop the agreement and operates a certification program called Fish Friendly Farming in nine California counties. “I don’t know how many places that can happen, but I bet a lot of the rural West can do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Facing Drought, Wildfires, Scorching Heat, Bay Area Wineries Are Changing How They Grow Grapes",
"headTitle": "Facing Drought, Wildfires, Scorching Heat, Bay Area Wineries Are Changing How They Grow Grapes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen above for a KQED podcast episode of this story created by The Bay team.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a foggy September morning farmworkers harvest plump, dark purple grapes at \u003ca href=\"https://hamelfamilywines.com/\">Hamel Family Wines\u003c/a> in Sonoma County. But winemaker John Hamel II recognizes these Cabernet Sauvignon grapes are very different from others grown in Sonoma and Napa counties. The green vines are flourishing mostly without direct watering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These vines haven’t received a drop of water since 2017,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel stopped watering 80% of his vines after realizing that’s what some growers do in places like France. The method is called dry farming, and uses little to no water to irrigate vineyards. The result is grapes with thicker skins and tastier wine, says Hamel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This season will be slightly lower in yield, but we actually feel like this has potential to be a very good vintage,” he said of this year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is in a second year of drought and for many North Bay grape growers, the hot, dry conditions mean lost crops. In 2020 some growers lost 20% or more of their crops because of dry conditions, fires, or smoke tainting the flavor of their grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, winemakers and grape growers are changing the direction they grow vines, picking earlier, covering crops with shade cloth, and adapting in other ways. Others have invested in solar panels, electric vehicles, and climate action plans. Some, like Hamel, have shifted to dry farming and are using a lot less water or none at all. At least one Bay Area winery is using “sunscreen” on grape leaves to protect harvests from excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rethinking growing practices is critical, Hamel says, because back-to-back dry years are more frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now every year is warm and dry,” he said. “I think it’s good to realize that you’re never fully in control, and being able to adapt to the best of your ability is the job. It’s humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976969\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The only water these grape vines received since 2017 was from fog and rain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eighty percent of the vines at Hamel Family Wines have not received any irrigation this year. That number has grown from 20% in 2017. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All growers are feeling pressure from drought, fire and heat, but do warming temperatures pose an existential threat to wine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353907512_Global_warming_and_wine_quality_are_we_close_to_the_tipping_point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> released this summer by \u003ca href=\"https://wineserver.ucdavis.edu/people/kaan-kurtural#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaan Kurtural\u003c/a>, a UC Davis viticulture specialist, found that California’s wine industry is “not at a tipping point” because of climate change or its effects — although heat waves and fires can have an immediate impact on winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell the growers, their grapevines are not going to die,” he said. “They might not be economical to grow for one or two years, but they always come back. There are very resilient plants. So we’re able to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also found that the climate has warmed steadily in California since the 1980s. But he says this has not been bad for the industry — a warmer climate helped establish the state as a premier wine growing region globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it became warmer we started harvesting sweeter grapes, and with sweeter grapes, the wine ratings have steadily increased,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC5689930505&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the negative impacts of climate change, Kurtural says the state’s $40 billion wine market is strong and growers will adapt to make sure it stays that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are growing grapes at the lowest costs for the grossest profit,” he said. “As long as growers are making money, they will keep them because it’s a business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Dry farming through a drought\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Dry farming in California is not a widely used tactic — it’s just one way some growers like Hamel are acclimating to a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just turning off the water and hoping for the best,” Hamel said. “Even in a year where we received less than half of normal rainfall with a hot summer the vines are doing well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel began dry farming before the current drought, and he’s glad he did. The roots of his vines had years to acclimate, growing deeper and finding underground sources of water. As a result, they are now well-prepared for dry times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first year where we’ve really had a payback,” he said. “The vines have been trained to deal with a drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel says he saved 2 million gallons of water last year and plans to eventually dry farm almost the entirety of his 100 acres in the coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976958 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Hamel Family Wines doesn't use any water on 80% of it's 100 acres.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For John Hamel II, dry farming is about preserving a future for Hamel Family Wines as droughts worsen because of climate change. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“[We’re] essentially training the vine to endure more drought each season,” he said. “The drought doesn’t make things easier by any means. We really are on the razor’s edge all season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is not new in California. But Hamel says the pendulum swings between wet and dry years have been more radical in recent years. “We have high rainfall years, close to double the amount of average rain, or we have almost half of the normal rainfall and it’s super difficult to get through an entire season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" tag=\"climate-change\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.712622/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> by Kurtural, the UC Davis viticulture specialist, found growers can use half of the water they normally use without compromising the taste or color of wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dry farming isn’t a viable option for all wine grape growers, said Connor Bockman with \u003ca href=\"https://rdwinery.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RD Winery\u003c/a>, Napa’s first Vietnamese-owned winery. The growers use drip irrigation to limit water use and utilize a practice called deficit irrigation where vines are only given water when they reach a certain level of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says switching from irrigation to dry farming takes time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In comparison to other crops — orchards, annual field crops, and others — high-quality wine grapes use a relatively small amount of water,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RD Winery had less fruit on the vine this year. Exactly how much of that is caused by drought is “hard to say,” Bockman said, but their harvest is “40% to 50% under expected yield.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, the grapes are of both “great quality and concentration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Impacts of wildfire smoke\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976959 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A fire circled two vineyards at Green and Red Vineyards in Napa County the summer of 2020.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lightning-sparked fire burned right up to some of the vines at Green and Red Vineyards in 2020. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some winemakers are already feeling the pain that comes with the short-term effects of climate change. Smoke from wildfires, made worse by drought and heat waves, can sully whole harvests with a fumy aroma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, a series of lightning-sparked fire, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/17/lnu-lightning-complex-includes-hennessey-gamble-15-10-spanish-markley-13-4-11-16-walbridge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LNU Lightning Complex,\u003c/a> consumed 363,000 acres and burned just feet from \u003ca href=\"https://greenandred.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Green and Red Vineyards\u003c/a> in the hills of Napa County. Winery owner Tobin Heminway says most of the 31-acre vineyard acted as a fire break, but the wildfire did burn a few of the vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were evacuated, and it came up and almost burnt our house down, which is up above on the property, and the fire circled two of our vineyards,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines survived, but smoke tainted their grapes and they lost all of their reds. This year they picked a few weeks early, after heat waves ripened their grapes sooner than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had these radical growth spurts in the beginning of the season,” she said. “[The grapes] ripened earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the yield is smaller this year, but the grapes are “good quality” and “intense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976960 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The winemakers tour the vineyard in a jeep showcasing how the fire surrounded the vineyard.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For Green and Red Vineyard operators Tobin Heminway and Raymond Hannigan, the winery is more than grapes and vines. It represents family legacy. Jay Heminway, Tobin’s father, founded the winery and passed away two years ago. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heminway took over the winery in 2019 after her father, Jay Heminway, passed away. Since then, she’s experienced one climate impact after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an emotionally crazy time to live,” she said. “How do we survive and live in this environment, which is becoming less and less friendly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heminway has considered foregoing the Zinfandel vines her father planted in the early 1970s for a different varietal. But every time she walks through the vineyard, she thinks about her dad, and removing the vineyard is too closely tied to the legacy he planted and grew. With drought, fires and heat waves continuing to stress her winemaking, she’s aware that climate change is also jeopardizing her family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all questioning what we are doing here,” she said. “Do we have any control? In farming, we’re dependent on Mother Nature and Mother Nature is pissed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Using grape leaf “sunscreen” for heat waves\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976965\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976965 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"A wine grape grower in Napa County uses a clay spray on grape leaves to protect grapes from the hot temperatures. The liquid clay acts like sunscreen for the leaves lowering the temperature.\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-1020x382.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE.jpg 1366w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Winemakers at Green and Red Vineyard in Napa County use a clay spray on grape leaves to protect grapes from hot temperatures. The liquid clay acts like sunscreen for the leaves, lowering the temperature. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildfires and drought aren’t the only climate effects pressuring vines at Green and Red Vineyards. Scorching heat waves earlier this summer singed the leaves, exposing grapes to the scorching sun. For Aaron Whitlatch, the vineyard’s winemaker, losing another crop wasn’t an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I liken it to being a chef that doesn’t get to complete their meal,” he said. “They spent all day chopping things and preparing it, and then you just don’t get to put it out on the plate for people to enjoy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grapes from turning into raisins on the vine, Whitlatch turned to a human idea: sunscreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually sunscreen for the leaves, not so much for the grapes themselves,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution, borrowed from wineries in Australia, was already being used at a few other Northern California wineries. He tried it on his Petite Sirah vineyard, which is heavily exposed to sun on a hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sprayed the leaves with white organic liquid clay, which after it has dried, coats them in a cooling white powder and prevents shriveling or turning, ensuring the grapes are shielded from high heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Whitlatch says heat waves and drought this year will likely cut the total yield in half and he’s aware that future harvests remain in jeopardy as the climate emergency continues to worsen globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: A previous version of this story misidentified Connor Bockman.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California is in a second year of drought and for many North Bay grape growers, the hot, dry conditions mean lost crops.",
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"description": "California is in a second year of drought and for many North Bay grape growers, the hot, dry conditions mean lost crops.",
"title": "Facing Drought, Wildfires, Scorching Heat, Bay Area Wineries Are Changing How They Grow Grapes | KQED",
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"headline": "Facing Drought, Wildfires, Scorching Heat, Bay Area Wineries Are Changing How They Grow Grapes",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen above for a KQED podcast episode of this story created by The Bay team.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a foggy September morning farmworkers harvest plump, dark purple grapes at \u003ca href=\"https://hamelfamilywines.com/\">Hamel Family Wines\u003c/a> in Sonoma County. But winemaker John Hamel II recognizes these Cabernet Sauvignon grapes are very different from others grown in Sonoma and Napa counties. The green vines are flourishing mostly without direct watering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These vines haven’t received a drop of water since 2017,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel stopped watering 80% of his vines after realizing that’s what some growers do in places like France. The method is called dry farming, and uses little to no water to irrigate vineyards. The result is grapes with thicker skins and tastier wine, says Hamel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This season will be slightly lower in yield, but we actually feel like this has potential to be a very good vintage,” he said of this year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is in a second year of drought and for many North Bay grape growers, the hot, dry conditions mean lost crops. In 2020 some growers lost 20% or more of their crops because of dry conditions, fires, or smoke tainting the flavor of their grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, winemakers and grape growers are changing the direction they grow vines, picking earlier, covering crops with shade cloth, and adapting in other ways. Others have invested in solar panels, electric vehicles, and climate action plans. Some, like Hamel, have shifted to dry farming and are using a lot less water or none at all. At least one Bay Area winery is using “sunscreen” on grape leaves to protect harvests from excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rethinking growing practices is critical, Hamel says, because back-to-back dry years are more frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now every year is warm and dry,” he said. “I think it’s good to realize that you’re never fully in control, and being able to adapt to the best of your ability is the job. It’s humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976969\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The only water these grape vines received since 2017 was from fog and rain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHT-WINE-FOG-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eighty percent of the vines at Hamel Family Wines have not received any irrigation this year. That number has grown from 20% in 2017. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All growers are feeling pressure from drought, fire and heat, but do warming temperatures pose an existential threat to wine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353907512_Global_warming_and_wine_quality_are_we_close_to_the_tipping_point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> released this summer by \u003ca href=\"https://wineserver.ucdavis.edu/people/kaan-kurtural#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kaan Kurtural\u003c/a>, a UC Davis viticulture specialist, found that California’s wine industry is “not at a tipping point” because of climate change or its effects — although heat waves and fires can have an immediate impact on winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell the growers, their grapevines are not going to die,” he said. “They might not be economical to grow for one or two years, but they always come back. There are very resilient plants. So we’re able to adapt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also found that the climate has warmed steadily in California since the 1980s. But he says this has not been bad for the industry — a warmer climate helped establish the state as a premier wine growing region globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it became warmer we started harvesting sweeter grapes, and with sweeter grapes, the wine ratings have steadily increased,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC5689930505&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the negative impacts of climate change, Kurtural says the state’s $40 billion wine market is strong and growers will adapt to make sure it stays that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are growing grapes at the lowest costs for the grossest profit,” he said. “As long as growers are making money, they will keep them because it’s a business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Dry farming through a drought\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Dry farming in California is not a widely used tactic — it’s just one way some growers like Hamel are acclimating to a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just turning off the water and hoping for the best,” Hamel said. “Even in a year where we received less than half of normal rainfall with a hot summer the vines are doing well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel began dry farming before the current drought, and he’s glad he did. The roots of his vines had years to acclimate, growing deeper and finding underground sources of water. As a result, they are now well-prepared for dry times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first year where we’ve really had a payback,” he said. “The vines have been trained to deal with a drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamel says he saved 2 million gallons of water last year and plans to eventually dry farm almost the entirety of his 100 acres in the coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976958 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Hamel Family Wines doesn't use any water on 80% of it's 100 acres.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For John Hamel II, dry farming is about preserving a future for Hamel Family Wines as droughts worsen because of climate change. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“[We’re] essentially training the vine to endure more drought each season,” he said. “The drought doesn’t make things easier by any means. We really are on the razor’s edge all season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought is not new in California. But Hamel says the pendulum swings between wet and dry years have been more radical in recent years. “We have high rainfall years, close to double the amount of average rain, or we have almost half of the normal rainfall and it’s super difficult to get through an entire season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.712622/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> by Kurtural, the UC Davis viticulture specialist, found growers can use half of the water they normally use without compromising the taste or color of wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dry farming isn’t a viable option for all wine grape growers, said Connor Bockman with \u003ca href=\"https://rdwinery.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RD Winery\u003c/a>, Napa’s first Vietnamese-owned winery. The growers use drip irrigation to limit water use and utilize a practice called deficit irrigation where vines are only given water when they reach a certain level of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says switching from irrigation to dry farming takes time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In comparison to other crops — orchards, annual field crops, and others — high-quality wine grapes use a relatively small amount of water,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RD Winery had less fruit on the vine this year. Exactly how much of that is caused by drought is “hard to say,” Bockman said, but their harvest is “40% to 50% under expected yield.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, the grapes are of both “great quality and concentration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Impacts of wildfire smoke\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976959 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A fire circled two vineyards at Green and Red Vineyards in Napa County the summer of 2020.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-6-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lightning-sparked fire burned right up to some of the vines at Green and Red Vineyards in 2020. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some winemakers are already feeling the pain that comes with the short-term effects of climate change. Smoke from wildfires, made worse by drought and heat waves, can sully whole harvests with a fumy aroma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, a series of lightning-sparked fire, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/17/lnu-lightning-complex-includes-hennessey-gamble-15-10-spanish-markley-13-4-11-16-walbridge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LNU Lightning Complex,\u003c/a> consumed 363,000 acres and burned just feet from \u003ca href=\"https://greenandred.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Green and Red Vineyards\u003c/a> in the hills of Napa County. Winery owner Tobin Heminway says most of the 31-acre vineyard acted as a fire break, but the wildfire did burn a few of the vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were evacuated, and it came up and almost burnt our house down, which is up above on the property, and the fire circled two of our vineyards,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines survived, but smoke tainted their grapes and they lost all of their reds. This year they picked a few weeks early, after heat waves ripened their grapes sooner than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had these radical growth spurts in the beginning of the season,” she said. “[The grapes] ripened earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the yield is smaller this year, but the grapes are “good quality” and “intense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976960 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The winemakers tour the vineyard in a jeep showcasing how the fire surrounded the vineyard.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/WINE-DROUGHT-ROMERO-8-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For Green and Red Vineyard operators Tobin Heminway and Raymond Hannigan, the winery is more than grapes and vines. It represents family legacy. Jay Heminway, Tobin’s father, founded the winery and passed away two years ago. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heminway took over the winery in 2019 after her father, Jay Heminway, passed away. Since then, she’s experienced one climate impact after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an emotionally crazy time to live,” she said. “How do we survive and live in this environment, which is becoming less and less friendly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heminway has considered foregoing the Zinfandel vines her father planted in the early 1970s for a different varietal. But every time she walks through the vineyard, she thinks about her dad, and removing the vineyard is too closely tied to the legacy he planted and grew. With drought, fires and heat waves continuing to stress her winemaking, she’s aware that climate change is also jeopardizing her family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all questioning what we are doing here,” she said. “Do we have any control? In farming, we’re dependent on Mother Nature and Mother Nature is pissed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Using grape leaf “sunscreen” for heat waves\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976965\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1976965 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-800x300.jpg\" alt=\"A wine grape grower in Napa County uses a clay spray on grape leaves to protect grapes from the hot temperatures. The liquid clay acts like sunscreen for the leaves lowering the temperature.\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-800x300.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-1020x382.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE-768x288.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/09/DROUGHTWINESIDE.jpg 1366w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Winemakers at Green and Red Vineyard in Napa County use a clay spray on grape leaves to protect grapes from hot temperatures. The liquid clay acts like sunscreen for the leaves, lowering the temperature. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildfires and drought aren’t the only climate effects pressuring vines at Green and Red Vineyards. Scorching heat waves earlier this summer singed the leaves, exposing grapes to the scorching sun. For Aaron Whitlatch, the vineyard’s winemaker, losing another crop wasn’t an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I liken it to being a chef that doesn’t get to complete their meal,” he said. “They spent all day chopping things and preparing it, and then you just don’t get to put it out on the plate for people to enjoy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect the grapes from turning into raisins on the vine, Whitlatch turned to a human idea: sunscreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s actually sunscreen for the leaves, not so much for the grapes themselves,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution, borrowed from wineries in Australia, was already being used at a few other Northern California wineries. He tried it on his Petite Sirah vineyard, which is heavily exposed to sun on a hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sprayed the leaves with white organic liquid clay, which after it has dried, coats them in a cooling white powder and prevents shriveling or turning, ensuring the grapes are shielded from high heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Whitlatch says heat waves and drought this year will likely cut the total yield in half and he’s aware that future harvests remain in jeopardy as the climate emergency continues to worsen globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: A previous version of this story misidentified Connor Bockman.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Poet and choreographer\u003ca href=\"http://www.aliveandwellproductions.org/\"> Annie Kahane\u003c/a> grew up swimming in rivers in Calistoga and Laytonville. In the midst of a very hot summer, a friend asked Annie to write a poem for a solstice party. As she began to reflect on the meaning of summer, Annie found herself challenged by her poetry. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is Annie Kahane’s Moment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to write something that would celebrate summertime. It was in the middle of the drought, and I was having a hard time celebrating summertime because all the creek beds were dry, and all the swimming holes that I grew up swimming in were low and you couldn’t go swimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you grow up in Northern California, it’s very temperate, the seasons are pretty mild. But even so, can you imagine living in a world where there was literally no change in what it felt like from December to July?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We frame memory in terms of a period of time when something occurred. We think about whether it was cold, if we were indoors, if we were laying in the sun. And so the idea that those things might be lost is what this poem is about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Celebrating the Solstice in Our Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>I believe in time as medicine,\u003cbr>\nin night settling her quiet blanket over an open question, rearranging the matter in an unresolved heart,\u003cbr>\nI believe in cycle of light to dark;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>in the way the season tastes at its center\u003cbr>\nand at its edge,\u003cbr>\nhow the light today reminds you of the light a year ago when the rose bush bloomed, your friend died\u003cbr>\nand you pledged to pay attention to each minute.\u003cbr>\nAnd whether you have done it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I believe in the crash of freezing rain\u003cbr>\nthat herds us indoors toward fire and warm lovers,\u003cbr>\nhow it feels when a whole neighborhood opens after the storm,\u003cbr>\nunveils pale skin, shoulder blades sharpened toward the air, wind flapping at a flimsy dress and the crisp definition of a crocus forming in the freshness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I believe in heat,\u003cbr>\nin sun,\u003cbr>\nin the dry pocket of time between what has been and what will be done; colors deep and flat,\u003cbr>\nthe yellow hills of California, that slowed speech\u003cbr>\nand something uninspired about urgency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I believe in the quickening that follows,\u003cbr>\nengine revved again for the cycle, leaves surging with potential\u003cbr>\nthat rises in the common buzz\u003cbr>\nand the busy people’s cheeks shine underneath wool hats,\u003cbr>\nhands working and progress zooming us back to the beginning of it all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ‐ there is a lava catapulting toward this very airplane.\u003cbr>\nWe are flying through an ash cloud ‐\u003cbr>\nnot to mention the fifteen other rebellions the earth has staged since last summer, pounding on our clean, white doors, ignored and shouting\u003cbr>\nwhile we sit, sipping streamed television with our coca cola ‐\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and I’m wondering\u003cbr>\nhow we forgot to save ourselves;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How, when there is so much time for so much else ‐\u003cbr>\nso many carefully orchestrated group photographs, Amazon deliveries and dry cleaning ‐ do we shake our heads in mild and detached horror,\u003cbr>\nexclaim and come together only for a moment when our town is on fire,\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>and still drive alone each day across the bay bridge, bemoan the traffic as if the two are unrelated,\u003cbr>\njust few thousand friendly half‐way harmonizers\u003cbr>\nblowing whistles from the comfort of the air conditioning\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>so I’m praying\u003cbr>\nfor the endurance of my favorite way of mapping time.\u003cbr>\nI’m praying that the grass does not dissolve out of the hills,\u003cbr>\nand that my someday daughter has a wild tree‐covered hill to climb, and that we do not arrange a future\u003cbr>\nwhere the history books have chapters for the 4th grade\u003cbr>\nabout what seasons were like.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Poet and choreographer \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Annie Kahane founded the award-winning \u003ca href=\"http://www.aliveandwellproductions.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alive & Well Productions\u003c/a> in San Francisco. Becky Hoag recorded and produced Annie’s Moment.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Poet Annie Kahane contemplates memory and the meaning of summer in an era of global warming. \r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Poet and choreographer\u003ca href=\"http://www.aliveandwellproductions.org/\"> Annie Kahane\u003c/a> grew up swimming in rivers in Calistoga and Laytonville. In the midst of a very hot summer, a friend asked Annie to write a poem for a solstice party. As she began to reflect on the meaning of summer, Annie found herself challenged by her poetry. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is Annie Kahane’s Moment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to write something that would celebrate summertime. It was in the middle of the drought, and I was having a hard time celebrating summertime because all the creek beds were dry, and all the swimming holes that I grew up swimming in were low and you couldn’t go swimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you grow up in Northern California, it’s very temperate, the seasons are pretty mild. But even so, can you imagine living in a world where there was literally no change in what it felt like from December to July?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We frame memory in terms of a period of time when something occurred. We think about whether it was cold, if we were indoors, if we were laying in the sun. And so the idea that those things might be lost is what this poem is about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Celebrating the Solstice in Our Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>I believe in time as medicine,\u003cbr>\nin night settling her quiet blanket over an open question, rearranging the matter in an unresolved heart,\u003cbr>\nI believe in cycle of light to dark;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>in the way the season tastes at its center\u003cbr>\nand at its edge,\u003cbr>\nhow the light today reminds you of the light a year ago when the rose bush bloomed, your friend died\u003cbr>\nand you pledged to pay attention to each minute.\u003cbr>\nAnd whether you have done it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I believe in the crash of freezing rain\u003cbr>\nthat herds us indoors toward fire and warm lovers,\u003cbr>\nhow it feels when a whole neighborhood opens after the storm,\u003cbr>\nunveils pale skin, shoulder blades sharpened toward the air, wind flapping at a flimsy dress and the crisp definition of a crocus forming in the freshness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I believe in heat,\u003cbr>\nin sun,\u003cbr>\nin the dry pocket of time between what has been and what will be done; colors deep and flat,\u003cbr>\nthe yellow hills of California, that slowed speech\u003cbr>\nand something uninspired about urgency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I believe in the quickening that follows,\u003cbr>\nengine revved again for the cycle, leaves surging with potential\u003cbr>\nthat rises in the common buzz\u003cbr>\nand the busy people’s cheeks shine underneath wool hats,\u003cbr>\nhands working and progress zooming us back to the beginning of it all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ‐ there is a lava catapulting toward this very airplane.\u003cbr>\nWe are flying through an ash cloud ‐\u003cbr>\nnot to mention the fifteen other rebellions the earth has staged since last summer, pounding on our clean, white doors, ignored and shouting\u003cbr>\nwhile we sit, sipping streamed television with our coca cola ‐\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and I’m wondering\u003cbr>\nhow we forgot to save ourselves;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How, when there is so much time for so much else ‐\u003cbr>\nso many carefully orchestrated group photographs, Amazon deliveries and dry cleaning ‐ do we shake our heads in mild and detached horror,\u003cbr>\nexclaim and come together only for a moment when our town is on fire,\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>and still drive alone each day across the bay bridge, bemoan the traffic as if the two are unrelated,\u003cbr>\njust few thousand friendly half‐way harmonizers\u003cbr>\nblowing whistles from the comfort of the air conditioning\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>so I’m praying\u003cbr>\nfor the endurance of my favorite way of mapping time.\u003cbr>\nI’m praying that the grass does not dissolve out of the hills,\u003cbr>\nand that my someday daughter has a wild tree‐covered hill to climb, and that we do not arrange a future\u003cbr>\nwhere the history books have chapters for the 4th grade\u003cbr>\nabout what seasons were like.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Poet and choreographer \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Annie Kahane founded the award-winning \u003ca href=\"http://www.aliveandwellproductions.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alive & Well Productions\u003c/a> in San Francisco. Becky Hoag recorded and produced Annie’s Moment.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Wildfires Are Breaking the Rules by Burning Downhill Fast",
"headTitle": "California Wildfires Are Breaking the Rules by Burning Downhill Fast | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Right now, on the outskirts of Redding, a rampaging wildfire is doing something that was once unusual: It’s burning fast…downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fires are burning almost as fast downhill as they burn uphill,” said Cal Fire spokesman Scott McLean, from the scene of the Carr Fire, which by midday Friday had torched more than 44,000 acres and was only 3 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not typical. One of the first things wildland firefighters learn is that fires burn much faster uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s simple physics: heat rises, so the heat from the fire warms and dries out the upslope fuels fastest. It’s also a case of proximity: if you draw a picture of a flame on a slope, you’ll see that there’s a much shorter distance between flame and ground on the uphill side than downhill, so the fire can jump directly from one blade of grass to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the wind. During the day, when fires are typically most active, wind tends to blow uphill, carrying heat and embers up the slope. Facing a fire coming up a hill has long been a serious threat to firefighters, and fires moving rapidly uphill have been implicated in many of the deadliest fires for firefighters, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp009.pdf\">South Canyon Fire\u003c/a> of 1994 and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr299.pdf\">Mann Gulch Fire\u003c/a> of 1949, which killed 14 and 13 firefighters, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the dangers of fighting a fire burning up a hill, crews working in hilly terrain take advantage of the opposite effect, anchoring firefighting operations on the downhill side of a fire and using the slope as a buffer zone as fire will move more slowly downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this trick has become less reliable in recent years. Chris Anthony, a division chief at Cal Fire who has worked on fires for more than 25 years, has observed more examples of fires spreading rapidly downhill. The Carr Fire is just one example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers haven’t measured this trend yet, so nobody knows for sure why this might be happening, but Anthony has an idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that really contributes to that, right now, is we came out of this very long drought period, and we still have a lot of fuels out there, that are very dry or very dead, even,” says Anthony. “And so they carry fire much more rapidly than prior to the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wet winter that followed the drought added to the fuel load. The hillsides are now so packed with dry grasses that the slope matters less on a downhill run. When there’s so much ready fuel, combined with hot, dry conditions and strong winds, fires just move faster in all directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An uptick in downhill fire behavior might also be related to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">increase in nighttime temperatures\u003c/a>. On a typical day, local winds move uphill during the day and downhill in the evening. In the past, cooler nighttime temperatures could impede fire activity driven by these evening winds. But if fires remain active at night, local evening winds could drive faster downslope fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the trend toward more intense downhill fires is anecdotal, and some researchers are hesitant to speculate why firefighters might be seeing this behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is that a statistically significant trend?” asks Nick Nauslar, a fire weather forecaster at the National Weather Service’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.spc.noaa.gov/\">Storm Prediction Center\u003c/a> in Oklahoma. “And if so what might be causing that? There would have to be a couple more steps before I try to make assumptions or formulate theories on why that might be happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fires that burn quickly downhill are particularly worrisome because communities are often situated at the base of the mountains.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regardless, there have always been some downslope fires that spread quickly. Santa Ana and Diablo winds typically run downslope, says Nauslar. These winds have long driven most of California’s most destructive fires, including the 2017 Wine Country Fires, which were the state’s deadliest fires, and the Thomas Fire in Southern California, now the state’s largest fire on record. There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/climate/caifornia-fires-wind.html\">mixed evidence\u003c/a> as to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">whether climate change is affecting the strength or frequency of these winds\u003c/a>, but they were especially powerful last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917067/wine-country-fires-were-fanned-by-unprecedented-winds\">some of the strongest winds\u003c/a> in recorded history, especially from that direction, that northerly, northeastern component winds, and that’s downslope,” says Nauslar of the Wine Country fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rapidly spreading downhill fires also played a major role in last winter’s Thomas Fire. It coincided with the longest Santa Ana wind event on record, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/1/1/18/xml\">a recent analysis\u003c/a> of the 2017 fires led by Nauslar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would still see very, very active fire behavior on the downslope portion of those fires,” adds Anthony, “because those fuels were so extremely dry and the climatic conditions were such that embers would start new fires ahead of the main fire front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928127\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928127\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Coffey Park house ruins\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants of Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood after the October fires of 2017. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fires that burn quickly downhill are particularly worrisome because communities are often situated at the base of the mountains. Last fall, it was a downslope fire that pushed into Santa Rosa and drove \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1916352/santa-rosa-residents-face-neighborhoods-destroyed-by-fire\">the destruction of Coffey Park\u003c/a> and other local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters are keeping careful tabs on changes in fire behavior to help prevent tragedies like what happened in Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we get reports that we’re going to have a large downslope or down-canyon wind in the evenings,” notes Cal Fire Battalion Chief Jonathan Cox, “there’s things we can do such as reinforcing the downhill line, putting additional resources below the fire in anticipation, and understanding that when the fire comes downhill what the risks might be as far as communities or hazards or whatnot that we need to protect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tools are there to manage downhill fires, but Cal Fire’s general approach to firefighting may need to readjust to changing times as these difficult conditions become more common. Climate change is expected to continue to increase nighttime temperatures and the types of extreme weather that has primed fuels this year for faster, bigger fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes us really have to reevaluate our strategy,” says Anthony, “and not just expect that fire to just transition to something that is going to burn less intensely.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fires that burn quickly downhill are especially worrisome as towns are often situated at the base of the mountains.",
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"title": "California Wildfires Are Breaking the Rules by Burning Downhill Fast | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Right now, on the outskirts of Redding, a rampaging wildfire is doing something that was once unusual: It’s burning fast…downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fires are burning almost as fast downhill as they burn uphill,” said Cal Fire spokesman Scott McLean, from the scene of the Carr Fire, which by midday Friday had torched more than 44,000 acres and was only 3 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not typical. One of the first things wildland firefighters learn is that fires burn much faster uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s simple physics: heat rises, so the heat from the fire warms and dries out the upslope fuels fastest. It’s also a case of proximity: if you draw a picture of a flame on a slope, you’ll see that there’s a much shorter distance between flame and ground on the uphill side than downhill, so the fire can jump directly from one blade of grass to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the wind. During the day, when fires are typically most active, wind tends to blow uphill, carrying heat and embers up the slope. Facing a fire coming up a hill has long been a serious threat to firefighters, and fires moving rapidly uphill have been implicated in many of the deadliest fires for firefighters, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp009.pdf\">South Canyon Fire\u003c/a> of 1994 and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr299.pdf\">Mann Gulch Fire\u003c/a> of 1949, which killed 14 and 13 firefighters, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the dangers of fighting a fire burning up a hill, crews working in hilly terrain take advantage of the opposite effect, anchoring firefighting operations on the downhill side of a fire and using the slope as a buffer zone as fire will move more slowly downhill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this trick has become less reliable in recent years. Chris Anthony, a division chief at Cal Fire who has worked on fires for more than 25 years, has observed more examples of fires spreading rapidly downhill. The Carr Fire is just one example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers haven’t measured this trend yet, so nobody knows for sure why this might be happening, but Anthony has an idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that really contributes to that, right now, is we came out of this very long drought period, and we still have a lot of fuels out there, that are very dry or very dead, even,” says Anthony. “And so they carry fire much more rapidly than prior to the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wet winter that followed the drought added to the fuel load. The hillsides are now so packed with dry grasses that the slope matters less on a downhill run. When there’s so much ready fuel, combined with hot, dry conditions and strong winds, fires just move faster in all directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An uptick in downhill fire behavior might also be related to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">increase in nighttime temperatures\u003c/a>. On a typical day, local winds move uphill during the day and downhill in the evening. In the past, cooler nighttime temperatures could impede fire activity driven by these evening winds. But if fires remain active at night, local evening winds could drive faster downslope fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the trend toward more intense downhill fires is anecdotal, and some researchers are hesitant to speculate why firefighters might be seeing this behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is that a statistically significant trend?” asks Nick Nauslar, a fire weather forecaster at the National Weather Service’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.spc.noaa.gov/\">Storm Prediction Center\u003c/a> in Oklahoma. “And if so what might be causing that? There would have to be a couple more steps before I try to make assumptions or formulate theories on why that might be happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fires that burn quickly downhill are particularly worrisome because communities are often situated at the base of the mountains.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Regardless, there have always been some downslope fires that spread quickly. Santa Ana and Diablo winds typically run downslope, says Nauslar. These winds have long driven most of California’s most destructive fires, including the 2017 Wine Country Fires, which were the state’s deadliest fires, and the Thomas Fire in Southern California, now the state’s largest fire on record. There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/climate/caifornia-fires-wind.html\">mixed evidence\u003c/a> as to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">whether climate change is affecting the strength or frequency of these winds\u003c/a>, but they were especially powerful last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917067/wine-country-fires-were-fanned-by-unprecedented-winds\">some of the strongest winds\u003c/a> in recorded history, especially from that direction, that northerly, northeastern component winds, and that’s downslope,” says Nauslar of the Wine Country fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rapidly spreading downhill fires also played a major role in last winter’s Thomas Fire. It coincided with the longest Santa Ana wind event on record, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/1/1/18/xml\">a recent analysis\u003c/a> of the 2017 fires led by Nauslar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would still see very, very active fire behavior on the downslope portion of those fires,” adds Anthony, “because those fuels were so extremely dry and the climatic conditions were such that embers would start new fires ahead of the main fire front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928127\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928127\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Coffey Park house ruins\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_9145-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Remnants of Santa Rosa’s Coffey Park neighborhood after the October fires of 2017. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fires that burn quickly downhill are particularly worrisome because communities are often situated at the base of the mountains. Last fall, it was a downslope fire that pushed into Santa Rosa and drove \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1916352/santa-rosa-residents-face-neighborhoods-destroyed-by-fire\">the destruction of Coffey Park\u003c/a> and other local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters are keeping careful tabs on changes in fire behavior to help prevent tragedies like what happened in Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we get reports that we’re going to have a large downslope or down-canyon wind in the evenings,” notes Cal Fire Battalion Chief Jonathan Cox, “there’s things we can do such as reinforcing the downhill line, putting additional resources below the fire in anticipation, and understanding that when the fire comes downhill what the risks might be as far as communities or hazards or whatnot that we need to protect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tools are there to manage downhill fires, but Cal Fire’s general approach to firefighting may need to readjust to changing times as these difficult conditions become more common. Climate change is expected to continue to increase nighttime temperatures and the types of extreme weather that has primed fuels this year for faster, bigger fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes us really have to reevaluate our strategy,” says Anthony, “and not just expect that fire to just transition to something that is going to burn less intensely.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land",
"headTitle": "One Way to Save Birds: Pay Farmers to Flood Their Land | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new analysis shows that an innovative partnership in the Central Valley seems to have paid off.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An innovative scheme to leverage Central Valley farmland as temporary wetlands on the Pacific Flyway helped birds navigate California’s five-year drought, according to \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5147/\">a new analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four years ago, in the midst of California’s most punishing drought on record, conservation groups began working with growers and citizen scientists to identify and maintain habitat for wetland birds on agricultural land, as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">KQED reported.\u003c/a> The Central Valley is in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, and millions of birds stop to rest at wetlands in the region during their migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since more than 90 percent of historically occurring natural wetlands in the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://www.fwspubs.org/doi/suppl/10.3996/012014-JFWM-003/suppl_file/012014-jfwm-003.s10.pdf?code=ufws-site\">are gone, largely displaced by agriculture\u003c/a>, the birds have to work with what’s there. So, conservation groups devised a strategy to help them out: The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Resources Conservation Service started paying rice farmers to keep their fields flooded during the post-harvest months, allowing migratory birds to take refuge in these “pop-up wetlands.” For farmers and conservationists, participating in this type of incentive program was risky: farmers had to put in additional labor, the conservation groups offset the estimated costs, and neither group knew for sure whether the plan would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">Read the backstory of the BirdReturns program in this KQED Quest feature\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But now enough time has elapsed to get some answers. Researchers used satellite data to understand how wetland bird habitat changed over the course of the drought and to estimate how much the incentive programs for farmers helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From satellite images taken between 2000 and 2015, the researchers could detect how much open water was available for birds during non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought years. They found that the severe drought dramatically reduced available wetland habitat, with declines of up to 80 percent in agricultural areas and up to 60 percent in managed wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little surprised at the magnitude of the decline in some of the wetlands,” recalls Matt Reiter, principal scientist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, and lead author on the study. “Maybe it shouldn’t have been, given how much coverage the drought was getting and it was the first time we started seeing water curtailment, and certainly the price of water was going up, and so it shouldn’t have surprised me but it did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess the effect of incentives for flooded farms, the researchers honed in on rice fields, calculating what percent of the total flooded rice habitat could be attributed to two incentive programs during times of severe drought. The Nature Conservancy’s \u003ca href=\"http://birdreturns.org/\">BirdReturns\u003c/a> program was responsible for up to 61 percent of available flooded rice habitat in the fall and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s \u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP)\u003c/a> provided up to 100 percent of available habitat in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The two programs operated at different times of year: BirdReturns focuses on the fall and spring, and WHEP on the winter months. In the analysis, these complementary timelines functioned to maintain wetland habitat in rice fields for much of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results show that severe drought can have huge impacts on wetland habitat, and incentives programs can help. However, the direct effects of drought on birds are not yet clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our big questions now is, ‘Okay, so what?’” says Reiter. “What does this mean for the birds? Are the birds falling out of the sky? Are the birds declining? Did the drought really impact their populations?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitat is a pretty good proxy for population impacts, since habitat loss has been documented to be a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713000426\">leading cause of wetland bird declines\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142\">of wildlife declines more generally\u003c/a>. And \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1658\">research has shown\u003c/a> that bird densities can be very high in flooded agricultural fields. But Reiter and his colleagues want to put some real numbers on the effects of severe drought on wetland birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927732\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927732\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-800x270.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1020x344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1200x405.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1920x648.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-1180x398.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-960x324.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-240x81.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-375x127.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k-520x175.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/28444533660_7982e33f07_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandhill Cranes are one of many wetland bird species that can be found in the flooded rice fields. \u003ccite>(Bob Wick/BLM)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incentive programs are set to continue for the time being — but both are dependent on ongoing funding: the BirdReturns program relies on funding from the nonprofit Nature Conservancy, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s WHEP is counting on a renewal of funds in the federal Farm Bill. Ideally, Reiter says, the incentive programs would be “a short-term thing, that instills a new kind of management ethic that then sort of propagates itself forward.” It’s uncertain whether that will ever happen, so funding is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reiter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Different versions of these incentive programs have been around for a very long time, so it gives you some hope that they will stay around,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, there’s the new analysis, which Reiter hopes will reach people who may be considering similar conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think our study really shows the value of these incentive programs,” he says, “and so we just hope that managers can see these data and see that — hey — there is real value in doing these programs, and particularly in drought years, as we saw, and think about how we can make sure that these are sustained into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, birds visiting the Central Valley have a little more room to roost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sinking land caused by intensive groundwater pumping in the San Joaquin Valley is releasing trapped arsenic — a known carcinogen — into aquifers that supply irrigation and drinking water for a million people, according to a new study published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/ncomms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>. [contextly_sidebar id=”e2HtgwYSiGvYqi4LXO5efN9lFOy4H4pN”]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arsenic, a naturally occurring chemical in the Earth’s crust, is undetectable by the human senses and has been linked to a host of diseases including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Researchers at Stanford University say residents should be concerned about arsenic levels in their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Arsenic is associated with the clay layers in the groundwater system from which they pump their water,” says study co-author Rosemary J. Knight, a professor of geophysics at Stanford. “Overpumping is going to release that arsenic, and there has been significant overpumping during the recent droughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">link\u003c/a> between subsidence (or sinking land) and pumping of fresh water from underground is well-established, according to the US Geological Survey. A previous study led by Knight found that one way of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reducing the negative impact\u003c/a> of extracting water from the clay layers is for farmers to pull water from more shallow sand and gravel layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight added that residents who obtain their water from a private domestic well in an area that has experienced subsidence are wise to get the water checked for arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers examined arsenic levels in hundreds of wells in San Joaquin Valley’s Tulare basin during two drought periods. They found that in areas where land sank more than 3 inches per year, the risk of finding dangerous levels of arsenic in groundwater tripled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tulare basin aquifers consist of sand and gravel zones separated by thin layers of clay. The clay, which acts as a sponge, absorbs both water and arsenic, which starts off as a solid. Overpumping draws water from the sand and gravel zones, causing the aquifer to compress as land sinks. As those layers press down on the clay regions, arsenic-rich water gets released into the aquifer. [contextly_sidebar id=”1JyrHvzuqfuwV7K3cTgbnnqO96YJSe5q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says overpumping in other regions could result in the same effect if they have three characteristics: alternating layers of clay and sand; a source of arsenic; and relatively low oxygen content, which is common for thick clay zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say that satellite surveillance can be a powerful tool in protecting communities from contaminated groundwater. Remote sensors that track the measurements of land as it collapses over time can be used to predict arsenic concentrations in groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data could serve as an early warning system for contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remote sensing data give us an incredible view of what is happening in our groundwater systems,” says Knight. “My hope is that we are entering a new era in California, of sustainable groundwater management, and that data such as these can support and inform wise groundwater management decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study notes that aquifers contaminated as a result of overpumping can recover if withdrawals stop; areas that showed slower sinking also had lower arsenic levels.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sinking land caused by intensive groundwater pumping in the San Joaquin Valley is releasing trapped arsenic — a known carcinogen — into aquifers that supply irrigation and drinking water for a million people, according to a new study published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/ncomms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arsenic, a naturally occurring chemical in the Earth’s crust, is undetectable by the human senses and has been linked to a host of diseases including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Researchers at Stanford University say residents should be concerned about arsenic levels in their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Arsenic is associated with the clay layers in the groundwater system from which they pump their water,” says study co-author Rosemary J. Knight, a professor of geophysics at Stanford. “Overpumping is going to release that arsenic, and there has been significant overpumping during the recent droughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">link\u003c/a> between subsidence (or sinking land) and pumping of fresh water from underground is well-established, according to the US Geological Survey. A previous study led by Knight found that one way of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reducing the negative impact\u003c/a> of extracting water from the clay layers is for farmers to pull water from more shallow sand and gravel layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight added that residents who obtain their water from a private domestic well in an area that has experienced subsidence are wise to get the water checked for arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers examined arsenic levels in hundreds of wells in San Joaquin Valley’s Tulare basin during two drought periods. They found that in areas where land sank more than 3 inches per year, the risk of finding dangerous levels of arsenic in groundwater tripled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tulare basin aquifers consist of sand and gravel zones separated by thin layers of clay. The clay, which acts as a sponge, absorbs both water and arsenic, which starts off as a solid. Overpumping draws water from the sand and gravel zones, causing the aquifer to compress as land sinks. As those layers press down on the clay regions, arsenic-rich water gets released into the aquifer. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says overpumping in other regions could result in the same effect if they have three characteristics: alternating layers of clay and sand; a source of arsenic; and relatively low oxygen content, which is common for thick clay zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors say that satellite surveillance can be a powerful tool in protecting communities from contaminated groundwater. Remote sensors that track the measurements of land as it collapses over time can be used to predict arsenic concentrations in groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data could serve as an early warning system for contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remote sensing data give us an incredible view of what is happening in our groundwater systems,” says Knight. “My hope is that we are entering a new era in California, of sustainable groundwater management, and that data such as these can support and inform wise groundwater management decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study notes that aquifers contaminated as a result of overpumping can recover if withdrawals stop; areas that showed slower sinking also had lower arsenic levels.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Water Conservation Laws May Limit How Much Water Cities Can Use",
"headTitle": "New Water Conservation Laws May Limit How Much Water Cities Can Use | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Get ready to tighten those faucets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed a pair of bills into law on Thursday that create a framework for permanent statewide water efficiency standards, whether the state is in drought or not.[contextly_sidebar id=”4TcRMLsNwPNhYLFtMZj93EwOft3t4XqZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In preparation for the next drought and our changing environment, we must use our precious resources wisely. We have efficiency goals for energy and cars — and now we have them for water,” said\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/31/governor-brown-signs-legislation-establishing-statewide-water-efficiency-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Brown\u003c/a> in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new standards, which must be met by 2020, set limits on personal water use and require water providers to develop annual water budgets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The laws set an initial limit for indoor water use of 55 gallons per-person per-day in 2022, which gradually drops to 50 gallons per person by 2030. Just how consumers will be required to meet the goals remains unknown. — \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article211333594.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Bee\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/31/california-drought-jerry-brown-sets-permanent-water-conservation-rules-with-new-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercury News\u003c/a> reports that the new mandates are a response to pushback from water suppliers who complained about the strict standards enacted during the emergency drought period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The laws are a response to complaints from some water agencies that the mandatory water targets the Brown administration put in place during the drought were too inflexible and didn’t take into account local water supplies, population growth and other factors.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Californians used an average of 90 gallons of indoor and outdoor water per day in 2017, down from 109 gallons in 2013, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmentalists expressed disappointment with the new standards, writes Paul Rogers for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/31/california-drought-jerry-brown-sets-permanent-water-conservation-rules-with-new-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercury News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Environmentalists like Sierra Club California said the rules didn’t go far enough. Of particular concern was a compromise inserted in the bill that allowed cities and water districts to get 15 percent credit on their water use totals if they produce certain types of recycled water.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>State regulators will conduct studies and consult with local districts to establish appropriate outdoor targets that take into account local needs, reports the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article211333594.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Bee.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources and State Water Resources Control Board will conduct studies and recommend standards for outdoor use by October 2021. State regulators will consult with local districts, recognizing differences in climate, water availability and demand across the state, to establish outdoor targets. Water districts that have already taken steps, such as recycling, to broaden their water supply could get more leeway even in dry conditions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Brown declared a state of emergency in response to the drought and the following year, temporary limits on water use were established. Those measures were lifted in \u003ca href=\"https://drought.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Get ready to tighten those faucets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed a pair of bills into law on Thursday that create a framework for permanent statewide water efficiency standards, whether the state is in drought or not.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In preparation for the next drought and our changing environment, we must use our precious resources wisely. We have efficiency goals for energy and cars — and now we have them for water,” said\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/31/governor-brown-signs-legislation-establishing-statewide-water-efficiency-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Brown\u003c/a> in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new standards, which must be met by 2020, set limits on personal water use and require water providers to develop annual water budgets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The laws set an initial limit for indoor water use of 55 gallons per-person per-day in 2022, which gradually drops to 50 gallons per person by 2030. Just how consumers will be required to meet the goals remains unknown. — \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article211333594.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Bee\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/31/california-drought-jerry-brown-sets-permanent-water-conservation-rules-with-new-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercury News\u003c/a> reports that the new mandates are a response to pushback from water suppliers who complained about the strict standards enacted during the emergency drought period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The laws are a response to complaints from some water agencies that the mandatory water targets the Brown administration put in place during the drought were too inflexible and didn’t take into account local water supplies, population growth and other factors.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Californians used an average of 90 gallons of indoor and outdoor water per day in 2017, down from 109 gallons in 2013, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmentalists expressed disappointment with the new standards, writes Paul Rogers for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/31/california-drought-jerry-brown-sets-permanent-water-conservation-rules-with-new-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercury News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Environmentalists like Sierra Club California said the rules didn’t go far enough. Of particular concern was a compromise inserted in the bill that allowed cities and water districts to get 15 percent credit on their water use totals if they produce certain types of recycled water.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>State regulators will conduct studies and consult with local districts to establish appropriate outdoor targets that take into account local needs, reports the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article211333594.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Bee.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources and State Water Resources Control Board will conduct studies and recommend standards for outdoor use by October 2021. State regulators will consult with local districts, recognizing differences in climate, water availability and demand across the state, to establish outdoor targets. Water districts that have already taken steps, such as recycling, to broaden their water supply could get more leeway even in dry conditions.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Brown declared a state of emergency in response to the drought and the following year, temporary limits on water use were established. Those measures were lifted in \u003ca href=\"https://drought.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought",
"headTitle": "California’s Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wine Lovers: Relax, Study Suggests Calif. Grapevines Can Weather Searing Drought",
"headTitle": "Wine Lovers: Relax, Study Suggests Calif. Grapevines Can Weather Searing Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The drought could be crippling, but the wine will be good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is the happy conclusion of a study published today in the journal, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaao6969\">Science\u003c/a>. It turns out that the grapevine is hardier than anyone thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who looked at vineyards in California’s Napa Valley and the Bordeaux region of France found that in times of drought, the grapevine’s resistance actually increased as the season progressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted over a period of ten years, found that the grapevines were not at risk of dying from “even very dry conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means farmers may not need to water their vineyards as much as previously thought during a dry spell. It also could mean better-tasting wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As the climate is changing, we can determine, ‘What are the tolerance levels of these plants and will they endure?'”\u003ccite>Gregory Gambetta, Bordeaux Sciences Agro\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“One of the triggers of ripening occurs when stress is present such as a dry spell,” says Paul Skinner, a co-author of the study and a vineyard consultant at Vineyard Investigations. “It serves to slow down the growth of the vine vegetatively and when the vine stops growing, that is directly connected to the ripening of the fruit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study sets the practical limits of when grapevines die without water, says Skinner. “This is about trying to figure out how to manage vines during periods of drought. We need to know what these limits are in order to manage risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are a boost for California vineyards, which produce nearly 90 percent of all American wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Business\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wine sector is an economic powerhouse for the state and threats stemming from climate change could spell serious trouble for California’s economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a report \u003ca href=\"http://www.wineinstitute.org/files/Wine%20Institute%20Economic%20Impact%20Highlights%202016.pdf\">issued\u003c/a> in 2016 by the Wine Institute, the industry contributes $57.6 billion annually to the local economy and employs about 325,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State’s renowned vineyards also attract some 24 million tourists annually, generating $7.2 billion in revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During severe droughts, plants often die from embolism. It occurs when plants are deprived of water, causing tension in the plant as it starts to convert water into gas. The resulting air bubbles impede the passage of water within the plant, causing it to increase in thirst and potentially die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When plants are well watered, they will never experience embolism,” Skinner told KQED. “It’s a result of extreme drought. And a purpose of this study was to quantify what the threshold is for mortality in a grapevine during a drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though total precipitation might not decrease with California’s changing climate, scientists say to expect more severe droughts when they do occur. The study looked at what levels of drought would be enough to cause a degree of embolism sufficient to kill grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We looked at the level of drought and we looked at Napa and found that their vines never reach that level,” says Gregory Gambetta, a professor of viticulture at Bordeaux Sciences Agro and the study’s principle investigator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the world grapples with climate change, knowing what these thresholds are is of critical importance to farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the climate is changing, we can determine, ‘What are the tolerance levels of these plants and will they endure?'” explains Gambetta. “Will vines survive and bounce back?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saving Grapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner says the study will also allow farmers to adopt techniques to weather climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might prove to be very valuable for land owners who do not want to lose their physical vineyards and plant something else,” he suggests. “I think it will lead to more refinements in what we do, rather than major changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gambetta adds that vineyards are normally productive for twenty to forty years and require a significant amount of financial investment. The study’s findings suggest that farmers might not have to abandon their crop during a dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, during these drought periods,” he says, “farmers regulate the amount of water they get and sometimes they make decisions to essentially whip out vineyards, thinking they will probably die anyway. So there is question of, ‘Did they have to?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gambetta cautions, however, that the study’s findings do not mean farmers should stop watering their vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It simply sets thresholds that we did not know before, that we could not quantify precisely,” he points out. “Now, we can say that these are the levels of stress that vines can endure during a period of drought. That sets a bar for farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the vines were very resilient and we now know what range we are operating in,” adds Skinner. “Hopefully we can find ways to save water by adopting some of the information in this study as a guide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while researchers still have some important questions concerning to what extent vines can repair themselves and recover, farmers now at least have actual numbers to work with when determining how to ration resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how you ration your wine, you’re on your own.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Research shows grapevines are incredibly resilient, which could help growers conserve water and produce better-tasting grapes.\r\n\r\n ",
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"description": "Research shows grapevines are incredibly resilient, which could help growers conserve water and produce better-tasting grapes.\r\n\r\n ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The drought could be crippling, but the wine will be good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is the happy conclusion of a study published today in the journal, \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaao6969\">Science\u003c/a>. It turns out that the grapevine is hardier than anyone thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who looked at vineyards in California’s Napa Valley and the Bordeaux region of France found that in times of drought, the grapevine’s resistance actually increased as the season progressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted over a period of ten years, found that the grapevines were not at risk of dying from “even very dry conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means farmers may not need to water their vineyards as much as previously thought during a dry spell. It also could mean better-tasting wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As the climate is changing, we can determine, ‘What are the tolerance levels of these plants and will they endure?'”\u003ccite>Gregory Gambetta, Bordeaux Sciences Agro\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“One of the triggers of ripening occurs when stress is present such as a dry spell,” says Paul Skinner, a co-author of the study and a vineyard consultant at Vineyard Investigations. “It serves to slow down the growth of the vine vegetatively and when the vine stops growing, that is directly connected to the ripening of the fruit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study sets the practical limits of when grapevines die without water, says Skinner. “This is about trying to figure out how to manage vines during periods of drought. We need to know what these limits are in order to manage risks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are a boost for California vineyards, which produce nearly 90 percent of all American wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Business\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wine sector is an economic powerhouse for the state and threats stemming from climate change could spell serious trouble for California’s economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a report \u003ca href=\"http://www.wineinstitute.org/files/Wine%20Institute%20Economic%20Impact%20Highlights%202016.pdf\">issued\u003c/a> in 2016 by the Wine Institute, the industry contributes $57.6 billion annually to the local economy and employs about 325,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State’s renowned vineyards also attract some 24 million tourists annually, generating $7.2 billion in revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During severe droughts, plants often die from embolism. It occurs when plants are deprived of water, causing tension in the plant as it starts to convert water into gas. The resulting air bubbles impede the passage of water within the plant, causing it to increase in thirst and potentially die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When plants are well watered, they will never experience embolism,” Skinner told KQED. “It’s a result of extreme drought. And a purpose of this study was to quantify what the threshold is for mortality in a grapevine during a drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though total precipitation might not decrease with California’s changing climate, scientists say to expect more severe droughts when they do occur. The study looked at what levels of drought would be enough to cause a degree of embolism sufficient to kill grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We looked at the level of drought and we looked at Napa and found that their vines never reach that level,” says Gregory Gambetta, a professor of viticulture at Bordeaux Sciences Agro and the study’s principle investigator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the world grapples with climate change, knowing what these thresholds are is of critical importance to farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the climate is changing, we can determine, ‘What are the tolerance levels of these plants and will they endure?'” explains Gambetta. “Will vines survive and bounce back?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saving Grapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner says the study will also allow farmers to adopt techniques to weather climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might prove to be very valuable for land owners who do not want to lose their physical vineyards and plant something else,” he suggests. “I think it will lead to more refinements in what we do, rather than major changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gambetta adds that vineyards are normally productive for twenty to forty years and require a significant amount of financial investment. The study’s findings suggest that farmers might not have to abandon their crop during a dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, during these drought periods,” he says, “farmers regulate the amount of water they get and sometimes they make decisions to essentially whip out vineyards, thinking they will probably die anyway. So there is question of, ‘Did they have to?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gambetta cautions, however, that the study’s findings do not mean farmers should stop watering their vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It simply sets thresholds that we did not know before, that we could not quantify precisely,” he points out. “Now, we can say that these are the levels of stress that vines can endure during a period of drought. That sets a bar for farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the vines were very resilient and we now know what range we are operating in,” adds Skinner. “Hopefully we can find ways to save water by adopting some of the information in this study as a guide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while researchers still have some important questions concerning to what extent vines can repair themselves and recover, farmers now at least have actual numbers to work with when determining how to ration resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how you ration your wine, you’re on your own.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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