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"content": "\u003cp>No one knows exactly how this coming fire season will shake out, but experts and fire officials agree the COVID-19 pandemic will make an already hard job much tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]‘We’ve never fought a fire in a pandemic.’[/pullquote]Fire agencies and emergency managers are now planning how they’ll fight wildfires, issue evacuation orders, set up shelters and handle power shutoffs in the face of the massive challenge of simultaneously coping with a highly infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never fought fire in a pandemic,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.incident-services.com/jim.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Jim Whittington\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an expert in wildland fire response. “We don’t have any sort of lessons from [the flu pandemic of] 1918. So this is going to be a learning experience, and we’re going to have to err on the side of firefighter and public safety. And we recognize that there’s probably going to be some Catch-22s in our future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">One of the biggest impacts could be a strain on the mutual aid system. In normal times, agencies provide support to each other during disasters. But when the crisis is so widespread, that system could become strained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">If first responders or their families become sick, or if they are tied up in emergency medical services, then agencies will struggle to maintain peak staffing, and they will be less able to share resources. If a paramedic assigned to a fire engine has to help with the COVID-19 response, for example, “Well, then the engine can’t go to the fire,” said Christopher Godley, director of emergency management for Sonoma County. “Jurisdictions simply may not have the resources to share with each other like they have in years past. And that was the great success story of our Kincade fire response last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Kincade Fire ignited in a remote region of Sonoma County on Oct. 23, 2019, threatened the town of Windsor, and prompted the largest evacuation orders in the history of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“There was an army of firefighters and law enforcement that came into the county to address that fire,” Godley said. “That may be a real challenge this season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Forecast for an Uncertain Year\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The most recent predictive \u003ca href=\"https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for wildfire conditions, issued April 1 by the National Interagency Fire Center, forecasts normal Northern California wildfire potential in May and June, but above normal in July. The northern part of the state has seen only about half its average \u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rainfall\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/span>\u003c/a> sits at about 60 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right'](Southern California has gotten 100 percent of normal rainfall and has a forecast of below average fire potential.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But historically, California’s most destructive fires have come in the late summer and fall, too far out to forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">What the response to the inevitable conflagrations to come will look like depends on what \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11812296/newsoms-roadmap-to-guide-california-out-of-isolation\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">phase of the pandemic\u003c/span>\u003c/a> California is experiencing. That depends upon a host of factors that are currently unknown. Transmissions may die down in the summer, as seasonal colds do. Perhaps more testing and therapies will be available. Or, coronavirus cases could surge. In that case, emergency managers would have to decide how best to balance the health and safety of the public and fire responders amid competing disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">What’s already known is that the business of firefighting creates a lot of opportunities for sickness to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The thing about fire suppression is it’s an activity where you’re frankly just right on top of people,” said \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/scott-l-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>, a fire science researcher at UC Berkeley. “You know, you work as a crew. The crew trains together. The crew actually lives together, generally in a bunkhouse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Groups within the National Interagency Fire Center are drafting plans for how federal agencies, like the U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, will fight fires. The \u003ca href=\"https://gacc.nifc.gov/eacc/eacg/documents/Eastern_Area_WFRP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plan\u003c/a> for the Eastern region of the U.S.,which has an earlier fire season than the West, has already been released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/JimWhittington/status/1248671869957320705\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Key points include treating different crews, or “modules,” as units that would not eat, sleep or mix with their counterparts. Firefighters might stay in their own tents, rather than in a bunkhouse, and eat military-style M.R.E.s with their own group, rather than mixing with other crews. The planners also expect to rely more heavily this year on aircraft and local resources, and less on interstate assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">These plans should be considered “living documents” that will be updated “as we collectively learn more about our new operating environment with COVID-19,” states an April 9 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/nicc/administrative/nmac/NMAC2020-09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">memo\u003c/a> from the group coordinating wildfire-fighting strategy among Interior Department agencies, “We are entering into uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The plan for the Western region is due to be released by the end of April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The U.S. Forest Service says it will seek to minimize travel to other geographic areas, and that it will emphasize social distancing by unit. Large fire camps, with hundreds or thousands of firefighters living together, “will not be the norm any longer,” said a spokesperson in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CALFIRE_PIO/status/1250478099138932737\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How to Keep Firefighters Safe? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The state fire agency, CalFire, is in the process of bringing on its seasonal workforce of about 2,600. Trainings and recertifications are continuing, with some added distance between participants. Some trainings have moved online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We used to bring them into large classrooms and do it that way. Of course, we cannot do that anymore,” said Scott McLean, CalFire’s deputy communications chief. Firefighters are learning in smaller groups, in larger spaces outdoors, or online, he said. “So you’ll see more classes, less people in them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">How will fire season be different this year for the agency? Will CalFire use large base camps when incidents erupt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We’re not naive to the situation by any means,” said McClean. “Every incident is going to be different on how and what the needs are going to be, especially for the logistical support of the firefighters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Safety officers, McLean says, will ensure that CDC guidelines for distancing and disinfection will be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“A common phrase in our department, or in departments working on a wildland fire, is ‘Keep your dime.’ That means stay 10 feet apart,” said McLean. “That refers to the safety aspect of using tools” like chainsaws, he said. Those practices “are already ingrained into our way of doing business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Still, fire camps are notoriously locations where firefighters get sick. “\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildfirelessons.net/orphans/viewincident?DocumentKey=12cd8ac6-4285-44cb-8b9e-a8e917c39eb8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Camp crud\u003c/a>” is the insider name for a respiratory illness with cough, usually attributed to a combination of infectious agents and lung irritation from smoke and dust. The worry that smoke exposure will put firefighters at extra risk if they contract the coronavirus may lead incident commanders to request fewer crews on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">While an increased focus on initial attack and using air resources may help slow a fire or reduce its intensity, says Stephens, “they all have to be put out by ground crews. You just don’t dump water on something and say you’re done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Even if the number of firefighters assigned to a fire can be reduced, “there’s very few, I would say, great options, because of just the nature of firefighting. […] I’m afraid the virus will have an impact on firefighting people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Evacuation and Power Shutoffs in the Time of COVID-19\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Firefighting is most effective when neighborhoods are evacuated early. But what would evacuations look like during a pandemic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">It’s not clear how evacuation orders will intersect with requirements to isolate at home, should those directives still be in effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We’ve not fleshed it out fully,” said Sonoma County’s Godley “but the thought is…you should not be going to stay with your [extended] family or friends because you may be putting them at risk. or they may be putting you at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Already the Red Cross is planning to make more shelters available so that evacuees have a greater amount of space. Upon entering, people would be screened for the virus, ideally with a rapid test instead of a simple assessment of possible symptoms. Separate areas will be set up for those requiring isolation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Last fire season, PG&E shut off power multiple times to millions of Californians during periods of high wildfire-risk. Last week, a large group of counties, cities and other organizations filed a motion before the state public utilities commission asking it to direct utilities to be more deliberate in the frequency and scope of the shutoffs, and to analyze their effect on hospitals with COVID-19 patients. Godley said the utilities should “make sure they’re doing everything they can” to keep the power running at medical facilities and to provide alternate power sources, if possible, for places caring for vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Managing Expectations \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Jim Whittington, the wildland fire response expert, is concerned that some fire agencies aren’t preparing people for the complexity of fighting fires during this pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think one of the big things that is going to be tough for the agencies to do is to go out and have conversations with stakeholders, elected officials and the public,” he said, “and start changing some expectations about what fire season is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Whatever it looks like, it’s a safe bet it won’t be what Californians have come to expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Whittington envisions tensions arising if fire managers do not deploy as many ground resources as they normally would or allow forested land to burn that in other years might have been saved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think one of the issues might be that we get into a tough fire situation and people, say their expectations are one thing, but the fire incident commander and the hierarchy is going to react in a different way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think there’s some folks that are working on that. But I’m not sure that these things have been pushed out to the public yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.iawfonline.org/article/2020-04-wildfires-pandemic-whats-ahead-wfca/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statement\u003c/a> issued April 1 from the Western Fire Chiefs Association counsels fire managers to begin communicating that we face a difficult season ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, it will be lonely at the top, because we may be going way from the standard firefighting performance norms,” it said. “The first step in addressing response is to prepare the policy makers, public and our troops. All parties need to be made aware that their historical response performance expectations may not occur during the near future and the sooner they hear this, the better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Fire agencies and emergency managers are now planning how they’ll fight wildfires, issue evacuation orders, set up shelters and handle power shutoffs in the face of the massive challenge of simultaneously coping with a highly infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never fought fire in a pandemic,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.incident-services.com/jim.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Jim Whittington\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an expert in wildland fire response. “We don’t have any sort of lessons from [the flu pandemic of] 1918. So this is going to be a learning experience, and we’re going to have to err on the side of firefighter and public safety. And we recognize that there’s probably going to be some Catch-22s in our future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">One of the biggest impacts could be a strain on the mutual aid system. In normal times, agencies provide support to each other during disasters. But when the crisis is so widespread, that system could become strained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">If first responders or their families become sick, or if they are tied up in emergency medical services, then agencies will struggle to maintain peak staffing, and they will be less able to share resources. If a paramedic assigned to a fire engine has to help with the COVID-19 response, for example, “Well, then the engine can’t go to the fire,” said Christopher Godley, director of emergency management for Sonoma County. “Jurisdictions simply may not have the resources to share with each other like they have in years past. And that was the great success story of our Kincade fire response last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Kincade Fire ignited in a remote region of Sonoma County on Oct. 23, 2019, threatened the town of Windsor, and prompted the largest evacuation orders in the history of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“There was an army of firefighters and law enforcement that came into the county to address that fire,” Godley said. “That may be a real challenge this season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Forecast for an Uncertain Year\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The most recent predictive \u003ca href=\"https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for wildfire conditions, issued April 1 by the National Interagency Fire Center, forecasts normal Northern California wildfire potential in May and June, but above normal in July. The northern part of the state has seen only about half its average \u003ca href=\"https://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rainfall\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Sierra Nevada snowpack\u003c/span>\u003c/a> sits at about 60 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>(Southern California has gotten 100 percent of normal rainfall and has a forecast of below average fire potential.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But historically, California’s most destructive fires have come in the late summer and fall, too far out to forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">What the response to the inevitable conflagrations to come will look like depends on what \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11812296/newsoms-roadmap-to-guide-california-out-of-isolation\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">phase of the pandemic\u003c/span>\u003c/a> California is experiencing. That depends upon a host of factors that are currently unknown. Transmissions may die down in the summer, as seasonal colds do. Perhaps more testing and therapies will be available. Or, coronavirus cases could surge. In that case, emergency managers would have to decide how best to balance the health and safety of the public and fire responders amid competing disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">What’s already known is that the business of firefighting creates a lot of opportunities for sickness to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The thing about fire suppression is it’s an activity where you’re frankly just right on top of people,” said \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/scott-l-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>, a fire science researcher at UC Berkeley. “You know, you work as a crew. The crew trains together. The crew actually lives together, generally in a bunkhouse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Groups within the National Interagency Fire Center are drafting plans for how federal agencies, like the U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, will fight fires. The \u003ca href=\"https://gacc.nifc.gov/eacc/eacg/documents/Eastern_Area_WFRP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plan\u003c/a> for the Eastern region of the U.S.,which has an earlier fire season than the West, has already been released.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Key points include treating different crews, or “modules,” as units that would not eat, sleep or mix with their counterparts. Firefighters might stay in their own tents, rather than in a bunkhouse, and eat military-style M.R.E.s with their own group, rather than mixing with other crews. The planners also expect to rely more heavily this year on aircraft and local resources, and less on interstate assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">These plans should be considered “living documents” that will be updated “as we collectively learn more about our new operating environment with COVID-19,” states an April 9 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/nicc/administrative/nmac/NMAC2020-09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">memo\u003c/a> from the group coordinating wildfire-fighting strategy among Interior Department agencies, “We are entering into uncharted territory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The plan for the Western region is due to be released by the end of April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The U.S. Forest Service says it will seek to minimize travel to other geographic areas, and that it will emphasize social distancing by unit. Large fire camps, with hundreds or thousands of firefighters living together, “will not be the norm any longer,” said a spokesperson in an email.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How to Keep Firefighters Safe? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The state fire agency, CalFire, is in the process of bringing on its seasonal workforce of about 2,600. Trainings and recertifications are continuing, with some added distance between participants. Some trainings have moved online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We used to bring them into large classrooms and do it that way. Of course, we cannot do that anymore,” said Scott McLean, CalFire’s deputy communications chief. Firefighters are learning in smaller groups, in larger spaces outdoors, or online, he said. “So you’ll see more classes, less people in them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">How will fire season be different this year for the agency? Will CalFire use large base camps when incidents erupt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We’re not naive to the situation by any means,” said McClean. “Every incident is going to be different on how and what the needs are going to be, especially for the logistical support of the firefighters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Safety officers, McLean says, will ensure that CDC guidelines for distancing and disinfection will be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“A common phrase in our department, or in departments working on a wildland fire, is ‘Keep your dime.’ That means stay 10 feet apart,” said McLean. “That refers to the safety aspect of using tools” like chainsaws, he said. Those practices “are already ingrained into our way of doing business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Still, fire camps are notoriously locations where firefighters get sick. “\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildfirelessons.net/orphans/viewincident?DocumentKey=12cd8ac6-4285-44cb-8b9e-a8e917c39eb8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Camp crud\u003c/a>” is the insider name for a respiratory illness with cough, usually attributed to a combination of infectious agents and lung irritation from smoke and dust. The worry that smoke exposure will put firefighters at extra risk if they contract the coronavirus may lead incident commanders to request fewer crews on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">While an increased focus on initial attack and using air resources may help slow a fire or reduce its intensity, says Stephens, “they all have to be put out by ground crews. You just don’t dump water on something and say you’re done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Even if the number of firefighters assigned to a fire can be reduced, “there’s very few, I would say, great options, because of just the nature of firefighting. […] I’m afraid the virus will have an impact on firefighting people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Evacuation and Power Shutoffs in the Time of COVID-19\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Firefighting is most effective when neighborhoods are evacuated early. But what would evacuations look like during a pandemic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">It’s not clear how evacuation orders will intersect with requirements to isolate at home, should those directives still be in effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We’ve not fleshed it out fully,” said Sonoma County’s Godley “but the thought is…you should not be going to stay with your [extended] family or friends because you may be putting them at risk. or they may be putting you at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Already the Red Cross is planning to make more shelters available so that evacuees have a greater amount of space. Upon entering, people would be screened for the virus, ideally with a rapid test instead of a simple assessment of possible symptoms. Separate areas will be set up for those requiring isolation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Last fire season, PG&E shut off power multiple times to millions of Californians during periods of high wildfire-risk. Last week, a large group of counties, cities and other organizations filed a motion before the state public utilities commission asking it to direct utilities to be more deliberate in the frequency and scope of the shutoffs, and to analyze their effect on hospitals with COVID-19 patients. Godley said the utilities should “make sure they’re doing everything they can” to keep the power running at medical facilities and to provide alternate power sources, if possible, for places caring for vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Managing Expectations \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Jim Whittington, the wildland fire response expert, is concerned that some fire agencies aren’t preparing people for the complexity of fighting fires during this pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think one of the big things that is going to be tough for the agencies to do is to go out and have conversations with stakeholders, elected officials and the public,” he said, “and start changing some expectations about what fire season is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Whatever it looks like, it’s a safe bet it won’t be what Californians have come to expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Whittington envisions tensions arising if fire managers do not deploy as many ground resources as they normally would or allow forested land to burn that in other years might have been saved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think one of the issues might be that we get into a tough fire situation and people, say their expectations are one thing, but the fire incident commander and the hierarchy is going to react in a different way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I think there’s some folks that are working on that. But I’m not sure that these things have been pushed out to the public yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.iawfonline.org/article/2020-04-wildfires-pandemic-whats-ahead-wfca/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statement\u003c/a> issued April 1 from the Western Fire Chiefs Association counsels fire managers to begin communicating that we face a difficult season ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, it will be lonely at the top, because we may be going way from the standard firefighting performance norms,” it said. “The first step in addressing response is to prepare the policy makers, public and our troops. All parties need to be made aware that their historical response performance expectations may not occur during the near future and the sooner they hear this, the better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962112\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962112\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/388D4827-.jpg\" alt=\"Sassy Outwater-Wright has battled cancer her entire life. She lost her sight to the disease. \" width=\"600\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/388D4827-.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/388D4827--160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sassy Outwater-Wright has battled cancer her entire life. She lost her sight to the disease. \u003ccite>(Miriam Cooper)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When COVID-19 started rapidly spreading, hospitals throughout the country canceled elective surgeries to free up hospital beds and conserve protective equipment like masks and gowns\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>Surgery departments canceled everything from cosmetic procedures like tummy tucks and gastric bypasses to brain surgeries and organ transplants. In the Bay Area, all in-person care is delayed for all but the most worrisome cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shut down the O.R. almost lock, stock and barrel,” said Dr. Philip Theodosopoulos, a UCSF neurosurgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-March, he says, nearly 2,000 procedures at UCSF medical center were canceled in order to prepare for a surge of COVID patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These include cancer, aneurysms; include things that cause ischemia to the brain and to the body. This is not just brain surgery. This is all surgery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seriously Ill Patients Weigh the Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sassy Outwater-Wright is one patient who has had to wait. A rare cancer, called retinoblastoma, attacked her eyesight when she was a baby, causing her to lose her vision. Today the Berkeley resident runs an advocacy organization for the blind and visually impaired. She goes to the doctor a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve kind of been playing whack-a-mole with tumors for the past 12 years,” said Outwater-Wright, a tall, 37-year-old redhead. “They get one; the other one starts growing. The other one needs attention; they get that one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another tumor in her head right now. She was scheduled to have it removed, until her doctors determined it wasn’t safe to open her skull during a pandemic. Outwater-Wright was told the infection risk was too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure is on\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> hold. Her tumor isn’t. She lies awake at night, weighing the risks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The threat to my life from a tumor that’s sitting in my head versus the threat from a virus that’s loose in a hospital,” she said. “And nobody can weigh those odds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]‘The threat to my life from a tumor that’s sitting in my head versus the threat from a virus that’s loose in a hospital. And nobody can weigh those odds.’[/pullquote]Outwater-Wright is one of many critically ill patients sidelined but not sickened by COVID-19. Rosemary Pathy-McKinney is also waiting for brain surgery. She started feeling a lot of pressure in her head around New Year’s. Then the right side of her face started to occasionally feel numb and tingle. Her glasses were no longer strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In February, Pathy-McKinney visited an urgent care clinic in San Jose, where doctors discovered two brain tumors. Suddenly the second-grade school teacher and mother of two was fighting a grave illness at the same time COVID was spreading around her.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first available slot for brain surgery was a month later, in mid- March. Pathy-McKinney stayed cloistered in her home while she counted down the days to her operation because she couldn’t afford to become infected. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m compromised medically, right with what’s going on with me,” she said. “It worries me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The day before her surgery, Pathy-McKinney drove to San Francisco for a preoperative MRI at UCSF medical center. Doctors shaved her head and marked future incisions in blue. She lay perfectly still while a radiologist peered inside her skull to determine where to cut. She breathed a huge sigh of relief an hour later when they slid her out of the cramped enclosure.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But just as she was walking out to the waiting room, she learned that her surgery the next day was canceled \u003c/span>until further notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Can she wait more than a month?” questions Dr. Theodosopoulos, Pathy-McKinney’s neurosurgeon. “I would say, well, not without a deficit. Probably not.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still Waiting on the Surge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pathy-McKinney\u003c/span> waited frantically at home, her head throbbed and her vision worsened. Meanwhile, the UCSF Medical Center never filled up with COVID-19 patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962130\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/IMG_8259-1-e1587051507472.jpg\" alt=\"Rosemary Pathy-McKinney was diagnosed with two brain tumors in February just as the coronavirus was starting to spread in the Bay Area.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1461\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosemary Pathy-McKinney was diagnosed with two brain tumors in February just as the coronavirus was starting to spread in the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Rick McKinney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’re pretty much at a standstill, truly,” said Dr. Theodosopoulos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two hundred hospital beds sit empty at UCSF, and that has raised an ethical \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">question.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There are a lot of diagnoses that we don’t really know how long we can wait,” Theodosopoulos said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s why just this week UCSF rescheduled a few surgeries for the most urgent cases. Fortunately Pathy-McKinney was one of them. A nurse sent her husband a text after the procedure, saying all went well. The hospital is not allowing any visitors right now. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sassy Outwater-Wright also received encouraging news this week from her medical team. She has an appointment on Friday to determine whether it’s safe to operate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Others will have to wait, as large medical facilities like Stanford Health and Kaiser Permanente have yet to start rescheduling elective surgical procedures. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Theodosopoulos of UCSF estimates it will take about six months for the surgery department to catch up on all the procedures that were put on hold. That’s assuming another wave of COVID-19 cases don’t emerge and create a further backlog. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962112\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962112\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/388D4827-.jpg\" alt=\"Sassy Outwater-Wright has battled cancer her entire life. She lost her sight to the disease. \" width=\"600\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/388D4827-.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/388D4827--160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sassy Outwater-Wright has battled cancer her entire life. She lost her sight to the disease. \u003ccite>(Miriam Cooper)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When COVID-19 started rapidly spreading, hospitals throughout the country canceled elective surgeries to free up hospital beds and conserve protective equipment like masks and gowns\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>Surgery departments canceled everything from cosmetic procedures like tummy tucks and gastric bypasses to brain surgeries and organ transplants. In the Bay Area, all in-person care is delayed for all but the most worrisome cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shut down the O.R. almost lock, stock and barrel,” said Dr. Philip Theodosopoulos, a UCSF neurosurgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-March, he says, nearly 2,000 procedures at UCSF medical center were canceled in order to prepare for a surge of COVID patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These include cancer, aneurysms; include things that cause ischemia to the brain and to the body. This is not just brain surgery. This is all surgery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seriously Ill Patients Weigh the Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sassy Outwater-Wright is one patient who has had to wait. A rare cancer, called retinoblastoma, attacked her eyesight when she was a baby, causing her to lose her vision. Today the Berkeley resident runs an advocacy organization for the blind and visually impaired. She goes to the doctor a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve kind of been playing whack-a-mole with tumors for the past 12 years,” said Outwater-Wright, a tall, 37-year-old redhead. “They get one; the other one starts growing. The other one needs attention; they get that one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another tumor in her head right now. She was scheduled to have it removed, until her doctors determined it wasn’t safe to open her skull during a pandemic. Outwater-Wright was told the infection risk was too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procedure is on\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> hold. Her tumor isn’t. She lies awake at night, weighing the risks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The threat to my life from a tumor that’s sitting in my head versus the threat from a virus that’s loose in a hospital,” she said. “And nobody can weigh those odds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Outwater-Wright is one of many critically ill patients sidelined but not sickened by COVID-19. Rosemary Pathy-McKinney is also waiting for brain surgery. She started feeling a lot of pressure in her head around New Year’s. Then the right side of her face started to occasionally feel numb and tingle. Her glasses were no longer strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In February, Pathy-McKinney visited an urgent care clinic in San Jose, where doctors discovered two brain tumors. Suddenly the second-grade school teacher and mother of two was fighting a grave illness at the same time COVID was spreading around her.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first available slot for brain surgery was a month later, in mid- March. Pathy-McKinney stayed cloistered in her home while she counted down the days to her operation because she couldn’t afford to become infected. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m compromised medically, right with what’s going on with me,” she said. “It worries me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The day before her surgery, Pathy-McKinney drove to San Francisco for a preoperative MRI at UCSF medical center. Doctors shaved her head and marked future incisions in blue. She lay perfectly still while a radiologist peered inside her skull to determine where to cut. She breathed a huge sigh of relief an hour later when they slid her out of the cramped enclosure.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But just as she was walking out to the waiting room, she learned that her surgery the next day was canceled \u003c/span>until further notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Can she wait more than a month?” questions Dr. Theodosopoulos, Pathy-McKinney’s neurosurgeon. “I would say, well, not without a deficit. Probably not.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still Waiting on the Surge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pathy-McKinney\u003c/span> waited frantically at home, her head throbbed and her vision worsened. Meanwhile, the UCSF Medical Center never filled up with COVID-19 patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1962130\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1962130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/IMG_8259-1-e1587051507472.jpg\" alt=\"Rosemary Pathy-McKinney was diagnosed with two brain tumors in February just as the coronavirus was starting to spread in the Bay Area.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1461\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosemary Pathy-McKinney was diagnosed with two brain tumors in February just as the coronavirus was starting to spread in the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Rick McKinney)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’re pretty much at a standstill, truly,” said Dr. Theodosopoulos.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two hundred hospital beds sit empty at UCSF, and that has raised an ethical \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">question.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There are a lot of diagnoses that we don’t really know how long we can wait,” Theodosopoulos said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s why just this week UCSF rescheduled a few surgeries for the most urgent cases. Fortunately Pathy-McKinney was one of them. A nurse sent her husband a text after the procedure, saying all went well. The hospital is not allowing any visitors right now. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sassy Outwater-Wright also received encouraging news this week from her medical team. She has an appointment on Friday to determine whether it’s safe to operate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Others will have to wait, as large medical facilities like Stanford Health and Kaiser Permanente have yet to start rescheduling elective surgical procedures. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Theodosopoulos of UCSF estimates it will take about six months for the surgery department to catch up on all the procedures that were put on hold. That’s assuming another wave of COVID-19 cases don’t emerge and create a further backlog. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Coronavirus: When Will We Know if California Is Flattening the Curve?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960457\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1360px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1960457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/flatten-the-curve-graphic-covid-19-coronavirus-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1360\" height=\"784\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flattening the curve on a graph of the number of COVID-19 cases over time is the goal of the extreme social distancing measures undertaken in California. \u003ccite>(Siouxsie Wiles and Toby Morris)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts are telling us that staying home is the one way to “flatten the curve” of the number of COVID-19 cases and prevent an overload of hospitalizations. But when will we know if this massive change to our daily lives is having enough of an impact?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.berkeley.edu/people/john-swartzberg/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. John Swartzberg\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong> an infectious disease expert at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health, to find out. The following excerpts from the interview have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Well Are We Doing With Social Distancing and Is It Working?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we’re doing pretty well. In terms of–is it going to make a difference?–we’re going to have to wait and see. Right now really reflects what’s happened about two weeks ago. We’re going to have to wait a couple more weeks to really see how well this social distancing is working, or at least to get a preliminary idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Predict How Many People Might Become Infected, or Die?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modeling is done by looking at the results of testing both positive and negative tests. Also, depending upon the modeling, things like hospitalizations, people in the ICU, people dying. So it compiles a lot of this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re only as good as the data that goes into them. We’ve been very behind the eight ball in terms of the number of people we’ve tested. It’ll go down as one of the tragedies in the United States that we so failed early in this pandemic to not test our population. If we don’t test a large number of people, it makes the data that we use more suspect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do We Have Any Idea How Long a Surge in Patients Could Last, Once It Starts?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I think the chances of a surge not beginning are very, very small. The question is how bad is it going to be? \u003cb>\u003c/b>And, I’m cautiously optimistic that the sheltering in place is going to help change the slope of that curve, so, we’re not going to see a terrible surge. If we look at China, they started to plateau, and then started to decline, and that took place over around three weeks or so. So if we’re going to experience what China has seen, we would say that the surge starts to plateau, it could be, around three weeks or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>If We Don’t See a Surge in Numbers, Would It Mean We Did Something Right?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. I think that the major intervention that we have done in terms of prevention has been sheltering in place. There’s every reason to think it would work, both theoretically and we saw it — although it was draconian what the Chinese did — but we saw it worked in China as well. So I think that we can, and we should, anticipate that the sheltering-in-place will work, but it’s going to take a while for it to show up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Why Do You Think Things Have Played Out So Differently in California and New York? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California instituted shelter in place five to seven days before New York did. And I know people are going to think, ‘Well, that’s not much.’ \u003cb>\u003c/b>But in terms of how fast this virus is spreading through our population, it’s a lot of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York has roughly about 28,000 people per square mile. San Francisco has about 17,000 people per square mile. The more dense the population is, the more opportunity virus has to spread. And once the virus spreads to a nonimmune person, on average, that person is going to spread it to about three more people. So you can see how quickly you get an exponential curve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1960457\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1360px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1960457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/flatten-the-curve-graphic-covid-19-coronavirus-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1360\" height=\"784\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flattening the curve on a graph of the number of COVID-19 cases over time is the goal of the extreme social distancing measures undertaken in California. \u003ccite>(Siouxsie Wiles and Toby Morris)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts are telling us that staying home is the one way to “flatten the curve” of the number of COVID-19 cases and prevent an overload of hospitalizations. But when will we know if this massive change to our daily lives is having enough of an impact?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.berkeley.edu/people/john-swartzberg/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. John Swartzberg\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong> an infectious disease expert at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health, to find out. The following excerpts from the interview have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Well Are We Doing With Social Distancing and Is It Working?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we’re doing pretty well. In terms of–is it going to make a difference?–we’re going to have to wait and see. Right now really reflects what’s happened about two weeks ago. We’re going to have to wait a couple more weeks to really see how well this social distancing is working, or at least to get a preliminary idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Predict How Many People Might Become Infected, or Die?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modeling is done by looking at the results of testing both positive and negative tests. Also, depending upon the modeling, things like hospitalizations, people in the ICU, people dying. So it compiles a lot of this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re only as good as the data that goes into them. We’ve been very behind the eight ball in terms of the number of people we’ve tested. It’ll go down as one of the tragedies in the United States that we so failed early in this pandemic to not test our population. If we don’t test a large number of people, it makes the data that we use more suspect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do We Have Any Idea How Long a Surge in Patients Could Last, Once It Starts?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I think the chances of a surge not beginning are very, very small. The question is how bad is it going to be? \u003cb>\u003c/b>And, I’m cautiously optimistic that the sheltering in place is going to help change the slope of that curve, so, we’re not going to see a terrible surge. If we look at China, they started to plateau, and then started to decline, and that took place over around three weeks or so. So if we’re going to experience what China has seen, we would say that the surge starts to plateau, it could be, around three weeks or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>If We Don’t See a Surge in Numbers, Would It Mean We Did Something Right?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. I think that the major intervention that we have done in terms of prevention has been sheltering in place. There’s every reason to think it would work, both theoretically and we saw it — although it was draconian what the Chinese did — but we saw it worked in China as well. So I think that we can, and we should, anticipate that the sheltering-in-place will work, but it’s going to take a while for it to show up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Why Do You Think Things Have Played Out So Differently in California and New York? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California instituted shelter in place five to seven days before New York did. And I know people are going to think, ‘Well, that’s not much.’ \u003cb>\u003c/b>But in terms of how fast this virus is spreading through our population, it’s a lot of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York has roughly about 28,000 people per square mile. San Francisco has about 17,000 people per square mile. The more dense the population is, the more opportunity virus has to spread. And once the virus spreads to a nonimmune person, on average, that person is going to spread it to about three more people. So you can see how quickly you get an exponential curve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’ve never really learned about the night sky, now is a great time do it. Parents can teach their children about the stars, and anyone can get out of the house and stargaze, keeping plenty of appropriate physical distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a clear evening, stop streaming movies, step outside, and look up! Here’s your guide to how and what to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep it Simple\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early spring has one of year’s most magnificent evening displays of bright stars. So, even if you live in the city, where stars compete with \u003ca href=\"https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/\">urban light pollution\u003c/a>, you can still see a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1959848\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-800x269.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-800x269.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-1020x343.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-1920x646.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A layer of low fog over the East Bay highlights the problem of urban light pollution, the light from cities that sets the atmosphere above aglow and makes stargazing a challenge. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to get overwhelmed by the number of stars up there. The best advice for beginners is this: pick one specific region of the sky, and get to know what’s there. Don’t worry about learning the names of all the stars and the constellations. That can come later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Sampler Pack of the Evening Spring Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin, here’s a way to choose a small patch of the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next few weeks, after the evening twilight has faded, around 8 or 9 p.m., find a safe location nearby, one with a clear view of the sky. Get comfortable, and look to the southwest — to the left of where the sun set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Venus\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing you will notice is an extremely bright object shining almost directly west, a couple of hand-spans above the horizon. It is intense, and, unlike the stars around it, \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/space/why-dont-planets-twinkle-as-stars-do\">shines steadily without twinkling\u003c/a>. It’s not a star; it’s the planet Venus. Fun fact: Planets don’t twinkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1959845\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-800x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-800x576.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-768x553.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium.jpg 879w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southwestern portion of the sky in late March, around 9:00 p.m. Image created using the free desktop planetarium software, Stellarium. \u003ccite>(Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Venus is currently playing its role as the “Evening Star,” and will remain in the early western sky for several weeks to come. As the weeks pass, though, Venus will start sinking into the twilight. And by mid-May, the planet will disappear in the glow of dusk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/venus/\">Venus\u003c/a> is the brightest of the planets, and the third brightest object in the sky, outshined only by the moon and sun. Here’s why: first, Venus is very close to Earth — so close that the light entering your eyes bounced off Venus only minutes ago! Second, it’s a big planet, about as big as Earth. And, third, Venus is completely covered in cloud and reflects much of the sunlight shining on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Sirius, the Dog Star\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Venus, you will find several very bright stars across this patch of sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far to the left, almost directly to the south and about the same distance above the horizon as Venus, is the brilliant star \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/sirius-the-brightest-star\">Sirius\u003c/a>, also called the “Dog Star,” because it belongs to the constellation Canis Major, the “Greater Dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth] Sirius appears bluish-white, but you might see glints and flashes of prismatic colors in its light as it twinkles: red, green, yellow. This is caused by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/49-refraction-of-light\">refraction \u003c/a>of Sirius’ light in Earth’s atmosphere, the same phenomenon that produces rainbows from water droplets and the spectrum of colors split by a prism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius is bright enough to stimulate the color-sensitive “cone” cells in your retinas, not just the black-and-white “rod” cells. In general, stars are not bright enough for your eyes to detect any color, though there are exceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Betelgeuse\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those exceptions can be found near Sirius. Look up and to the right of Sirius and you will find the bright orange-red star, \u003ca href=\"https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/what-will-a-betelgeuse-supernova-look-like-from-earth\">Betelgeuse\u003c/a>. Betelgeuse is located at the “shoulder” of the constellation Orion, the Hunter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betelgeuse’s color isn’t caused by refraction in Earth’s atmosphere. It comes from the star itself. Betelgeuse is a “red giant” star, an older star that has blown up to an enormous size, over 800 times larger than the sun—which accounts for its brightness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Winter Triangle\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius and Betelgeuse are two members of a pattern of stars called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-triangle/\">Winter Triangle,\u003c/a> a large equilateral triangle. The third star of the Triangle is found above Sirius and to the left of Betelgeuse. It’s called Procyon, and it belongs to the constellation Canis Minor, or the Lesser Dog. In Greek mythology, Orion the hunter has two dogs, Canis Major and Canis Minor, marked by Sirius and Procyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Winter Triangle is not a constellation, but a simpler and unofficial pattern of stars called an \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asterism\">“asterism.”\u003c/a> Like the often more complicated and storied constellations, asterisms help identify different parts of the night sky, like signposts. The sky is full of asterisms, and as you learn more about the skies in different seasons, you’ll learn to recognize them, along with the constellations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Orion’s Belt\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there’s another asterism not far away from the Winter Triangle. Located below Betelgeuse is a row of three stars that are equally bright, and equally spaced apart. This is \u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/orions-belt/\">Orion’s Belt\u003c/a>, one of the easiest star patterns to find and recognize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meteor Shower Treat: The Lyrids \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this beginner’s crash course in sky exploration under your belt, you’re in for a treat! There’s an upcoming meteor shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1959850\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Timed exposure image of meteor trails produced by the Leonids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After midnight on April 21st, and throughout the early morning hours of April 22nd, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/\">Lyrids meteor shower\u003c/a> will reach its peak of activity for the year, producing as many as 20 meteors per hour. All you must do is stay up past midnight, or set your alarm clock for 2 or 3 a.m., and gaze into the eastern sky until you see one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Websites for Beginners\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of online resources to help you explore the night sky and its constellations and asterisms. They can also alert you to upcoming celestial events like meteor showers and eclipses. Here are a few for starters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/sky-at-a-glance/\">Sky and Telescope’s “This Week’s Sky at a Glance” \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/tonight\">Earthsky, Tonight \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/night/\">Time And Date, Night Sky\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There are also \u003ca href=\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/best-astronomy-apps/\">several good phone apps\u003c/a>, for iOS and Android, that will help you find your way around the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you gaze casually at the twinkling patterns of stars in your sky, you may find your curiosity teasing you to explore deeper questions about the universe we exist in. \u003ca href=\"https://www.thoughtco.com/closest-stars-to-earth-3073628\">How far away\u003c/a> are the stars? What are they made of? \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lessons/star_size/\">How big\u003c/a> and hot are they really? Do any of them have \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">planets\u003c/a>, and what might those worlds be like? The good news is, there are answers to these questions!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s another teaser to get you thinking: Look down at your hand. Every atom of carbon, oxygen, iron, and many other elements that make up your body comes from inside the cores of stars that lived and died before the sun and Earth even existed. Curious? Explore!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve never really learned about the night sky, now is a great time do it. Parents can teach their children about the stars, and anyone can get out of the house and stargaze, keeping plenty of appropriate physical distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, on a clear evening, stop streaming movies, step outside, and look up! Here’s your guide to how and what to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep it Simple\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early spring has one of year’s most magnificent evening displays of bright stars. So, even if you live in the city, where stars compete with \u003ca href=\"https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/\">urban light pollution\u003c/a>, you can still see a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1959848\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-800x269.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-800x269.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-768x259.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-1020x343.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/low-fog-1920x646.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A layer of low fog over the East Bay highlights the problem of urban light pollution, the light from cities that sets the atmosphere above aglow and makes stargazing a challenge. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to get overwhelmed by the number of stars up there. The best advice for beginners is this: pick one specific region of the sky, and get to know what’s there. Don’t worry about learning the names of all the stars and the constellations. That can come later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Sampler Pack of the Evening Spring Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin, here’s a way to choose a small patch of the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next few weeks, after the evening twilight has faded, around 8 or 9 p.m., find a safe location nearby, one with a clear view of the sky. Get comfortable, and look to the southwest — to the left of where the sun set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Venus\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing you will notice is an extremely bright object shining almost directly west, a couple of hand-spans above the horizon. It is intense, and, unlike the stars around it, \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/space/why-dont-planets-twinkle-as-stars-do\">shines steadily without twinkling\u003c/a>. It’s not a star; it’s the planet Venus. Fun fact: Planets don’t twinkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1959845\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-800x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-800x576.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium-768x553.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/southwesternsky-march23-stellarium.jpg 879w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southwestern portion of the sky in late March, around 9:00 p.m. Image created using the free desktop planetarium software, Stellarium. \u003ccite>(Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Venus is currently playing its role as the “Evening Star,” and will remain in the early western sky for several weeks to come. As the weeks pass, though, Venus will start sinking into the twilight. And by mid-May, the planet will disappear in the glow of dusk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/venus/\">Venus\u003c/a> is the brightest of the planets, and the third brightest object in the sky, outshined only by the moon and sun. Here’s why: first, Venus is very close to Earth — so close that the light entering your eyes bounced off Venus only minutes ago! Second, it’s a big planet, about as big as Earth. And, third, Venus is completely covered in cloud and reflects much of the sunlight shining on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Sirius, the Dog Star\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Venus, you will find several very bright stars across this patch of sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far to the left, almost directly to the south and about the same distance above the horizon as Venus, is the brilliant star \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/sirius-the-brightest-star\">Sirius\u003c/a>, also called the “Dog Star,” because it belongs to the constellation Canis Major, the “Greater Dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> Sirius appears bluish-white, but you might see glints and flashes of prismatic colors in its light as it twinkles: red, green, yellow. This is caused by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/49-refraction-of-light\">refraction \u003c/a>of Sirius’ light in Earth’s atmosphere, the same phenomenon that produces rainbows from water droplets and the spectrum of colors split by a prism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius is bright enough to stimulate the color-sensitive “cone” cells in your retinas, not just the black-and-white “rod” cells. In general, stars are not bright enough for your eyes to detect any color, though there are exceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Betelgeuse\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those exceptions can be found near Sirius. Look up and to the right of Sirius and you will find the bright orange-red star, \u003ca href=\"https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/what-will-a-betelgeuse-supernova-look-like-from-earth\">Betelgeuse\u003c/a>. Betelgeuse is located at the “shoulder” of the constellation Orion, the Hunter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betelgeuse’s color isn’t caused by refraction in Earth’s atmosphere. It comes from the star itself. Betelgeuse is a “red giant” star, an older star that has blown up to an enormous size, over 800 times larger than the sun—which accounts for its brightness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Winter Triangle\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius and Betelgeuse are two members of a pattern of stars called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-triangle/\">Winter Triangle,\u003c/a> a large equilateral triangle. The third star of the Triangle is found above Sirius and to the left of Betelgeuse. It’s called Procyon, and it belongs to the constellation Canis Minor, or the Lesser Dog. In Greek mythology, Orion the hunter has two dogs, Canis Major and Canis Minor, marked by Sirius and Procyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Winter Triangle is not a constellation, but a simpler and unofficial pattern of stars called an \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asterism\">“asterism.”\u003c/a> Like the often more complicated and storied constellations, asterisms help identify different parts of the night sky, like signposts. The sky is full of asterisms, and as you learn more about the skies in different seasons, you’ll learn to recognize them, along with the constellations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Orion’s Belt\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there’s another asterism not far away from the Winter Triangle. Located below Betelgeuse is a row of three stars that are equally bright, and equally spaced apart. This is \u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/orions-belt/\">Orion’s Belt\u003c/a>, one of the easiest star patterns to find and recognize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meteor Shower Treat: The Lyrids \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this beginner’s crash course in sky exploration under your belt, you’re in for a treat! There’s an upcoming meteor shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1959850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1959850\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Timed exposure image of meteor trails produced by the Leonids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After midnight on April 21st, and throughout the early morning hours of April 22nd, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/\">Lyrids meteor shower\u003c/a> will reach its peak of activity for the year, producing as many as 20 meteors per hour. All you must do is stay up past midnight, or set your alarm clock for 2 or 3 a.m., and gaze into the eastern sky until you see one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Websites for Beginners\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of online resources to help you explore the night sky and its constellations and asterisms. They can also alert you to upcoming celestial events like meteor showers and eclipses. Here are a few for starters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/sky-at-a-glance/\">Sky and Telescope’s “This Week’s Sky at a Glance” \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/tonight\">Earthsky, Tonight \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/night/\">Time And Date, Night Sky\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There are also \u003ca href=\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/best-astronomy-apps/\">several good phone apps\u003c/a>, for iOS and Android, that will help you find your way around the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you gaze casually at the twinkling patterns of stars in your sky, you may find your curiosity teasing you to explore deeper questions about the universe we exist in. \u003ca href=\"https://www.thoughtco.com/closest-stars-to-earth-3073628\">How far away\u003c/a> are the stars? What are they made of? \u003ca href=\"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lessons/star_size/\">How big\u003c/a> and hot are they really? Do any of them have \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">planets\u003c/a>, and what might those worlds be like? The good news is, there are answers to these questions!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s another teaser to get you thinking: Look down at your hand. Every atom of carbon, oxygen, iron, and many other elements that make up your body comes from inside the cores of stars that lived and died before the sun and Earth even existed. Curious? Explore!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Coronavirus: If You're Infected, All Your Close Contacts Have to Be Tracked Down. Here's How That Works",
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"headTitle": "Coronavirus: If You’re Infected, All Your Close Contacts Have to Be Tracked Down. Here’s How That Works | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>As outbreaks of the new coronavirus dominate the headlines, an army of disease researchers and public health officials have mobilized to track down infections and limit the extent of the spread. To talk about the work of these disease detectives, KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with \u003cstrong>Solano County Health Officer Dr. Bela Matyas\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matyas’ answers have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens if I feel sick and call the public health department?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s going to depend on what county you’re in. Counties that have not yet had a positive case, for example, can approach things in a much more aggressive manner than counties that are inundated with cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957877/live-updates-coronavirus-in-the-san-francisco-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Live Coronavirus Updates\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In counties without many cases, you would be asked a series of questions about what might have been the reason you’re sick. We would want to know what your symptoms are and see if they are consistent with COVID-19. We would want to know if you’ve had exposure to places where the disease is spreading rapidly or to people who are known cases. If the answer is yes, then we would take one path. If the answers to all of that is no, we would take a different one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the yes path?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are in a county that has access to lots of testing ability, then we would want to test you. We would bring you in under safe circumstances to a place where we could take appropriate specimens. While we wait to get the results back, we would ask you to isolate yourself, essentially removing yourself from contact with everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We would give you basic advice on how to take care of yourself, stay away from work or school, and stay safe at home until your symptoms go away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do epidemiologists actually track down people who might have been exposed?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We want to try to find out where you got it and who you might’ve given it to. In the case of COVID-19, we know that the time from when you’re exposed to when you get sick is potentially 2 to 14 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to search with you for your history of exposures that occurred in that two-week time period. If you’re symptomatic, we believe that you can spread the disease while you have symptoms, so we need to find out everywhere you’ve been and everyone you’ve been in contact with during the time you’ve been having symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does this happen over the phone or do you show up at people’s door?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most typical situation, it’s a phone call. We make the assumption that you are the best judge of who you have had interactions with. We always ask about your close contacts, your family members, your co-workers, anybody you carpool with, your closer friends, people that you socialize with. And we create a list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s typically the case that you can tell me pretty accurately who the close contacts are. That next level of contacts is a little tougher. You might say, “You know, I was at a party at this location, or I went to this wedding, or I went to this reception,” and you won’t necessarily know who everyone was that was there. But we get as much detail from you as possible about who you could have exposed to your respiratory droplets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if you go to a wedding, we’ll try to find out what table you sat at. How did you interact with the people at that table? Do you remember who you danced with? We would then have to go back to that event organizer to get the list of people you may have had that contact with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically we try to accomplish as much interviewing as we can by telephone because it’s the most efficient, but sometimes we have to go out to a location. You may say, for example, “Well, I ate at this particular restaurant, and I don’t really know how close all the tables are.” And then we can go out to that restaurant and take a look at how close the tables are, and if droplets could have passed from you to the table next to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the answer’s yes, then we have to go to the manager to try to identify who sat at that table that night. So there is some fieldwork that has to happen, depending on the nature of your actions in the community while you were sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So counties inundated with cases are not able to be as aggressive?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Solano County we’re well beyond that; we are in a place where we couldn’t possibly keep track of all the people that could have had exposures or where they would have been exposed, because there’s just far too many people to track. We had a case of community-acquired coronavirus disease just a week ago who exposed people in two hospitals, as well as in their family and the community. And cumulatively we’ve had to follow up with over 400 people based on that one person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following that many people is pretty overwhelming. We focused our attention most on the hospitals, because those are critical infrastructures, and we identified multiple positive health care workers. we had to repeat this entire process for them. These circles expand very rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last couple of weeks have been all about realizing just how large this process can potentially become, and therefore moving into a mode of mitigation rather than containment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the most important lesson we’ve learned is that after the initial epidemiology allows us to understand how a disease spreads and who is at greatest risk, we can move from this sort of fear-driven, ‘Look at everybody the same way,’ approach, to a much more achievable, ‘Let’s figure out who’s at highest risk and protect them, and let’s protect our critical infrastructures.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is what you’re doing now typical for an epidemiologist, or is it unique because of this new coronavirus?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only thing that’s different is the scale and the pace. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As outbreaks of the new coronavirus dominate the headlines, an army of disease researchers and public health officials have mobilized to track down infections and limit the extent of the spread. To talk about the work of these disease detectives, KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with \u003cstrong>Solano County Health Officer Dr. Bela Matyas\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matyas’ answers have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens if I feel sick and call the public health department?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s going to depend on what county you’re in. Counties that have not yet had a positive case, for example, can approach things in a much more aggressive manner than counties that are inundated with cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957877/live-updates-coronavirus-in-the-san-francisco-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Live Coronavirus Updates\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In counties without many cases, you would be asked a series of questions about what might have been the reason you’re sick. We would want to know what your symptoms are and see if they are consistent with COVID-19. We would want to know if you’ve had exposure to places where the disease is spreading rapidly or to people who are known cases. If the answer is yes, then we would take one path. If the answers to all of that is no, we would take a different one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the yes path?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are in a county that has access to lots of testing ability, then we would want to test you. We would bring you in under safe circumstances to a place where we could take appropriate specimens. While we wait to get the results back, we would ask you to isolate yourself, essentially removing yourself from contact with everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We would give you basic advice on how to take care of yourself, stay away from work or school, and stay safe at home until your symptoms go away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do epidemiologists actually track down people who might have been exposed?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We want to try to find out where you got it and who you might’ve given it to. In the case of COVID-19, we know that the time from when you’re exposed to when you get sick is potentially 2 to 14 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to search with you for your history of exposures that occurred in that two-week time period. If you’re symptomatic, we believe that you can spread the disease while you have symptoms, so we need to find out everywhere you’ve been and everyone you’ve been in contact with during the time you’ve been having symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does this happen over the phone or do you show up at people’s door?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the most typical situation, it’s a phone call. We make the assumption that you are the best judge of who you have had interactions with. We always ask about your close contacts, your family members, your co-workers, anybody you carpool with, your closer friends, people that you socialize with. And we create a list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s typically the case that you can tell me pretty accurately who the close contacts are. That next level of contacts is a little tougher. You might say, “You know, I was at a party at this location, or I went to this wedding, or I went to this reception,” and you won’t necessarily know who everyone was that was there. But we get as much detail from you as possible about who you could have exposed to your respiratory droplets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if you go to a wedding, we’ll try to find out what table you sat at. How did you interact with the people at that table? Do you remember who you danced with? We would then have to go back to that event organizer to get the list of people you may have had that contact with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically we try to accomplish as much interviewing as we can by telephone because it’s the most efficient, but sometimes we have to go out to a location. You may say, for example, “Well, I ate at this particular restaurant, and I don’t really know how close all the tables are.” And then we can go out to that restaurant and take a look at how close the tables are, and if droplets could have passed from you to the table next to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the answer’s yes, then we have to go to the manager to try to identify who sat at that table that night. So there is some fieldwork that has to happen, depending on the nature of your actions in the community while you were sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So counties inundated with cases are not able to be as aggressive?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Solano County we’re well beyond that; we are in a place where we couldn’t possibly keep track of all the people that could have had exposures or where they would have been exposed, because there’s just far too many people to track. We had a case of community-acquired coronavirus disease just a week ago who exposed people in two hospitals, as well as in their family and the community. And cumulatively we’ve had to follow up with over 400 people based on that one person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following that many people is pretty overwhelming. We focused our attention most on the hospitals, because those are critical infrastructures, and we identified multiple positive health care workers. we had to repeat this entire process for them. These circles expand very rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last couple of weeks have been all about realizing just how large this process can potentially become, and therefore moving into a mode of mitigation rather than containment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the most important lesson we’ve learned is that after the initial epidemiology allows us to understand how a disease spreads and who is at greatest risk, we can move from this sort of fear-driven, ‘Look at everybody the same way,’ approach, to a much more achievable, ‘Let’s figure out who’s at highest risk and protect them, and let’s protect our critical infrastructures.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is what you’re doing now typical for an epidemiologist, or is it unique because of this new coronavirus?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>You may think it’s quiet in the ocean, but a tiny creature is raising quite a ruckus as ocean temperatures rise. New research presented at this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/Ocean-Sciences-Meeting/\">Ocean Sciences Meeting\u003c/a> in San Diego says the oceans may be getting louder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s because of shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean’s acoustic environment has been drawing a lot of attention as scientists learn that many of its inhabitants use sound to communicate. Whale songs and dolphin squeals have captivated audiences of nature documentaries and animated films, but fish and invertebrates also signal one another with sound in the ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snapping shrimp — over 300 species of them — live in coastal oceans all around the world. These shrimp may be some of the smallest critters in coral reefs, and they’re also some of the loudest. Generally less than an inch long, these tiny crustaceans snap their claws fast to create air bubbles that implode with a \u003cem>pop\u003c/em>! With these sounds, snapping shrimp communicate with each other and defend their territory. The combined snaps from shrimp colonies create a cacophony that divers and submarine crews can easily hear. You can hear the sound, which is reminiscent of spattering rain or fying bacon, by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/snapping-shrimp-noises-online-audio-converter.com_.mp3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">clicking here\u003c/a> or on the audio link at the top of the article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumping Up the Volume in Warmer Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts, marine biologists Aran Mooney and Ashlee Lillis have studied snapping shrimp on coral reefs in the Atlantic Ocean and in the lab. They’ve \u003ca href=\"http://(https://agu.confex.com/agu/osm20/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/651501\">examined\u003c/a> how shrimp, individually and in groups, change their tune at different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found, both in terms of observing the coral reefs and with animals in the lab, that if you increase temperature in the water, these snapping shrimp have increased their snap rates and the oceans actually get louder,” Mooney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s likely because these animals become more active in warmer water. The heat likely increases their need to communicate with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mooney’s experiments showed that changing the temperature from 70 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit nearly doubled the snap rate. As the temperature increased by one degree Celsius, the noise level rose by 1-2 decibels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pumps up the volume for other marine animals, said Annebelle Kok, a marine ecologist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego. “I was very impressed by this work,” she said, noting the originality and creativity of the researchers’ approach to studying warming oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As ocean temperatures continue to rise, Mooney said, the shrimp symphony could cause problems for other communications under the sea. “We know that fish hear, but we really don’t understand that for most species of fish, especially really important commercial species of fish,” he said. “And so increasing this level of noise … we really don’t understand how that would impact these fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other species also rely on underwater sound to gather information, as do commercial fishermen and the U.S. Navy, which use sonar equipment that the constant background noise from chattering shrimp could interrupt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noisier oceans could also cause problems for marine biologists. “If this really is a wider pattern and the oceans continue to warm,” Kok said, “then that might mean that it will be more difficult for people to extract other sounds from the soundscape, such as dolphin sounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s too early to say if this applies to other parts of the ocean,” Kok said. She’s looking forward to reviewing further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You may think it’s quiet in the ocean, but a tiny creature is raising quite a ruckus as ocean temperatures rise. New research presented at this year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/Ocean-Sciences-Meeting/\">Ocean Sciences Meeting\u003c/a> in San Diego says the oceans may be getting louder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s because of shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean’s acoustic environment has been drawing a lot of attention as scientists learn that many of its inhabitants use sound to communicate. Whale songs and dolphin squeals have captivated audiences of nature documentaries and animated films, but fish and invertebrates also signal one another with sound in the ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snapping shrimp — over 300 species of them — live in coastal oceans all around the world. These shrimp may be some of the smallest critters in coral reefs, and they’re also some of the loudest. Generally less than an inch long, these tiny crustaceans snap their claws fast to create air bubbles that implode with a \u003cem>pop\u003c/em>! With these sounds, snapping shrimp communicate with each other and defend their territory. The combined snaps from shrimp colonies create a cacophony that divers and submarine crews can easily hear. You can hear the sound, which is reminiscent of spattering rain or fying bacon, by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/snapping-shrimp-noises-online-audio-converter.com_.mp3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">clicking here\u003c/a> or on the audio link at the top of the article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumping Up the Volume in Warmer Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts, marine biologists Aran Mooney and Ashlee Lillis have studied snapping shrimp on coral reefs in the Atlantic Ocean and in the lab. They’ve \u003ca href=\"http://(https://agu.confex.com/agu/osm20/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/651501\">examined\u003c/a> how shrimp, individually and in groups, change their tune at different temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found, both in terms of observing the coral reefs and with animals in the lab, that if you increase temperature in the water, these snapping shrimp have increased their snap rates and the oceans actually get louder,” Mooney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s likely because these animals become more active in warmer water. The heat likely increases their need to communicate with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mooney’s experiments showed that changing the temperature from 70 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit nearly doubled the snap rate. As the temperature increased by one degree Celsius, the noise level rose by 1-2 decibels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pumps up the volume for other marine animals, said Annebelle Kok, a marine ecologist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego. “I was very impressed by this work,” she said, noting the originality and creativity of the researchers’ approach to studying warming oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As ocean temperatures continue to rise, Mooney said, the shrimp symphony could cause problems for other communications under the sea. “We know that fish hear, but we really don’t understand that for most species of fish, especially really important commercial species of fish,” he said. “And so increasing this level of noise … we really don’t understand how that would impact these fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other species also rely on underwater sound to gather information, as do commercial fishermen and the U.S. Navy, which use sonar equipment that the constant background noise from chattering shrimp could interrupt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noisier oceans could also cause problems for marine biologists. “If this really is a wider pattern and the oceans continue to warm,” Kok said, “then that might mean that it will be more difficult for people to extract other sounds from the soundscape, such as dolphin sounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s too early to say if this applies to other parts of the ocean,” Kok said. She’s looking forward to reviewing further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The idea that human, animal and ecosystem health are interconnected is relatively new, but in the last decade or so it has taken hold. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention even has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“One Health” office\u003c/a>, “with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes” recognizing those links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is this recognition that we cannot protect, and even less improve, human health if we don’t really protect the health of the environment that underpins human well-being,” said \u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/people/giulio-de-leo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Giulio De Leo\u003c/a> of Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many researchers currently think that bats were the source of the coronavirus (now officially called COVID-19), and that it may have moved through \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=CXZQXs7HJdTK-gSPtK_oBg&q=pangolins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pangolins\u003c/a> — the world’s most highly trafficked animal — as an intermediate host before moving into humans through the wildlife trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are three key ways new diseases find their way into human populations, De Leo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Land-use change and habitat disruption, especially deforestation, brings humans, livestock and wildlife into new contact and can give novel diseases the introduction they need to make it into the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The illegal wildlife trade transports an estimated 5,600 species from wildlands to markets, zoos, shops and pharmacies around the world. It can be especially dangerous because the animals are often transported and sold live. China is the center of this global trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• In the current outbreak, live meat markets are suspected as the likely point at which sick animals infected a group of humans. These so called “wet markets” crowd a host of caged animals and humans together and are ideal environments for introducing and spreading disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can Be Done?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China has temporarily banned trade in wild animals and their sale in markets, restaurants and online. Many conservationists and disease ecologists have for years called for a permanent ban, saying it would be a win for conservation and global health. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00499-2?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">News reports\u003c/a> indicate Chinese lawmakers may adopt permanent restrictions on the wildlife trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, many disease ecologists would like deforestation hot spots to be more closely monitored, and for habitat disruption to slow or cease altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/6/1647\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study outbreaks and manipulate model disease systems\u003c/a> to search for the mechanisms behind how infections spread. The hope is that one day land managers may be better able to make decisions that promote the health of the ecosystem and the people and animals that depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studying these linkages can show us the levers we can use to protect human health while at the same time protecting the integrity of the environment we live in,” said De Leo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The novel coronavirus is a reminder that diseases from wild animals can move into humans. Animals get sick, just like us. And ecologists tell us that the health of animals, humans, ecosystems and the planet is interconnected. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The idea that human, animal and ecosystem health are interconnected is relatively new, but in the last decade or so it has taken hold. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention even has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“One Health” office\u003c/a>, “with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes” recognizing those links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is this recognition that we cannot protect, and even less improve, human health if we don’t really protect the health of the environment that underpins human well-being,” said \u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/people/giulio-de-leo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Giulio De Leo\u003c/a> of Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many researchers currently think that bats were the source of the coronavirus (now officially called COVID-19), and that it may have moved through \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=CXZQXs7HJdTK-gSPtK_oBg&q=pangolins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pangolins\u003c/a> — the world’s most highly trafficked animal — as an intermediate host before moving into humans through the wildlife trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are three key ways new diseases find their way into human populations, De Leo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Land-use change and habitat disruption, especially deforestation, brings humans, livestock and wildlife into new contact and can give novel diseases the introduction they need to make it into the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The illegal wildlife trade transports an estimated 5,600 species from wildlands to markets, zoos, shops and pharmacies around the world. It can be especially dangerous because the animals are often transported and sold live. China is the center of this global trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• In the current outbreak, live meat markets are suspected as the likely point at which sick animals infected a group of humans. These so called “wet markets” crowd a host of caged animals and humans together and are ideal environments for introducing and spreading disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can Be Done?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China has temporarily banned trade in wild animals and their sale in markets, restaurants and online. Many conservationists and disease ecologists have for years called for a permanent ban, saying it would be a win for conservation and global health. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00499-2?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">News reports\u003c/a> indicate Chinese lawmakers may adopt permanent restrictions on the wildlife trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, many disease ecologists would like deforestation hot spots to be more closely monitored, and for habitat disruption to slow or cease altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/6/1647\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study outbreaks and manipulate model disease systems\u003c/a> to search for the mechanisms behind how infections spread. The hope is that one day land managers may be better able to make decisions that promote the health of the ecosystem and the people and animals that depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studying these linkages can show us the levers we can use to protect human health while at the same time protecting the integrity of the environment we live in,” said De Leo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003ch4>One of the most stunning discoveries of the 2015 New Horizons flyby mission to Pluto was a big, heart-shaped region full of canyons, plains and mountain chains.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]A[/dropcap]s you may remember, Pluto lost its status as a planet a few years ago. Now, astronomers call it a “dwarf” planet. Despite that rejection, this planet has heart — a big heart-shaped region known as Tombaugh Regio. One of the most stunning discoveries of the 2015 New Horizons flyby mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to imagine that everybody expected a flat ball covered with ice,” said Tanguy Bertrand, a postdoctoral research fellow at NASA Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956972\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The left “lobe” of Pluto’s heart-shaped region is an icy plain of nitrogen known as Sputnik Planitia. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead, astronomers saw a beautiful, diverse landscape that includes canyons, plains and mountain chains. Tombaugh Regio in particular got a lot of attention because it was so visually striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertrand is lead author on a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JE006120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new paper\u003c/a> that examines how the west lobe of the heart, an area known as Sputnik Planitia, controls the dwarf planet’s winds. While the eastern half of the lobe is scraggly mountains and the western half is a frozen plane of nitrogen. And not just any nitrogen. This pulses with a kind of beat that makes the winds flow westward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the day, with the heat of the sun, the nitrogen ice warms and turns into vapor, creating a pressure that flows toward a darker, cooler region, where it condenses and re-forms as ice. This creates a flow from north to south and back. The planet is also spinning eastward. This rotation (because of the Coriolis effect) deflects the winds and they flow in a westward direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar process generates winds on Earth, but it’s slightly more complicated. Air rises in the equatorial zones, flows toward cooler polar regions, drops down and returns toward the equator in what scientists call “Hadley cells.” This circulation creates the trade winds, tropical rain-belts and hurricanes, subtropical deserts and the jet streams. On our planet, though, winds don’t flow in any one given direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interesting fact: NASA researchers found this effect on Pluto by applying weather forecast models made for Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[This] gives us some perspective and gives us a natural laboratory to improve our knowledge,” Bertrand said. “It gives us a chance to test theories, learn more about fluid dynamics, and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately what they learn can improve how those weather models work for Earth and, possibly, for habitable exo-planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch4>One of the most stunning discoveries of the 2015 New Horizons flyby mission to Pluto was a big, heart-shaped region full of canyons, plains and mountain chains.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">A\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>s you may remember, Pluto lost its status as a planet a few years ago. Now, astronomers call it a “dwarf” planet. Despite that rejection, this planet has heart — a big heart-shaped region known as Tombaugh Regio. One of the most stunning discoveries of the 2015 New Horizons flyby mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to imagine that everybody expected a flat ball covered with ice,” said Tanguy Bertrand, a postdoctoral research fellow at NASA Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956972\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/us7V64YEL5L34P64EetPx-1024-80.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The left “lobe” of Pluto’s heart-shaped region is an icy plain of nitrogen known as Sputnik Planitia. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead, astronomers saw a beautiful, diverse landscape that includes canyons, plains and mountain chains. Tombaugh Regio in particular got a lot of attention because it was so visually striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertrand is lead author on a \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JE006120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new paper\u003c/a> that examines how the west lobe of the heart, an area known as Sputnik Planitia, controls the dwarf planet’s winds. While the eastern half of the lobe is scraggly mountains and the western half is a frozen plane of nitrogen. And not just any nitrogen. This pulses with a kind of beat that makes the winds flow westward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the day, with the heat of the sun, the nitrogen ice warms and turns into vapor, creating a pressure that flows toward a darker, cooler region, where it condenses and re-forms as ice. This creates a flow from north to south and back. The planet is also spinning eastward. This rotation (because of the Coriolis effect) deflects the winds and they flow in a westward direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar process generates winds on Earth, but it’s slightly more complicated. Air rises in the equatorial zones, flows toward cooler polar regions, drops down and returns toward the equator in what scientists call “Hadley cells.” This circulation creates the trade winds, tropical rain-belts and hurricanes, subtropical deserts and the jet streams. On our planet, though, winds don’t flow in any one given direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interesting fact: NASA researchers found this effect on Pluto by applying weather forecast models made for Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[This] gives us some perspective and gives us a natural laboratory to improve our knowledge,” Bertrand said. “It gives us a chance to test theories, learn more about fluid dynamics, and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately what they learn can improve how those weather models work for Earth and, possibly, for habitable exo-planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Army Sergeant Jonathan Lubecky returned to the U.S. from Iraq more than a decade ago, simple activities, like family trips to theme parks or the county fair, overwhelmed him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recalls “panic attacks, intrusive thoughts. I’d get auditory and olfactory flashbacks.” Along with an “intense fear that bad things were about to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d spent some of his deployment at a base in Iraq that caught mortar fire thousands of times, he says. One mortar even landed next to a porta-potty while he was inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his return home, doctors diagnosed him with a traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lubecky could not find mental and emotional relief. He tried all kinds of treatment: talk therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and multiple medications. None of them worked. Suicidal thoughts plagued him for eight years. He says he tried to kill himself five times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of options, he enrolled in a clinical trial that used psychedelic-assisted therapy. The drug was MDMA — also known as Ecstasy or Molly. Lubecky says it worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally went from being in a VA facility inpatient [program] to being Senator Rand Paul’s national veterans director in his presidential campaign in two years because of this therapy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1956707 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-800x636.jpg\" alt=\"Jonathan Lubecky and stepson Joey Monteleone in Washington, D.C. before visiting the White House in 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-1020x810.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-1920x1525.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Lubecky and stepson Joey Monteleone in Washington, D.C. before visiting the White House in 2019. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jonathan Lubecky)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Until recently, only participants in clinical trials could qualify for MDMA-assisted therapy. Now the federal Food and Drug Administration has granted researchers what it calls “expanded access.” That means people who can’t find relief other ways — who are “treatment-resistant” — can get this therapy before the FDA approves it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Doblin established and runs the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Multidisciplinary Associations for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS)\u003c/a>, the nonprofit conducting the MDMA-assisted therapy trials in the U.S., Canada, and Israel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doblin said the FDA’s move is “a sign that we’re getting over ‘the psychedelic 60s’ — that the FDA is really more science over politics now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FDA is recognizing that there’s a humanitarian crisis with many, many millions of people that have treatment-resistant PTSD,” Doblin says. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs estimates that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_adults.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">8 million adults have PTSD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That disorder results from combat, Doblin says, but also from sexual assault and other trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those treated with MDMA, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-019-05249-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">54% no longer had PTSD symptoms\u003c/a> after therapy. Researchers found that number increased to 68% a year after treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Controlled Substances Act classifies MDMA as an illegal Schedule 1 drug. While the FDA is expanding access to just 50 people beyond the clinical trial, Doblin and his team hope to increase that number, and to see the FDA approve the treatment by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lubecky, the Army veteran, now works for MAPS as its Veterans and Governmental Affairs Liaison. He says making this treatment available to even a small number of people could mean the difference between life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The MDMA-assisted therapy,” he says, “is the reason that my stepson Joey has a father instead of a folded flag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Army Sergeant Jonathan Lubecky returned to the U.S. from Iraq more than a decade ago, simple activities, like family trips to theme parks or the county fair, overwhelmed him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recalls “panic attacks, intrusive thoughts. I’d get auditory and olfactory flashbacks.” Along with an “intense fear that bad things were about to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d spent some of his deployment at a base in Iraq that caught mortar fire thousands of times, he says. One mortar even landed next to a porta-potty while he was inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his return home, doctors diagnosed him with a traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lubecky could not find mental and emotional relief. He tried all kinds of treatment: talk therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and multiple medications. None of them worked. Suicidal thoughts plagued him for eight years. He says he tried to kill himself five times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of options, he enrolled in a clinical trial that used psychedelic-assisted therapy. The drug was MDMA — also known as Ecstasy or Molly. Lubecky says it worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally went from being in a VA facility inpatient [program] to being Senator Rand Paul’s national veterans director in his presidential campaign in two years because of this therapy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1956707 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-800x636.jpg\" alt=\"Jonathan Lubecky and stepson Joey Monteleone in Washington, D.C. before visiting the White House in 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-1020x810.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/02/RS41243_alt_983-e1581109029589-1920x1525.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Lubecky and stepson Joey Monteleone in Washington, D.C. before visiting the White House in 2019. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jonathan Lubecky)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Until recently, only participants in clinical trials could qualify for MDMA-assisted therapy. Now the federal Food and Drug Administration has granted researchers what it calls “expanded access.” That means people who can’t find relief other ways — who are “treatment-resistant” — can get this therapy before the FDA approves it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Doblin established and runs the \u003ca href=\"https://maps.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Multidisciplinary Associations for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS)\u003c/a>, the nonprofit conducting the MDMA-assisted therapy trials in the U.S., Canada, and Israel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doblin said the FDA’s move is “a sign that we’re getting over ‘the psychedelic 60s’ — that the FDA is really more science over politics now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FDA is recognizing that there’s a humanitarian crisis with many, many millions of people that have treatment-resistant PTSD,” Doblin says. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs estimates that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_adults.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">8 million adults have PTSD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That disorder results from combat, Doblin says, but also from sexual assault and other trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those treated with MDMA, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-019-05249-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">54% no longer had PTSD symptoms\u003c/a> after therapy. Researchers found that number increased to 68% a year after treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal Controlled Substances Act classifies MDMA as an illegal Schedule 1 drug. While the FDA is expanding access to just 50 people beyond the clinical trial, Doblin and his team hope to increase that number, and to see the FDA approve the treatment by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lubecky, the Army veteran, now works for MAPS as its Veterans and Governmental Affairs Liaison. He says making this treatment available to even a small number of people could mean the difference between life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The MDMA-assisted therapy,” he says, “is the reason that my stepson Joey has a father instead of a folded flag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s one of the great migrations on the planet. Each winter, gray whales swim south from the Arctic to Mexico to rear their calves before turning around in spring and heading north again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the late 1800s, when commercial whaling declined, the giants have made a remarkable comeback, thanks to the Marine Mammal Protection Act and other regulations. Amid the rebound, however, scientists spotted a troubling spate of gray whale deaths last year, the most since 2000. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced it \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11751555/feds-plan-to-investigate-spike-in-gray-whale-deaths-on-west-coast-as-unusual-mortality-event\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">would investigate\u003c/a> the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED spoke with Dave Weller, a NOAA researcher. He’s leading a survey off the coast of Central California to count the southbound whales. This is the first survey since his agency declared the unusual mortality event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s important about the data you’ll collect this year?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We get a snapshot of the abundance or the total number of gray whales that occur in the Eastern North Pacific. We want to understand how the population is doing for a number of reasons, but one of them is due to the unusual mortality event of last year, 2019, so we want to know whether the population is continuing to increase as it has. Is it stable or is there a decline?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you seeing whales now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The migration off the central portion of California begins around early December. It ramps up in the early part of January and all the way until the end of January. We expect the southbound part of that migration to start to wind down in the next two weeks (by mid-February). Following that, then whales will be turning around in Mexico and starting to make their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you count them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, it’s not rocket science by any means. We have a clifftop vantage point in which we have a team of visual observers with binoculars and they’ve got a predefined study area or a field of view in which they’re looking. They begin to track whales in the north. As they’re headed into the field of view, they count them and record them using a software tracking program and once they cross a line that is immediately offshore of where they sit, then those whales have been counted, they’ve crossed the line and they’re on their way to Mexico and those observers then begin the search and the count for whales coming from the north all over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] “If people can get out and see gray whales in nature, they get connected to them and they become supporters of conservation measures.” NOAA researcher Dave Weller [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NOAA has been investigating the unusual mortality event. Do we have a better idea why so many whales died last spring?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, we don’t have a feel for that yet. What we have been able to do during this unusual mortality event is actually get teams of stranding responders onto animals that have washed up on the beach and they’re collecting a variety of biological samples, including measurements, assessment of body condition, all kinds of tissues to run bioassays. And so we really don’t know the results of those analyses yet. Sometimes those can take many months or even several years to compile the data and put them together. So we don’t have a good feel for what is happening at this very moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is the overall population doing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray whales in the Northern Pacific is one of the great conservation success stories of the Marine Mammal Protection Act and other protections that have been put into place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were nearly exterminated by commercial whaling, \u003ca href=\"https://www.whalingmuseum.org/learn/whaling-heights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yankee whalers\u003c/a> in particular, in the 1800s to the point where, by the late 1800s, they were considered to be commercially extinct. It was no longer viable for whalers to go out looking for them and to try and hunt them. But in that time, protections went into place and the population has rebounded substantially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been conducting this survey off of central California since 1967 so we’ve got more than 50 years of data to show the growth of the population from near extinction to 2016 was the last estimate that we have, and the population has grown to 27,000 whales. So in essence, it’s doing better than we have known it to be, in better condition than in terms of higher numbers since at least 1967.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If people are interested in seeing the migration, do you have any tips for them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m all for that. I think if people can get out and see gray whales in nature, they get connected to them and they become supporters of conservation measures. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NOAA has been investigating the unusual mortality event. Do we have a better idea why so many whales died last spring?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, we don’t have a feel for that yet. What we have been able to do during this unusual mortality event is actually get teams of stranding responders onto animals that have washed up on the beach and they’re collecting a variety of biological samples, including measurements, assessment of body condition, all kinds of tissues to run bioassays. And so we really don’t know the results of those analyses yet. Sometimes those can take many months or even several years to compile the data and put them together. So we don’t have a good feel for what is happening at this very moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is the overall population doing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray whales in the Northern Pacific is one of the great conservation success stories of the Marine Mammal Protection Act and other protections that have been put into place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were nearly exterminated by commercial whaling, \u003ca href=\"https://www.whalingmuseum.org/learn/whaling-heights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yankee whalers\u003c/a> in particular, in the 1800s to the point where, by the late 1800s, they were considered to be commercially extinct. It was no longer viable for whalers to go out looking for them and to try and hunt them. But in that time, protections went into place and the population has rebounded substantially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been conducting this survey off of central California since 1967 so we’ve got more than 50 years of data to show the growth of the population from near extinction to 2016 was the last estimate that we have, and the population has grown to 27,000 whales. So in essence, it’s doing better than we have known it to be, in better condition than in terms of higher numbers since at least 1967.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If people are interested in seeing the migration, do you have any tips for them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m all for that. I think if people can get out and see gray whales in nature, they get connected to them and they become supporters of conservation measures. And so a couple of ways to go about that is to identify a local whale watch company that does their operation in a responsible manner and get on board and go out to sea and hopefully they’ll find gray whales passing by. If you’re inclined to be seasick or reluctant to get out on the ocean, another great way to see whales is to get onto a coastal clifftop somewhere. The higher you are, the better. With a pair of binoculars just start to scan the area from the coastline to about midway to the horizon, and this time of year you’re sure to see some whales going by.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Editor’s Note: Story updated February 27, 2020. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m worried that coronavirus caused the tickle in my throat. I’ve wondered whether I have reason to be. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last week I talked with more than a dozen people who had just left the epicenter of the Chinese outbreak. They were passengers on the last direct flight between Wuhan, China and San Francisco International Airport. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately, public health workers screened all of them to ensure they were not infected. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disease (2019-nCoV), thought to originate in Wuhan, has sickened more than 80,000 people in 46 countries and killed 2,794 people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That sounds terrifying, and it is. \u003cem>In China\u003c/em>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the U.S., the real threat to my health and yours is this year’s flu. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimates\u003c/a> influenza has caused hospitalizations and 16,000 deaths in the U.S. this season. The fatalities include 105 children.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“This new coronavirus is mysterious,” said Dr. William Schaffner, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University.\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem> “\u003c/em>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>The experts don’t know very much about this virus yet and what it does. An\u003c/span>d so it’s it’s not surprising that here in the United States we have an outbreak of coronavirus anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of this writing, health authorities have confirmed 60 cases of novel coronavirus in the U.S. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Deadly is the Flu?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1918 influenza pandemic\u003c/a> infected one-third of the world’s population and killed close to 50 million people. A century ago, public health was very different. These days the flu kills, on average, 10-40,000 Americans a year. Usually the risk is greatest for older people or anyone with a preexisting condition. Kids appear to be especially sensitive to this year’s flu.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We in infectious diseases regard influenza with great seriousness,” Schaffner said. “And that’s why, of course, we urge vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He highly recommends regular hand washing. Public health experts do not recommend wearing a mask to ward off either the flu or the coronavirus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Contagious is the Novel Coronavirus?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The novel coronavirus is thought to have originated in a seafood market in Wuhan, the political, cultural and economic hub of central China. Scientists have not yet identified the animal host, or the way the virus spread to humans. Now it passes from \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">person to person\u003c/a> through respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes, pretty much like the flu and the common cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are no confirmed cases in northern California. If that changes, public health officials in the region say they’re ready. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have physicians staffing call lines 24 hours a day all week,” said \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Susan Philip at the San Francisco Department of Public Health’s emergency command center. “\u003c/span>And we are able to communicate and advise providers and emergency departments about how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philip urges anyone who has recently traveled to China to see a doctor if they experience flu-like symptoms like a cough, shortness of breath, or fever. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Lethal is the Novel Coronavirus?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s very difficult to know how deadly the novel coronavirus is because it’s still very early in the outbreak. According to statistics published Feb 24 in \u003cem>JAMA, \u003c/em>2.3% of infected patients have died. Half of the fatalities have occurred in patients 70 and older. That’s worse than the seasonal flu, and better than two earlier coronaviruses you may have heard about. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2003 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sars/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome\u003c/a> (SARS)\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> killed 774 people. That virus originated in civets, a mammal native to tropical Asia and Africa. It killed about one in ten people who were infected. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome\u003c/a> (MERS), which originated in camels, has killed 858 people since 2012. About one in three people who contract MERS die. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Charles Chiu, an infectious disease specialist at UCSF, said the novel coronavirus will change as it evolves in humans. \u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“It will continue to mutate and continue to circulate as long as there are infections ongoing. There is a potential that the virus could mutate into a form that may be more or less transmissible, or more or less virulent.\u003ci>“\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Editor’s Note: Story updated February 27, 2020. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m worried that coronavirus caused the tickle in my throat. I’ve wondered whether I have reason to be. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last week I talked with more than a dozen people who had just left the epicenter of the Chinese outbreak. They were passengers on the last direct flight between Wuhan, China and San Francisco International Airport. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately, public health workers screened all of them to ensure they were not infected. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disease (2019-nCoV), thought to originate in Wuhan, has sickened more than 80,000 people in 46 countries and killed 2,794 people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That sounds terrifying, and it is. \u003cem>In China\u003c/em>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the U.S., the real threat to my health and yours is this year’s flu. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimates\u003c/a> influenza has caused hospitalizations and 16,000 deaths in the U.S. this season. The fatalities include 105 children.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“This new coronavirus is mysterious,” said Dr. William Schaffner, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University.\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cem> “\u003c/em>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>The experts don’t know very much about this virus yet and what it does. An\u003c/span>d so it’s it’s not surprising that here in the United States we have an outbreak of coronavirus anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of this writing, health authorities have confirmed 60 cases of novel coronavirus in the U.S. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Deadly is the Flu?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1918 influenza pandemic\u003c/a> infected one-third of the world’s population and killed close to 50 million people. A century ago, public health was very different. These days the flu kills, on average, 10-40,000 Americans a year. Usually the risk is greatest for older people or anyone with a preexisting condition. Kids appear to be especially sensitive to this year’s flu.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We in infectious diseases regard influenza with great seriousness,” Schaffner said. “And that’s why, of course, we urge vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He highly recommends regular hand washing. Public health experts do not recommend wearing a mask to ward off either the flu or the coronavirus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Contagious is the Novel Coronavirus?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The novel coronavirus is thought to have originated in a seafood market in Wuhan, the political, cultural and economic hub of central China. Scientists have not yet identified the animal host, or the way the virus spread to humans. Now it passes from \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">person to person\u003c/a> through respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes, pretty much like the flu and the common cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are no confirmed cases in northern California. If that changes, public health officials in the region say they’re ready. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have physicians staffing call lines 24 hours a day all week,” said \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Susan Philip at the San Francisco Department of Public Health’s emergency command center. “\u003c/span>And we are able to communicate and advise providers and emergency departments about how to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philip urges anyone who has recently traveled to China to see a doctor if they experience flu-like symptoms like a cough, shortness of breath, or fever. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Lethal is the Novel Coronavirus?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s very difficult to know how deadly the novel coronavirus is because it’s still very early in the outbreak. According to statistics published Feb 24 in \u003cem>JAMA, \u003c/em>2.3% of infected patients have died. Half of the fatalities have occurred in patients 70 and older. That’s worse than the seasonal flu, and better than two earlier coronaviruses you may have heard about. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2003 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sars/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome\u003c/a> (SARS)\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> killed 774 people. That virus originated in civets, a mammal native to tropical Asia and Africa. It killed about one in ten people who were infected. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome\u003c/a> (MERS), which originated in camels, has killed 858 people since 2012. About one in three people who contract MERS die. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Charles Chiu, an infectious disease specialist at UCSF, said the novel coronavirus will change as it evolves in humans. \u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003c/b>“It will continue to mutate and continue to circulate as long as there are infections ongoing. There is a potential that the virus could mutate into a form that may be more or less transmissible, or more or less virulent.\u003ci>“\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Much of California’s water supply is a hidden asset: Deep below the surface, rocks, gravel and sand store water like a sponge, in an underground zone called an aquifer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] Managers for 21 ‘critically overdrafted’ basins have a Jan. 31 deadline to submit groundwater management plans. [/pullquote]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In dry years, this groundwater has been tapped to save farms, keep grass green and provide drinking water to millions of Californians. But over time, people have taken more water out than nature has put back in. Estimates vary, but according to the U.S. Geological Survey, California pumped 41 trillion gallons of water fom the ground in about 100 years, through 2013. In some parts of the Central Valley, that means land has been dropping \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/ca-water-ls/science/land-subsidence-san-joaquin-valley?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">around a foot a year\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The landmark \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a>, or SGMA, requires some of the state’s thirstiest areas form local “Groundwater Sustainability Agencies” and submit long-term plans by Jan. 31 for keeping aquifers healthy. Together, those plans will add up to a big reveal, as g\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">roundwater managers finally disclose how badly they believe their aquifers are overdrawn, and a collective picture emerges. It’s a major shift and arguably the most important new California water law in 50 years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here are some key things to know about the groundwater situation in California and how the law will impact the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Until six years ago, California did not routinely regulate or monitor groundwater. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The California Constitution decrees that water use has to be reasonable and beneficial, but the state has placed few limits on how water can be pumped from the ground. A 1914 law empowering the state water board to manage the resource omitted groundwater. You can blame the lack of regulation partly on 18th-century Spanish colonists who brought with them the idea that a landowner is entitled to all of the water below the surface, without any obligation to share it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the beginning of the 20th century, water was still plentiful in California, and the idea of unfettered access to groundwater made sense in a state lush with wetlands. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So for the last century, landowners continued to think of groundwater as pretty much a birthright. It’s become an essential component of California’s water portfolio: S\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tate officials say 30 million residents rely on groundwater for at least some portion of their drinking supply, and i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n the driest years, people keep basically sticking a straw into the earth to slake their thirst. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Water at the surface is connected to the water hidden below. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The water from California’s rivers and streams, along with rainwater, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seeps into the ground, where it remains among the rocks, gravel and sand. Between these surface and sub-surface supplies lies the water table, which is what hydrologists call the top of the area that has been saturated underground. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using too much groundwater affects not only surface water supplies but also entire ecosystems. Pumping from the earth deep enough to suck water out can lower the groundwater table and dry out surface soils. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rivers and streams feed more than 500 aquifers around California. Less than a quarter of these account for the overwhelming majority of groundwater pumping. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In these basins, this landmark law already has begun to transform the Central Valley. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For decades, farmers fought the regulation and monitoring of groundwater tooth and nail. Now that it’s here, SGMA has already begun to change the region’s economy and landscape, as some farmers have sold or fallowed land in antipation of the coming changes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Policy Institute of California \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-and-the-future-of-the-san-joaquin-valley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">predicts\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that agricultural interests may have to let 750,000 acres of land go fallow, mostly in parts of the San Joaquin Valley where the most severe overpumping has occurred.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farmers may also have to cycle current crops out for those requiring less water. For example, almonds are water-intensive but have been profitable in recent years; those margins would change if water becomes much more expensive than it is now. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some local water managers have a lot of work to show by the end of the month. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are 21 “critically overdrafted” basins for which officials must submit groundwater management plans by Jan. 31. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In each area where people have habitually pumped more than has come back in, local water managers have to figure out how much they’ve taken from underground, and how water at the surface replenishes those stores. Each region has to propose ways to monitor groundwater over multiple intervals: day-to-day, short-term, seasonal, and yearslong. Basically, they’re creating monitoring systems, in some cases from scratch, to help determine whether conditions are changing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The groundwater plans are built around models for how to share water in a way that’s sustainable by 2040. Each one can be a little different, but local managers and the state have to check up on every single one and meet interim deadlines every five years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> can accept the plans as is or ask for tweaks. DWR can also refer the plans to the state water board for intervention, meaning that local officials may have to try again if the state judges a plan unlikely to succeed. In extreme cases, the state may have to step in to settle disputes over local rights.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This isn’t just a Valley problem.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balancing aquifers like bank accounts will cost money and effort in the Bay Area and other parts of the state. Two years from now, managers for dozens more groundwater basins with state-designated risk ratings of high or medium must submit their own plans to the State Water Resources Control Board. They include water managers in Sonoma, Napa, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though these plans will take years to come into focus, plenty of political decisions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State requirements for sustainable regional groundwater management haven’t taken away anyone’s rights; the rules have changed how localities must meet their water needs from now on. Even the plans submitted by the locally formed groundwater agencies that will meet this year’s deadline haven’t absolutely nailed down who gets to use what in the future. The coming decisions and politics about water may be tense, but the alternative is that one day, wells could run dry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The landmark Sustainable Groundwater Management Act aims to keep aquifers healthy by requiring plans from newly formed local agencies. The policy represents a major shift, mandated by arguably the most important new California water law in 50 years. ",
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"title": "Time's Up on Groundwater Plans: One of the Most Important New California Water Laws in 50 Years Explained | KQED",
"description": "The landmark Sustainable Groundwater Management Act aims to keep aquifers healthy by requiring plans from newly formed local agencies. The policy represents a major shift, mandated by arguably the most important new California water law in 50 years. ",
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"headline": "Time's Up on Groundwater Plans: One of the Most Important New California Water Laws in 50 Years Explained",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Much of California’s water supply is a hidden asset: Deep below the surface, rocks, gravel and sand store water like a sponge, in an underground zone called an aquifer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": " Managers for 21 ‘critically overdrafted’ basins have a Jan. 31 deadline to submit groundwater management plans. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In dry years, this groundwater has been tapped to save farms, keep grass green and provide drinking water to millions of Californians. But over time, people have taken more water out than nature has put back in. Estimates vary, but according to the U.S. Geological Survey, California pumped 41 trillion gallons of water fom the ground in about 100 years, through 2013. In some parts of the Central Valley, that means land has been dropping \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/ca-water-ls/science/land-subsidence-san-joaquin-valley?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">around a foot a year\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The landmark \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a>, or SGMA, requires some of the state’s thirstiest areas form local “Groundwater Sustainability Agencies” and submit long-term plans by Jan. 31 for keeping aquifers healthy. Together, those plans will add up to a big reveal, as g\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">roundwater managers finally disclose how badly they believe their aquifers are overdrawn, and a collective picture emerges. It’s a major shift and arguably the most important new California water law in 50 years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here are some key things to know about the groundwater situation in California and how the law will impact the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Until six years ago, California did not routinely regulate or monitor groundwater. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The California Constitution decrees that water use has to be reasonable and beneficial, but the state has placed few limits on how water can be pumped from the ground. A 1914 law empowering the state water board to manage the resource omitted groundwater. You can blame the lack of regulation partly on 18th-century Spanish colonists who brought with them the idea that a landowner is entitled to all of the water below the surface, without any obligation to share it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the beginning of the 20th century, water was still plentiful in California, and the idea of unfettered access to groundwater made sense in a state lush with wetlands. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So for the last century, landowners continued to think of groundwater as pretty much a birthright. It’s become an essential component of California’s water portfolio: S\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tate officials say 30 million residents rely on groundwater for at least some portion of their drinking supply, and i\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n the driest years, people keep basically sticking a straw into the earth to slake their thirst. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Water at the surface is connected to the water hidden below. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The water from California’s rivers and streams, along with rainwater, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seeps into the ground, where it remains among the rocks, gravel and sand. Between these surface and sub-surface supplies lies the water table, which is what hydrologists call the top of the area that has been saturated underground. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using too much groundwater affects not only surface water supplies but also entire ecosystems. Pumping from the earth deep enough to suck water out can lower the groundwater table and dry out surface soils. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rivers and streams feed more than 500 aquifers around California. Less than a quarter of these account for the overwhelming majority of groundwater pumping. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In these basins, this landmark law already has begun to transform the Central Valley. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For decades, farmers fought the regulation and monitoring of groundwater tooth and nail. Now that it’s here, SGMA has already begun to change the region’s economy and landscape, as some farmers have sold or fallowed land in antipation of the coming changes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Policy Institute of California \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-and-the-future-of-the-san-joaquin-valley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">predicts\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that agricultural interests may have to let 750,000 acres of land go fallow, mostly in parts of the San Joaquin Valley where the most severe overpumping has occurred.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farmers may also have to cycle current crops out for those requiring less water. For example, almonds are water-intensive but have been profitable in recent years; those margins would change if water becomes much more expensive than it is now. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some local water managers have a lot of work to show by the end of the month. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are 21 “critically overdrafted” basins for which officials must submit groundwater management plans by Jan. 31. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In each area where people have habitually pumped more than has come back in, local water managers have to figure out how much they’ve taken from underground, and how water at the surface replenishes those stores. Each region has to propose ways to monitor groundwater over multiple intervals: day-to-day, short-term, seasonal, and yearslong. Basically, they’re creating monitoring systems, in some cases from scratch, to help determine whether conditions are changing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The groundwater plans are built around models for how to share water in a way that’s sustainable by 2040. Each one can be a little different, but local managers and the state have to check up on every single one and meet interim deadlines every five years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> can accept the plans as is or ask for tweaks. DWR can also refer the plans to the state water board for intervention, meaning that local officials may have to try again if the state judges a plan unlikely to succeed. In extreme cases, the state may have to step in to settle disputes over local rights.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This isn’t just a Valley problem.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balancing aquifers like bank accounts will cost money and effort in the Bay Area and other parts of the state. Two years from now, managers for dozens more groundwater basins with state-designated risk ratings of high or medium must submit their own plans to the State Water Resources Control Board. They include water managers in Sonoma, Napa, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though these plans will take years to come into focus, plenty of political decisions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State requirements for sustainable regional groundwater management haven’t taken away anyone’s rights; the rules have changed how localities must meet their water needs from now on. Even the plans submitted by the locally formed groundwater agencies that will meet this year’s deadline haven’t absolutely nailed down who gets to use what in the future. The coming decisions and politics about water may be tense, but the alternative is that one day, wells could run dry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
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