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"bio": "Peter reports radio and online stories for \u003cem>KQED Science\u003c/em>. His work has also appeared on the \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em> morning show and \u003cem>KQED News\u003c/em>. His production credits include \u003cem>The California Report, The California Report Magazine\u003c/em> and KQED's local news podcast \u003cem>The Bay\u003c/em>. Other credits include NPR's \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>, WNYC's \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em>, WBUR's \u003cem>Here & Now\u003c/em>, WIRED and SFGate. Peter graduated from Brown University and earned a master's degree in journalism from Stanford. He's covered everything from homelessness to wildfires, health, the environment, arts and Thanksgiving in San Quentin prison. In other lives, he played rock n roll music and studied neuroscience. You can email him at: parcuni@kqed.org",
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"title": "Donald Trump Climate Profile: This President Is All About Fossil Fuels",
"headTitle": "Donald Trump Climate Profile: This President Is All About Fossil Fuels | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>‘This is the start of a new era in American energy production and job creation. We will eliminate federal overreach, restore economic freedom and allow workers and companies to play on a level playing field for the first time in a long time, a long time. We’re going to have clean coal, really clean coal.’\u003cbr>\n—\u003c/em>Donald Trump, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/28032017/trump-executive-order-climate-change-paris-climate-agreement-clean-power-plan-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">March 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Been There\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\"]Analysis: The Candidates on Climate Change\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956430/joe-biden-climate-profile-surprising-embrace-of-green-new-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Biden\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956501/michael-bloomberg-climate-profile-shutting-down-coal-modest-federal-spending%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Bloomberg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956514/pete-buttigieg-climate-profile-making-u-s-the-worlds-clean-tech-leader\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pete Buttigieg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956525/amy-klobuchar-climate-profile-using-presidency-to-restore-clean-energy-policies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amy Klobuchar\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956421/bernie-sanders-climate-profile-16-trillion-in-spending-for-most-ambitious-plan-yet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bernie Sanders\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957439/tom-steyer-climate-profile-a-justice-centered-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Steyer\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956437/elizabeth-warren-climate-profile-taking-up-mantle-of-former-climate-candidate-inslee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elizabeth Warren\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/pullquote]When U.S. government scientists released their latest volume of the \u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, it revealed much about the robust, sobering scientific consensus on climate change. It also revealed the striking disconnect between President Donald Trump and essentially every authoritative institution on the threat of global warming. The president rejected the assessment’s central findings — based on thousands of climate studies and involving 13 federal agencies — that emissions of carbon dioxide are caused by human activities, are already causing lasting economic damage, and have to be brought rapidly to zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I don’t believe it. No, no, I don’t believe it,” Trump said. Immediately, his cabinet members \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30112018/fact-check-trump-climate-science-denial-national-assessment-sanders-global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">launched attacks on the report\u003c/a>, portraying it as “alarmist” and clinging to Trump’s agenda of fossil fuel energy expansion that the science says is at the root of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Done That\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When Trump delivered his \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27052016/donald-trump-republican-party-election-fossil-fuels-coal-oil-gas-fracking-climate-change-paris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first major energy speech in the fracking fields of North Dakota\u003c/a> as a candidate in May 2016, he called for American domination of global energy supplies. To make that happen, he wanted an end to all of President Barack Obama’s executive actions involving greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We are going to turn everything around,” Trump declared. “And quickly, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As president, he has rolled back regulations on energy suppliers at a rapid clip slowed only at times\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29082019/methane-regulation-oil-gas-storage-pipelines-epa-rollback-trump-wheeler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> by the courts,\u003c/a> while auctioning off millions of acres of new drilling leases on public land. Last year, domestic oil production hit a record high. The result of this, among other things, was the \u003ca href=\"https://rhg.com/research/preliminary-us-emissions-estimates-for-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reversal of three consecutive years of declining U.S. carbon emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump began the process of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04112019/trump-pull-out-paris-climate-agreement-timing-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">withdrawing the U.S.\u003c/a> from the Paris climate treaty, the agreement signed by nearly all nations to reduce fossil fuel emissions. He \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19062019/trump-clean-power-plan-climate-emissions-rule-replacement-coal-decline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">replaced Obama’s Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, intended to sharply reduce emissions from U.S. power plants. He took the first step to weaken \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082018/trump-fuel-efficiency-standards-rollback-climate-change-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fuel economy standards for cars\u003c/a>, the single most important effort for reining in the largest driver of U.S. emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His administration has undone or delayed — or tried to — most regulatory and executive actions related to climate change, while proposing new ones to accelerate fossil fuel development. Columbia University’s Sabin Center for Climate Change Law counts \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/climate-deregulation-tracker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">131 actions\u003c/a> toward federal climate deregulation since Trump took office. In the absence of any comprehensive national climate law, those moves have led to an erosion of the federal government’s main regulatory levers for cutting global warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of those actions, including rollbacks of significant rules on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/23/court-hands-trump-defeat-in-bid-to-block-methane-emissions-rule.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">methane\u003c/a>\u003cu>,\u003c/u> \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02102019/cross-border-smog-ruling-coal-power-trump-obama-clean-air-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cross-state air pollution\u003c/a> regulations and \u003ca href=\"https://policyintegrity.org/trump-court-roundup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">energy efficiency\u003c/a>, have been blocked or delayed by judges who have questioned the administration’s broad view of its legal authority. Some of those setbacks may be temporary, though, and the courts have yet to rule on the most consequential deregulatory actions. According to the administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaMain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">agenda for 2020\u003c/a>, the president will try to fast-track as many more as possible before the end of his first term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Specific\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Promoting unfettered oil, natural gas and coal development \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRight out of the gate, Trump greased the wheels for fossil fuel development. He \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/28032017/trump-executive-order-climate-change-paris-climate-agreement-clean-power-plan-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">issued a sweeping executive order\u003c/a> directing all departments to target for elimination\u003ci>\u003cem> any \u003c/em>\u003c/i>rules that restrict U.S. production of energy. He set guidance to make it more difficult to put future regulations on fossil fuel industries, and he moved to discard the use of a rigorous “social cost of carbon,” a regulatory measurement that puts a price on the future damage society will pay for every ton of carbon dioxide emitted. He swiftly signed memorandums to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24012017/keystone-xl-dakota-pipeline-donald-trump-executive-order\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">revive the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines\u003c/a>, projects blocked by Obama. And later, with the Keystone XL still stalled, he issued executive orders aimed at \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11042019/trump-pipeline-executive-order-environmental-review-keystone-xl-clean-water-act-states-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">speeding approval and construction of fossil fuel projects\u003c/a> by limiting state environmental reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuel infrastructure adds to greenhouse gas emissions, in part by leaking methane into the atmosphere. Trump’s administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03032017/scott-pruitt-environmental-protection-agency-methane-greenhouse-gas-climate-change\">stop gathering data from oil and gas companies\u003c/a> needed to rein in leaks of this potent short-lived climate pollutant. It later \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11092018/methane-flaring-rules-oil-gas-industry-climate-change-obama-trump-epa-rollback\">loosened methane regulations\u003c/a> for projects on public and private land, despite the support for them among the industry’s biggest companies. It sought drilling in pristine areas where oil companies have long sought to drill. The administration \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/28042017/doanld-trump-arctic-offshore-drilling-ban-obama-executive-order\">moved to lift Obama’s offshore Arctic drilling ban\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13072017/arctic-offshore-drilling-trump-approved-eni-boem-alaska\">approved \u003c/a>a plan to drill wells there. It pushed to drill in the previously off-limits \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032018/arctic-offshore-drilling-oil-lease-sale-beaufort-sea-alaska-trump-boem-2019\">Beaufort Sea\u003c/a>, in 1.6 million acres of the pristine \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12092019/congress-arctic-wildlife-refuge-oil-gas-drilling-offshore-trump-lease-sale-anwr\">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, and in nearly all of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10012018/trump-offshore-oil-drilling-leases-florida-legal-questions-zinke-california-new-york-oregon\">Outer Continental Shelf\u003c/a>. It proposed to \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/content/usfs-proposes-regulations-streamline-oil-and-gas-permitting-national-forests-0\">expedite oil and gas permits on national forest lands\u003c/a>, and it has limited how climate change can be used in \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13082019/climate-change-endangered-species-act-arctic-trump-changes-polar-bears-wildlife\">determining endangered status for species\u003c/a>, further opening doors to drilling in sensitive areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Trying to restore King Coal to its throne \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMany of Trump’s regulations have been tailored to favor the coal industry, often at the expense of cheaper, cleaner energy. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11102017/climate-denial-coal-industry-global-warming-robert-murray-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Murray\u003c/a>, founder of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjQsc3r95nmAhUOTt8KHRUBDY8QFjABegQIBxAG&url=https%3A%2F%2Finsideclimatenews.org%2Fnews%2F29102019%2Fcoal-bankruptcy-bob-murray-energy-chapter-11-trump-regulations-rollback&usg=AOvVaw3hV8KEcoTw-zXHhcV1dbAu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">now-bankrupt coal company Murray Energy\u003c/a> and one of Trump’s closest industry allies, gave the president a “wish list” early on that has become of virtual template for the administration’s rollback of regulations. The administration swiftly lifted an Obama moratorium on new coal leases on federal lands. It \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16022017/coal-mining-environment-stream-rule-donald-trump-mussels-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rolled back a stream protection rule\u003c/a> designed to reduce the environmental and climate impact of mountaintop removal coal mining, and it has proposed allowing coal plants to emit much more CO2 by \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/content/epa-proposes-less-stringent-emission-standards-new-coal-plants-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">weakening New Source Review\u003c/a>, which requires big emitters to modernize pollution controls when they make major modifications to their facilities. It pushed a coal bailout rule that would have rewarded electric companies for keeping big stockpiles of fuel on hand. (\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08012018/ferc-regulators-reject-paying-coal-power-plants-nuclear-extra-trump-administration-perry-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. regulators rejected it\u003c/a>.) It also\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04112019/coal-ash-rules-rollback-trump-obama-water-pollution-power-plant-ponds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> further relaxed coal ash rules\u003c/a>, allowing coal utilities to keep unlined coal ash ponds open for years, making it less expensive to burn coal to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Suppressing climate and related science\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn almost every agency overseeing energy, the environment and health, Trump selected top officials who dispute the mainstream consensus on the urgency of climate action. People with little scientific background, or strong ties to industries they would be regulating, were appointed to scientific leadership positions. One of the administration’s first actions was to order scientists and other employees at EPA and other agencies to halt public communications. Several federal scientists working on climate change have said they were silenced, sidelined or demoted. At least three—a senior employee at the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20072017/whistleblower-trump-intimidation-abuse-power-climate-scientists-joel-clement-zinke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Interior\u003c/a>, one at the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16082019/cdc-scientist-whistleblower-complaint-climate-health-research-trump-usda-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a> and another at the National Park Service—invoked whistleblower protections. Independent science advisors, such as members of the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08052017/epa-science-advisory-board-dismissed-scott-pruitt-donald-trump\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Board of Scientific Counselors\u003c/a>, have also been sidelined. Scientific content on government websites has been altered and the public’s access to data reduced. Climate data from the government’s open portal website was removed. So was the EPA’s climate change website. The words “climate change” have been purged from government reports, and other reports have been buried\u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/23/agriculture-department-climate-change-1376413\">,\u003c/a> including by \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/23/agriculture-department-climate-change-1376413\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">officials at the Department of Agriculture.\u003c/a> The administration even edited a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/05/10/pentagon-revised-obama-era-report-to-remove-risks-from-climate-change/?utm_term=.1174b4bd9f55\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Defense Department report\u003c/a> to downplay its climate findings. Through speeches and tweets, the president has repeatedly spread misinformation to the public through his climate denial and denigration of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA, meanwhile, is working to finalize its proposal to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22032018/epa-air-pollution-soot-rules-scott-pruitt-secret-science-policy-health-regulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suppress the types of scientific evidence\u003c/a> the agency can use in writing its rules. This includes prohibiting the use of well-established, long-term scientific studies underpinning the nation’s air pollution rules, a change the fossil fuel industry had sought for years. Known as the “secret science” rule, it has been \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2019/11/25/science.aba3197\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lambasted by scientists and health experts worldwide\u003c/a>. Related, the White House \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/trump-omb-secret-science-policy-memo-pollution-health-studies-heritage-foundation-vought\">issued a memo\u003c/a> offering new ways for fossil fuel and other industries to challenge science-based policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Undermining clean energy development and energy efficiency\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn its \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032019/trump-budget-cuts-renewable-energy-efficiency-electric-vehicle-tax-credit-deficit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">budget proposals\u003c/a>, the Trump administration has made clear its resolve to retreat from a federal role in advancing a clean energy economy and maintaining global leadership in the technology. It has proposed repeatedly to radically \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02042019/trump-budget-cuts-national-labs-clean-energy-leadership-solar-wind-electric-vehicles-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">slash funding\u003c/a> for the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), a move that would cripple support for novel and promising technologies for advanced wind turbines, high-tech materials, energy-efficient buildings and more. He has tried to eliminate tax credits for electric vehicles and made several attempts to eliminate the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) program, an incubator for cutting-edge energy research and development. Congress has largely rebuffed this scale of funding cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration issued in 2019 its final rule to dramatically weaken energy-efficient light bulb standards that Congress voted to phase in a decade ago. The standards would have eliminated inefficient light bulbs nationwide, saving some 1.5 trillion kilowatt-hours by 2030 and hundreds of millions tons of CO2. And it delayed for three years standards to substantially cut the energy that household and commercial appliances consume, moving to enact them only after \u003ca href=\"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/18-15380/18-15380-2019-10-10.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a federal appeals court ruled \u003c/a>the hold was illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Trying to undercut California’s world-leading climate progress\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAfter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082018/trump-fuel-efficiency-standards-rollback-climate-change-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">freezing Obama’s national fuel-economy improvements\u003c/a>, the administration stripped California of its legal authority to enact the nation’s toughest fuel-efficiency standards, a move that could squelch the nascent U.S. market for zero-emission vehicles at a critical time. It sued the state over its cap-and-trade agreement with Quebec to lower fossil fuel emissions, arguing that California exceeded its authority when it launched. It has threatened action against California on air and water pollution. Those moves run counter to the administration’s hands-off approach and deregulatory agenda. Because of that—and because California has among the best compliance records in the nation on water pollution and has invested billions to improve air quality—former federal officials have said the efforts reek of political score-settling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ICN’s Take\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the Trump administration’s early days, climate policy optimists gamely sifted through the president’s statements, his administration’s actions, and other nations’ reactions for grains of hope. Perhaps Trump would be persuaded to maintain the United States’ seat at the table in international climate negotiations. Perhaps the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/epas-pruitt-praised-for-effectiveness-hits-bumps-in-his-rollback-campaign/2018/05/20/c6ca13d8-53b3-11e8-abd8-265bd07a9859_story.html?noredirect=on\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts\u003c/a> of his early, scandal-plagued cabinet members to erase climate regulation would fail. Or perhaps \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/4800747/china-climate-change-paris-agreement-trump/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other nations would step up\u003c/a> to fill the climate leadership void created by Trump, and the world would forge ahead with the action needed to address the climate crisis, leaving the United States behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All such hopes have been in vain. Although Trump occasionally feigns concern about climate—”\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/03/its-possible-that-trump-doesnt-actually-know-what-climate-change-is/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">I think about it all the time,\u003c/a>” he once said—his policy has been an unmitigated and relentless drive toward fossil energy development. The missteps of his former EPA administrator, Scott Pruitt, and others in the first round of appointees, have been erased by seasoned Washington bureaucrats and lobbyists who now are at the helm of the environmental agencies. And instead of racing to grasp the leadership baton dropped by Trump, China, the European Union and other large carbon polluters are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/15/climate/cop25-un-climate-talks-madrid.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">falling behind both in their own ambition and in support\u003c/a> for the nations most vulnerable to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trump’s intentions, and his administration’s deleterious impact on global climate progress, will be evident to voters in 2020 in a way that many failed to grasp four years earlier. The only question is whether those who care about the planet’s future can unite as a political force in a way that eluded them in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Trump's first term has been a relentless drive for unfettered fossil fuel energy development. ",
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"title": "Donald Trump Climate Profile: This President Is All About Fossil Fuels | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>‘This is the start of a new era in American energy production and job creation. We will eliminate federal overreach, restore economic freedom and allow workers and companies to play on a level playing field for the first time in a long time, a long time. We’re going to have clean coal, really clean coal.’\u003cbr>\n—\u003c/em>Donald Trump, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/28032017/trump-executive-order-climate-change-paris-climate-agreement-clean-power-plan-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">March 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Been There\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "Analysis: The Candidates on Climate Change\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956430/joe-biden-climate-profile-surprising-embrace-of-green-new-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Joe Biden\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956501/michael-bloomberg-climate-profile-shutting-down-coal-modest-federal-spending%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Bloomberg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956514/pete-buttigieg-climate-profile-making-u-s-the-worlds-clean-tech-leader\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pete Buttigieg\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956525/amy-klobuchar-climate-profile-using-presidency-to-restore-clean-energy-policies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amy Klobuchar\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956421/bernie-sanders-climate-profile-16-trillion-in-spending-for-most-ambitious-plan-yet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bernie Sanders\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957439/tom-steyer-climate-profile-a-justice-centered-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Steyer\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956437/elizabeth-warren-climate-profile-taking-up-mantle-of-former-climate-candidate-inslee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elizabeth Warren\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>When U.S. government scientists released their latest volume of the \u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, it revealed much about the robust, sobering scientific consensus on climate change. It also revealed the striking disconnect between President Donald Trump and essentially every authoritative institution on the threat of global warming. The president rejected the assessment’s central findings — based on thousands of climate studies and involving 13 federal agencies — that emissions of carbon dioxide are caused by human activities, are already causing lasting economic damage, and have to be brought rapidly to zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I don’t believe it. No, no, I don’t believe it,” Trump said. Immediately, his cabinet members \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30112018/fact-check-trump-climate-science-denial-national-assessment-sanders-global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">launched attacks on the report\u003c/a>, portraying it as “alarmist” and clinging to Trump’s agenda of fossil fuel energy expansion that the science says is at the root of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Done That\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When Trump delivered his \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27052016/donald-trump-republican-party-election-fossil-fuels-coal-oil-gas-fracking-climate-change-paris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first major energy speech in the fracking fields of North Dakota\u003c/a> as a candidate in May 2016, he called for American domination of global energy supplies. To make that happen, he wanted an end to all of President Barack Obama’s executive actions involving greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We are going to turn everything around,” Trump declared. “And quickly, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As president, he has rolled back regulations on energy suppliers at a rapid clip slowed only at times\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29082019/methane-regulation-oil-gas-storage-pipelines-epa-rollback-trump-wheeler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> by the courts,\u003c/a> while auctioning off millions of acres of new drilling leases on public land. Last year, domestic oil production hit a record high. The result of this, among other things, was the \u003ca href=\"https://rhg.com/research/preliminary-us-emissions-estimates-for-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reversal of three consecutive years of declining U.S. carbon emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump began the process of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04112019/trump-pull-out-paris-climate-agreement-timing-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">withdrawing the U.S.\u003c/a> from the Paris climate treaty, the agreement signed by nearly all nations to reduce fossil fuel emissions. He \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19062019/trump-clean-power-plan-climate-emissions-rule-replacement-coal-decline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">replaced Obama’s Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, intended to sharply reduce emissions from U.S. power plants. He took the first step to weaken \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082018/trump-fuel-efficiency-standards-rollback-climate-change-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fuel economy standards for cars\u003c/a>, the single most important effort for reining in the largest driver of U.S. emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His administration has undone or delayed — or tried to — most regulatory and executive actions related to climate change, while proposing new ones to accelerate fossil fuel development. Columbia University’s Sabin Center for Climate Change Law counts \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/climate-deregulation-tracker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">131 actions\u003c/a> toward federal climate deregulation since Trump took office. In the absence of any comprehensive national climate law, those moves have led to an erosion of the federal government’s main regulatory levers for cutting global warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of those actions, including rollbacks of significant rules on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/23/court-hands-trump-defeat-in-bid-to-block-methane-emissions-rule.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">methane\u003c/a>\u003cu>,\u003c/u> \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02102019/cross-border-smog-ruling-coal-power-trump-obama-clean-air-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cross-state air pollution\u003c/a> regulations and \u003ca href=\"https://policyintegrity.org/trump-court-roundup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">energy efficiency\u003c/a>, have been blocked or delayed by judges who have questioned the administration’s broad view of its legal authority. Some of those setbacks may be temporary, though, and the courts have yet to rule on the most consequential deregulatory actions. According to the administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaMain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">agenda for 2020\u003c/a>, the president will try to fast-track as many more as possible before the end of his first term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Specific\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Promoting unfettered oil, natural gas and coal development \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRight out of the gate, Trump greased the wheels for fossil fuel development. He \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/28032017/trump-executive-order-climate-change-paris-climate-agreement-clean-power-plan-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">issued a sweeping executive order\u003c/a> directing all departments to target for elimination\u003ci>\u003cem> any \u003c/em>\u003c/i>rules that restrict U.S. production of energy. He set guidance to make it more difficult to put future regulations on fossil fuel industries, and he moved to discard the use of a rigorous “social cost of carbon,” a regulatory measurement that puts a price on the future damage society will pay for every ton of carbon dioxide emitted. He swiftly signed memorandums to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24012017/keystone-xl-dakota-pipeline-donald-trump-executive-order\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">revive the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines\u003c/a>, projects blocked by Obama. And later, with the Keystone XL still stalled, he issued executive orders aimed at \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11042019/trump-pipeline-executive-order-environmental-review-keystone-xl-clean-water-act-states-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">speeding approval and construction of fossil fuel projects\u003c/a> by limiting state environmental reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuel infrastructure adds to greenhouse gas emissions, in part by leaking methane into the atmosphere. Trump’s administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03032017/scott-pruitt-environmental-protection-agency-methane-greenhouse-gas-climate-change\">stop gathering data from oil and gas companies\u003c/a> needed to rein in leaks of this potent short-lived climate pollutant. It later \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11092018/methane-flaring-rules-oil-gas-industry-climate-change-obama-trump-epa-rollback\">loosened methane regulations\u003c/a> for projects on public and private land, despite the support for them among the industry’s biggest companies. It sought drilling in pristine areas where oil companies have long sought to drill. The administration \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/28042017/doanld-trump-arctic-offshore-drilling-ban-obama-executive-order\">moved to lift Obama’s offshore Arctic drilling ban\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13072017/arctic-offshore-drilling-trump-approved-eni-boem-alaska\">approved \u003c/a>a plan to drill wells there. It pushed to drill in the previously off-limits \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032018/arctic-offshore-drilling-oil-lease-sale-beaufort-sea-alaska-trump-boem-2019\">Beaufort Sea\u003c/a>, in 1.6 million acres of the pristine \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12092019/congress-arctic-wildlife-refuge-oil-gas-drilling-offshore-trump-lease-sale-anwr\">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, and in nearly all of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10012018/trump-offshore-oil-drilling-leases-florida-legal-questions-zinke-california-new-york-oregon\">Outer Continental Shelf\u003c/a>. It proposed to \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/content/usfs-proposes-regulations-streamline-oil-and-gas-permitting-national-forests-0\">expedite oil and gas permits on national forest lands\u003c/a>, and it has limited how climate change can be used in \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13082019/climate-change-endangered-species-act-arctic-trump-changes-polar-bears-wildlife\">determining endangered status for species\u003c/a>, further opening doors to drilling in sensitive areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Trying to restore King Coal to its throne \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMany of Trump’s regulations have been tailored to favor the coal industry, often at the expense of cheaper, cleaner energy. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11102017/climate-denial-coal-industry-global-warming-robert-murray-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Murray\u003c/a>, founder of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjQsc3r95nmAhUOTt8KHRUBDY8QFjABegQIBxAG&url=https%3A%2F%2Finsideclimatenews.org%2Fnews%2F29102019%2Fcoal-bankruptcy-bob-murray-energy-chapter-11-trump-regulations-rollback&usg=AOvVaw3hV8KEcoTw-zXHhcV1dbAu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">now-bankrupt coal company Murray Energy\u003c/a> and one of Trump’s closest industry allies, gave the president a “wish list” early on that has become of virtual template for the administration’s rollback of regulations. The administration swiftly lifted an Obama moratorium on new coal leases on federal lands. It \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16022017/coal-mining-environment-stream-rule-donald-trump-mussels-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rolled back a stream protection rule\u003c/a> designed to reduce the environmental and climate impact of mountaintop removal coal mining, and it has proposed allowing coal plants to emit much more CO2 by \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/content/epa-proposes-less-stringent-emission-standards-new-coal-plants-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">weakening New Source Review\u003c/a>, which requires big emitters to modernize pollution controls when they make major modifications to their facilities. It pushed a coal bailout rule that would have rewarded electric companies for keeping big stockpiles of fuel on hand. (\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08012018/ferc-regulators-reject-paying-coal-power-plants-nuclear-extra-trump-administration-perry-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. regulators rejected it\u003c/a>.) It also\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04112019/coal-ash-rules-rollback-trump-obama-water-pollution-power-plant-ponds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> further relaxed coal ash rules\u003c/a>, allowing coal utilities to keep unlined coal ash ponds open for years, making it less expensive to burn coal to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Suppressing climate and related science\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn almost every agency overseeing energy, the environment and health, Trump selected top officials who dispute the mainstream consensus on the urgency of climate action. People with little scientific background, or strong ties to industries they would be regulating, were appointed to scientific leadership positions. One of the administration’s first actions was to order scientists and other employees at EPA and other agencies to halt public communications. Several federal scientists working on climate change have said they were silenced, sidelined or demoted. At least three—a senior employee at the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20072017/whistleblower-trump-intimidation-abuse-power-climate-scientists-joel-clement-zinke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Interior\u003c/a>, one at the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16082019/cdc-scientist-whistleblower-complaint-climate-health-research-trump-usda-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a> and another at the National Park Service—invoked whistleblower protections. Independent science advisors, such as members of the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08052017/epa-science-advisory-board-dismissed-scott-pruitt-donald-trump\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Board of Scientific Counselors\u003c/a>, have also been sidelined. Scientific content on government websites has been altered and the public’s access to data reduced. Climate data from the government’s open portal website was removed. So was the EPA’s climate change website. The words “climate change” have been purged from government reports, and other reports have been buried\u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/23/agriculture-department-climate-change-1376413\">,\u003c/a> including by \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/23/agriculture-department-climate-change-1376413\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">officials at the Department of Agriculture.\u003c/a> The administration even edited a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/05/10/pentagon-revised-obama-era-report-to-remove-risks-from-climate-change/?utm_term=.1174b4bd9f55\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Defense Department report\u003c/a> to downplay its climate findings. Through speeches and tweets, the president has repeatedly spread misinformation to the public through his climate denial and denigration of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA, meanwhile, is working to finalize its proposal to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22032018/epa-air-pollution-soot-rules-scott-pruitt-secret-science-policy-health-regulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suppress the types of scientific evidence\u003c/a> the agency can use in writing its rules. This includes prohibiting the use of well-established, long-term scientific studies underpinning the nation’s air pollution rules, a change the fossil fuel industry had sought for years. Known as the “secret science” rule, it has been \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2019/11/25/science.aba3197\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lambasted by scientists and health experts worldwide\u003c/a>. Related, the White House \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/trump-omb-secret-science-policy-memo-pollution-health-studies-heritage-foundation-vought\">issued a memo\u003c/a> offering new ways for fossil fuel and other industries to challenge science-based policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Undermining clean energy development and energy efficiency\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn its \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032019/trump-budget-cuts-renewable-energy-efficiency-electric-vehicle-tax-credit-deficit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">budget proposals\u003c/a>, the Trump administration has made clear its resolve to retreat from a federal role in advancing a clean energy economy and maintaining global leadership in the technology. It has proposed repeatedly to radically \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02042019/trump-budget-cuts-national-labs-clean-energy-leadership-solar-wind-electric-vehicles-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">slash funding\u003c/a> for the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), a move that would cripple support for novel and promising technologies for advanced wind turbines, high-tech materials, energy-efficient buildings and more. He has tried to eliminate tax credits for electric vehicles and made several attempts to eliminate the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) program, an incubator for cutting-edge energy research and development. Congress has largely rebuffed this scale of funding cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration issued in 2019 its final rule to dramatically weaken energy-efficient light bulb standards that Congress voted to phase in a decade ago. The standards would have eliminated inefficient light bulbs nationwide, saving some 1.5 trillion kilowatt-hours by 2030 and hundreds of millions tons of CO2. And it delayed for three years standards to substantially cut the energy that household and commercial appliances consume, moving to enact them only after \u003ca href=\"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/18-15380/18-15380-2019-10-10.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a federal appeals court ruled \u003c/a>the hold was illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• \u003cstrong>Trying to undercut California’s world-leading climate progress\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAfter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082018/trump-fuel-efficiency-standards-rollback-climate-change-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">freezing Obama’s national fuel-economy improvements\u003c/a>, the administration stripped California of its legal authority to enact the nation’s toughest fuel-efficiency standards, a move that could squelch the nascent U.S. market for zero-emission vehicles at a critical time. It sued the state over its cap-and-trade agreement with Quebec to lower fossil fuel emissions, arguing that California exceeded its authority when it launched. It has threatened action against California on air and water pollution. Those moves run counter to the administration’s hands-off approach and deregulatory agenda. Because of that—and because California has among the best compliance records in the nation on water pollution and has invested billions to improve air quality—former federal officials have said the efforts reek of political score-settling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ICN’s Take\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the Trump administration’s early days, climate policy optimists gamely sifted through the president’s statements, his administration’s actions, and other nations’ reactions for grains of hope. Perhaps Trump would be persuaded to maintain the United States’ seat at the table in international climate negotiations. Perhaps the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/epas-pruitt-praised-for-effectiveness-hits-bumps-in-his-rollback-campaign/2018/05/20/c6ca13d8-53b3-11e8-abd8-265bd07a9859_story.html?noredirect=on\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts\u003c/a> of his early, scandal-plagued cabinet members to erase climate regulation would fail. Or perhaps \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/4800747/china-climate-change-paris-agreement-trump/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other nations would step up\u003c/a> to fill the climate leadership void created by Trump, and the world would forge ahead with the action needed to address the climate crisis, leaving the United States behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All such hopes have been in vain. Although Trump occasionally feigns concern about climate—”\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/03/its-possible-that-trump-doesnt-actually-know-what-climate-change-is/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">I think about it all the time,\u003c/a>” he once said—his policy has been an unmitigated and relentless drive toward fossil energy development. The missteps of his former EPA administrator, Scott Pruitt, and others in the first round of appointees, have been erased by seasoned Washington bureaucrats and lobbyists who now are at the helm of the environmental agencies. And instead of racing to grasp the leadership baton dropped by Trump, China, the European Union and other large carbon polluters are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/15/climate/cop25-un-climate-talks-madrid.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">falling behind both in their own ambition and in support\u003c/a> for the nations most vulnerable to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trump’s intentions, and his administration’s deleterious impact on global climate progress, will be evident to voters in 2020 in a way that many failed to grasp four years earlier. The only question is whether those who care about the planet’s future can unite as a political force in a way that eluded them in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Cities' Lawsuits Seeking Damages for Climate Change Reach Critical Juncture",
"headTitle": "Cities’ Lawsuits Seeking Damages for Climate Change Reach Critical Juncture | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">With a dozen state and local governments in court seeking damages related to climate change from fossil fuel companies, the U.S. Supreme Court may be the final stop for an industry seeking protection from billion dollar verdicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">At some point, one of the lawsuits is likely to drop into the lap of the high court and its newly cemented conservative block of justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rhode Island, Baltimore, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27062018/coastal-cities-lawsuit-fossil-fuel-oil-climate-change-sea-level-rise-damage-imperial-beach-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tiny Imperial Beach, California \u003c/a>and the other localities for the most part want the cases tried in state court and out of federal jurisdiction, arguing that climate-induced extreme weather linked to oil and gas consumption has led to billions in property damage and huge remediation costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">ExxonMobil, Chevron, Phillips 66 and the other oil and gas giants, on the other hand, have gone to federal court over the issue of jurisdiction, arguing that the Clean Air Act and other federal laws preempt any claim under state law that carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels cause climate change and related property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On both sides, the stakes couldn’t be higher. The localities and a 13th plaintiff—the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations—want to make the fossil fuel industry responsible for the cost of sea level rise, more intense wildfires, hurricanes and flooding that climate scientists attribute to a warming planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy companies want the opposite—protection from those costs in the form of court rulings that could go all the way to the Supreme Court, holding that global issues like climate change have no business being litigated in either state or federal court. If the high court concurs, it could set environmental, social, political and economic precedents for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 13 climate cases are all now pending federal appeals court rulings that address the jurisdiction question, not the substantive issues linking the fossil fuel companies to climate change. Two cases addressing the question of whether they should be heard in state or federal courts have been argued before federal appellate courts, with rulings expected before summer. Hearings have been scheduled over the next few months for most of the other cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal experts believe the first significant test in the high court could come after one of the federal appeals courts renders an opinion on the jurisdiction issue. The energy companies are counting on a high court ruling that blocks the lawsuits on jurisdictional grounds. That way, the core climate change issues raised by the municipalities will never even be considered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will argue the cases should all be summarily thrown out,” said Pat Parenteau, a professor of environmental law at the Vermont Law School. “They’re counting on the conservative justices being willing to slam the door on climate cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities, states, counties and fishermen’s associations that are plaintiffs in the suits are trying to build the case that fossil fuel companies knew of the dangers created by their products and failed to warn the public, thereby imposing huge costs on communities that have to deal with the impacts of sea level rise and other consequences of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This focus on the conduct of the fossil fuel producers differs from earlier climate cases in which plaintiffs focused on emissions, and blamed the utility and fossil fuel industries for producing the greenhouse gases warming the planet. The Supreme Court ruled in response to those suits that emissions were governed under the Clean Air Act, and as such, were not matters for the courts to consider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the high court has also said that there may be a basis under state common law for some of the more recent cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s over the issue of jurisdiction that the industry will wage its most fierce fight, said Katherine Trisolini, a Loyola Law School professor specializing in climate change and energy law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court is much more likely to consider this procedural question, she said, than to weigh in on matters of substance related to the claims made in the various lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The jurisdiction question is a bit more clear for review,”\u003ca href=\"https://www.lls.edu/faculty/facultylists-z/trisolinikatherine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Trisolini\u003c/a> said. “That’s where the door is most widely open for a Supreme Court review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost as soon as the lawsuits were filed, the fossil fuel companies began the fight to have the cases heard in federal court where the companies believe—on the basis of the earlier rulings on emissions—that they have the advantage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies are arguing that, while the local governments might have fashioned their complaints under state law, they actually involved issues best decided by a federal court, where precedent favors the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, the industry’s efforts to get the climate suits out of the state courts have been largely unsuccessful, setting the stage for the federal appeals. In all but two of the 13 cases, federal district court judges have agreed that the lawsuits should be heard in state courts guided by various state laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062018/california-cities-climate-change-lawsuits-dismissed-fossil-fuels-industry-rising-sea-levels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A federal judge in San Francisco has been the exception, rejecting lawsuits\u003c/a> filed by San Francisco and Oakland on the grounds that state courts were not the proper place to deal with global issues like climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,” U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup wrote in\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4559977-Case-Dismissed-6-25-2018.htmlhttps:/www.documentcloud.org/documents/4559977-Case-Dismissed-6-25-2018.htmlhttps:/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/06/26/climate/document-Judge-Dismisses-Climate-Suit-Against-Oil-Companies.html\"> his opinion.\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, six other California lawsuits, filed by the cities of Imperial Beach, Santa Cruz and Richmond; and the counties of San Mateo, Marin and Santa Cruz, remain in state court after \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4414439-Judge-Chhabria-Rules-IB-Case-to-Stay-in-State.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. District Court Jusge Vincent Chhabria ruled \u003c/a>that was the proper jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, U.S. District Judge Ellen L. Hollander in Maryland, ruling on Baltimore’s climate suit, wrote that the industry’s desire for federal jurisdiction was nothing more than a “hijacking” of state authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To allow the case to move forward in federal court “enhances federal judicial power at the expense of plaintiffs and state courts,” Hollander\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6567331-Baltimore-Judge-Rebuffs-Industry.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> wrote. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She went on to explain that the public nuisance claims alleged by the city could only be decided in a state court. The city, she noted, “nowhere even alleges that the defendants violated any federal statutes or regulations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry didn’t like that slap down, and sent its lawyers to the Supreme Court for help, as it did after two other similarly adverse rulings. They argued before the high court that state cases should not be allowed to move forward until the federal appellate courts resolve the jurisdictional questions about where climate nuisance claims belong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6567332-Fossil-Fuel-Companies-to-SCOTUS-in-Baltimore-Case.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Industry lawyers told the high court\u003c/a>, “It’s difficult to imagine claims that more clearly implicate substantial questions of federal law and require uniform disposition than the claims at issue here.” The lawsuits,” they added, “seek to transform the nation’s energy, environmental, national security and foreign policies by punishing energy companies for lawfully supplying necessary oil and gas resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high court didn’t bite, however. It declined to take up the issue, though the refusal cannot be interpreted as a tip of the court’s hand one way or the other as to whether the justices will eventually invite an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they do, the conservative majority on the high court may seize on the larger question of separation of powers, reasoning that the judiciary should not be part of a resolution to such momentous matters, said\u003ca href=\"https://www.vermontlaw.edu/directory/person/parenteau-pat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Parenteau\u003c/a>, of the Vermont Law School, who has consulted on several of the climate cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In taking up any review, the justices may say, “Courts simply have no business adjudicating disputes over a global problem like climate change,” he said. “The oil industry is providing a vital service to the nation and the world. There is no obvious alternative. What to do about all this is a matter for Congress and the Executive Branch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added: “In other words—the industry’s playbook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significantly, the high court’s refusal to halt state-level proceedings, as the industry had asked, means the cases will go forward pending an appellate court ruling on the jurisdictional issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens the door for the localities to obtain potentially explosive material in the discovery process related to the industry’s knowledge of the links between fossil-fuel combustion and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the industry does not prevail in the pending federal appeals, the Supreme Court may be reluctant to weigh in, said Ann Carlson, an environmental law expert at UCLA School of Law, who has consulted for some of the plaintiffs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not clear these issues raised under state common law claims are the kinds of issues the Supreme Court may want to insert itself into,”\u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/person/ann-carlson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlson\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high court simply may feel that it’s best left to the state courts to hash out the issues based on prevailing state laws, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Supreme Court may look at this and say these claims do not raise federal, constitutional questions,” Carlson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, she said, the cases will be “long fought,” with the Supreme Court being asked to weigh in at times—and perhaps serving as the final arbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a roll of the dice each time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Big oil and gas companies maneuver to steer the lawsuits into federal court, setting the stage for a possible showdown in the U.S. Supreme Court.",
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"title": "Cities' Lawsuits Seeking Damages for Climate Change Reach Critical Juncture | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">With a dozen state and local governments in court seeking damages related to climate change from fossil fuel companies, the U.S. Supreme Court may be the final stop for an industry seeking protection from billion dollar verdicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">At some point, one of the lawsuits is likely to drop into the lap of the high court and its newly cemented conservative block of justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rhode Island, Baltimore, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27062018/coastal-cities-lawsuit-fossil-fuel-oil-climate-change-sea-level-rise-damage-imperial-beach-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tiny Imperial Beach, California \u003c/a>and the other localities for the most part want the cases tried in state court and out of federal jurisdiction, arguing that climate-induced extreme weather linked to oil and gas consumption has led to billions in property damage and huge remediation costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">ExxonMobil, Chevron, Phillips 66 and the other oil and gas giants, on the other hand, have gone to federal court over the issue of jurisdiction, arguing that the Clean Air Act and other federal laws preempt any claim under state law that carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels cause climate change and related property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On both sides, the stakes couldn’t be higher. The localities and a 13th plaintiff—the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations—want to make the fossil fuel industry responsible for the cost of sea level rise, more intense wildfires, hurricanes and flooding that climate scientists attribute to a warming planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy companies want the opposite—protection from those costs in the form of court rulings that could go all the way to the Supreme Court, holding that global issues like climate change have no business being litigated in either state or federal court. If the high court concurs, it could set environmental, social, political and economic precedents for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 13 climate cases are all now pending federal appeals court rulings that address the jurisdiction question, not the substantive issues linking the fossil fuel companies to climate change. Two cases addressing the question of whether they should be heard in state or federal courts have been argued before federal appellate courts, with rulings expected before summer. Hearings have been scheduled over the next few months for most of the other cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal experts believe the first significant test in the high court could come after one of the federal appeals courts renders an opinion on the jurisdiction issue. The energy companies are counting on a high court ruling that blocks the lawsuits on jurisdictional grounds. That way, the core climate change issues raised by the municipalities will never even be considered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will argue the cases should all be summarily thrown out,” said Pat Parenteau, a professor of environmental law at the Vermont Law School. “They’re counting on the conservative justices being willing to slam the door on climate cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities, states, counties and fishermen’s associations that are plaintiffs in the suits are trying to build the case that fossil fuel companies knew of the dangers created by their products and failed to warn the public, thereby imposing huge costs on communities that have to deal with the impacts of sea level rise and other consequences of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This focus on the conduct of the fossil fuel producers differs from earlier climate cases in which plaintiffs focused on emissions, and blamed the utility and fossil fuel industries for producing the greenhouse gases warming the planet. The Supreme Court ruled in response to those suits that emissions were governed under the Clean Air Act, and as such, were not matters for the courts to consider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the high court has also said that there may be a basis under state common law for some of the more recent cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s over the issue of jurisdiction that the industry will wage its most fierce fight, said Katherine Trisolini, a Loyola Law School professor specializing in climate change and energy law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court is much more likely to consider this procedural question, she said, than to weigh in on matters of substance related to the claims made in the various lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The jurisdiction question is a bit more clear for review,”\u003ca href=\"https://www.lls.edu/faculty/facultylists-z/trisolinikatherine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Trisolini\u003c/a> said. “That’s where the door is most widely open for a Supreme Court review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost as soon as the lawsuits were filed, the fossil fuel companies began the fight to have the cases heard in federal court where the companies believe—on the basis of the earlier rulings on emissions—that they have the advantage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies are arguing that, while the local governments might have fashioned their complaints under state law, they actually involved issues best decided by a federal court, where precedent favors the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, the industry’s efforts to get the climate suits out of the state courts have been largely unsuccessful, setting the stage for the federal appeals. In all but two of the 13 cases, federal district court judges have agreed that the lawsuits should be heard in state courts guided by various state laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062018/california-cities-climate-change-lawsuits-dismissed-fossil-fuels-industry-rising-sea-levels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A federal judge in San Francisco has been the exception, rejecting lawsuits\u003c/a> filed by San Francisco and Oakland on the grounds that state courts were not the proper place to deal with global issues like climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,” U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup wrote in\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4559977-Case-Dismissed-6-25-2018.htmlhttps:/www.documentcloud.org/documents/4559977-Case-Dismissed-6-25-2018.htmlhttps:/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/06/26/climate/document-Judge-Dismisses-Climate-Suit-Against-Oil-Companies.html\"> his opinion.\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, six other California lawsuits, filed by the cities of Imperial Beach, Santa Cruz and Richmond; and the counties of San Mateo, Marin and Santa Cruz, remain in state court after \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4414439-Judge-Chhabria-Rules-IB-Case-to-Stay-in-State.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. District Court Jusge Vincent Chhabria ruled \u003c/a>that was the proper jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, U.S. District Judge Ellen L. Hollander in Maryland, ruling on Baltimore’s climate suit, wrote that the industry’s desire for federal jurisdiction was nothing more than a “hijacking” of state authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To allow the case to move forward in federal court “enhances federal judicial power at the expense of plaintiffs and state courts,” Hollander\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6567331-Baltimore-Judge-Rebuffs-Industry.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> wrote. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She went on to explain that the public nuisance claims alleged by the city could only be decided in a state court. The city, she noted, “nowhere even alleges that the defendants violated any federal statutes or regulations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry didn’t like that slap down, and sent its lawyers to the Supreme Court for help, as it did after two other similarly adverse rulings. They argued before the high court that state cases should not be allowed to move forward until the federal appellate courts resolve the jurisdictional questions about where climate nuisance claims belong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6567332-Fossil-Fuel-Companies-to-SCOTUS-in-Baltimore-Case.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Industry lawyers told the high court\u003c/a>, “It’s difficult to imagine claims that more clearly implicate substantial questions of federal law and require uniform disposition than the claims at issue here.” The lawsuits,” they added, “seek to transform the nation’s energy, environmental, national security and foreign policies by punishing energy companies for lawfully supplying necessary oil and gas resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high court didn’t bite, however. It declined to take up the issue, though the refusal cannot be interpreted as a tip of the court’s hand one way or the other as to whether the justices will eventually invite an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they do, the conservative majority on the high court may seize on the larger question of separation of powers, reasoning that the judiciary should not be part of a resolution to such momentous matters, said\u003ca href=\"https://www.vermontlaw.edu/directory/person/parenteau-pat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Parenteau\u003c/a>, of the Vermont Law School, who has consulted on several of the climate cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In taking up any review, the justices may say, “Courts simply have no business adjudicating disputes over a global problem like climate change,” he said. “The oil industry is providing a vital service to the nation and the world. There is no obvious alternative. What to do about all this is a matter for Congress and the Executive Branch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added: “In other words—the industry’s playbook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significantly, the high court’s refusal to halt state-level proceedings, as the industry had asked, means the cases will go forward pending an appellate court ruling on the jurisdictional issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens the door for the localities to obtain potentially explosive material in the discovery process related to the industry’s knowledge of the links between fossil-fuel combustion and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the industry does not prevail in the pending federal appeals, the Supreme Court may be reluctant to weigh in, said Ann Carlson, an environmental law expert at UCLA School of Law, who has consulted for some of the plaintiffs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not clear these issues raised under state common law claims are the kinds of issues the Supreme Court may want to insert itself into,”\u003ca href=\"https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/person/ann-carlson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlson\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high court simply may feel that it’s best left to the state courts to hash out the issues based on prevailing state laws, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Supreme Court may look at this and say these claims do not raise federal, constitutional questions,” Carlson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, she said, the cases will be “long fought,” with the Supreme Court being asked to weigh in at times—and perhaps serving as the final arbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Fleet Of Cars to Collect Block-by-Block Air Quality Data in Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Fleet Of Cars to Collect Block-by-Block Air Quality Data in Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A fleet of Toyota Priuses equipped with sensors to detect greenhouse gases, particulate matter and other pollutants is monitoring air quality across the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District announced this month that the hybrids will collect block-by-block data from all nine Bay Area counties, spanning more than 5,000 square miles of public roads. The district will use data collected through this year and early 2021 to create hyper-local air quality maps. Those will be available to the public on the BAAQMD’s website starting later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955799\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s fleet of low-emissions cars will measure air quality with a unit of sensors stored in the back. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The air district is partnering with technology company \u003ca href=\"https://aclima.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aclima\u003c/a> to outfit the mobile fleet with sensors that measure pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and fine particulate matter, all detrimental to human health. Aclima will help analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality district executive officer Jack Broadbent says recent wildfires, climate change and federal rollbacks of emission standards have created a need for more precise local air quality tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we need now, more than ever, are facts,” Broadbent said, adding that his agency is going to use “new technologies and approaches to build upon our air quality data to better inform our actions and protect Bay Area residents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has 30 stationary air monitoring stations spread across the region. Data from these stations feeds into the continually updating federal \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AirNow map\u003c/a>. But this data doesn’t reflect the differences in air quality across all Bay Area cities or neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] The Air Quality District’s chief says the data will “help drive the air quality and climate efforts well into the future.”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in \u003cem>Environmental Science & Technology\u003c/em> in 2017 showed that pollution in West Oakland could \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1950648/californians-turn-to-low-cost-sensors-for-highly-local-air-quality-info\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vary significantly from block to block\u003c/a>. The researchers mounted air sensors onto Google Street View cars. Air quality maps that use data from consumer air sensors, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Purple Air\u003c/a>, have painted a similar picture in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The air intake valve on one of the Air District’s new pollution monitoring cars. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the BAAQMD won’t post the new data in real time, it will be compiled over months and used to create a public map of air pollution and greenhouse levels on every block in the Bay Area. The map will be similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://insights.aclima.io/west-oakland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one\u003c/a> created for West Oakland, according to Aclima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new data will help us identify pollution hotspots in order to strengthen and target our actions to reduce emissions … partnering with local governments and communities to protect public health,” said Ranyee Chiang, the BAAQMD’s director of meterology and measurement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadbent says the project will give policymakers accurate data to “help drive the air quality and climate efforts well into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August the district dispatched the first vehicles to the Richmond-San Pablo area. The fleet has since expanded to San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. The rollout will be completed in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives from BAAQMD and Aclima say the Bay Area fleet will eventually number “dozens” of cars that measure air quality 24 hours a day, seven days a week.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A fleet of Toyota Priuses equipped with sensors to detect greenhouse gases, particulate matter and other pollutants is monitoring air quality across the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District announced this month that the hybrids will collect block-by-block data from all nine Bay Area counties, spanning more than 5,000 square miles of public roads. The district will use data collected through this year and early 2021 to create hyper-local air quality maps. Those will be available to the public on the BAAQMD’s website starting later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955799\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s fleet of low-emissions cars will measure air quality with a unit of sensors stored in the back. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The air district is partnering with technology company \u003ca href=\"https://aclima.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aclima\u003c/a> to outfit the mobile fleet with sensors that measure pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and fine particulate matter, all detrimental to human health. Aclima will help analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality district executive officer Jack Broadbent says recent wildfires, climate change and federal rollbacks of emission standards have created a need for more precise local air quality tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we need now, more than ever, are facts,” Broadbent said, adding that his agency is going to use “new technologies and approaches to build upon our air quality data to better inform our actions and protect Bay Area residents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has 30 stationary air monitoring stations spread across the region. Data from these stations feeds into the continually updating federal \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AirNow map\u003c/a>. But this data doesn’t reflect the differences in air quality across all Bay Area cities or neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in \u003cem>Environmental Science & Technology\u003c/em> in 2017 showed that pollution in West Oakland could \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1950648/californians-turn-to-low-cost-sensors-for-highly-local-air-quality-info\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vary significantly from block to block\u003c/a>. The researchers mounted air sensors onto Google Street View cars. Air quality maps that use data from consumer air sensors, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Purple Air\u003c/a>, have painted a similar picture in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The air intake valve on one of the Air District’s new pollution monitoring cars. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the BAAQMD won’t post the new data in real time, it will be compiled over months and used to create a public map of air pollution and greenhouse levels on every block in the Bay Area. The map will be similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://insights.aclima.io/west-oakland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one\u003c/a> created for West Oakland, according to Aclima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new data will help us identify pollution hotspots in order to strengthen and target our actions to reduce emissions … partnering with local governments and communities to protect public health,” said Ranyee Chiang, the BAAQMD’s director of meterology and measurement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadbent says the project will give policymakers accurate data to “help drive the air quality and climate efforts well into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August the district dispatched the first vehicles to the Richmond-San Pablo area. The fleet has since expanded to San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. The rollout will be completed in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives from BAAQMD and Aclima say the Bay Area fleet will eventually number “dozens” of cars that measure air quality 24 hours a day, seven days a week.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here's How Much Better Last Fire Season Was Than the Previous Two",
"headTitle": "Here’s How Much Better Last Fire Season Was Than the Previous Two | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s impossible to divorce the 2019 fire season in Northern California from the two that came immediately before. Those were nothing short of disastrous, so much so that many Californians entered last summer filled with dread of a third consecutive year of incinerated homes, mass evacuations and tragic loss of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, with those recent calamities haunting the state, officials took some unprecedented steps to avert a devastating repeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did they work? Well, judging by the results tallied at the end of the year, \u003cem>something\u003c/em> went right. The number of acres burned was the lowest since 2011, and the wildfire-related death toll dropped to three, down from the dozens of fatalities in both 2017 and 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe id=\"datawrapper-chart-pb0w9\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" title=\"California Wildfire \" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/pb0w9/1/\" height=\"244\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" aria-label=\"Table\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var e in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var t=document.getElementById(\"datawrapper-chart-\"+e)||document.querySelector(\"iframe[src*='\"+e+\"']\");t&&(t.style.height=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][e]+\"px\")}})}();\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most extreme preventive measure came from PG&E, the state’s largest utility, whose transmission line had \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11789259/state-probe-says-pge-missed-deadly-flaw-on-line-that-sparked-camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sparked\u003c/a> the 2018 Camp Fire that killed 85 people and destroyed nearly 14,000 homes. Last fall the company implemented several large-scale power shutoffs affecting up to 2 million people during periods of high-risk for wildfire, and the outages deprived some residents of electricity for as long as a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency procedures evolved as well. During the Kincade Fire, the state’s largest of the year, officials forced about 200,000 residents out of their homes in \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/10239056-181/battle-against-kincade-fire-takes\">reportedly\u003c/a> the biggest evacuation in Sonoma County history. The magnitude of the response was prompted by major \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\">problems\u003c/a> concerning \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11644154/north-bay-fires-what-took-authorities-so-long-to-warn-people\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emergency procedures\u003c/a> during the devastating North Bay Fires of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did not want to repeat that experience,” Sonoma County Supervisor Susan Gorin told KQED’s Lisa Pickoff-White in October. “So they evacuated large numbers of the population in Sonoma County early.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"California Acres Burned\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-1LWY8\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/1LWY8/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"500\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>PG&E’s Planned Outages: Did They Help?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility executed a series power outages when high winds coincided with other dangerous conditions. After PG&E carried out its first shutoff, from Oct. 9 to Oct. 12, the company said it found dozens of locations where downed trees or other equipment failures would have created conditions ripe for a wildfire. “It is possible that any one of these instances could have been a potential source of ignition had a PSPS (public safety power shutoff) not been initiated,” PG&E said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20191014_15_things_you_need_to_know_about_pges_oct_9-12_public_safety_power_shutoff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Gorin, the Sonoma County supervisor, said the power shutoffs at the very least helped in an indirect way. When the Kincade Fire broke out, the county already had its emergency operations center up and running in response to the outage, “because we needed to work with the community,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth noting that PG&E has acknowleded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11782609/map-pge-transmission-lines-near-kincade-fire-ignition-point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">malfunctioning\u003c/a> of one of its transmission lines near the origin of the Kincade Fire just seven minutes before the blaze ignited. Ironically, the line was located in an area subject to one of the company’s planned outages, but only on lower-voltage lines. (The official cause of the Kincade Fire is still under investigation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever good may have come from the outages — which PG&E says will continue — \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2019/10/10/unacceptable-pge-faces-backlash-over-power-shutoff-as-newsom-increases-criticism/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">officials\u003c/a> hurled \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/business/energy-environment/pge-blackout-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">withering criticism\u003c/a> at the company for poor execution in keeping the public informed during the blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Fortuitous Weather\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Other factors most certainly contributed to a relatively subdued fire year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">From year to year, there are dramatic differences in weather and forest conditions. Last year, the wet winter helped to dampen potential fuel, as did a late-May rain that left vegetation with high levels of moisture throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The moderate weather pattern this year was very conducive to the [low] totals that we have as far as acres burned,” said Scott McLean, a Cal Fire spokesman. “In 2017 and 2018 you saw hundred-degree weather that was consistent for weeks at a time\u003cb> \u003c/b>with winds. This year … started out with a good weather pattern. We stayed in that moderate weather pattern, but really no wind. Until you hit the fall, and then you started seeing fires because the wind picked up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">California was also lucky, given the risk caused by wind storms repeatedly sweeping across Northern California’s parched chaparral in October and early November, before the region received any rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warming Climate, Intensifying Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reasons for a less horrifying year — better policy, good weather, luck — it’s obviously too early to declare victory, especially with the acceleration of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect there to be big year-to-year swings in the area burned by fire, even though, in general, climate change is creating upward pressure on fire risk,” said Alex Hall, director of the Center for Climate Science at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kincade Fire was driven by a series of unique wind events, and while there’s no evidence that climate change is causing stronger winds, Jim Randerson, a climate and ecology scientist at UC Irvine, says global warming could be contributing to a decrease in wind humidity in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That decline in humidity increases the fire risk, even if the wind strength remains similar,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Stephanie Herring, a climate scientist with the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, says the research is increasingly clear that hotter, drier summer conditions play a big role in wildfires’ increasing intensity.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Fires are driven by an incredibly complex set of factors,” said Herring, the \u003c/span>editor of the \u003cspan class=\"s3\">\u003ci>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society’s \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/explaining-extreme-events-from-a-climate-perspective/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on attribution science, which calculates how much climate change contributes to specific natural disasters. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">“There have been numerous papers now that showed climate change is increasing the risk of wildfires in the West, in particular.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which means wildfire is likely going to be an issue for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "After two straight years of disastrous and terrifying wildfires, California in 2019 had a much milder fire season. What went right?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s impossible to divorce the 2019 fire season in Northern California from the two that came immediately before. Those were nothing short of disastrous, so much so that many Californians entered last summer filled with dread of a third consecutive year of incinerated homes, mass evacuations and tragic loss of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, with those recent calamities haunting the state, officials took some unprecedented steps to avert a devastating repeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did they work? Well, judging by the results tallied at the end of the year, \u003cem>something\u003c/em> went right. The number of acres burned was the lowest since 2011, and the wildfire-related death toll dropped to three, down from the dozens of fatalities in both 2017 and 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe id=\"datawrapper-chart-pb0w9\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" title=\"California Wildfire \" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/pb0w9/1/\" height=\"244\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" aria-label=\"Table\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\">!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var e in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var t=document.getElementById(\"datawrapper-chart-\"+e)||document.querySelector(\"iframe[src*='\"+e+\"']\");t&&(t.style.height=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][e]+\"px\")}})}();\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most extreme preventive measure came from PG&E, the state’s largest utility, whose transmission line had \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11789259/state-probe-says-pge-missed-deadly-flaw-on-line-that-sparked-camp-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sparked\u003c/a> the 2018 Camp Fire that killed 85 people and destroyed nearly 14,000 homes. Last fall the company implemented several large-scale power shutoffs affecting up to 2 million people during periods of high-risk for wildfire, and the outages deprived some residents of electricity for as long as a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency procedures evolved as well. During the Kincade Fire, the state’s largest of the year, officials forced about 200,000 residents out of their homes in \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/10239056-181/battle-against-kincade-fire-takes\">reportedly\u003c/a> the biggest evacuation in Sonoma County history. The magnitude of the response was prompted by major \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\">problems\u003c/a> concerning \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11644154/north-bay-fires-what-took-authorities-so-long-to-warn-people\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emergency procedures\u003c/a> during the devastating North Bay Fires of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did not want to repeat that experience,” Sonoma County Supervisor Susan Gorin told KQED’s Lisa Pickoff-White in October. “So they evacuated large numbers of the population in Sonoma County early.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"California Acres Burned\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-1LWY8\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/1LWY8/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"500\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>PG&E’s Planned Outages: Did They Help?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility executed a series power outages when high winds coincided with other dangerous conditions. After PG&E carried out its first shutoff, from Oct. 9 to Oct. 12, the company said it found dozens of locations where downed trees or other equipment failures would have created conditions ripe for a wildfire. “It is possible that any one of these instances could have been a potential source of ignition had a PSPS (public safety power shutoff) not been initiated,” PG&E said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index.page?title=20191014_15_things_you_need_to_know_about_pges_oct_9-12_public_safety_power_shutoff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Gorin, the Sonoma County supervisor, said the power shutoffs at the very least helped in an indirect way. When the Kincade Fire broke out, the county already had its emergency operations center up and running in response to the outage, “because we needed to work with the community,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth noting that PG&E has acknowleded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11782609/map-pge-transmission-lines-near-kincade-fire-ignition-point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">malfunctioning\u003c/a> of one of its transmission lines near the origin of the Kincade Fire just seven minutes before the blaze ignited. Ironically, the line was located in an area subject to one of the company’s planned outages, but only on lower-voltage lines. (The official cause of the Kincade Fire is still under investigation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever good may have come from the outages — which PG&E says will continue — \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2019/10/10/unacceptable-pge-faces-backlash-over-power-shutoff-as-newsom-increases-criticism/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">officials\u003c/a> hurled \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/business/energy-environment/pge-blackout-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">withering criticism\u003c/a> at the company for poor execution in keeping the public informed during the blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Fortuitous Weather\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Other factors most certainly contributed to a relatively subdued fire year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">From year to year, there are dramatic differences in weather and forest conditions. Last year, the wet winter helped to dampen potential fuel, as did a late-May rain that left vegetation with high levels of moisture throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“The moderate weather pattern this year was very conducive to the [low] totals that we have as far as acres burned,” said Scott McLean, a Cal Fire spokesman. “In 2017 and 2018 you saw hundred-degree weather that was consistent for weeks at a time\u003cb> \u003c/b>with winds. This year … started out with a good weather pattern. We stayed in that moderate weather pattern, but really no wind. Until you hit the fall, and then you started seeing fires because the wind picked up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">California was also lucky, given the risk caused by wind storms repeatedly sweeping across Northern California’s parched chaparral in October and early November, before the region received any rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warming Climate, Intensifying Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reasons for a less horrifying year — better policy, good weather, luck — it’s obviously too early to declare victory, especially with the acceleration of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect there to be big year-to-year swings in the area burned by fire, even though, in general, climate change is creating upward pressure on fire risk,” said Alex Hall, director of the Center for Climate Science at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kincade Fire was driven by a series of unique wind events, and while there’s no evidence that climate change is causing stronger winds, Jim Randerson, a climate and ecology scientist at UC Irvine, says global warming could be contributing to a decrease in wind humidity in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That decline in humidity increases the fire risk, even if the wind strength remains similar,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Stephanie Herring, a climate scientist with the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, says the research is increasingly clear that hotter, drier summer conditions play a big role in wildfires’ increasing intensity.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Fires are driven by an incredibly complex set of factors,” said Herring, the \u003c/span>editor of the \u003cspan class=\"s3\">\u003ci>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society’s \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/explaining-extreme-events-from-a-climate-perspective/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> on attribution science, which calculates how much climate change contributes to specific natural disasters. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">“There have been numerous papers now that showed climate change is increasing the risk of wildfires in the West, in particular.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which means wildfire is likely going to be an issue for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New California Environmental Laws Now in Effect",
"headTitle": "New California Environmental Laws Now in Effect | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It happens every January…\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New year, new laws. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From a ban on smoking at state beaches and parks to a requirement that new homes include solar panels, here is some of the California environmental legislation that took effect Jan. 1, 2020.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Panels Required on New California Homes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674075032/california-gives-final-ok-to-requiring-solar-panels-on-new-houses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mandate\u003c/a> approved by the California Building Standards Commission in 2018 now requires that new homes built in the state include solar panels. The new standard applies to single- and multifamily residences up to three stories. The law is aimed at helping the state reach its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">goal\u003c/a> of 100 percent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/renewable-and-non-renewable-energy-resources-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smoking Ban at State Beaches and Parks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoking and vaping are \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer permitted\u003c/a> at California state beaches or parks. The fine for breaking the new law runs up to $25. Also prohibited in those areas: disposing of used cigarettes or cigars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No More Exotic Animals at the Circus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go to the circus in 2020, don’t expect to see juggling monkeys, roaring lions or trained elephants. That’s because \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a new law\u003c/a> restricts the exhibition or use of animals in circuses to dogs, cats and domesticated horses. Violations can draw fines of up to $25,000 per day. Rodeos are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animal Testing in Cosmetics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Makeup and other cosmetics that were tested on animals can \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer\u003c/a> be sold or manufactured in California. A federal judge has temporarily issued a restraining order blocking enforcement of a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1260\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate law\u003c/a> that prohibits the sale of products made from alligator or crocodile skin, pending an April hearing on the state of Louisiana’s request for a preliminary injunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfire Warning Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new law \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB209\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">establishes\u003c/a> a wildfire warning center to better predict weather conditions and share information around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Power Shutoffs \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investor-owned utilities are required to\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> draft plans\u003c/a> to lessen the negative effects of pre-emptive power outages aimed at preventing electric equipment from sparking fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emergency Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">must now include\u003c/a> “cultural competence” into emergency plans. The law is partially a response to elderly and non-English-speaking residents who missed emergency alerts during the state’s recent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It happens every January…\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New year, new laws. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From a ban on smoking at state beaches and parks to a requirement that new homes include solar panels, here is some of the California environmental legislation that took effect Jan. 1, 2020.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Panels Required on New California Homes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674075032/california-gives-final-ok-to-requiring-solar-panels-on-new-houses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mandate\u003c/a> approved by the California Building Standards Commission in 2018 now requires that new homes built in the state include solar panels. The new standard applies to single- and multifamily residences up to three stories. The law is aimed at helping the state reach its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">goal\u003c/a> of 100 percent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/renewable-and-non-renewable-energy-resources-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smoking Ban at State Beaches and Parks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoking and vaping are \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer permitted\u003c/a> at California state beaches or parks. The fine for breaking the new law runs up to $25. Also prohibited in those areas: disposing of used cigarettes or cigars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No More Exotic Animals at the Circus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go to the circus in 2020, don’t expect to see juggling monkeys, roaring lions or trained elephants. That’s because \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a new law\u003c/a> restricts the exhibition or use of animals in circuses to dogs, cats and domesticated horses. Violations can draw fines of up to $25,000 per day. Rodeos are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animal Testing in Cosmetics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Makeup and other cosmetics that were tested on animals can \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer\u003c/a> be sold or manufactured in California. A federal judge has temporarily issued a restraining order blocking enforcement of a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1260\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate law\u003c/a> that prohibits the sale of products made from alligator or crocodile skin, pending an April hearing on the state of Louisiana’s request for a preliminary injunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfire Warning Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new law \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB209\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">establishes\u003c/a> a wildfire warning center to better predict weather conditions and share information around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Power Shutoffs \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investor-owned utilities are required to\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> draft plans\u003c/a> to lessen the negative effects of pre-emptive power outages aimed at preventing electric equipment from sparking fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emergency Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">must now include\u003c/a> “cultural competence” into emergency plans. The law is partially a response to elderly and non-English-speaking residents who missed emergency alerts during the state’s recent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has released a list of the agency’s most epic satellite images from 2019. From NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">site\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It was a year of record-breaking tropical cyclones—in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Many parts of the globe were ravaged by wildfires in 2019 while the wonders of our solar system were on full display. … With their lofty view from space, NOAA satellites can see both the awe-inspiring beauty and the sobering destruction that Mother Nature creates across our dynamic blue planet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the captivating images …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Total Solar Eclipse Spreads Darkness Across the Southern Hemisphere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/a-celestrial-treat.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 2, people in parts of Chile and Argentina witnessed the moon entirely obscure the sun. At the same time, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite tracked the moon’s shadow spreading over South America and the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kincade Fire’s Long Plume \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/americas-on-fire-1.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gusting winds blew the Kincade Fire’s massive smoke plume hundreds of miles away from the blaze in Sonoma County. On Oct. 27, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite caught the fire’s smoke streaming over the Pacific Ocean. Look closely and you can see smoke wafting from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11783200/glen-cove-fire-in-vallejo-closes-carquinez-bridge-and-portion-of-i-80-evacuations-ordered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate fire in Vallejo\u003c/a> that briefly closed the Carquinez Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Eye of the Hurricane \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dorian_eye_nologo.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite had a view straight into the eye of Hurricane Dorian as it swirled around Abaco Island, Bahamas, on Sept. 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Can Look At the Sun With a Solar Ultraviolet Imager \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/glassy-sun.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a special telescope, NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite can capture images of the sun by recording its ultraviolet radiation. On March 8, 2019, the satellite saw the eruption of a solar flare on the sun’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloud Formations Around Hawaii \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/Hawaii%20clouds2.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back on Earth, NOAA’s GOES-17 satellite flew over Hawaii on Jan. 15, 2019, as clouds formed around the Big Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust Plumes off Western Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/dust-in-the-wind.gif\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite scoped one of the largest dust plumes of the year billowing across the Atlantic Ocean from the Sahara Desert on Aug. 26, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/2019-look-best-images-above\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More images on NOAA’s website here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Wildfire Smoke, Once Considered Sterile, Teems With Life",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wildfire smoke can transport ash, dust and pollution over hundreds of miles. Fire scientists are finding it can also transport living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.uidaho.edu/cnr/faculty/kobziar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Leda Kobziar\u003c/a> had just learned some snow-making machines use bacteria to seed ice crystals when she went on a prescribed burn with her University of Florida students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I just started thinking about the smoke in a new way and just wondering if there might be anything living in it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kobziar, now with the University of Idaho, \u003ca href=\"https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm19/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/559426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">presented the research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/fall-meeting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Geophysical Union conference\u003c/a> this week in San Francisco. She and colleagues sampled the living contents of smoke during fires by leaving open Petri dishes and flying drones through smoke at varying distances. Then they compared what was collected to the contents of ambient (non-smoky) air. They sampled for abundance and diversity by culturing colonies and analyzing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out a surprising amount and diversity of bacterial cells and fungal spores gets lofted into wildfire smoke during a fire. The more severe the burn, the more cells it transports. This is a newly emerging area of research, but Kobziar thinks these microbes have the potential to affect human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are numerous allergens that we’ve found in the smoke. And so it may be that some people who are sensitive to smoke have that sensitivity, not only because of the particulate matter and the smoke, but also because there are some biological organisms in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She believes these microbes are also affecting precipitation, as the cells can act as nuclei around which ice crystals can form more effectively than they can around dust. Possibly, she says, wildfire smoke has been a driving factor in the global distribution of microbial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that the role that wildland fire is playing in transporting organisms through smoke has probably had some influence on the evolution of species as well and development of communities,” Kobziar said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildfire smoke can transport ash, dust and pollution over hundreds of miles. Fire scientists are finding it can also transport living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.uidaho.edu/cnr/faculty/kobziar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Leda Kobziar\u003c/a> had just learned some snow-making machines use bacteria to seed ice crystals when she went on a prescribed burn with her University of Florida students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I just started thinking about the smoke in a new way and just wondering if there might be anything living in it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kobziar, now with the University of Idaho, \u003ca href=\"https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm19/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/559426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">presented the research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.agu.org/fall-meeting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Geophysical Union conference\u003c/a> this week in San Francisco. She and colleagues sampled the living contents of smoke during fires by leaving open Petri dishes and flying drones through smoke at varying distances. Then they compared what was collected to the contents of ambient (non-smoky) air. They sampled for abundance and diversity by culturing colonies and analyzing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out a surprising amount and diversity of bacterial cells and fungal spores gets lofted into wildfire smoke during a fire. The more severe the burn, the more cells it transports. This is a newly emerging area of research, but Kobziar thinks these microbes have the potential to affect human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are numerous allergens that we’ve found in the smoke. And so it may be that some people who are sensitive to smoke have that sensitivity, not only because of the particulate matter and the smoke, but also because there are some biological organisms in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She believes these microbes are also affecting precipitation, as the cells can act as nuclei around which ice crystals can form more effectively than they can around dust. Possibly, she says, wildfire smoke has been a driving factor in the global distribution of microbial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that the role that wildland fire is playing in transporting organisms through smoke has probably had some influence on the evolution of species as well and development of communities,” Kobziar said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Devastating wildfires in California. A sweltering drought in the American Southwest. Punishing heat waves in Europe and Asia. Record-low sea ice in the Bering Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"Stephanie Herring, NOAA\"]‘Climate change is impacting the weather we are experiencing today. It is not something we are talking about in the future. It is here now, and it is having real implications right now.’[/pullquote]Scientists detected the fingerprints of human-caused warming on each of these extreme weather events from 2018, according to the \u003cem>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society\u003c/em>‘s latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/explaining-extreme-events-from-a-climate-perspective/\">report\u003c/a>, called “Explaining Extreme Events from a Climate Perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report’s editor, NOAA climate scientist Stephanie Herring, says researchers have found mounting evidence linking climate change to specific heat waves, droughts and other extreme weather events. She presented the findings at the American Geophysical Union’s annual conference in San Francisco Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is impacting the weather we are experiencing today,” Herring said. “It is not something we are talking about in the future. It is here now, and it is having real implications right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Rosenfeld, the Bulletin’s editor-in-chief, says the science of determining the impact of climate on weather events, presented in research called attribution studies, has become increasingly powerful and reveals the stark reality of humanity’s contribution to extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are living in a new climate,” he said. “We have made a new atmosphere and are playing out a new experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951453\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1951453 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-1200x843.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-1200x843.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephanie Herring, a climate scientist with NOAA, presenting at the American Geophysical Union’s fall 2019 conference. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the last eight years, 73% of the 168 peer-reviewed studies the journal published on the influence of climate change on weather-related catastrophes found that climate played some role in those events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2016, researchers have identified some phenomena, like the rapidly warming waters in the Bering Sea, that would not have occurred without global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone expected that we would get to this point someday,” Herring said. “We didn’t think it would happen so quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 21 peer-reviewed studies on the extreme events of 2018, only one did not implicate global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herring cautioned that scientists still need to study each extreme weather event closely to determine the exact role of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People cannot assume, for example, that every major wildfire in California is a result of global warming. The impacts of any \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">particular wildfire\u003c/a> are driven by an array of factors, including urban sprawl, wind and lack of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An increasing number of studies could be detecting the impact of climate change, in part, because the scientific models have become more refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Herring is clear that warming is definitely impacting weather in new ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s now been 15 years since the publication of what is considered the first research on the role of climate change in extreme weather, and during that time the evidence that human-caused climate change is impacting weather events has only been increasing,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The science of attributing the role of climate change in extreme weather continues to improve, resulting in strong evidence that a warming planet is impacting heat waves, floods and other disasters. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Scientists detected the fingerprints of human-caused warming on each of these extreme weather events from 2018, according to the \u003cem>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society\u003c/em>‘s latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/explaining-extreme-events-from-a-climate-perspective/\">report\u003c/a>, called “Explaining Extreme Events from a Climate Perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report’s editor, NOAA climate scientist Stephanie Herring, says researchers have found mounting evidence linking climate change to specific heat waves, droughts and other extreme weather events. She presented the findings at the American Geophysical Union’s annual conference in San Francisco Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is impacting the weather we are experiencing today,” Herring said. “It is not something we are talking about in the future. It is here now, and it is having real implications right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Rosenfeld, the Bulletin’s editor-in-chief, says the science of determining the impact of climate on weather events, presented in research called attribution studies, has become increasingly powerful and reveals the stark reality of humanity’s contribution to extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are living in a new climate,” he said. “We have made a new atmosphere and are playing out a new experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951453\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1951453 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-1200x843.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-1200x843.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AGU_003.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephanie Herring, a climate scientist with NOAA, presenting at the American Geophysical Union’s fall 2019 conference. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the last eight years, 73% of the 168 peer-reviewed studies the journal published on the influence of climate change on weather-related catastrophes found that climate played some role in those events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2016, researchers have identified some phenomena, like the rapidly warming waters in the Bering Sea, that would not have occurred without global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone expected that we would get to this point someday,” Herring said. “We didn’t think it would happen so quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 21 peer-reviewed studies on the extreme events of 2018, only one did not implicate global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herring cautioned that scientists still need to study each extreme weather event closely to determine the exact role of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People cannot assume, for example, that every major wildfire in California is a result of global warming. The impacts of any \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">particular wildfire\u003c/a> are driven by an array of factors, including urban sprawl, wind and lack of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An increasing number of studies could be detecting the impact of climate change, in part, because the scientific models have become more refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Herring is clear that warming is definitely impacting weather in new ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s now been 15 years since the publication of what is considered the first research on the role of climate change in extreme weather, and during that time the evidence that human-caused climate change is impacting weather events has only been increasing,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=67&v=hjIRI4hbkmg&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>In the InsideClimate News documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey share the stories of people trying to rebuild lives splintered by three weather-related disasters. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore the videos and essays here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Four months after the Camp Fire incinerated his home and the entire nearby town of Paradise, California, Randy Larsen sat on the steps of his RV and struggled to process what he’d survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He remembered seeing the smoke and fire in Paradise across the canyon and the traffic streaming down the Skyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I still hadn’t pieced it all together,” he said. “I mean, I think I realized that there was an evacuation from Paradise, but I didn’t assume it was on fire. I assumed it—I don’t know what I assumed that day. The idea that the town had burned up … was nowhere in my imagination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">His inability to comprehend the disaster he’d endured—a wildfire that jumped the length of a football field each second—was echoed by survivors of Hurricane Michael, the first Category 5 storm to hit the Florida Panhandle, and some of the most destructive flooding to inundate the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the year-long documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, InsideClimate News reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey found shared experiences in the aftermath of extreme weather and climate-related disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In dozens of interviews, victims and survivors used a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">common language of loss\u003c/a>, describing their communities in terms normally reserved for war zones. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds evoked what they’d lost\u003c/a>—exploding propane tanks, beeping smoke detectors in piles of rubble, chainsaws cutting through downed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Often, they drew strength from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the animals they cared for\u003c/a>. As emergency planners learned in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, some Americans love their animals so much they’re willing to risk their lives for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">A country accustomed to taking in refugees from around the globe now found itself dealing with climate refugees made here in America. The sheer destructive force of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/wildfire-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfires\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/hurricane-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hurricanes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/floods-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">river flooding\u003c/a> had rattled assumptions about the limits of disaster as climate change has increasingly eroded people’s sense of security across the American landscape, the interviews showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Read the essays on the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Language of Loss\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds that Trigger Trauma\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bonds Between People and Animals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">And there was a relentlessness to calamities: As reporters found victims of Hurricane Michael and the Camp Fire still in the throes of recovery in March, the devastating floods struck Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Some survivors acknowledged climate change as a influence in the disasters. Others didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Randy Larsen saw the Camp Fire, which killed 85 people in Butte County, as an obvious consequence of a warming planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I grew up in California,” he said. “We’ve never had wildfires in November. We can fix all the power lines that PG&E was perhaps negligent in dealing with, we can fix all of those things, but we’re still going to have this tinderbox of a forest. Unless we do something about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=16BGKwjP2ms&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louis Byford, a farmer in Corning, Missouri, whose home fared only slightly better in the flooding than Larsen’s had in the fire, was having none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There’s been changes taking place since God created earth,” he said. “We are simply kidding ourselves if we think we can control anything. It’s just part of God’s creation. The cycle. The come and go, the ebb and flow, whatever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Byford found himself haunted by the calculus of loss, struggling to rebuild a farmhouse his wife wouldn’t live in anymore. “Where does that leave me?” Byford asked. “I told you I’m a determined man. I’ll give this compassion and patience. I may be a bachelor living here. It’s a burden that I can’t get rid of, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists point out that there is broad consensus that global warming will fuel more wildfires, floods and intense hurricanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research shows that climate change has made California hotter and drier and more prone to wildfires. Summertime average temperatures in the state have risen 3.2 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 1800s, nearly all of it over the last 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The northern Great Plains are expected to see more drought, intense rainfall and flooding as the planet warms. The 12-month period leading up to February 2019 was the fifth-wettest stretch of weather in Nebraska since 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The oceans are now warmer than they have been in 125,000 years, providing more energy to fuel the destructive power of hurricanes like Michael.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perched on the steps of his RV in Butte Creek Canyon, Larsen sees little reason for optimism over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I wish I could say this is the new normal, but that would be profoundly optimistic if it stayed at being just this bad,” he said. “And I haven’t seen any research that suggests that it’s going to level off. The best research says maybe what? Two degrees (Celsius) increase by the turn of the century? That’s super optimistic. I think these are the good ol’ days, in terms of wildfire in California, and that’s a bit heartbreaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Explore the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/hjIRI4hbkmg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/hjIRI4hbkmg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>In the InsideClimate News documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey share the stories of people trying to rebuild lives splintered by three weather-related disasters. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore the videos and essays here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Four months after the Camp Fire incinerated his home and the entire nearby town of Paradise, California, Randy Larsen sat on the steps of his RV and struggled to process what he’d survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He remembered seeing the smoke and fire in Paradise across the canyon and the traffic streaming down the Skyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I still hadn’t pieced it all together,” he said. “I mean, I think I realized that there was an evacuation from Paradise, but I didn’t assume it was on fire. I assumed it—I don’t know what I assumed that day. The idea that the town had burned up … was nowhere in my imagination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">His inability to comprehend the disaster he’d endured—a wildfire that jumped the length of a football field each second—was echoed by survivors of Hurricane Michael, the first Category 5 storm to hit the Florida Panhandle, and some of the most destructive flooding to inundate the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the year-long documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, InsideClimate News reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey found shared experiences in the aftermath of extreme weather and climate-related disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In dozens of interviews, victims and survivors used a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">common language of loss\u003c/a>, describing their communities in terms normally reserved for war zones. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds evoked what they’d lost\u003c/a>—exploding propane tanks, beeping smoke detectors in piles of rubble, chainsaws cutting through downed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Often, they drew strength from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the animals they cared for\u003c/a>. As emergency planners learned in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, some Americans love their animals so much they’re willing to risk their lives for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">A country accustomed to taking in refugees from around the globe now found itself dealing with climate refugees made here in America. The sheer destructive force of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/wildfire-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfires\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/hurricane-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hurricanes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/floods-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">river flooding\u003c/a> had rattled assumptions about the limits of disaster as climate change has increasingly eroded people’s sense of security across the American landscape, the interviews showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Read the essays on the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Language of Loss\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds that Trigger Trauma\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bonds Between People and Animals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">And there was a relentlessness to calamities: As reporters found victims of Hurricane Michael and the Camp Fire still in the throes of recovery in March, the devastating floods struck Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Some survivors acknowledged climate change as a influence in the disasters. Others didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Randy Larsen saw the Camp Fire, which killed 85 people in Butte County, as an obvious consequence of a warming planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I grew up in California,” he said. “We’ve never had wildfires in November. We can fix all the power lines that PG&E was perhaps negligent in dealing with, we can fix all of those things, but we’re still going to have this tinderbox of a forest. Unless we do something about climate change.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/16BGKwjP2ms'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/16BGKwjP2ms'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louis Byford, a farmer in Corning, Missouri, whose home fared only slightly better in the flooding than Larsen’s had in the fire, was having none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There’s been changes taking place since God created earth,” he said. “We are simply kidding ourselves if we think we can control anything. It’s just part of God’s creation. The cycle. The come and go, the ebb and flow, whatever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Byford found himself haunted by the calculus of loss, struggling to rebuild a farmhouse his wife wouldn’t live in anymore. “Where does that leave me?” Byford asked. “I told you I’m a determined man. I’ll give this compassion and patience. I may be a bachelor living here. It’s a burden that I can’t get rid of, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists point out that there is broad consensus that global warming will fuel more wildfires, floods and intense hurricanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research shows that climate change has made California hotter and drier and more prone to wildfires. Summertime average temperatures in the state have risen 3.2 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 1800s, nearly all of it over the last 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The northern Great Plains are expected to see more drought, intense rainfall and flooding as the planet warms. The 12-month period leading up to February 2019 was the fifth-wettest stretch of weather in Nebraska since 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The oceans are now warmer than they have been in 125,000 years, providing more energy to fuel the destructive power of hurricanes like Michael.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perched on the steps of his RV in Butte Creek Canyon, Larsen sees little reason for optimism over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I wish I could say this is the new normal, but that would be profoundly optimistic if it stayed at being just this bad,” he said. “And I haven’t seen any research that suggests that it’s going to level off. The best research says maybe what? Two degrees (Celsius) increase by the turn of the century? That’s super optimistic. I think these are the good ol’ days, in terms of wildfire in California, and that’s a bit heartbreaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Explore the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Researchers Probe the Toxic Soup From Wildfire",
"headTitle": "Researchers Probe the Toxic Soup From Wildfire | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Matt Rahn was about 200 feet away when flames started climbing up the side of the garage and creeping toward the car inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://news.csusm.edu/csusm-wildland-firefighting-research/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A wildfire researcher\u003c/a> with California State University San Marcos, Rahn was at the edge of \u003ca href=\"https://fire.ca.gov/incidents/2014/7/25/sand-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a fire that would go on to burn 4,240 acres\u003c/a> across California’s Amador and El Dorado counties. He was there to study the smoke rising off blackening shrubs and trees. Watching the garage burn, though, he realized that firefighters fending off flames without any real lung protection were inhaling more than airborne remnants of burnt plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about the average home, all the chemicals and things that are in there, not to mention all the building materials and furniture,” said Rahn, who also is \u003ca href=\"https://temeculaca.gov/904/Council-Member-Matt-Rahn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a member of \u003c/a>Temecula’s city council. “That’s when we started really thinking about what happens. What’s in the smoke when you have all that complicated fuel being combusted at the same time?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was in 2014, when wildfires burned 568 buildings across the state. Fire season is not yet over this year and the toll already is higher: three people dead and 732 buildings burned. And the state is still recovering from back-to-back years of catastrophic fires that killed 137 people and damaged or destroyed nearly 35,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/6/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change primes the West to burn\u003c/a> and more \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/13/3314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">people build closer to nature\u003c/a>, the question of what’s in the smoke when fires tear through wilderness and homes alike is still far from being answered. Yet the health of those breathing the smoke — like the firefighters battling the flames — depends on real data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re trying to keep California from burning down,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.yourcsd.com/161/Message-from-the-Fire-Chief\">Michael McLaughlin\u003c/a>, chief of the Cosumnes Fire Department and legislative director of the \u003ca href=\"https://calchiefs.org/who-we-are/committees/legislative-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Fire Chiefs Association\u003c/a>. “But how do we put emphasis on those that we’re putting between the fire and the communities we’re trying to save?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On People’s Radar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wildfire burns through grasslands, forests, and chaparral, the blaze \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">churns out fine airborne particles\u003c/a> that can irritate the lungs and have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">linked to heart and lung problems\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/wildfire-smoke/wildfire-smoke-guide-revised-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">premature death\u003c/a>. Deadly gases like carbon monoxide and irritating, potentially cancer-causing chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mix into the smoke cloud as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a complex soup with ingredients that can change depending on the fuel and the ferocity of the fire. And as the chemicals stew in the atmosphere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they continue to react\u003c/a> — breaking apart and joining together to create new ingredients to inhale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning buildings and cars typically make up only a small proportion of wildfire smoke, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.firelab.org/profile/urbanski-shawn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shawn Urbanski\u003c/a>, a research physical scientist at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory — but their contributions are starting to capture scientists’ attention. “With these recent fires, it’s really sort of gotten on people’s radar,” Urbanski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For folks inhaling smoke far from its source, toxic emissions from burning cars and houses are likely to pose less of a health risk as they’re diluted away. “All the way down in the Bay Area, probably the smoke from the Paradise Fire was pretty much just wood smoke,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/john.balmes\">John Balmes\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, wood smoke isn’t benign; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">researchers\u003c/a> as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/the-smokes-gone-but-hearts-and-lungs-still-may-be-in-danger-months-after-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reporters at Reveal\u003c/a> found increases in emergency room visits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">for heart\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-016-0146-8#Sec4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">breathing problems\u003c/a> after exposure to wildfire smoke. But for people immediately downwind and for the firefighters battling the flames, the metals, carcinogens, and toxic air pollutants rising from burning homes and cars could present an additional hazard. “It definitely is an occupational risk for the firefighters when they’re trying to save buildings, and for community exposures,” Balmes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know that municipal firefighters battling structure fires in towns and cities can run into heavy metals as well as all \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326815/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kinds of cancer-causing chemicals\u003c/a>, like formaldehyde, benzene, and asbestos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also more \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prone to getting cancer\u003c/a> than the general population, according to a massive study of 30,000 firefighters in San Francisco, Chicago, and Philadelphia. The paper, published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499779/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in the journal \u003cem>Occupational and Environmental Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> reported an increase in certain cancers, including of the esophagus, lungs, mouth and throat, large intestine, and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There haven’t been any similar long-term epidemiology studies of firefighters battling blazes in the wilderness, according to a deep dive into the scientific literature that was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2016_adetona001.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Inhalation Toxicology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter-term studies, however, have reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2011.617790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small drops in lung function\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/32/1/129.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increased inflammation\u003c/a> among wildland firefighters exposed to smoke. Kathleen Navarro is a research industrial hygienist at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health who has worked as a wildland firefighter. She estimated in a recent study published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30981117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that based on their smoke exposures, wildland firefighters may be at greater risk of dying from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters also tend to battle conflagrations without any lung protection beyond a bandana or a mask to filter out airborne particles — even when they’re working where wilderness and homes intersect, a junction known as the wildland urban interface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For structure fires in towns or cities, firefighters typically use a breathing apparatus equipped with a clean air tank that lasts about 20 to 30 minutes, according to Cosumnes Fire Chief McLaughlin. That’s not feasible for wildland firefighters who can end up working long shifts, in treacherous terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why figuring out what’s in the smoke, and what it means for health, is so important, said Jesse Estrada, the department safety officer for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, also known as Cal Fire. “You get exposed to a lot of stuff over the years, and the body takes a beatdown,” he said. “We need to understand what the short term and long term effects are. The only way to know that is to let time pass as they do the research, and truly see what we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Different Landscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the people driving this research is Aida Rodriguez, a master’s student working with Matt Rahn at CSU San Marcos. The day after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2019/10/23/kincade-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kincade fire\u003c/a> started in Sonoma County, Rodriguez hopped on a plane with a pink duffle bag full of pre-labeled glass vials, patches made out of the same Nomex material in firefighters’ uniforms, and fabric staplers. Airport security, Rodriguez said, “were concerned about everything in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, under a reddish haze of smoke on the horizon and the faint smell of camp fires in the air, Rodriguez got to work. Balancing the vials and Nomex patches on the front of a fire engine at the base camp in Santa Rosa, she tacked the material to the outside and the inside of the firefighters’ gear. She was done in about 20 minutes. “I was fast and furiously going through it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four hours later, it was Rahn who was in charge of ripping the patches from the returning firefighters’ uniforms, pushing them into the glass vials, and mailing them to an independent lab in Ohio for testing. His team’s goal is to find out which chemicals settle on the outside of the firefighters’ uniforms while they’re fighting the flames, and which ones soak through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they harmful chemicals? Are they cancer causing?” Rodriguez said. “If that’s something we can answer, then you can develop a decontamination protocol to mitigate the exposure to those chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists across the country are asking these questions. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-03/documents/holderamara_biosketche_aemd.pdf\">Amara Holder\u003c/a>, a scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is working with the U.S. Forest Service to review what we know — and what we don’t — about the air pollution from fires that burn homes and wilderness together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high for firefighters and other emergency responders, and for the people living close to a conflagration. “You’ve got smoke from a house, or a car, as well as trees,” Holder said. “It’s just a different landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key will be measuring what’s in the smoke, and determining how far these pollutants travel — as some might dissipate before they reach nearby towns, and some might not. Figuring that out could help guide evacuations and determine when and where wildland firefighters need to wear protective equipment. “Then we’ll know what we need to do to protect people,” Holder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navarro, the scientist who has worked as a wildland firefighter, is taking an even closer\u003cem> \u003c/em>look at wildland firefighter health — by studying their bodily fluids. She and a team of researchers at the University of Miami and the University of Arizona are collecting blood and urine samples from firefighters battling fires at the interface between homes and nature. She’s looking for signs of metals, certain flame retardants, and a family of chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110062114200237\">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\u003c/a> that’s known to include carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those environments, firefighters’ chemical exposures become much more complex, according to Navarro’s colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Membership/member-sections/Metro-Chiefs/Urban-Fire-Forum/2019/2019UFFCancerRegistry.ashx?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kenneth Fent\u003c/a>. “There are a lot more questions about their health risks even above and beyond other wildland firefighters where it may be more vegetation exposure,” Fent said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fent is helming a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firefighters/health.html\">National Firefighter Registry\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0328-firefighter-registry.html\">track the long-term health\u003c/a> of any firefighter who signs up. The goal is to understand the long-term cancer risk of firefighters across the field, from those rushing into burning buildings to those fighting to keep a wildfire from engulfing a nearby town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For wildland firefighters in particular, he said, this is the kind of study that’s been missing. And identifying the risks is the first step for trying to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expensive Consideration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why don’t we know yet what long-term health problems might plague wildland firefighters? One reason is logistics: it’s tough for scientists to tag along with firefighters while they’re working in extreme conditions to save lives and homes. “To do my work, I became a firefighter,” Navarro said. Her training allows her to measure smoke exposures at active wildfires, and gives her insights into what the job as a wildland firefighter actually involves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason is that this research is expensive, according to CSU San Marcos’ Rahn. “The laboratory analysis costs us about $2,000 per firefighter,” he said. “This is an expensive consideration. That’s the hurdle we’re up against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the money — which Rahn said includes a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and another from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfirelocal2881.org/\">Cal Fire Local 2881 union\u003c/a> — is running out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have struggled to find someone willing to pay to investigate the risks to wildland firefighters, he said. “We have to convince these funding agencies, believe it or not, that the work we do here is not just a California issue — this is a national concern,” he said. “It’s a challenge every year to try to receive that funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why two years ago Cal Fire Local 2881 pushed the state of California to fund the research, according to union President Tim Edwards. And \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB774\">a bill by Sen. Connie Leyva\u003c/a>, a Democrat from Chino, would have tapped $5 million from the state’s general fund to pay for wildland firefighting research at California State University campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the bill sailed through the Legislature, former Gov. Jerry Brown vetoed it, calling it a “well-intentioned and important proposal” that belonged in the budget, not legislation. Edwards, an engineer with Cal Fire and thyroid cancer survivor, said the veto was disappointing. “Being a state employee, and a state firefighter, I think that hurt me more than anything. It frustrated me more than anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Edwards said the union is working to get the funding included in the state budget. H.D. Palmer, deputy director for external affairs at the California Department of Finance, wouldn’t say whether the union’s latest efforts will work. “I’ll respectfully decline to speculate on what will or will not be included in next year’s budget proposal,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are\u003cem> \u003c/em>strategies to reduce wildland firefighters’ risks by removing them from the smoke when they’re off shift, and giving them a chance to clean up, Cal Fire’s Estrada said. “It doesn’t mean that when they go out in these environments that 100 percent of the time, every firefighter is completely immersed in the smoke for the duration,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, union president Edwards said, “We’re hoping to eventually find a breathing apparatus that will work at the wildland conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate has contracted with a company called TDA Research to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/931_R-Tech_Wildland-Firefighter-Respiration-Protection-FactSheet_180606-508.pdf\">create a lightweight respirator\u003c/a> that firefighters can use in the wildland for days to weeks. Since many wildland firefighters wear bandanas over their faces, the device is shaped like a scarf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to create something that was similar to what they use,” said Kimberli Jones-Holt, program manager with the DHS Science and Technology Directorate. Jones-Holt is optimistic that wildland firefighters could be using the device by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Rodriguez, the results aren’t back yet from the patches she sent into the smoke in Sonoma. But in the meantime, she has her glass vials and fabric staplers still packed in that pink duffle bag, ready for the next fire, she said: “It’s important for us to realize that fire season is year round. I don’t really have the time to sit and wait.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As climate change primes California to burn, the long-term health risks of wildland firefighting are still a mystery. ",
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"description": "As climate change primes California to burn, the long-term health risks of wildland firefighting are still a mystery. ",
"title": "Researchers Probe the Toxic Soup From Wildfire | KQED",
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"headline": "Researchers Probe the Toxic Soup From Wildfire",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Matt Rahn was about 200 feet away when flames started climbing up the side of the garage and creeping toward the car inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://news.csusm.edu/csusm-wildland-firefighting-research/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A wildfire researcher\u003c/a> with California State University San Marcos, Rahn was at the edge of \u003ca href=\"https://fire.ca.gov/incidents/2014/7/25/sand-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a fire that would go on to burn 4,240 acres\u003c/a> across California’s Amador and El Dorado counties. He was there to study the smoke rising off blackening shrubs and trees. Watching the garage burn, though, he realized that firefighters fending off flames without any real lung protection were inhaling more than airborne remnants of burnt plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about the average home, all the chemicals and things that are in there, not to mention all the building materials and furniture,” said Rahn, who also is \u003ca href=\"https://temeculaca.gov/904/Council-Member-Matt-Rahn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a member of \u003c/a>Temecula’s city council. “That’s when we started really thinking about what happens. What’s in the smoke when you have all that complicated fuel being combusted at the same time?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was in 2014, when wildfires burned 568 buildings across the state. Fire season is not yet over this year and the toll already is higher: three people dead and 732 buildings burned. And the state is still recovering from back-to-back years of catastrophic fires that killed 137 people and damaged or destroyed nearly 35,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/6/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change primes the West to burn\u003c/a> and more \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/13/3314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">people build closer to nature\u003c/a>, the question of what’s in the smoke when fires tear through wilderness and homes alike is still far from being answered. Yet the health of those breathing the smoke — like the firefighters battling the flames — depends on real data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re trying to keep California from burning down,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.yourcsd.com/161/Message-from-the-Fire-Chief\">Michael McLaughlin\u003c/a>, chief of the Cosumnes Fire Department and legislative director of the \u003ca href=\"https://calchiefs.org/who-we-are/committees/legislative-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Fire Chiefs Association\u003c/a>. “But how do we put emphasis on those that we’re putting between the fire and the communities we’re trying to save?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On People’s Radar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wildfire burns through grasslands, forests, and chaparral, the blaze \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">churns out fine airborne particles\u003c/a> that can irritate the lungs and have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">linked to heart and lung problems\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/wildfire-smoke/wildfire-smoke-guide-revised-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">premature death\u003c/a>. Deadly gases like carbon monoxide and irritating, potentially cancer-causing chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mix into the smoke cloud as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a complex soup with ingredients that can change depending on the fuel and the ferocity of the fire. And as the chemicals stew in the atmosphere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they continue to react\u003c/a> — breaking apart and joining together to create new ingredients to inhale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning buildings and cars typically make up only a small proportion of wildfire smoke, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.firelab.org/profile/urbanski-shawn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shawn Urbanski\u003c/a>, a research physical scientist at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory — but their contributions are starting to capture scientists’ attention. “With these recent fires, it’s really sort of gotten on people’s radar,” Urbanski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For folks inhaling smoke far from its source, toxic emissions from burning cars and houses are likely to pose less of a health risk as they’re diluted away. “All the way down in the Bay Area, probably the smoke from the Paradise Fire was pretty much just wood smoke,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/john.balmes\">John Balmes\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, wood smoke isn’t benign; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">researchers\u003c/a> as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/the-smokes-gone-but-hearts-and-lungs-still-may-be-in-danger-months-after-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reporters at Reveal\u003c/a> found increases in emergency room visits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">for heart\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-016-0146-8#Sec4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">breathing problems\u003c/a> after exposure to wildfire smoke. But for people immediately downwind and for the firefighters battling the flames, the metals, carcinogens, and toxic air pollutants rising from burning homes and cars could present an additional hazard. “It definitely is an occupational risk for the firefighters when they’re trying to save buildings, and for community exposures,” Balmes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know that municipal firefighters battling structure fires in towns and cities can run into heavy metals as well as all \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326815/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kinds of cancer-causing chemicals\u003c/a>, like formaldehyde, benzene, and asbestos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also more \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prone to getting cancer\u003c/a> than the general population, according to a massive study of 30,000 firefighters in San Francisco, Chicago, and Philadelphia. The paper, published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499779/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in the journal \u003cem>Occupational and Environmental Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> reported an increase in certain cancers, including of the esophagus, lungs, mouth and throat, large intestine, and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There haven’t been any similar long-term epidemiology studies of firefighters battling blazes in the wilderness, according to a deep dive into the scientific literature that was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2016_adetona001.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Inhalation Toxicology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter-term studies, however, have reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2011.617790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small drops in lung function\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/32/1/129.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increased inflammation\u003c/a> among wildland firefighters exposed to smoke. Kathleen Navarro is a research industrial hygienist at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health who has worked as a wildland firefighter. She estimated in a recent study published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30981117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that based on their smoke exposures, wildland firefighters may be at greater risk of dying from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters also tend to battle conflagrations without any lung protection beyond a bandana or a mask to filter out airborne particles — even when they’re working where wilderness and homes intersect, a junction known as the wildland urban interface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For structure fires in towns or cities, firefighters typically use a breathing apparatus equipped with a clean air tank that lasts about 20 to 30 minutes, according to Cosumnes Fire Chief McLaughlin. That’s not feasible for wildland firefighters who can end up working long shifts, in treacherous terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why figuring out what’s in the smoke, and what it means for health, is so important, said Jesse Estrada, the department safety officer for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, also known as Cal Fire. “You get exposed to a lot of stuff over the years, and the body takes a beatdown,” he said. “We need to understand what the short term and long term effects are. The only way to know that is to let time pass as they do the research, and truly see what we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Different Landscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the people driving this research is Aida Rodriguez, a master’s student working with Matt Rahn at CSU San Marcos. The day after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2019/10/23/kincade-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kincade fire\u003c/a> started in Sonoma County, Rodriguez hopped on a plane with a pink duffle bag full of pre-labeled glass vials, patches made out of the same Nomex material in firefighters’ uniforms, and fabric staplers. Airport security, Rodriguez said, “were concerned about everything in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, under a reddish haze of smoke on the horizon and the faint smell of camp fires in the air, Rodriguez got to work. Balancing the vials and Nomex patches on the front of a fire engine at the base camp in Santa Rosa, she tacked the material to the outside and the inside of the firefighters’ gear. She was done in about 20 minutes. “I was fast and furiously going through it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four hours later, it was Rahn who was in charge of ripping the patches from the returning firefighters’ uniforms, pushing them into the glass vials, and mailing them to an independent lab in Ohio for testing. His team’s goal is to find out which chemicals settle on the outside of the firefighters’ uniforms while they’re fighting the flames, and which ones soak through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they harmful chemicals? Are they cancer causing?” Rodriguez said. “If that’s something we can answer, then you can develop a decontamination protocol to mitigate the exposure to those chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists across the country are asking these questions. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-03/documents/holderamara_biosketche_aemd.pdf\">Amara Holder\u003c/a>, a scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is working with the U.S. Forest Service to review what we know — and what we don’t — about the air pollution from fires that burn homes and wilderness together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high for firefighters and other emergency responders, and for the people living close to a conflagration. “You’ve got smoke from a house, or a car, as well as trees,” Holder said. “It’s just a different landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key will be measuring what’s in the smoke, and determining how far these pollutants travel — as some might dissipate before they reach nearby towns, and some might not. Figuring that out could help guide evacuations and determine when and where wildland firefighters need to wear protective equipment. “Then we’ll know what we need to do to protect people,” Holder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navarro, the scientist who has worked as a wildland firefighter, is taking an even closer\u003cem> \u003c/em>look at wildland firefighter health — by studying their bodily fluids. She and a team of researchers at the University of Miami and the University of Arizona are collecting blood and urine samples from firefighters battling fires at the interface between homes and nature. She’s looking for signs of metals, certain flame retardants, and a family of chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110062114200237\">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\u003c/a> that’s known to include carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those environments, firefighters’ chemical exposures become much more complex, according to Navarro’s colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Membership/member-sections/Metro-Chiefs/Urban-Fire-Forum/2019/2019UFFCancerRegistry.ashx?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kenneth Fent\u003c/a>. “There are a lot more questions about their health risks even above and beyond other wildland firefighters where it may be more vegetation exposure,” Fent said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fent is helming a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firefighters/health.html\">National Firefighter Registry\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0328-firefighter-registry.html\">track the long-term health\u003c/a> of any firefighter who signs up. The goal is to understand the long-term cancer risk of firefighters across the field, from those rushing into burning buildings to those fighting to keep a wildfire from engulfing a nearby town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For wildland firefighters in particular, he said, this is the kind of study that’s been missing. And identifying the risks is the first step for trying to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expensive Consideration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why don’t we know yet what long-term health problems might plague wildland firefighters? One reason is logistics: it’s tough for scientists to tag along with firefighters while they’re working in extreme conditions to save lives and homes. “To do my work, I became a firefighter,” Navarro said. Her training allows her to measure smoke exposures at active wildfires, and gives her insights into what the job as a wildland firefighter actually involves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason is that this research is expensive, according to CSU San Marcos’ Rahn. “The laboratory analysis costs us about $2,000 per firefighter,” he said. “This is an expensive consideration. That’s the hurdle we’re up against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the money — which Rahn said includes a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and another from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfirelocal2881.org/\">Cal Fire Local 2881 union\u003c/a> — is running out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have struggled to find someone willing to pay to investigate the risks to wildland firefighters, he said. “We have to convince these funding agencies, believe it or not, that the work we do here is not just a California issue — this is a national concern,” he said. “It’s a challenge every year to try to receive that funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why two years ago Cal Fire Local 2881 pushed the state of California to fund the research, according to union President Tim Edwards. And \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB774\">a bill by Sen. Connie Leyva\u003c/a>, a Democrat from Chino, would have tapped $5 million from the state’s general fund to pay for wildland firefighting research at California State University campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the bill sailed through the Legislature, former Gov. Jerry Brown vetoed it, calling it a “well-intentioned and important proposal” that belonged in the budget, not legislation. Edwards, an engineer with Cal Fire and thyroid cancer survivor, said the veto was disappointing. “Being a state employee, and a state firefighter, I think that hurt me more than anything. It frustrated me more than anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Edwards said the union is working to get the funding included in the state budget. H.D. Palmer, deputy director for external affairs at the California Department of Finance, wouldn’t say whether the union’s latest efforts will work. “I’ll respectfully decline to speculate on what will or will not be included in next year’s budget proposal,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are\u003cem> \u003c/em>strategies to reduce wildland firefighters’ risks by removing them from the smoke when they’re off shift, and giving them a chance to clean up, Cal Fire’s Estrada said. “It doesn’t mean that when they go out in these environments that 100 percent of the time, every firefighter is completely immersed in the smoke for the duration,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, union president Edwards said, “We’re hoping to eventually find a breathing apparatus that will work at the wildland conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate has contracted with a company called TDA Research to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/931_R-Tech_Wildland-Firefighter-Respiration-Protection-FactSheet_180606-508.pdf\">create a lightweight respirator\u003c/a> that firefighters can use in the wildland for days to weeks. Since many wildland firefighters wear bandanas over their faces, the device is shaped like a scarf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to create something that was similar to what they use,” said Kimberli Jones-Holt, program manager with the DHS Science and Technology Directorate. Jones-Holt is optimistic that wildland firefighters could be using the device by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Rodriguez, the results aren’t back yet from the patches she sent into the smoke in Sonoma. But in the meantime, she has her glass vials and fabric staplers still packed in that pink duffle bag, ready for the next fire, she said: “It’s important for us to realize that fire season is year round. I don’t really have the time to sit and wait.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Kincade Fire is 100 percent contained. Emergency officials are earning praise for the way they communicated evacuation orders and health advisories. But, along with mobile phone and social media alerts, the humble 100-year-old technology of radio proved its value again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s reliable when everything else — the electrical grid, internet, cell service — is down. Radio can immediately relay information if it’s got backup power. It doesn’t require anyone to edit text or add visuals. And, during times of crisis, it calms anxious listeners eager to hear a familiar voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tami Scharff of Santa Rosa says she never thought her town would face another crisis just two years after the wildfires of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” she says, “it was, OK, here we go again. And I really just right away go to KSRO.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ksro.com/2019/08/13/listen-live-to-ksro-1350-1035-am-fm/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KSRO\u003c/a> is a News-Talk radio station in Sonoma County. Two years ago and again this Fall, it offered rolling, 24/7 wildfire coverage, taking listener calls and amplifying officials and emergency responders on air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2017 it was such a lifeline,” Scharff says. “We were in an evacuation warning from the first day on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For days she carried in her car everything she planned to take in case that warning became an order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I remember when the Annadel Fire was going on right near our home, I kept saying to my husband, ‘If I see flames, we’re going.’ ” Scharff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1950784 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman sits at microphone\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KSRO News Director and Morning News Anchor, Pat Kerrigan came out of medical leave to help cover the Kincade Fire. Her coverage of the 2017 North Bay Fires won her a radio Marconi award. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden, a huge [smoke] plume came up and I say, ‘We’ve got to go, we’ve got to go!’ Right then, I hear on the radio, which I had on the whole time, saying ‘Bennett Valley people, it’s a back fire!'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters had set it on purpose to stop approaching flames. There was no need to evacuate. Scharff says she and her husband sighed with relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having the radio on, telling us what was going on minute-by-minute. It was so, so vital when you’re going through something like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Personal Connection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Garner normally hosts a gardening and a culinary show on KSRO. But when he needs to, he steps easily into the role of news anchor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be a rock,” he says. “You have to reassure people that it’s going to be OK. You have to make sure you don’t jump the gun and give out inaccurate information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950785\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950785\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man sits in a chair. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KSRO’s Steve Garner normally hosts gardening and food shows, but slips easily into news anchoring. During emergencies, he says, “I think we function as de facto therapists for the listeners.” \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Garner points to social media as an irritating source of incomplete, inaccurate or speculative information about what the first responders were doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While they were out putting out literal fires, we were putting out fires because of misinformation, squelching the rumor line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another reason people tune in, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Radio is about a personal connection. Hearing people’s voices rather than just reading their words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was on air I tried to balance the hard news, the hard interviews and something I saw in the community that was heartwarming, for instance when someone that told me they had just been reunited with their pet,” Garner says. “These are the stories that humanize us and bring us together and and momentarily can distract us enough to remember that this, too, will pass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lessons from 2017 Pay Off in 2019\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood Empire Stereocasters owns five broadcast stations with formats from country to jazz. During 2017, and again this year, the stations merged their streams and provided continuous news coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have a plan in 2017,” says general manager Frank Kulbertis. “It was haphazard and fly by the seat of our pants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, he says, his staff prepared for the task. He keeps on his desk a binder with emergency contacts for emergency and locally elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When this broke out this time, it was kind of easy for me hop on the phone and line these people up to be on air and tell us what was going on,” Kulbertis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an emergency staffing plan in place, everyone took on new job roles. He booked interviews and updated the website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had on air-personalities that are typically doing music and happy talk and that sort of thing doing serious news reports,” the general manager recalls. “We had people from our sales staff who normally are trying to sell advertising, spending time on phones and online, contacting public officials, gathering information and getting notes into the studio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In preparation, the stations also outfitted the studios with two large generators, and installed generators at each of their tower sites. They were never off the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Hits a Transmitter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950782\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950782\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man sits at a microphone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Mencher, KRCB news director provided hourly updates during the Kincade Fire, even as the station temporarily lost one of its frequencies. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That wasn’t the case for all of Sonoma County’s local stations. NPR member station \u003ca href=\"https://norcalpublicmedia.org/radio/radio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KRCB 91-FM\u003c/a> transmits on two frequencies: 90.9 and 91.1. After the Kincade Fire exploded on the night of Oct. 23, program director and operations manager Sean Knight was in his car and couldn’t hear his station on its 91.1 frequency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just off and I thought, ‘Well, that’s different.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few calls and a little investigating indicated that the transmitter, 1,700 feet above sea level in the Geyser Hills area, had burned. The station had installed the high-definition transmitter in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature also took down the station’s previous set up, Knight says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got knocked down in the rainstorms back in January. So we just got it replaced.” Knight adds. “We can’t catch a break with that thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transmitter loss reduced the station’s reach over the air. Still, like its commercial counterparts, KRCB stayed on the air throughout the wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still had 90.9, and all of our social media, and streams and the apps,” he says. “So I just said, ‘Keep the news flowing, and when there’s no news play some music.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime the station contacted NPR in Washington, D.C.. This year, the network created a \u003ca href=\"https://www.prss.org/news/npr-distribution-creates-emergency-backup-transmitter-antenna-studio-kits-stations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program to supply\u003c/a> temporary backup transmitters and antennas to stations that go off the air during emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight shows me the new replacement, set up in the station’s backyard in Rohnert Park. To the untrained eye it looks like a thick silver paper clip high up on a tower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He proclaims: “We’re calling it Junior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>91.1 FM is back up and running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Radio Rises Again\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Lane lives in Cotati. He and his family lost electricity, internet and cell service. They found emergency alerts “basically unusable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If PG&E shuts off power again for an extended period of time, he’s not counting on using his phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Moving forward, I’m just going to brace for the worst,” Lane says. “We’ve got a battery- operated radio now, which is great as long as the radio stations kind of keep doing what they did this last time, keeping us updated constantly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason the American Red Cross \u003ca href=\"https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/survival-kit-supplies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommends\u003c/a> that everyone’s emergency kit includes a radio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the 2017 North Bay Fires, the Napa County Grand Jury convened an investigation into what worked and what didn’t work in saving lives in Napa. The report reads, in part: When the power went out, and the public could no longer receive information from TV, the Internet or Nixle, it was old technology that saved the day. Residents got in their cars or dug out their battery powered radios to tune in to KVON.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that old school radio has been far too often overlooked too, because it is a major channel to reach the people who need it to get a mass message in a mass disaster,” says Doug Carlson, a former reporter and public information officer who \u003ca href=\"https://wildfirecrisis.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advocates for improved communications\u003c/a> during wildfire crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has worked for the last hundred years and we can’t ignore it going forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950781\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man sits at a microphone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mike Adams in the KZST studios. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"https://kzst.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KZST\u003c/a>, Mike Adams normally plays three decades of pop hits. When the station and its affiliates switched to fire coverage, he became part reporter, part emergency coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re the ones that are going to give you the information you need,” he says. “We’re the ones that are are gonna be there for you when you call.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams remembers a call from an elderly couple trying to evacuate their neighborhood and drive to safety. “They were broke down on the side of the road and they needed help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsure about what to do, they called the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And you can see me tearing up over this,” Adams says“A listener pulled up and helped them. They got taken care of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the emergency’s wound down, KZST, KSRO and other North Bay stations are back to their normal programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they do, the boost in listenership will likely subside. That’s too bad, Kulbertis says, adding, “I wish it didn’t take circumstances like these for people to understand the value of radio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can count on it, even though it’s not the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, I honestly think we are the Rodney Dangerfield of all media,” he sighs. “We get no respect except maybe at times like this and then it’s fleeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until…of course…\u003cem>next\u003c/em> time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Miranda Leitsinger contributed reporting to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "During the Kincade Fire, when other communication methods failed, radio once again proved its worth.",
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"title": "When Your Power's Out, Internet's Off and There's No Cell Service, Radio Still Works | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Kincade Fire is 100 percent contained. Emergency officials are earning praise for the way they communicated evacuation orders and health advisories. But, along with mobile phone and social media alerts, the humble 100-year-old technology of radio proved its value again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s reliable when everything else — the electrical grid, internet, cell service — is down. Radio can immediately relay information if it’s got backup power. It doesn’t require anyone to edit text or add visuals. And, during times of crisis, it calms anxious listeners eager to hear a familiar voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tami Scharff of Santa Rosa says she never thought her town would face another crisis just two years after the wildfires of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” she says, “it was, OK, here we go again. And I really just right away go to KSRO.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ksro.com/2019/08/13/listen-live-to-ksro-1350-1035-am-fm/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KSRO\u003c/a> is a News-Talk radio station in Sonoma County. Two years ago and again this Fall, it offered rolling, 24/7 wildfire coverage, taking listener calls and amplifying officials and emergency responders on air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2017 it was such a lifeline,” Scharff says. “We were in an evacuation warning from the first day on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For days she carried in her car everything she planned to take in case that warning became an order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I remember when the Annadel Fire was going on right near our home, I kept saying to my husband, ‘If I see flames, we’re going.’ ” Scharff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1950784 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman sits at microphone\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1410-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KSRO News Director and Morning News Anchor, Pat Kerrigan came out of medical leave to help cover the Kincade Fire. Her coverage of the 2017 North Bay Fires won her a radio Marconi award. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden, a huge [smoke] plume came up and I say, ‘We’ve got to go, we’ve got to go!’ Right then, I hear on the radio, which I had on the whole time, saying ‘Bennett Valley people, it’s a back fire!'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters had set it on purpose to stop approaching flames. There was no need to evacuate. Scharff says she and her husband sighed with relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having the radio on, telling us what was going on minute-by-minute. It was so, so vital when you’re going through something like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Personal Connection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Garner normally hosts a gardening and a culinary show on KSRO. But when he needs to, he steps easily into the role of news anchor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be a rock,” he says. “You have to reassure people that it’s going to be OK. You have to make sure you don’t jump the gun and give out inaccurate information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950785\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950785\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man sits in a chair. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1408-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KSRO’s Steve Garner normally hosts gardening and food shows, but slips easily into news anchoring. During emergencies, he says, “I think we function as de facto therapists for the listeners.” \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Garner points to social media as an irritating source of incomplete, inaccurate or speculative information about what the first responders were doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While they were out putting out literal fires, we were putting out fires because of misinformation, squelching the rumor line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another reason people tune in, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Radio is about a personal connection. Hearing people’s voices rather than just reading their words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was on air I tried to balance the hard news, the hard interviews and something I saw in the community that was heartwarming, for instance when someone that told me they had just been reunited with their pet,” Garner says. “These are the stories that humanize us and bring us together and and momentarily can distract us enough to remember that this, too, will pass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lessons from 2017 Pay Off in 2019\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood Empire Stereocasters owns five broadcast stations with formats from country to jazz. During 2017, and again this year, the stations merged their streams and provided continuous news coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have a plan in 2017,” says general manager Frank Kulbertis. “It was haphazard and fly by the seat of our pants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, he says, his staff prepared for the task. He keeps on his desk a binder with emergency contacts for emergency and locally elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When this broke out this time, it was kind of easy for me hop on the phone and line these people up to be on air and tell us what was going on,” Kulbertis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an emergency staffing plan in place, everyone took on new job roles. He booked interviews and updated the website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had on air-personalities that are typically doing music and happy talk and that sort of thing doing serious news reports,” the general manager recalls. “We had people from our sales staff who normally are trying to sell advertising, spending time on phones and online, contacting public officials, gathering information and getting notes into the studio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In preparation, the stations also outfitted the studios with two large generators, and installed generators at each of their tower sites. They were never off the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Hits a Transmitter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950782\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950782\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man sits at a microphone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1406-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Mencher, KRCB news director provided hourly updates during the Kincade Fire, even as the station temporarily lost one of its frequencies. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That wasn’t the case for all of Sonoma County’s local stations. NPR member station \u003ca href=\"https://norcalpublicmedia.org/radio/radio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KRCB 91-FM\u003c/a> transmits on two frequencies: 90.9 and 91.1. After the Kincade Fire exploded on the night of Oct. 23, program director and operations manager Sean Knight was in his car and couldn’t hear his station on its 91.1 frequency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just off and I thought, ‘Well, that’s different.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few calls and a little investigating indicated that the transmitter, 1,700 feet above sea level in the Geyser Hills area, had burned. The station had installed the high-definition transmitter in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature also took down the station’s previous set up, Knight says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got knocked down in the rainstorms back in January. So we just got it replaced.” Knight adds. “We can’t catch a break with that thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transmitter loss reduced the station’s reach over the air. Still, like its commercial counterparts, KRCB stayed on the air throughout the wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still had 90.9, and all of our social media, and streams and the apps,” he says. “So I just said, ‘Keep the news flowing, and when there’s no news play some music.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime the station contacted NPR in Washington, D.C.. This year, the network created a \u003ca href=\"https://www.prss.org/news/npr-distribution-creates-emergency-backup-transmitter-antenna-studio-kits-stations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program to supply\u003c/a> temporary backup transmitters and antennas to stations that go off the air during emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight shows me the new replacement, set up in the station’s backyard in Rohnert Park. To the untrained eye it looks like a thick silver paper clip high up on a tower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He proclaims: “We’re calling it Junior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>91.1 FM is back up and running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Radio Rises Again\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Lane lives in Cotati. He and his family lost electricity, internet and cell service. They found emergency alerts “basically unusable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If PG&E shuts off power again for an extended period of time, he’s not counting on using his phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Moving forward, I’m just going to brace for the worst,” Lane says. “We’ve got a battery- operated radio now, which is great as long as the radio stations kind of keep doing what they did this last time, keeping us updated constantly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason the American Red Cross \u003ca href=\"https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/survival-kit-supplies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommends\u003c/a> that everyone’s emergency kit includes a radio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the 2017 North Bay Fires, the Napa County Grand Jury convened an investigation into what worked and what didn’t work in saving lives in Napa. The report reads, in part: When the power went out, and the public could no longer receive information from TV, the Internet or Nixle, it was old technology that saved the day. Residents got in their cars or dug out their battery powered radios to tune in to KVON.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that old school radio has been far too often overlooked too, because it is a major channel to reach the people who need it to get a mass message in a mass disaster,” says Doug Carlson, a former reporter and public information officer who \u003ca href=\"https://wildfirecrisis.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advocates for improved communications\u003c/a> during wildfire crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has worked for the last hundred years and we can’t ignore it going forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1950781\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man sits at a microphone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/11/IMG_1398-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mike Adams in the KZST studios. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"https://kzst.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KZST\u003c/a>, Mike Adams normally plays three decades of pop hits. When the station and its affiliates switched to fire coverage, he became part reporter, part emergency coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re the ones that are going to give you the information you need,” he says. “We’re the ones that are are gonna be there for you when you call.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams remembers a call from an elderly couple trying to evacuate their neighborhood and drive to safety. “They were broke down on the side of the road and they needed help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsure about what to do, they called the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And you can see me tearing up over this,” Adams says“A listener pulled up and helped them. They got taken care of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the emergency’s wound down, KZST, KSRO and other North Bay stations are back to their normal programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they do, the boost in listenership will likely subside. That’s too bad, Kulbertis says, adding, “I wish it didn’t take circumstances like these for people to understand the value of radio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can count on it, even though it’s not the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, I honestly think we are the Rodney Dangerfield of all media,” he sighs. “We get no respect except maybe at times like this and then it’s fleeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until…of course…\u003cem>next\u003c/em> time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Miranda Leitsinger contributed reporting to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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