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"title": "Before It Turns to ‘Jello,’ Embarcadero Seawall May Get Voter-Approved Upgrade",
"headTitle": "Before It Turns to ‘Jello,’ Embarcadero Seawall May Get Voter-Approved Upgrade | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In recent decades, San Franciscans have embraced the reborn Embarcadero waterfront as kind of front yard, and at noon on a weekday it crowds with tourists, skateboarders, entrepreneurs and other locals. But underneath wheels and feet, three and a half miles of seawall is cracking and crumbling, vulnerable to rising waters or a major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition A would authorize a $425 million general obligation bond to shore up the aging seawall, most of the money needed for initial repairs to its weakest sections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If voters approve it, this bond would be merely the down payment on a multi-decade strengthening project, aimed at the acute risk of earthquakes and the creeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risk of rising seas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred and sixty years ago, the city’s natural shore was a muddy crescent, arcing nearly a half-mile inland from the current waterfront. The Transamerica Pyramid, had it stood at that time, would be waterfront property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933571\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933571\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\" alt=\"Diagram: SF waterfront changes\" width=\"1000\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-160x84.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-800x422.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-768x406.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-960x507.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-240x127.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-375x198.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-520x275.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s original waterfront was nearly a half-mile inland from the present Embarcadero. \u003ccite>(Yes on A)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those mud flats became a problem after the Gold Rush. Ships, whose return passage to home ports were funded only with prospectors’ dreams, were abandoned in shallow water. Some became saloons, or makeshift hotels. Running a ship aground intentionally helped build up sediment and bolstered legal land claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just a mess,” says Lindy Lowe, resilience program director for the Port of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To tame this wildcat scene, the state of California began filling in coastal flats in 1878, and over 40 years pushed the waterfront farther into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Terra Firma Turns to ‘Jello’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawall, built in pieces over decades, was a rough rock and brick trapezoid, a few feet wide at the bottom, topped with concrete. That’s what is now \u003ca href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">at risk from liquefaction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a significant seismic event were to occur, the solid ground would start to behave more like a liquid, like jello and spread,” says Lowe. “And so one of the risks to this seawall is that it could spread at least five feet out into the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where, exactly, along the seawall Prop A money would go is the subject of a separate, already-funded but not-yet-completed study. A good guess is near the Ferry Building, where a breached seawall could send water into a transit tunnel opening, and cause problems in BART’s Transbay Tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933579\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: section of SF seawall\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s Gold Rush-era seawall is vulnerable to both earthquakes and rising tides. \u003ccite>( Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Embarcadero roadway, a major quake could leave what Lowe calls “a utility highway” vulnerable too: water, power and communications systems that are critical to both emergency response and daily life throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While earthquake readiness is at the heart of the port’s Phase 1 seawall plans, second and third phases stretching to the end of the century would re-imagine San Francisco’s waterfront entirely, to help protect against climate-driven sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bring Your Waders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay was rising even as the seawall was being built; it’s come up 8 inches since 1900. Waves crash over the wall now, during high tides, and scientists project waters will rise along the waterfront up to two additional feet by mid-century, and five feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port officials say it could cost up to $5 billion to re-create a waterfront that’s “resilient” to a rising bay, but plans – and future funding – aren’t set yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only public opposition to Prop A comes from the San Francisco Libertarian Party, which argues that sea level rise is a slow-moving threat, and property owners should handle it (and seismic risk) on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters including Dignity Health, the Giants baseball franchise and several tech companies have poured about $900,000 into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.strongerseawall.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwsMDeBRDMARIsAKrOP7FrRoFN12zRwIgKN5aWJR8gSwY2MALCKMEGDnmgHk4Ygza6DWTfs8oaAvoREALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign for seawall strengthening\u003c/a>. The mayor is for it, as is every city supervisor, including Jane Kim, who represents waterfront areas South of Market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly important that we make prudent investments today to strengthen the sea wall [to] shield and strengthen the unbreakable bond between the city of San Francisco and the waterfront that we love so much,” Kim said, at an April press conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a port-sponsored poll from earlier this year, over 70 percent of San Franciscans agree, so the bond may well get the two-thirds approval required to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Backers say San Francisco Proposition A, a $425 million bond, is the only way to guarantee protection for three-and-a-half miles of San Francisco waterfront against earthquakes and rising seas.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In recent decades, San Franciscans have embraced the reborn Embarcadero waterfront as kind of front yard, and at noon on a weekday it crowds with tourists, skateboarders, entrepreneurs and other locals. But underneath wheels and feet, three and a half miles of seawall is cracking and crumbling, vulnerable to rising waters or a major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition A would authorize a $425 million general obligation bond to shore up the aging seawall, most of the money needed for initial repairs to its weakest sections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If voters approve it, this bond would be merely the down payment on a multi-decade strengthening project, aimed at the acute risk of earthquakes and the creeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risk of rising seas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred and sixty years ago, the city’s natural shore was a muddy crescent, arcing nearly a half-mile inland from the current waterfront. The Transamerica Pyramid, had it stood at that time, would be waterfront property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933571\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933571\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\" alt=\"Diagram: SF waterfront changes\" width=\"1000\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-160x84.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-800x422.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-768x406.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-960x507.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-240x127.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-375x198.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-520x275.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s original waterfront was nearly a half-mile inland from the present Embarcadero. \u003ccite>(Yes on A)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those mud flats became a problem after the Gold Rush. Ships, whose return passage to home ports were funded only with prospectors’ dreams, were abandoned in shallow water. Some became saloons, or makeshift hotels. Running a ship aground intentionally helped build up sediment and bolstered legal land claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just a mess,” says Lindy Lowe, resilience program director for the Port of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To tame this wildcat scene, the state of California began filling in coastal flats in 1878, and over 40 years pushed the waterfront farther into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Terra Firma Turns to ‘Jello’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawall, built in pieces over decades, was a rough rock and brick trapezoid, a few feet wide at the bottom, topped with concrete. That’s what is now \u003ca href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">at risk from liquefaction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a significant seismic event were to occur, the solid ground would start to behave more like a liquid, like jello and spread,” says Lowe. “And so one of the risks to this seawall is that it could spread at least five feet out into the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where, exactly, along the seawall Prop A money would go is the subject of a separate, already-funded but not-yet-completed study. A good guess is near the Ferry Building, where a breached seawall could send water into a transit tunnel opening, and cause problems in BART’s Transbay Tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933579\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: section of SF seawall\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s Gold Rush-era seawall is vulnerable to both earthquakes and rising tides. \u003ccite>( Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Embarcadero roadway, a major quake could leave what Lowe calls “a utility highway” vulnerable too: water, power and communications systems that are critical to both emergency response and daily life throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While earthquake readiness is at the heart of the port’s Phase 1 seawall plans, second and third phases stretching to the end of the century would re-imagine San Francisco’s waterfront entirely, to help protect against climate-driven sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bring Your Waders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay was rising even as the seawall was being built; it’s come up 8 inches since 1900. Waves crash over the wall now, during high tides, and scientists project waters will rise along the waterfront up to two additional feet by mid-century, and five feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port officials say it could cost up to $5 billion to re-create a waterfront that’s “resilient” to a rising bay, but plans – and future funding – aren’t set yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only public opposition to Prop A comes from the San Francisco Libertarian Party, which argues that sea level rise is a slow-moving threat, and property owners should handle it (and seismic risk) on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters including Dignity Health, the Giants baseball franchise and several tech companies have poured about $900,000 into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.strongerseawall.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwsMDeBRDMARIsAKrOP7FrRoFN12zRwIgKN5aWJR8gSwY2MALCKMEGDnmgHk4Ygza6DWTfs8oaAvoREALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign for seawall strengthening\u003c/a>. The mayor is for it, as is every city supervisor, including Jane Kim, who represents waterfront areas South of Market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly important that we make prudent investments today to strengthen the sea wall [to] shield and strengthen the unbreakable bond between the city of San Francisco and the waterfront that we love so much,” Kim said, at an April press conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a port-sponsored poll from earlier this year, over 70 percent of San Franciscans agree, so the bond may well get the two-thirds approval required to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Your Guide to the 2018 Bay Area Science Festival",
"headTitle": "Your Guide to the 2018 Bay Area Science Festival | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Curious minds of all ages can rejoice: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organized by UCSF, in collaboration with dozens of science and cultural institutions, the festival is brimming with hands-on programs and workshops designed for people of all ages. Whether it’s an intimate lecture at an Emeryville coffee shop, a haunted spook-shop in San Francisco, or a workshop that allows you to turn cells into cancer-killing superheroes, the nine-day affair promises something for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science is kicking off the event, which runs from Oct. 26 to Nov. 3, with a special screening of its award-winning science series Deep Look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a brief list of some of this year’s offerings. For more information, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/schedule/\">check out the festival’s schedule. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1.jpg 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants at the BASF. (Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fri., Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. – 9 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a special screening of KQED’s award-winning science series, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>. Meet the producers and hear how they captured the stunning imagery for some of \u003cem>Deep Look‘s\u003c/em> creepy creature videos, including flesh-eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Plus, you’ll meet some of the researchers behind the videos and enjoy hands-on activities that might reveal your fear factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grounds for Science\u003cbr>\n6:30 p.m. – 8 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/scarlet-city-espresso-bar/\">Scarlet City Espresso Bar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cutting-edge science talks featuring UC Berkeley graduate students, science trivia, locally roasted coffee, pinball and more. Join Micah Brush (physics) and Wren Suess (astronomy) to learn more about the cosmic secrets of dark matter and galaxy formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg 425w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Playing with robots at BASF. (Image courtesy: BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sat., Oct.27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m.- 2 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/csu-east-bay-concord-campus/\">CSU East Bay Concord Campus\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring more than 25 interactive exhibits showcasing science, technology and engineering from local businesses, museums and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Bay Science Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/sonoma-county-fairgrounds/\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring family-friendly interactive workshops designed to get kids excited about STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. Participate in fun activities like formula racing engineering, where you can race your own gravity-powered model. Or discover what it’s like to be a heart surgeon using the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expand Her Potential in Science\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/2040-valley-life-sciences-building/\">2040 Valley Life Sciences Building (UC Berkeley)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) have been around for generations and will continue to shape our world in the years to come. This program explores how adults can give young girls the tools they need to succeed in a STEM career. In this discussion with women STEM professionals, the program will explore popular media perception of STEM, the parent or guardian’s role in empowering their child to pursue a STEM career, and inspiring STEM resources for girls and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 3 p.m., Free with museum admission\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/lawrence-hall-of-science-2/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Pumpkins will fly during this annual outdoor event. In the Ingenuity Lab, use the basics of engineering to design your own hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your hydraulic creation in this Halloween-themed activity for all ages. The event will also feature a collection of animal skeletons and brains along with the science behind their unique characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sun., Oct.28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imagine yourself on different planets at BASF. \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Interact with your imagination: Learn, Experience Holographic AR\u003cbr>\n1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/los-altos-library/\">Los Altos Library\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how to create your own holographic augmented reality experiences in this introductory workshop hosted by Integem Inc. Come create your own fantasy world with Holographic Augmented Reality (HAR). This event is suitable for K-12 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mon., Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SciComm Studio 012: Beneath the Sea\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/swissnex-san-francisco/\">swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can artists, scientists, and designers collaborate to create new methods of public engagement around marine conservation? swissnex San Francisco will host a conversation with Marie Griesmar, artist, diver, and science communicator. Marie will provide insights into her artistic process and her strategies for increasing awareness around coral reefs and environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitarium and CA Trail Tour\u003cbr>\n2:45 p.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\nOakland Zoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a special guided tour of the newly opened Habitarium and CA Trail exhibits. Guests will learn all about the new resident animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tue., Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933306 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n2 p.m. – 6 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join Cal scientists for some fun, food-related (and spooky!) investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turning Cells into Superheroes\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 7 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/ucsf-mission-bay-campus-genentech-hall/\">UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how UCSF scientists are turning cells into superheroes by engineering immune cells to kill cancer. Scientists will lead you through an interactive experience to design, build, and test a personalized cell therapy to treat a hypothetical cancer patient who has failed conventional treatment. Participants will also engineer immune T cells with the therapy they designed and use microscopy to test their ability to specifically kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wed., Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy BASF.) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n5:30 p.m. – 8 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/mission-science-workshop-2/\">Mission Science Workshop\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring exhibits that come to life and take over the workshop for one haunted evening! Come if you dare and explore the spooky side of science. Walk inside the belly of a (real!) whale, dissect an eyeball, meet the Mission’s friendliest python, dance with real animal calaveras and skeletons, and light up your costume with LEDs or get it moving with a motor at our tinkering table of terror. All ages are welcome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Thurs., Nov. 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-800x304.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-768x292.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-240x91.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-375x142.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-520x198.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brains on Video Games\u003cbr>\n4 p.m. – 5 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/neuroscape-ucsf/\">Neuroscape UCSF\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Showcasing a cutting-edge approach to improving brain function by building a bridge between neuroscience and fun technologies. Discover how video games are being developed to support treatment of brain disorders such as ADHD, autism, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscape Research Labs are state-of-the-art programs designed to study novel, therapeutic approaches, with the primary goal of driving the rapid translation of neuroscience to real-world solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Stephen Hawking: A Celebration of His Life and Work\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">6 p.m.-7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/san-francisco-public-library-koret-auditorium/\">San Francisco Public Library, Koret Auditorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Scientists and science enthusiasts are mourning the passing of Stephen Hawking, one of the great minds and spirits of our time. In this introductory, nontechnical talk, Andrew Fraknoi will briefly summarize Hawking’s life, and talk about the importance of his scientific work. No background in science or math will be required, but be prepared to have your mind boggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Astronomy Night @ UC Berkeley\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m.\u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9:30 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/uc-berkeley-campbell-hall/\">UC Berkeley, Campbell Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come enjoy the final Astronomy Night of 2018! Featuring an astronomy talk and stargazing on the roof of Campbell Hall with a fleet of telescopes. Learn all about the search for extraterrestrial life, and how you can help search for ET too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg 426w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Fri., Nov. 2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Most Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m. \u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Most Unknown” is an epic documentary film that sends nine scientists to extraordinary parts of the world to uncover unexpected answers to some of humanity’s biggest questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Sat., Nov. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Day at AT&T Park\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">11 p.m.-\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">4:30 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Come experience tons of dynamic demonstrations, engaging experiments, and geeky games led by Bay Area scientists and engineers. The entire ballpark will be packed with science content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Possible Self STEM Expo\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">8:30 p.m. \u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">3:30 p.m., \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-events-cost\">Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/foothill-college-sunnyvale-campue/\">Foothill College – Sunnyvale Campue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a daylong program, middle-school aged students will take part in multiple Science-, Technology-, Engineering-, and Math- oriented sessions. Students will sign up for activities at the beginning of the day. There will also be an event connecting students with mentoring programs in the Bay Area. This will allow students to follow up with their STEM experiences throughout the year. This opportunity is open to all students. Youth from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM are especially encouraged to attend!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Curious minds of all ages can rejoice: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organized by UCSF, in collaboration with dozens of science and cultural institutions, the festival is brimming with hands-on programs and workshops designed for people of all ages. Whether it’s an intimate lecture at an Emeryville coffee shop, a haunted spook-shop in San Francisco, or a workshop that allows you to turn cells into cancer-killing superheroes, the nine-day affair promises something for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science is kicking off the event, which runs from Oct. 26 to Nov. 3, with a special screening of its award-winning science series Deep Look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a brief list of some of this year’s offerings. For more information, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/schedule/\">check out the festival’s schedule. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1.jpg 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants at the BASF. (Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fri., Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. – 9 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a special screening of KQED’s award-winning science series, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>. Meet the producers and hear how they captured the stunning imagery for some of \u003cem>Deep Look‘s\u003c/em> creepy creature videos, including flesh-eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Plus, you’ll meet some of the researchers behind the videos and enjoy hands-on activities that might reveal your fear factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grounds for Science\u003cbr>\n6:30 p.m. – 8 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/scarlet-city-espresso-bar/\">Scarlet City Espresso Bar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cutting-edge science talks featuring UC Berkeley graduate students, science trivia, locally roasted coffee, pinball and more. Join Micah Brush (physics) and Wren Suess (astronomy) to learn more about the cosmic secrets of dark matter and galaxy formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg 425w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Playing with robots at BASF. (Image courtesy: BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sat., Oct.27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m.- 2 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/csu-east-bay-concord-campus/\">CSU East Bay Concord Campus\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring more than 25 interactive exhibits showcasing science, technology and engineering from local businesses, museums and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Bay Science Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/sonoma-county-fairgrounds/\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring family-friendly interactive workshops designed to get kids excited about STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. Participate in fun activities like formula racing engineering, where you can race your own gravity-powered model. Or discover what it’s like to be a heart surgeon using the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expand Her Potential in Science\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/2040-valley-life-sciences-building/\">2040 Valley Life Sciences Building (UC Berkeley)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) have been around for generations and will continue to shape our world in the years to come. This program explores how adults can give young girls the tools they need to succeed in a STEM career. In this discussion with women STEM professionals, the program will explore popular media perception of STEM, the parent or guardian’s role in empowering their child to pursue a STEM career, and inspiring STEM resources for girls and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 3 p.m., Free with museum admission\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/lawrence-hall-of-science-2/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Pumpkins will fly during this annual outdoor event. In the Ingenuity Lab, use the basics of engineering to design your own hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your hydraulic creation in this Halloween-themed activity for all ages. The event will also feature a collection of animal skeletons and brains along with the science behind their unique characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sun., Oct.28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imagine yourself on different planets at BASF. \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Interact with your imagination: Learn, Experience Holographic AR\u003cbr>\n1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/los-altos-library/\">Los Altos Library\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how to create your own holographic augmented reality experiences in this introductory workshop hosted by Integem Inc. Come create your own fantasy world with Holographic Augmented Reality (HAR). This event is suitable for K-12 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mon., Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SciComm Studio 012: Beneath the Sea\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/swissnex-san-francisco/\">swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can artists, scientists, and designers collaborate to create new methods of public engagement around marine conservation? swissnex San Francisco will host a conversation with Marie Griesmar, artist, diver, and science communicator. Marie will provide insights into her artistic process and her strategies for increasing awareness around coral reefs and environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitarium and CA Trail Tour\u003cbr>\n2:45 p.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\nOakland Zoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a special guided tour of the newly opened Habitarium and CA Trail exhibits. Guests will learn all about the new resident animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tue., Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933306 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n2 p.m. – 6 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join Cal scientists for some fun, food-related (and spooky!) investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turning Cells into Superheroes\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 7 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/ucsf-mission-bay-campus-genentech-hall/\">UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how UCSF scientists are turning cells into superheroes by engineering immune cells to kill cancer. Scientists will lead you through an interactive experience to design, build, and test a personalized cell therapy to treat a hypothetical cancer patient who has failed conventional treatment. Participants will also engineer immune T cells with the therapy they designed and use microscopy to test their ability to specifically kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wed., Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy BASF.) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n5:30 p.m. – 8 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/mission-science-workshop-2/\">Mission Science Workshop\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring exhibits that come to life and take over the workshop for one haunted evening! Come if you dare and explore the spooky side of science. Walk inside the belly of a (real!) whale, dissect an eyeball, meet the Mission’s friendliest python, dance with real animal calaveras and skeletons, and light up your costume with LEDs or get it moving with a motor at our tinkering table of terror. All ages are welcome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Thurs., Nov. 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-800x304.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-768x292.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-240x91.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-375x142.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-520x198.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brains on Video Games\u003cbr>\n4 p.m. – 5 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/neuroscape-ucsf/\">Neuroscape UCSF\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Showcasing a cutting-edge approach to improving brain function by building a bridge between neuroscience and fun technologies. Discover how video games are being developed to support treatment of brain disorders such as ADHD, autism, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscape Research Labs are state-of-the-art programs designed to study novel, therapeutic approaches, with the primary goal of driving the rapid translation of neuroscience to real-world solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Stephen Hawking: A Celebration of His Life and Work\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">6 p.m.-7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/san-francisco-public-library-koret-auditorium/\">San Francisco Public Library, Koret Auditorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Scientists and science enthusiasts are mourning the passing of Stephen Hawking, one of the great minds and spirits of our time. In this introductory, nontechnical talk, Andrew Fraknoi will briefly summarize Hawking’s life, and talk about the importance of his scientific work. No background in science or math will be required, but be prepared to have your mind boggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Astronomy Night @ UC Berkeley\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m.\u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9:30 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/uc-berkeley-campbell-hall/\">UC Berkeley, Campbell Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come enjoy the final Astronomy Night of 2018! Featuring an astronomy talk and stargazing on the roof of Campbell Hall with a fleet of telescopes. Learn all about the search for extraterrestrial life, and how you can help search for ET too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg 426w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Fri., Nov. 2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Most Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m. \u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Most Unknown” is an epic documentary film that sends nine scientists to extraordinary parts of the world to uncover unexpected answers to some of humanity’s biggest questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Sat., Nov. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Day at AT&T Park\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">11 p.m.-\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">4:30 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Come experience tons of dynamic demonstrations, engaging experiments, and geeky games led by Bay Area scientists and engineers. The entire ballpark will be packed with science content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Possible Self STEM Expo\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">8:30 p.m. \u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">3:30 p.m., \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-events-cost\">Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/foothill-college-sunnyvale-campue/\">Foothill College – Sunnyvale Campue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a daylong program, middle-school aged students will take part in multiple Science-, Technology-, Engineering-, and Math- oriented sessions. Students will sign up for activities at the beginning of the day. There will also be an event connecting students with mentoring programs in the Bay Area. This will allow students to follow up with their STEM experiences throughout the year. This opportunity is open to all students. Youth from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM are especially encouraged to attend!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Listen to The Ice Shelf as It Makes Eerie Sounds",
"headTitle": "Listen to The Ice Shelf as It Makes Eerie Sounds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w56RxaX9THY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “whistling” of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica’s largest, is beautifully eerie. It’s also potentially a divining rod for changes to shelves’ composition that can be monitored in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening to it, the opening moan of Fever Ray’s song \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBAzlNJonO8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“If I Had A Heart”\u003c/a> comes to mind, or the dramatic composition \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnoxu4ocQb0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Inuksuit\u003c/em>\u003c/a> from John Luther Adams:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To arrive at \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/antarctic-ice-shelf-sings-as-winds-whip-across-its-surface/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their new recording\u003c/a>, twelve scientists working on the ice shelf burrowed 34 tools for measuring seismic activity into it, expecting to monitor its internal vibrations. They noticed, however, that surface wind glazing over the “firn” — the top layer of snow of the shelf — was feeding the sensors below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was at first considered to be “inconvenient ambient noise,” as the glaciologist Douglas R. MacAyeal put it in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL080366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a summation of the new findings\u003c/a>, ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself. The shelf’s song changes as its surface does; strong storms can rearrange the snow dunes atop it, causing that ice to vibrate at different frequencies — how fast the seismic waves travel through the snow changes as air temperatures at the surface fluctuate, in turn giving scientists data on the shelf’s structural integrity. Meaning whether or not it will break up, and thus raise sea levels. Not bad for a whistle or two. Or 34.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we care so much about ice shelves is because their stability is so important to the stability of other ice masses,” Rick Aster, one of the authors of the study, tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting that the recording above was not, in its original form, perceptible to human ears — the “song” was created by speeding up those seismic waves, allowing more casual observers to follow along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives people an intuitive feel that there are these waves bouncing around in the ice shelf that are sensitive to changes, like warming,” Aster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Music From the Natural World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Orleans-based artist Quintron, through his company Quintronics, developed the Weather Warlock, a “giant analog synth” that is based around an F-major chord, but varies its resulting music due to input from the weather (temperature, wind, sun and rain) it’s experiencing at any given time. The result, which \u003ca href=\"http://weatherfortheblind.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can stream 24 hours a day\u003c/a> from its current home in Los Angeles, is mercurial and meditative and worth leaving in your headphones for a while. “Our hope is that this instrument could be of some help to those experiencing any type of sleep disorder or to anyone suffering from stress or health issues which might benefit from a direct musical connection to nature,” its creators note. (They also note it is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> meant to offer any medical treatment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baka in southeastern Cameroon \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLGX7EPODug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use water as a drum\u003c/a>, resulting in a fluent, calming rhythmic form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, if you’re sick of Earth entirely, NASA has an archive of “spooky” space sounds — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/features/halloween_sounds.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perfect for Halloween\u003c/a>. (Not so sure about \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/edu_happy_halloween_2015.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that cover art\u003c/a>, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Updated Oct. 18, 5:23 p.m. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem>with further information on \u003c/em>\u003cem>the value of wind’s seismic data.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Much to the researcher's surprise, the sounds ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/w56RxaX9THY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/w56RxaX9THY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The “whistling” of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica’s largest, is beautifully eerie. It’s also potentially a divining rod for changes to shelves’ composition that can be monitored in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening to it, the opening moan of Fever Ray’s song \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBAzlNJonO8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“If I Had A Heart”\u003c/a> comes to mind, or the dramatic composition \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnoxu4ocQb0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Inuksuit\u003c/em>\u003c/a> from John Luther Adams:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To arrive at \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/antarctic-ice-shelf-sings-as-winds-whip-across-its-surface/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their new recording\u003c/a>, twelve scientists working on the ice shelf burrowed 34 tools for measuring seismic activity into it, expecting to monitor its internal vibrations. They noticed, however, that surface wind glazing over the “firn” — the top layer of snow of the shelf — was feeding the sensors below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was at first considered to be “inconvenient ambient noise,” as the glaciologist Douglas R. MacAyeal put it in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL080366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a summation of the new findings\u003c/a>, ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself. The shelf’s song changes as its surface does; strong storms can rearrange the snow dunes atop it, causing that ice to vibrate at different frequencies — how fast the seismic waves travel through the snow changes as air temperatures at the surface fluctuate, in turn giving scientists data on the shelf’s structural integrity. Meaning whether or not it will break up, and thus raise sea levels. Not bad for a whistle or two. Or 34.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we care so much about ice shelves is because their stability is so important to the stability of other ice masses,” Rick Aster, one of the authors of the study, tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting that the recording above was not, in its original form, perceptible to human ears — the “song” was created by speeding up those seismic waves, allowing more casual observers to follow along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives people an intuitive feel that there are these waves bouncing around in the ice shelf that are sensitive to changes, like warming,” Aster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Music From the Natural World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Orleans-based artist Quintron, through his company Quintronics, developed the Weather Warlock, a “giant analog synth” that is based around an F-major chord, but varies its resulting music due to input from the weather (temperature, wind, sun and rain) it’s experiencing at any given time. The result, which \u003ca href=\"http://weatherfortheblind.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can stream 24 hours a day\u003c/a> from its current home in Los Angeles, is mercurial and meditative and worth leaving in your headphones for a while. “Our hope is that this instrument could be of some help to those experiencing any type of sleep disorder or to anyone suffering from stress or health issues which might benefit from a direct musical connection to nature,” its creators note. (They also note it is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> meant to offer any medical treatment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baka in southeastern Cameroon \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLGX7EPODug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use water as a drum\u003c/a>, resulting in a fluent, calming rhythmic form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, if you’re sick of Earth entirely, NASA has an archive of “spooky” space sounds — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/features/halloween_sounds.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perfect for Halloween\u003c/a>. (Not so sure about \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/edu_happy_halloween_2015.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that cover art\u003c/a>, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Updated Oct. 18, 5:23 p.m. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem>with further information on \u003c/em>\u003cem>the value of wind’s seismic data.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California Law Requires a 'Clear Benefit' for Groundwater Recharge",
"headTitle": "Why California Law Requires a ‘Clear Benefit’ for Groundwater Recharge | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Researchers at the University of California recently \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/10/04/is-groundwater-recharge-a-beneficial-use-california-law-says-no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">highlighted\u003c/a> a flaw in state law that may prohibit diverting streamflow to recharge groundwater. The problem is that groundwater recharge by itself is not considered a “beneficial use” under state law, and meeting that definition is a requirement to obtain a permit to divert water.[contextly_sidebar id=”2ViJvHaEuCTE5vIrxwfK4dAL7s8M3gsp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at the State Water Resources Control Board, which oversees water rights, say the reality is not so clear-cut. In fact, existing rules allow most groundwater recharge projects to obtain a water right. It’s just that they may not be awarded that right for the act of recharge by itself. The applicant would have to specifically target some ancillary benefit of recharge, such as salinity control in an aquifer or reversing land subsidence caused by overpumping groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> researchers, among other things, recommended that the water board develop new regulations to clarify that those kinds of nonextractive uses of groundwater are, in fact, a beneficial use. But the water board has no plans to do so, asserting that existing rules are adequate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain all this further, Water Deeply recently spoke with Erik Ekdahl, a deputy director in the division of water rights at the state board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why isn’t the water board changing the rules to make groundwater recharge a beneficial use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Ekdahl: Two main reasons. The first is that it leads to trouble and potential “cold storage,” for lack of a better term, related to junior water-right holders and senior water-right holders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start making groundwater recharge a beneficial use, what that does is it allows senior water-right holders to start placing vast amounts of water into aquifer storage that downstream junior water-right holders essentially no longer have access to. It really messes up the order of things, including how much people pay for water.[contextly_sidebar id=”ECueFklUwqnkwOFl2tr31v8c74uqibfN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you have a very senior water-right holder and they have a license for maybe 1,000 acre-feet a year. Yet they’re only able to actually use 300 a year, because that’s how much they need for their crops. So they have a right to 700 additional acre-feet, but no place to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon making groundwater recharge a beneficial use, what you basically allow that senior water-right holder to do is put that extra 700 acre-feet into storage. They can lock that up and keep it underground, and they don’t have to do anything with it. Then all the downstream users don’t have access to it. So something a junior water-right holder might have been getting very cheaply, they suddenly might have to pay a couple hundred dollars an acre-foot or more to get. It reduces the amount of water that might be available, and it changes the cost structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And what’s the second reason?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: The second is that you don’t really need to. I think that’s the more important one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There seems to be the mistaken belief among a lot of water-right users that if you just made groundwater recharge a beneficial use then it would be really easy to get a groundwater storage permit. Yet that’s not really the case. It doesn’t address the things that really fundamentally drive the water-right permitting process – which are whether or not they have done an environmental review and whether or not there is actually water available, as well as the effects on downstream water users and the environment. We still have to address all of those things. So simply making groundwater recharge a beneficial use doesn’t avoid those issues that take a long time to address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other element of this is that when you really look at what people want to use groundwater storage for, we already include those as beneficial uses. Typically, it’s because they want to use it for their irrigation or municipal supply later on. That’s already a beneficial use. You don’t need to create a new type of beneficial use to account for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other issues include what we might call “in situ” beneficial uses, or nonextractive uses. This could include recharging groundwater as a seawater barrier, protection from land subsidence or protecting instream flows. Pollution control could be a beneficial use. Those are all beneficial uses, as well. In fact we have permitted those types of things in the past. The storage itself doesn’t fundamentally affect the aquifer. It’s what use comes out of it after that’s fundamentally important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about the goal of achieving sustainability in an aquifer, as required by the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Is that a beneficial use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: It could be. I would take a slightly more skeptical view of this idea that we need to recharge an aquifer just to meet that definition in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> Why are you trying to reach some water level in the aquifer? It’s almost certainly going to be for a number of reasons: That’s the level at which most of your private domestic or municipal wells are at [or] at which subsidence no longer occurs – or to repel salinity. There are all these other issues that would actually drive the need to raise the aquifer level to some point. And those would all be beneficial uses.[contextly_sidebar id=”W4YPLKnbvvxWhPrSK5b62r0uKlZk1krD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other idea that I think merits a little bit of skepticism is this: If we’re going to raise the level in an aquifer, how realistic is that for most of these \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span>basins? I think that’s a pretty unrealistic goal for many basins. I think what we’re going to see in most \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> plans is some kind of slow ramp-down to a level that’s lower than what we see today. I think it’s going to be really tough to raise groundwater levels in many of these aquifers without massive, massive changes in pumping rates or water application, or through recharge efforts. The mass balances just don’t work out otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So if the water board has no plans to change the regulations on beneficial use, what is it doing to encourage more groundwater recharge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: We are working internally to find ways to give better direction to stakeholders and do better outreach. We’ve added information to our website that clarifies examples of in situ uses, and also clarifies that you can use groundwater recharge to mitigate subsidence, support groundwater-dependent ecosystems, protect or enhance groundwater levels. We directly say this on our website now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re going to look in the next couple of months to further clarify nonextractive beneficial uses, and how an applicant might go about applying for a permit. The messaging and communication on that is maybe still a little bit unclear on our end. We do want to work on providing more information to applicants. Maybe it’s more FAQs on our website; maybe it’s more outreach events. But we are working toward it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We think we can permit and accommodate almost any kind of reasonable application that comes to us. We do encourage people to give us a call in advance and talk through why they are trying to recharge groundwater. We’ll tell them about all the different kinds of beneficial uses we can permit, and would be interested in working with the applicant to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I don’t want to make it sound like it’s going to be like buying a ticket at the fair and getting your water right. It’s still going to be a complex process. You still need to complete the California Environmental Quality Act process, go through a public notification process – and you’re likely to get protests, because most water-right applications do. We want these environmental protections in place to make sure we’re preserving instream flows for the environment or to protect senior water-right holders downstream.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers at the University of California recently \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/10/04/is-groundwater-recharge-a-beneficial-use-california-law-says-no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">highlighted\u003c/a> a flaw in state law that may prohibit diverting streamflow to recharge groundwater. The problem is that groundwater recharge by itself is not considered a “beneficial use” under state law, and meeting that definition is a requirement to obtain a permit to divert water.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at the State Water Resources Control Board, which oversees water rights, say the reality is not so clear-cut. In fact, existing rules allow most groundwater recharge projects to obtain a water right. It’s just that they may not be awarded that right for the act of recharge by itself. The applicant would have to specifically target some ancillary benefit of recharge, such as salinity control in an aquifer or reversing land subsidence caused by overpumping groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> researchers, among other things, recommended that the water board develop new regulations to clarify that those kinds of nonextractive uses of groundwater are, in fact, a beneficial use. But the water board has no plans to do so, asserting that existing rules are adequate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain all this further, Water Deeply recently spoke with Erik Ekdahl, a deputy director in the division of water rights at the state board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why isn’t the water board changing the rules to make groundwater recharge a beneficial use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Ekdahl: Two main reasons. The first is that it leads to trouble and potential “cold storage,” for lack of a better term, related to junior water-right holders and senior water-right holders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start making groundwater recharge a beneficial use, what that does is it allows senior water-right holders to start placing vast amounts of water into aquifer storage that downstream junior water-right holders essentially no longer have access to. It really messes up the order of things, including how much people pay for water.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you have a very senior water-right holder and they have a license for maybe 1,000 acre-feet a year. Yet they’re only able to actually use 300 a year, because that’s how much they need for their crops. So they have a right to 700 additional acre-feet, but no place to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon making groundwater recharge a beneficial use, what you basically allow that senior water-right holder to do is put that extra 700 acre-feet into storage. They can lock that up and keep it underground, and they don’t have to do anything with it. Then all the downstream users don’t have access to it. So something a junior water-right holder might have been getting very cheaply, they suddenly might have to pay a couple hundred dollars an acre-foot or more to get. It reduces the amount of water that might be available, and it changes the cost structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And what’s the second reason?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: The second is that you don’t really need to. I think that’s the more important one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There seems to be the mistaken belief among a lot of water-right users that if you just made groundwater recharge a beneficial use then it would be really easy to get a groundwater storage permit. Yet that’s not really the case. It doesn’t address the things that really fundamentally drive the water-right permitting process – which are whether or not they have done an environmental review and whether or not there is actually water available, as well as the effects on downstream water users and the environment. We still have to address all of those things. So simply making groundwater recharge a beneficial use doesn’t avoid those issues that take a long time to address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other element of this is that when you really look at what people want to use groundwater storage for, we already include those as beneficial uses. Typically, it’s because they want to use it for their irrigation or municipal supply later on. That’s already a beneficial use. You don’t need to create a new type of beneficial use to account for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other issues include what we might call “in situ” beneficial uses, or nonextractive uses. This could include recharging groundwater as a seawater barrier, protection from land subsidence or protecting instream flows. Pollution control could be a beneficial use. Those are all beneficial uses, as well. In fact we have permitted those types of things in the past. The storage itself doesn’t fundamentally affect the aquifer. It’s what use comes out of it after that’s fundamentally important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about the goal of achieving sustainability in an aquifer, as required by the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Is that a beneficial use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: It could be. I would take a slightly more skeptical view of this idea that we need to recharge an aquifer just to meet that definition in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> Why are you trying to reach some water level in the aquifer? It’s almost certainly going to be for a number of reasons: That’s the level at which most of your private domestic or municipal wells are at [or] at which subsidence no longer occurs – or to repel salinity. There are all these other issues that would actually drive the need to raise the aquifer level to some point. And those would all be beneficial uses.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other idea that I think merits a little bit of skepticism is this: If we’re going to raise the level in an aquifer, how realistic is that for most of these \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span>basins? I think that’s a pretty unrealistic goal for many basins. I think what we’re going to see in most \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> plans is some kind of slow ramp-down to a level that’s lower than what we see today. I think it’s going to be really tough to raise groundwater levels in many of these aquifers without massive, massive changes in pumping rates or water application, or through recharge efforts. The mass balances just don’t work out otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So if the water board has no plans to change the regulations on beneficial use, what is it doing to encourage more groundwater recharge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: We are working internally to find ways to give better direction to stakeholders and do better outreach. We’ve added information to our website that clarifies examples of in situ uses, and also clarifies that you can use groundwater recharge to mitigate subsidence, support groundwater-dependent ecosystems, protect or enhance groundwater levels. We directly say this on our website now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re going to look in the next couple of months to further clarify nonextractive beneficial uses, and how an applicant might go about applying for a permit. The messaging and communication on that is maybe still a little bit unclear on our end. We do want to work on providing more information to applicants. Maybe it’s more FAQs on our website; maybe it’s more outreach events. But we are working toward it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We think we can permit and accommodate almost any kind of reasonable application that comes to us. We do encourage people to give us a call in advance and talk through why they are trying to recharge groundwater. We’ll tell them about all the different kinds of beneficial uses we can permit, and would be interested in working with the applicant to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I don’t want to make it sound like it’s going to be like buying a ticket at the fair and getting your water right. It’s still going to be a complex process. You still need to complete the California Environmental Quality Act process, go through a public notification process – and you’re likely to get protests, because most water-right applications do. We want these environmental protections in place to make sure we’re preserving instream flows for the environment or to protect senior water-right holders downstream.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Biosphere 2: A Once Troubled Social Experiment is Transformed",
"headTitle": "Biosphere 2: A Once Troubled Social Experiment is Transformed | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>They lived for two years and 20 minutes under the glass of a miniature Earth, complete with an ocean, rain forest, desert, grasslands and mangroves. Their air and water were recycled, and they grew the sweet potatoes, rice and other food they needed to survive.[contextly_sidebar id=”vAhk3ez7HbI2bnqSHjyPT5s7salbQmHV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1,500 people were invited and some 200 journalists were on hand as the eight original inhabitants of Biosphere 2 left their glass terrarium a quarter-century ago last month in two groups that no longer talked to each other amid the stress of sharing a small space and disputes over how the project should be run. Detractors called the $150 million experiment a failure because additional oxygen was pumped into what was supposed to be a self-sustaining system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A power struggle in subsequent months led Texas billionaire backer Edward P. Bass to hire investment banker Stephen Bannon, who was later President Trump’s chief strategist, to bring the project back from financial disarray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Biosphere 2 is a different kind of place, a University of Arizona site where researchers from around the world can study everything from the effects of the ocean’s acidification on coral to ways of ensuring food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started out as a great, big kind of societal experiment and was transformed by pure ingenuity into something else that has proved useful,” said Jeffrey S. Dukes, director of the Perdue Climate Change Research Center. “It’s also a really cool facility to tour.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joaquin Ruiz, a geologist who directs the project in the Sonoran Desert about 30 miles northeast of Tucson, said Biosphere 2′s controlled environments allow researchers to conduct experiments they won’t try outside “because you don’t want to have unintended circumstances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means researchers from the Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada don’t have to worry about harming the environment while studying how plants in the tiny rainforest adjust their water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The miniature ocean is being renovated so researchers from places including the University of Hawaii can continue experiments on a miniature reef without hurting reefs in the Pacific. A $550,000 grant from Johns Hopkins University is helping scientists test theories about water movement on three artificial hillslopes known as the Landscape Evolution Observatory, a gigantic Earth science laboratory.[contextly_sidebar id=”iM24vQgI5QlRF0rTdOHTWhN4MXVwi9j7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university assumed management of Biosphere 2 in mid-2007 and in June 2011 announced full acquisition of the glass-enclosed area of just over 3 acres (1 hectare) that reaches as tall as 75 feet (23 meters) in some places, and the buildings and grounds around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Dukes, independent ecologist Christopher Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, said Biosphere 2 has proved useful for science in its current iteration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to separate it from what it was originally to see its worth today,” said Field, adding that controlled environment facilities like Biosphere 2 “are a powerful way to help us understand the way the world works. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an important piece in our portfolio for understanding climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist John Adams, Biosphere 2′s deputy director, has been with the project since 1995, when he was a new University of Arizona graduate. “It’s always been an audacious, ambitious project,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said 55 people now work at the site, including 30 researchers. Bass donated $30 million to Biosphere 2 last year and sits on its advisory board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have been doing a really great job, laying some strong foundations for their science,” Jane Poynter, one of the eight original Biosphere 2 inhabitants, said of the current research. “Twenty-five years after we came out it’s still very forward-looking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter said that since she and the other “Biospherians” emerged from the greenhouse, much of the original animosity has faded away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial project was the brainchild of systems ecologist John Allen, and Bass was financial backer when the first group of four women and four men entered Biosphere 2 on Sept. 26, 1991. Now almost 90, Allen lives quietly in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[contextly_sidebar id=”4sggZbfPmrBzcyvbzK1tdjVgFMVPfDHV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mission by a second group was terminated early after Bass ousted Allen and other top managers in April 1994 and temporarily made Bannon acting director during a management dispute. Bannon led the project for about two years, and Columbia University then took over, changing the once virtually airtight structure to a “flow-through” system and manipulating carbon dioxide levels to study global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter and Taber MacCallum later married and settled in Tucson, where they operate World View Enterprises, a company that is pioneering flight to the edge of space with high-altitude balloons. They met during training for Biosphere 2, and their romance flourished after entering the enclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple hopes World View’s high-altitude remote-controlled balloons will eventually be used for weather monitoring, communications and research at a fraction of the cost of satellites. They are also working on a craft called Voyager, which they want to use to take people some 100,000 feet (30,480 meters) above Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crew members Abigail Alling, Mark Van Thillo and Sarah Silverstone work with their Biosphere Foundation, which conducts marine research in southeast Asia. Fellow crew member Linda Leigh, a botanist lives near Biosphere 2 in Arizona. Crew physician \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Walford\">Roy Walford\u003c/a>, a well-known researcher on the effects of a low-calorie diet on longevity, died from Lou Gehrig’s disease in 2004 at age 79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other crew member, Mark Nelson, lives in Santa Fe and recently published a book called “Pushing Our Limits: Insights from Biosphere 2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book, Nelson reflects on the group’s experiences and calls on people to renew their relationship with nature to help reverse trends threatening the original biosphere, Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remain optimistic about the prospects for the ‘human experiment,’” he writes. “Problems humans cause can also be solved by humans.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The once troubled Biosphere project has proved useful for science in its current iteration and is allowing scientists to study everything from ocean acidification on coral to food security.",
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"description": "The once troubled Biosphere project has proved useful for science in its current iteration and is allowing scientists to study everything from ocean acidification on coral to food security.",
"title": "Biosphere 2: A Once Troubled Social Experiment is Transformed | KQED",
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"headline": "Biosphere 2: A Once Troubled Social Experiment is Transformed",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They lived for two years and 20 minutes under the glass of a miniature Earth, complete with an ocean, rain forest, desert, grasslands and mangroves. Their air and water were recycled, and they grew the sweet potatoes, rice and other food they needed to survive.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1,500 people were invited and some 200 journalists were on hand as the eight original inhabitants of Biosphere 2 left their glass terrarium a quarter-century ago last month in two groups that no longer talked to each other amid the stress of sharing a small space and disputes over how the project should be run. Detractors called the $150 million experiment a failure because additional oxygen was pumped into what was supposed to be a self-sustaining system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A power struggle in subsequent months led Texas billionaire backer Edward P. Bass to hire investment banker Stephen Bannon, who was later President Trump’s chief strategist, to bring the project back from financial disarray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Biosphere 2 is a different kind of place, a University of Arizona site where researchers from around the world can study everything from the effects of the ocean’s acidification on coral to ways of ensuring food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started out as a great, big kind of societal experiment and was transformed by pure ingenuity into something else that has proved useful,” said Jeffrey S. Dukes, director of the Perdue Climate Change Research Center. “It’s also a really cool facility to tour.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joaquin Ruiz, a geologist who directs the project in the Sonoran Desert about 30 miles northeast of Tucson, said Biosphere 2′s controlled environments allow researchers to conduct experiments they won’t try outside “because you don’t want to have unintended circumstances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means researchers from the Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada don’t have to worry about harming the environment while studying how plants in the tiny rainforest adjust their water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The miniature ocean is being renovated so researchers from places including the University of Hawaii can continue experiments on a miniature reef without hurting reefs in the Pacific. A $550,000 grant from Johns Hopkins University is helping scientists test theories about water movement on three artificial hillslopes known as the Landscape Evolution Observatory, a gigantic Earth science laboratory.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university assumed management of Biosphere 2 in mid-2007 and in June 2011 announced full acquisition of the glass-enclosed area of just over 3 acres (1 hectare) that reaches as tall as 75 feet (23 meters) in some places, and the buildings and grounds around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Dukes, independent ecologist Christopher Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, said Biosphere 2 has proved useful for science in its current iteration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to separate it from what it was originally to see its worth today,” said Field, adding that controlled environment facilities like Biosphere 2 “are a powerful way to help us understand the way the world works. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an important piece in our portfolio for understanding climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist John Adams, Biosphere 2′s deputy director, has been with the project since 1995, when he was a new University of Arizona graduate. “It’s always been an audacious, ambitious project,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said 55 people now work at the site, including 30 researchers. Bass donated $30 million to Biosphere 2 last year and sits on its advisory board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have been doing a really great job, laying some strong foundations for their science,” Jane Poynter, one of the eight original Biosphere 2 inhabitants, said of the current research. “Twenty-five years after we came out it’s still very forward-looking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter said that since she and the other “Biospherians” emerged from the greenhouse, much of the original animosity has faded away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial project was the brainchild of systems ecologist John Allen, and Bass was financial backer when the first group of four women and four men entered Biosphere 2 on Sept. 26, 1991. Now almost 90, Allen lives quietly in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mission by a second group was terminated early after Bass ousted Allen and other top managers in April 1994 and temporarily made Bannon acting director during a management dispute. Bannon led the project for about two years, and Columbia University then took over, changing the once virtually airtight structure to a “flow-through” system and manipulating carbon dioxide levels to study global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter and Taber MacCallum later married and settled in Tucson, where they operate World View Enterprises, a company that is pioneering flight to the edge of space with high-altitude balloons. They met during training for Biosphere 2, and their romance flourished after entering the enclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple hopes World View’s high-altitude remote-controlled balloons will eventually be used for weather monitoring, communications and research at a fraction of the cost of satellites. They are also working on a craft called Voyager, which they want to use to take people some 100,000 feet (30,480 meters) above Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crew members Abigail Alling, Mark Van Thillo and Sarah Silverstone work with their Biosphere Foundation, which conducts marine research in southeast Asia. Fellow crew member Linda Leigh, a botanist lives near Biosphere 2 in Arizona. Crew physician \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Walford\">Roy Walford\u003c/a>, a well-known researcher on the effects of a low-calorie diet on longevity, died from Lou Gehrig’s disease in 2004 at age 79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other crew member, Mark Nelson, lives in Santa Fe and recently published a book called “Pushing Our Limits: Insights from Biosphere 2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book, Nelson reflects on the group’s experiences and calls on people to renew their relationship with nature to help reverse trends threatening the original biosphere, Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remain optimistic about the prospects for the ‘human experiment,’” he writes. “Problems humans cause can also be solved by humans.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "a-sand-dollars-breakfast-is-totally-metal",
"title": "A Sand Dollar's Breakfast Is Totally Metal",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Pristine white sand dollars have long been the souvenir to commemorate a successful day at the beach. But most people who pick them up don’t realize that they’ve collected the skeleton of an animal, washed up at the end of a long life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, scientists say there’s a lot to be said about a sand dollar’s life. That skeleton — also known as a test — is really a tool, a remarkable feat of engineering that allows sand dollars to thrive on the shifting bottom of the sandy seafloor, an environment that most other sea creatures find inhospitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve done something really amazing and different,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/rich-mooi\">Rich Mooi\u003c/a>, a researcher with the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. “They’re a pile of novelties, and they’ve gone way off the deep end in modifying their bodies to adapt to where they live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932171\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_sea_urchin_side_view.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1932171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_sea_urchin_side_view.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific sand dollars use the long spines around their edge and underside to crawl along sandy seafloors. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mooi studies \u003ca href=\"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Echinodermata/\">echinoderms\u003c/a>, a word that roughly translates to “hedgehog skin.” It’s an aptly fitting name for a group that includes sea urchins, sand dollars, sea stars and sea cucumbers. But Mooi said sand dollars really have his heart, in part because of their incredible adaptations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sand dollars are actually a type of sea urchin, one that struck off on its own in an evolutionary pilgrimage to take advantage of a new environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This connection is more obvious when looking at a common feature of the group: symmetry in multiples of five. Starfish have five arms, for example, while the test of a sea urchin is divided into 10 plates: five with tube feet and five with spines. Similarly, a sand dollar has five “petals” that house its specialized breathing tube feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932175 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The skeletons of sand dollars and their relatives, like starfish and sea urchins, show the five-point symmetry that they share. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most sand dollars are solitary and small (up to 3 inches) and can be found along the world’s shorelines to as deep as 130 feet. Researchers are unsure how long they live, with typical estimates ranging from six to 10 years. But recent work on their sea urchin cousins, which traditionally were thought to have a similar life span, suggests they may be among the world’s oldest animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shuffling slowly across the bottom on stiltlike spines, they pick up sand to pass along special feeding grooves, bucket-brigade style, to a mouth on the underside of the disk. The sand dollar’s mouth has a jaw with five teethlike sections, which are the origin of the “doves” in the familiar postcard \u003ca href=\"https://www.traditioninaction.org/religious/f024_SandDollar.htm\">poem\u003c/a> “The Legend of the Sand Dollar.” They use these teeth to grind up sand, but it’s really the coating of microscopic algae and bacteria on each grain that they’re after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sand dollars are dealing with microscopic things, individual sand grains,” Mooi said. “So their whole body system is adapted to being able to handle small particles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you picture a sea urchin, you might think of their long, pointy spines and their strong, suctioning tube feet. These are great tools for wedging into crevices and gripping rocks to avoid sudden waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_sea_urchin.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1932177\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_sea_urchin.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compared to most sea urchins, sand dollars appear flatter, with smaller spines \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But on sand, where the very ground is in constant motion, the strategy is to minimize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you pick up any sand dollar and observe it edge-on, it looks like an airplane wing alive with a flurry of activity: tiny spines, tube feet and miniature pincers called pedicellariae that carry out various tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or perhaps, said Mooi, a bicycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you imagine yourself riding into the wind on a bicycle, you find yourself hunching over to get down out of the wind,” he said. “You’re trying to minimize drag. That’s what sand dollars have done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And similar to a spoiler on a car, many species have specialized holes in their skeletons known as lunules, which help equalize pressure as water flows over them to greatly reduce lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932179\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932179 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some sand dollar species have holes called lunules to help keep them from being swept away by rushing currents in the ocean. The skeletons of these Rotula deciesdigitatus are part of Rich Mooi’s collection at the California Academy of Sciences. \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s the same reason that bombers during World War II couldn’t fly as well when they had holes punched through the wings,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One species on the West Coast of California has taken its body modifications a step beyond. Mooi described the eccentric sand dollar (Dendraster excentricus) as “a weirdo on the West Coast. We like to do things differently here, and sand dollars are no exception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While sand dollars are usually solitary, these dollars group together in dense purple fields of up to 625 individuals per square yard. Larvae in the water use chemical cues from adults to indicate that they’re in a good place to settle out of the plankton and grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they grow, they develop off-center, with the gills, feeding grooves, reproductive structures, mouth and anus offset to one side of the body. This pattern of development is known as eccentricity, and this is how they get their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they are large enough to begin feeding, eccentric sand dollars align themselves parallel to the current and tip up on their edges, anchoring one end in the sand while the other sticks into the streaming waters above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put it bluntly, “they’ve got their little butts in the air,” Mooi said with a chuckle. “It’s quite brilliant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason: They’re filtering feeders. While most sand dollars move along the bottom, grinding up sand to eat the rich microbial organisms adhered onto them, eccentric sand dollars pluck tasty plankton morsels straight from the current by turning on-end. They’re the only sand dollar species known to feed in this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_zoom_in_on_spines.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1932182\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_zoom_in_on_spines.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of Pacific sand dollars stand up in the current. They use their spines, tube feet and pedicellariae to catch plankton out of the water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re very hydrodynamically attuned animals,” Mooi said, “and they have this ability to exploit current flows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another compelling trick: While older sand dollars are heavy enough to keep themselves firmly on the bottom, younger dollars have crafted something that may be familiar to any scuba diver or spear fisherman. They use a weight belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sand is made up of small bits of rock and debris. The rocks along the coast determine which minerals will be present in the sand. Magnetite is one such mineral, an iron-rich deposit named for its magnetic properties. In sand, it is often seen as very small, slightly shiny black specks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932189\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_magnetite.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932189 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_magnetite.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As they grow, young sand dollars consume particles of an iron ore called magnetite that they store in their bodies, making them heavier and reducing their buoyancy. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Young sand dollars can pick small grains of magnetite from the surrounding sand and store them in specialized chambers of their gut called diverticula. When X-rayed, the magnetite appears as bright patches. They help weigh down the younger dollars, keeping them grounded until they bulk up as adults so they don’t wash away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932192\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-ray images of sand dollars show deposits of magnetite inside, seen here in white. \u003ccite>(Rich Mooi/ California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://invertebrates.si.edu/mah.htm\">Chris Mah\u003c/a>, a researcher with the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., these kinds of behaviors are an elegant example of how evolution can drive species to perfectly adapt to any habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With sand dollars, there’s so much of the story of their adaptation to sandy environments that makes sense,” he said, “and it’s hard not to appreciate how lovely they are when they’re arranged in such an ordered, but aesthetically wondrous, pattern.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Their skeletons are prized by beachcombers, but sand dollars look way different in their lives beneath the waves. Covered in thousands of purple spines, they have a bizarre diet that helps them exploit the turbulent waters of the sandy seafloor. ",
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"title": "A Sand Dollar's Breakfast Is Totally Metal | KQED",
"description": "Their skeletons are prized by beachcombers, but sand dollars look way different in their lives beneath the waves. Covered in thousands of purple spines, they have a bizarre diet that helps them exploit the turbulent waters of the sandy seafloor. ",
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"headline": "A Sand Dollar's Breakfast Is Totally Metal",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Pristine white sand dollars have long been the souvenir to commemorate a successful day at the beach. But most people who pick them up don’t realize that they’ve collected the skeleton of an animal, washed up at the end of a long life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, scientists say there’s a lot to be said about a sand dollar’s life. That skeleton — also known as a test — is really a tool, a remarkable feat of engineering that allows sand dollars to thrive on the shifting bottom of the sandy seafloor, an environment that most other sea creatures find inhospitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve done something really amazing and different,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/rich-mooi\">Rich Mooi\u003c/a>, a researcher with the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. “They’re a pile of novelties, and they’ve gone way off the deep end in modifying their bodies to adapt to where they live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932171\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_sea_urchin_side_view.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1932171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_sea_urchin_side_view.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific sand dollars use the long spines around their edge and underside to crawl along sandy seafloors. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mooi studies \u003ca href=\"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Echinodermata/\">echinoderms\u003c/a>, a word that roughly translates to “hedgehog skin.” It’s an aptly fitting name for a group that includes sea urchins, sand dollars, sea stars and sea cucumbers. But Mooi said sand dollars really have his heart, in part because of their incredible adaptations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sand dollars are actually a type of sea urchin, one that struck off on its own in an evolutionary pilgrimage to take advantage of a new environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This connection is more obvious when looking at a common feature of the group: symmetry in multiples of five. Starfish have five arms, for example, while the test of a sea urchin is divided into 10 plates: five with tube feet and five with spines. Similarly, a sand dollar has five “petals” that house its specialized breathing tube feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932175 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Starfish_Sea_Urchin_5_point_symmetry_comparison-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The skeletons of sand dollars and their relatives, like starfish and sea urchins, show the five-point symmetry that they share. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most sand dollars are solitary and small (up to 3 inches) and can be found along the world’s shorelines to as deep as 130 feet. Researchers are unsure how long they live, with typical estimates ranging from six to 10 years. But recent work on their sea urchin cousins, which traditionally were thought to have a similar life span, suggests they may be among the world’s oldest animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shuffling slowly across the bottom on stiltlike spines, they pick up sand to pass along special feeding grooves, bucket-brigade style, to a mouth on the underside of the disk. The sand dollar’s mouth has a jaw with five teethlike sections, which are the origin of the “doves” in the familiar postcard \u003ca href=\"https://www.traditioninaction.org/religious/f024_SandDollar.htm\">poem\u003c/a> “The Legend of the Sand Dollar.” They use these teeth to grind up sand, but it’s really the coating of microscopic algae and bacteria on each grain that they’re after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sand dollars are dealing with microscopic things, individual sand grains,” Mooi said. “So their whole body system is adapted to being able to handle small particles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you picture a sea urchin, you might think of their long, pointy spines and their strong, suctioning tube feet. These are great tools for wedging into crevices and gripping rocks to avoid sudden waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_sea_urchin.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1932177\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_sea_urchin.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compared to most sea urchins, sand dollars appear flatter, with smaller spines \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But on sand, where the very ground is in constant motion, the strategy is to minimize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you pick up any sand dollar and observe it edge-on, it looks like an airplane wing alive with a flurry of activity: tiny spines, tube feet and miniature pincers called pedicellariae that carry out various tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or perhaps, said Mooi, a bicycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you imagine yourself riding into the wind on a bicycle, you find yourself hunching over to get down out of the wind,” he said. “You’re trying to minimize drag. That’s what sand dollars have done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And similar to a spoiler on a car, many species have specialized holes in their skeletons known as lunules, which help equalize pressure as water flows over them to greatly reduce lift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932179\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932179 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_-Rotula_deciesdigitatus-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some sand dollar species have holes called lunules to help keep them from being swept away by rushing currents in the ocean. The skeletons of these Rotula deciesdigitatus are part of Rich Mooi’s collection at the California Academy of Sciences. \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s the same reason that bombers during World War II couldn’t fly as well when they had holes punched through the wings,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One species on the West Coast of California has taken its body modifications a step beyond. Mooi described the eccentric sand dollar (Dendraster excentricus) as “a weirdo on the West Coast. We like to do things differently here, and sand dollars are no exception.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While sand dollars are usually solitary, these dollars group together in dense purple fields of up to 625 individuals per square yard. Larvae in the water use chemical cues from adults to indicate that they’re in a good place to settle out of the plankton and grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they grow, they develop off-center, with the gills, feeding grooves, reproductive structures, mouth and anus offset to one side of the body. This pattern of development is known as eccentricity, and this is how they get their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they are large enough to begin feeding, eccentric sand dollars align themselves parallel to the current and tip up on their edges, anchoring one end in the sand while the other sticks into the streaming waters above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put it bluntly, “they’ve got their little butts in the air,” Mooi said with a chuckle. “It’s quite brilliant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason: They’re filtering feeders. While most sand dollars move along the bottom, grinding up sand to eat the rich microbial organisms adhered onto them, eccentric sand dollars pluck tasty plankton morsels straight from the current by turning on-end. They’re the only sand dollar species known to feed in this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_zoom_in_on_spines.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1932182\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_zoom_in_on_spines.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of Pacific sand dollars stand up in the current. They use their spines, tube feet and pedicellariae to catch plankton out of the water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They’re very hydrodynamically attuned animals,” Mooi said, “and they have this ability to exploit current flows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another compelling trick: While older sand dollars are heavy enough to keep themselves firmly on the bottom, younger dollars have crafted something that may be familiar to any scuba diver or spear fisherman. They use a weight belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sand is made up of small bits of rock and debris. The rocks along the coast determine which minerals will be present in the sand. Magnetite is one such mineral, an iron-rich deposit named for its magnetic properties. In sand, it is often seen as very small, slightly shiny black specks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932189\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_magnetite.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932189 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_magnetite.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As they grow, young sand dollars consume particles of an iron ore called magnetite that they store in their bodies, making them heavier and reducing their buoyancy. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Young sand dollars can pick small grains of magnetite from the surrounding sand and store them in specialized chambers of their gut called diverticula. When X-rayed, the magnetite appears as bright patches. They help weigh down the younger dollars, keeping them grounded until they bulk up as adults so they don’t wash away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932192\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/DL518_Sand_Dollars_Xray_group_showing_magnetite_deposites_in_white-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-ray images of sand dollars show deposits of magnetite inside, seen here in white. \u003ccite>(Rich Mooi/ California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://invertebrates.si.edu/mah.htm\">Chris Mah\u003c/a>, a researcher with the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., these kinds of behaviors are an elegant example of how evolution can drive species to perfectly adapt to any habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Preventing an extra single degree of heat could make a life-or-death difference in the next few decades for multitudes of people and ecosystems on this fast-warming planet, an international panel of scientists reported Sunday. But they provide little hope the world will rise to the challenge.[contextly_sidebar id=”sohluwz08eQDArC4pTov5vMO4JxNCAB0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued its gloomy report at a meeting in Incheon, South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 728-page document, the U.N. organization detailed how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C). Among other things:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many people would suffer from lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be fewer deaths and illnesses from heat, smog and infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.[contextly_sidebar id=”6iGTegzlqnJy3vvE51EIswJGMTsbNzDB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. 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More than 90 scientists wrote the report, which is based on more than 6,000 peer reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the report, scientists say less than 2 percent of 529 of their calculated possible future scenarios kept warming below the 1.5 goal without the temperature going above that and somehow coming back down in the future.[contextly_sidebar id=”in2KgHa53e2tcTtamr1IDOwgLLpCZBnm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pledges nations made in the Paris agreement in 2015 are “clearly insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 in any way,” one of the study’s lead authors, Joerj Roeglj of the Imperial College in London, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see the possibility of doing the one and a half” and even 2 degrees looks unlikely, said Appalachian State University environmental scientist Gregg Marland, who isn’t part of the U.N. panel but has tracked global emissions for decades for the U.S. Energy Department. He likened the report to an academic exercise wondering what would happen if a frog had wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet report authors said they remain optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to the lower goal is “not impossible but will require unprecedented changes,” U.N. panel chief Hoesung Lee said in a news conference in which scientists repeatedly declined to spell out just how feasible that goal is. They said it is up to governments to decide whether those unprecedented changes are acted upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a monumental task in front of us, but it is not impossible,” Mahowald said earlier. “This is our chance to decide what the world is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use, the report said. Annual carbon dioxide pollution levels that are still rising now would have to drop by about half by 2030 and then be near zero by 2050. Emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants. And that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth are projected to increase with global warming” the report said, adding that the world’s poor are more likely to get hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said extreme weather, especially heat waves, will be deadlier if the lower goal is passed.[contextly_sidebar id=”1kD3REVLsFvJR9oJ9qWuEXYNwpnE1SPp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the tougher-to-reach goal “could result in around 420 million fewer people being frequently exposed to extreme heat waves, and about 65 million fewer people being exposed to exceptional heat waves,” the report said. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. 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"content": "\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. [contextly_sidebar id=”fnAsXqYMH2wXuMPiM7XaZXpzPiY89ReR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. [contextly_sidebar id=”wBZEargCce4eVX1RDaJLL0oQY2wnfmtJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>From the ramp tower 120 feet above the runway, it’s clear Philadelphia International Airport is surrounded by water. There is wetland, a network of creeks, and just a couple hundred yards away, the tidal Delaware River leading out to the Bay. As with many airports, the original idea was to build on a large tract of land convenient to a city, but far enough away from homes and tall buildings. Often, that meant coastal wetlands and landfill.[contextly_sidebar id=”U29eft1fiVfzwfT2TqSQvPyQpkUQkBuq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, such airports are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/transportation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A federal report\u003c/a> lists Philadelphia International as one of 13 major U.S. airports that have at least one runway within 12 feet of current sea levels. There are many\u003ca href=\"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2018/09/07/500429.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> more\u003c/a> at risk around the world, and some have already faced flight disruptions or closure from storms and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists, city planners and engineers say that will become more common as sea levels rise, storm surge and intense rain events worsen, and — in some areas — the land slowly sinks. Increasingly, it won’t take a major tropical storm to shut down an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Superstorm Sandy spilled more than 100 million gallons of seawater into New York City’s LaGuardia airport, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/laguardia-to-get-37-5m-in-storm-protection-aid-1.6451288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shutting it down\u003c/a> for three days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we got hit by that, we could have flooding on some of our taxiways or runways,” says Ray Scheinfeld, who’s in charge of preparing for rising sea levels at Philadelphia International. “We could have problems with some of our infrastructure.”[contextly_sidebar id=”oU3nap8iRyiUm0Bd9PsEfnZNpJUHbBIp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says if an airport shuts down, that not only leaves passengers stranded but also prevents delivery of crucial items like medicine or emergency services. It could cost millions of dollars in revenue for the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to the risk in Philadelphia, some of the most critical infrastructure is 15 feet underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a storm flooded a tunnel serving one terminal with three feet of water, shutting down baggage conveyor belts and inundating an electric substation. It knocked out all power, and resulted in about 12 canceled flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, the airport installed stackable aluminum barriers that seal the doors to the substation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know a storm is coming or there’s a potential problem, we can insert those,” says Scheinfeld, “and protect probably up to about 40 inches above the floor level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says new facilities built at the airport will also incorporate future sea level rise. “We may put additional fill into a particular area,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airports across the country are working to solve the same problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.massport.com/media/2774/massport-annual-sustainability-and-resiliency-report-2018_lr.pdf\">Boston’s Logan airport \u003c/a>has \u003ca href=\"https://airportimprovement.com/article/logan-intl-heeds-warnings-prepares-potential-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raised its electrical equipment\u003c/a> and purchased new flood barriers. San Francisco’s airport has runways that jut out into the bay. It’s already installed concrete berms and walls and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SFO_SanBruno_Colma-Resiliency-FINAL_Rpt_150820.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">working with the Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> to do more.[contextly_sidebar id=”EP2tDLEXpOAirOBxNpi4QYVBaFAJ5u2n”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Freudenberg has \u003ca href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-Upgrading-to-World-Class-Revisited.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studied\u003c/a> climate impacts on New York area airports for the Regional Plan Association. He says solutions don’t come easy or cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about airports on the edge of the sea, the most likely thing you would think to do is build a higher wall around that airport,” he says. “But there is a point at which you can’t build a wall so high that an airplane couldn’t clear it. So this is a tricky thing with airports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freudenberg says the problem will only get worse as the planet continues to warm and seas keep rising. In a few decades, he expects some airports may even be underwater and in need of a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal flooding isn’t the only climate-related problem for airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/20/533662790/its-too-hot-for-some-planes-to-fly-in-phoenix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grounded\u003c/a> planes in Phoenix. Melinda Pagliarello, of the Airports Council International North America, also cites warmer temperatures that lead to reduced snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When an airport that used to get x number of feet of snow, but now is getting the equivalent in rain,” she says, “that is in some cases overwhelming or challenging the existing drainage system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that increased wetness can have another impact, this one somewhat icky. “Worms are infesting the runways,” Pagliarello says, making them slippery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us from StateImpact Pennsylvania, a public media collaboration covering Pennsylvania’s energy economy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Airports+At+Water%27s+Edge+Battle+Rising+Sea+Levels&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From the ramp tower 120 feet above the runway, it’s clear Philadelphia International Airport is surrounded by water. There is wetland, a network of creeks, and just a couple hundred yards away, the tidal Delaware River leading out to the Bay. As with many airports, the original idea was to build on a large tract of land convenient to a city, but far enough away from homes and tall buildings. Often, that meant coastal wetlands and landfill.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, such airports are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/transportation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A federal report\u003c/a> lists Philadelphia International as one of 13 major U.S. airports that have at least one runway within 12 feet of current sea levels. There are many\u003ca href=\"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2018/09/07/500429.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> more\u003c/a> at risk around the world, and some have already faced flight disruptions or closure from storms and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists, city planners and engineers say that will become more common as sea levels rise, storm surge and intense rain events worsen, and — in some areas — the land slowly sinks. Increasingly, it won’t take a major tropical storm to shut down an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Superstorm Sandy spilled more than 100 million gallons of seawater into New York City’s LaGuardia airport, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/laguardia-to-get-37-5m-in-storm-protection-aid-1.6451288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shutting it down\u003c/a> for three days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we got hit by that, we could have flooding on some of our taxiways or runways,” says Ray Scheinfeld, who’s in charge of preparing for rising sea levels at Philadelphia International. “We could have problems with some of our infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says if an airport shuts down, that not only leaves passengers stranded but also prevents delivery of crucial items like medicine or emergency services. It could cost millions of dollars in revenue for the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to the risk in Philadelphia, some of the most critical infrastructure is 15 feet underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a storm flooded a tunnel serving one terminal with three feet of water, shutting down baggage conveyor belts and inundating an electric substation. It knocked out all power, and resulted in about 12 canceled flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, the airport installed stackable aluminum barriers that seal the doors to the substation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know a storm is coming or there’s a potential problem, we can insert those,” says Scheinfeld, “and protect probably up to about 40 inches above the floor level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says new facilities built at the airport will also incorporate future sea level rise. “We may put additional fill into a particular area,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airports across the country are working to solve the same problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.massport.com/media/2774/massport-annual-sustainability-and-resiliency-report-2018_lr.pdf\">Boston’s Logan airport \u003c/a>has \u003ca href=\"https://airportimprovement.com/article/logan-intl-heeds-warnings-prepares-potential-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raised its electrical equipment\u003c/a> and purchased new flood barriers. San Francisco’s airport has runways that jut out into the bay. It’s already installed concrete berms and walls and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SFO_SanBruno_Colma-Resiliency-FINAL_Rpt_150820.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">working with the Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> to do more.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Freudenberg has \u003ca href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-Upgrading-to-World-Class-Revisited.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studied\u003c/a> climate impacts on New York area airports for the Regional Plan Association. He says solutions don’t come easy or cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about airports on the edge of the sea, the most likely thing you would think to do is build a higher wall around that airport,” he says. “But there is a point at which you can’t build a wall so high that an airplane couldn’t clear it. So this is a tricky thing with airports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freudenberg says the problem will only get worse as the planet continues to warm and seas keep rising. In a few decades, he expects some airports may even be underwater and in need of a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal flooding isn’t the only climate-related problem for airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/20/533662790/its-too-hot-for-some-planes-to-fly-in-phoenix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grounded\u003c/a> planes in Phoenix. Melinda Pagliarello, of the Airports Council International North America, also cites warmer temperatures that lead to reduced snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When an airport that used to get x number of feet of snow, but now is getting the equivalent in rain,” she says, “that is in some cases overwhelming or challenging the existing drainage system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that increased wetness can have another impact, this one somewhat icky. “Worms are infesting the runways,” Pagliarello says, making them slippery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us from StateImpact Pennsylvania, a public media collaboration covering Pennsylvania’s energy economy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Airports+At+Water%27s+Edge+Battle+Rising+Sea+Levels&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>People who want straws with their drinks at California restaurants will have to ask for them under a new state law.[contextly_sidebar id=”iEek4fDVi4VVJwswE90PtTMGZCTkMapL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law signed Thursday by Gov. Jerry Brown makes California the first state to bar full-service restaurants from automatically giving out single-use plastic straws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes effect next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law doesn’t ban plastic straws outright like some cities have.\u003cbr>\nRestaurants that don’t comply will get two warnings before being fined up to $300 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will apply only to full-service restaurants, not fast food establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers who support the law call it a small step toward reducing ocean pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists called it a great step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"m-3793131304738352932gmail-p3\">\u003cspan class=\"m-3793131304738352932gmail-s1\">“Nothing we use for five minutes should end up polluting our environment for thousands of years,” said Dan Jacobson, Director Environment California. “The time to take action on this persistent problem is NOW.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics argue California’s new law is government overreach that won’t significantly improve the environment. Some say restricting straws hurts disabled people who rely on them.[contextly_sidebar id=”ePW4SKv9i7JxdrSpWRvEjMKKOENsBnwN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Republican Assemblywoman Melissa Melendez of Lake Elsinore said she doesn’t believe the move will reduce pollution but will punish restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"src-routes-Site-routes-Post-components-Post-___Post__post_Body___Bkfwv\">\n\u003cp>The restaurant industry doesn’t oppose the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Coastal Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-plastic-straw-limits-california-20180823-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has recorded roughly\u003c/a> 835,000 straws and stirrers picked up between 1988 and 2014 during beach cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"src-routes-Site-routes-Post-components-Post-___Post__post_Body___Bkfwv\">\n\u003cp>Plastic can take up to \u003ca href=\"https://www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/coastal/trash/documents/marine_debris.pdf\">500 years\u003c/a> to decompose and leaks toxins into the soil and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Amel Ahmed contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People who want straws with their drinks at California restaurants will have to ask for them under a new state law.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law signed Thursday by Gov. Jerry Brown makes California the first state to bar full-service restaurants from automatically giving out single-use plastic straws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes effect next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law doesn’t ban plastic straws outright like some cities have.\u003cbr>\nRestaurants that don’t comply will get two warnings before being fined up to $300 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will apply only to full-service restaurants, not fast food establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers who support the law call it a small step toward reducing ocean pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists called it a great step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"m-3793131304738352932gmail-p3\">\u003cspan class=\"m-3793131304738352932gmail-s1\">“Nothing we use for five minutes should end up polluting our environment for thousands of years,” said Dan Jacobson, Director Environment California. “The time to take action on this persistent problem is NOW.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics argue California’s new law is government overreach that won’t significantly improve the environment. Some say restricting straws hurts disabled people who rely on them.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Republican Assemblywoman Melissa Melendez of Lake Elsinore said she doesn’t believe the move will reduce pollution but will punish restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"src-routes-Site-routes-Post-components-Post-___Post__post_Body___Bkfwv\">\n\u003cp>The restaurant industry doesn’t oppose the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Coastal Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-plastic-straw-limits-california-20180823-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has recorded roughly\u003c/a> 835,000 straws and stirrers picked up between 1988 and 2014 during beach cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"src-routes-Site-routes-Post-components-Post-___Post__post_Body___Bkfwv\">\n\u003cp>Plastic can take up to \u003ca href=\"https://www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/coastal/trash/documents/marine_debris.pdf\">500 years\u003c/a> to decompose and leaks toxins into the soil and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Amel Ahmed contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Saturday, Sept. 15, thousands of Californians will descend on the state’s beaches, parks, and riverbanks to collect trash.[contextly_sidebar id=”NIDBdeyv5X0Vw5XAunH5LnLCPv0WVQfQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their efforts are part of the annual \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/cleanup/#/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Coastal Cleanup Day, \u003c/a>a global campaign to remove debris from the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During last year’s Cleanup, which falls on the third Saturday of September, California \u003ca href=\"https://healthebay.org/event/coastal-cleanup-day-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">volunteers picked up\u003c/a> 800,000 pounds of trash and recyclables in only three hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collected trash is then tallied to raise awareness about major pollution challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food wrappers, lids, paper and plastic bags are among the most common items collected, in addition to the number one item picked up: cigarette butts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers can head out to any one of nearly 1,000 cleanup sites throughout the state, including inland areas where trash can be removed before it reaches the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to participate? Find a cleanup spot near you using the map below.[contextly_sidebar id=”qezbmTZY0GkJj4WdTwH8jy9OECqUIFt5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volunteers who are 18 years old or younger must bring with them a parent-signed waiver, found\u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/waiver.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For groups of 20 or more volunteers, call (415) 561-3077 or email \u003ca href=\"mailto:volunteer@parksconservancy.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">volunteer@parksconservancy.org \u003c/a>to register.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1qwCVkxWP-ZZIMgfSXc5SJ-ZZ1UY&hl=en&w=640&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep track of your efforts and help researchers collect environmental data by \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/trash-free-seas/international-coastal-cleanup/cleanswell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downloading the Clean Swell app\u003c/a>. The data will be sent to the Ocean Conservancy’s ocean trash database, which helps identify trends and delivers a snapshot of global ocean trash for researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app keeps a record of your cleanup history, including total distance cleaned, allowing users to see their environmental impact and share it on social media.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Engineers are deploying a trash collection device to corral plastic litter floating between California and Hawaii in an attempt to clean up the world’s largest garbage patch in the heart of the Pacific Ocean.[contextly_sidebar id=”ExPcTJVxDRlo48dyas0ULQBwRiF1WAjq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2,000-foot long floating boom is being towed from San Francisco to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch — an island of trash twice the size of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system was created by The Ocean Cleanup, an organization founded by Boyan Slat, a 24-year-old innovator from the Netherlands who first became passionate about cleaning the oceans when he went scuba diving at age 16 in the Mediterranean Sea and saw more plastic bags than fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plastic is really persistent and it doesn’t go away by itself and the time to act is now,” Slat said, adding that researchers with his organization found plastic going back to the 1960s and 1970s bobbing in the patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The buoyant, U-shaped barrier made of plastic and with a tapered 10-foot deep screen, is intended to act like a coastline, trapping some of the 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic that scientists estimate are swirling in that gyre but allowing marine life to safely swim beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitted with solar power lights, cameras, sensors and satellite antennas, the cleanup system will communicate its position at all times, allowing a support vessel to fish out the collected plastic every few months and transport it to dry land where it will be recycled, said Slat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shipping containers filled with the fishing nets, plastic bottles, laundry baskets and other plastic refuse scooped up by the system being deployed Saturday are expected to be back on land within a year, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat said he and his team will pay close attention to whether the system works efficiently and withstands harsh ocean conditions, including huge waves. He said he’s most looking forward to a ship loaded with plastic coming back to port.[contextly_sidebar id=”HEddLyWKjztJ783eMOy5VlBtKi6DphNB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have to prove the technology… which will then allow us to scale up a fleet of systems,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ocean Cleanup, which has raised $35 million in donations to fund the project, including from Salesforce.com chief executive Marc Benioff and PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, will deploy 60 free-floating barriers in the Pacific Ocean by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our goals is to remove 50 percent of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years,” Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The free-floating barriers are made to withstand harsh weather conditions and constant wear and tear. 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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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