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"content": "\u003cp>The health officer for Orange County in Southern California has resigned after receiving threats over her order for residents to wear face coverings when near others in public to protect against the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Nichole Quick resigned unexpectedly Monday from a job where she worked 80-hour weeks and faced threats at a public meeting and on social media, said Frank Kim, the county’s executive officer. He said she had been provided security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very stressful position,” Kim told reporters. “There have been multiple staff that have received threats and each one of those is reviewed by law enforcement. We take them very seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A message left for Quick was not immediately returned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quick is the seventh senior health official to resign in California since the pandemic began, and health officials have been facing unprecedented pressure, criticism and threats, said Kat DeBurgh, executive director of the Health Officers Association of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the California public health officials who have resigned, one was given a sheriff’s escort to provide security, DeBurgh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We certainly have had angry comments at meetings before, especially around vaccines, but this level of threat, of having to have a sheriff’s escort, we haven’t seen it before,” DeBurgh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent Orange County Board of Supervisors meeting, a resident said she would invite others to hold workout sessions outside Quick’s home while wearing masks in protest until they dropped. DeBurgh said residents also took a banner depicting Quick as a Nazi to a public meeting and held protests outside her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threats against Quick had been denounced by Michelle Steel, chair of the Board of Supervisors. On Tuesday, the Orange County Medical Association said Quick’s resignation was concerning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are appalled at the personal threats and willful ignorance by some members of our community that ultimately led to her resignation,” the group said in a statement. “We must continue to protect public health based on science, and not allow bullying to drive the health recommendations that can keep us safe and healthy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each county has a health officer who is a doctor appointed by the board of supervisors who can issue isolation and quarantine orders. Counties also have health agencies, which may have a separate director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quick issued her order in late May to try to limit the spread of the virus as the county began reopening more businesses. A similar order is in place in neighboring Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days later, Orange County’s sheriff said he wouldn’t enforce the order. In recent weeks, scores of residents have attended county board meetings to demand officials lift it, while others have bombarded officials with emails to defend it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, Dr. Clayton Chau, the director of the county’s health care agency who was tapped as Quick’s interim replacement, said he didn’t foresee changing the order as the community readies to open day camps, hotels, movie theaters and other venues starting on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Opening more sectors to go back into the community, including schools, we have to watch and see how we do when we enter that ecosystem before we make any decisions to downgrade the masks,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that face coverings are only required if you’re within six feet (1.8 meters) of others not from your household and exclusions apply for health reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orange County has reported 7,600 cases of the virus and 185 deaths. The county of 3.2 million people will now be looking for a new health officer, which Kim conceded will be tough to find as business owners and residents grow weary of measures aimed at the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it a hard job to recruit? 100%,” Kim said. “I think it will be a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the California public health officials who have resigned, one was given a sheriff’s escort to provide security, DeBurgh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We certainly have had angry comments at meetings before, especially around vaccines, but this level of threat, of having to have a sheriff’s escort, we haven’t seen it before,” DeBurgh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent Orange County Board of Supervisors meeting, a resident said she would invite others to hold workout sessions outside Quick’s home while wearing masks in protest until they dropped. DeBurgh said residents also took a banner depicting Quick as a Nazi to a public meeting and held protests outside her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threats against Quick had been denounced by Michelle Steel, chair of the Board of Supervisors. On Tuesday, the Orange County Medical Association said Quick’s resignation was concerning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are appalled at the personal threats and willful ignorance by some members of our community that ultimately led to her resignation,” the group said in a statement. “We must continue to protect public health based on science, and not allow bullying to drive the health recommendations that can keep us safe and healthy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each county has a health officer who is a doctor appointed by the board of supervisors who can issue isolation and quarantine orders. Counties also have health agencies, which may have a separate director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quick issued her order in late May to try to limit the spread of the virus as the county began reopening more businesses. A similar order is in place in neighboring Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days later, Orange County’s sheriff said he wouldn’t enforce the order. In recent weeks, scores of residents have attended county board meetings to demand officials lift it, while others have bombarded officials with emails to defend it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, Dr. Clayton Chau, the director of the county’s health care agency who was tapped as Quick’s interim replacement, said he didn’t foresee changing the order as the community readies to open day camps, hotels, movie theaters and other venues starting on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Opening more sectors to go back into the community, including schools, we have to watch and see how we do when we enter that ecosystem before we make any decisions to downgrade the masks,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that face coverings are only required if you’re within six feet (1.8 meters) of others not from your household and exclusions apply for health reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orange County has reported 7,600 cases of the virus and 185 deaths. The county of 3.2 million people will now be looking for a new health officer, which Kim conceded will be tough to find as business owners and residents grow weary of measures aimed at the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it a hard job to recruit? 100%,” Kim said. “I think it will be a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientific Community Joins Reckoning Over Racism",
"headTitle": "Scientific Community Joins Reckoning Over Racism | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In recent days, the scientific community has joined the wider movement against racial bias that has taken hold following the killing of George Floyd by a police officer. As part of the effort, some 6,000 scientists and academicians have pledged to \u003ca href=\"https://www.particlesforjustice.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">participate\u003c/a> in a one-day strike Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the initiative grew organically online under the hashtag \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/06/academics-shutdownstem-wednesday-to-focus-on-racism/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">#ShutDownSTEM\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.particlesforjustice.org/strike-details\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-preserve-html-node=\"true\">#Strike4BlackLives \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.shutdownstem.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-preserve-html-node=\"true\">#ShutDownAcademia\u003c/a>. Organizers say their aim is to “transition to a lifelong commitment of actions to eradicate anti-Black racism in academia and STEM.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major scientific groups like the American Association for the Advancement of Science are signing on and encouraging their members to participate, listen, reflect, read and demonstrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript async src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/5866.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost every generation has arrived at a similar moment of opportunity born of tragedy,” the group’s CEO, Sudip S. Parikh, wrote in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-ceo-statement-shutdownstem-and-black-lives-matter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statement\u003c/a> posted online. “Progress will require systemic change that, as of yet, we have been unable to make. To be clear, AAAS is part of that system. As we plan for the actions to ensure this moment does not slip away, it’s time for us to pause, listen, and reflect on how — as an organization, as members of the scientific community, and as members of our broader communities — we can and must be a powerful force for change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staff at arXiv, which posts and archives study preprints, are also \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.cornell.edu/arxiv/2020/06/08/strike4blacklives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">participating\u003c/a>. From a statement posted June 8:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>We acknowledge that in research, as in life, people often perpetuate bias and systemic racism, both consciously and unconsciously. Members of arXiv’s own physics community asked us to pause business-as-usual this week and join scientists participating in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.particlesforjustice.org/\">#Strike4BlackLives\u003c/a>. Our US-based staff agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The influential research journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> published an editorial Tuesday acknowledging it is “one of the white institutions that is responsible for bias in research and scholarship.” It continued:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The enterprise of science has been — and remains — complicit in systemic racism, and it must strive harder to correct those injustices and amplify marginalized voices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i>, we will redouble our efforts to do so, and commit to establishing a process that will hold us to account on the many changes we need to make.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Even the World Health Organization, amid grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13881679/even-in-a-pandemic-who-believes-that-public-protests-are-important\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">weighed in\u003c/a>, stating it believes that public protests are important and sharing advice to reduce the risk of catching COVID-19 while demonstrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“WHO fully supports equality and the global movement against racism. We reject discrimination of all kinds,” said WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(See KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11821950/how-to-safely-attend-a-protest-in-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">How to Protest Safely in the Bay Area\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Brandon Taylor, author of the successful debut novel “Real Life,” published in February, was interviewed on NPR’s Short Wave podcast this week. He walked away from a graduate biochemistry program in 2016 after being the target of racist attacks. He tells host Maddie Sofia why he left, and what he misses. Listen to the audio below or \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/825409532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">read the transcript here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also read his essay, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/brandontaylor/i-dont-miss-being-a-scientist-except-when-i-do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Working In Science Was A Brutal Education. That’s Why I Left\u003c/a>,” on BuzzFeed. Here’s a particularly compelling excerpt:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Science was beautiful and it was wild and it was unknowable. Science was spending days and weeks on a single experiment with no way to know if it would work and no real way to tell if it had worked. Science was like trying to find your way to a dark forest only to realize that you had always been inside of the forest and that the forest is inside of another, greater, darker forest. Science was laughing with my labmates about television the night before, about the song of the summer, about tennis, about the unruly nature of mold growing on our plates, about cheap wings at Buffalo Wild Wings. Science was being taught to think. Taught to speak. Science was a finishing school. Science was a brutal education. Science made me ruthless. Science made me understand the vast beauty of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But science was also working 15 hours a day for weeks or months. Science was working weekends and holidays. Science was being called lazy for taking a break. Science was the beat of doubting silence after I answered a question put to me. Science was being told that racism was not racism. Science was being told that I was fortunate that I had running water while growing up and that I was actually privileged because there are some places that do not. Science was being told that I was mistaken for a waiter at a party because I had worn a black sweater. Science was being told that I had to work harder despite working my hardest. Science was being told that I talked too much. Science was being told that I was too loud. Science was being told that I was behind, always behind. Science was being told that I had failed but had been gifted a pass by virtue of who you are. Science was being told that I had never once been to class despite attending every session and office hour because I was mistaken for someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science was being the only black person in the program for four years. Science was saying nothing because I was tired of being corrected about the particulars of my own experience. Science was being told that I should consider moving to the other side of town where more black people live. Science was someone suggesting that I find a church in order to find community. Science was having my hair stroked and touched. Science was being told that I was articulate. Science was watching people’s eyes widen slightly in surprise when I told them what program I was in. Science was the constant humiliation of wondering if I had justified my presence or if I had made it harder for the next black person to get admitted. Science was having to worry about that in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science was a place I ultimately left, not so much because I wanted to, but because I had to. \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/brandontaylor/i-dont-miss-being-a-scientist-except-when-i-do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read the full essay\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists and academicians are participating in a one-day strike as the scientific community examines its roll in perpetuating institutional racism.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In recent days, the scientific community has joined the wider movement against racial bias that has taken hold following the killing of George Floyd by a police officer. As part of the effort, some 6,000 scientists and academicians have pledged to \u003ca href=\"https://www.particlesforjustice.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">participate\u003c/a> in a one-day strike Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the initiative grew organically online under the hashtag \u003ca href=\"https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/06/academics-shutdownstem-wednesday-to-focus-on-racism/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">#ShutDownSTEM\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.particlesforjustice.org/strike-details\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-preserve-html-node=\"true\">#Strike4BlackLives \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.shutdownstem.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-preserve-html-node=\"true\">#ShutDownAcademia\u003c/a>. Organizers say their aim is to “transition to a lifelong commitment of actions to eradicate anti-Black racism in academia and STEM.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major scientific groups like the American Association for the Advancement of Science are signing on and encouraging their members to participate, listen, reflect, read and demonstrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript async src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/5866.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost every generation has arrived at a similar moment of opportunity born of tragedy,” the group’s CEO, Sudip S. Parikh, wrote in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-ceo-statement-shutdownstem-and-black-lives-matter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statement\u003c/a> posted online. “Progress will require systemic change that, as of yet, we have been unable to make. To be clear, AAAS is part of that system. As we plan for the actions to ensure this moment does not slip away, it’s time for us to pause, listen, and reflect on how — as an organization, as members of the scientific community, and as members of our broader communities — we can and must be a powerful force for change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staff at arXiv, which posts and archives study preprints, are also \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.cornell.edu/arxiv/2020/06/08/strike4blacklives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">participating\u003c/a>. From a statement posted June 8:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>We acknowledge that in research, as in life, people often perpetuate bias and systemic racism, both consciously and unconsciously. Members of arXiv’s own physics community asked us to pause business-as-usual this week and join scientists participating in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.particlesforjustice.org/\">#Strike4BlackLives\u003c/a>. Our US-based staff agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The influential research journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> published an editorial Tuesday acknowledging it is “one of the white institutions that is responsible for bias in research and scholarship.” It continued:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The enterprise of science has been — and remains — complicit in systemic racism, and it must strive harder to correct those injustices and amplify marginalized voices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i>, we will redouble our efforts to do so, and commit to establishing a process that will hold us to account on the many changes we need to make.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Even the World Health Organization, amid grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13881679/even-in-a-pandemic-who-believes-that-public-protests-are-important\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">weighed in\u003c/a>, stating it believes that public protests are important and sharing advice to reduce the risk of catching COVID-19 while demonstrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“WHO fully supports equality and the global movement against racism. We reject discrimination of all kinds,” said WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(See KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11821950/how-to-safely-attend-a-protest-in-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">How to Protest Safely in the Bay Area\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Brandon Taylor, author of the successful debut novel “Real Life,” published in February, was interviewed on NPR’s Short Wave podcast this week. He walked away from a graduate biochemistry program in 2016 after being the target of racist attacks. He tells host Maddie Sofia why he left, and what he misses. Listen to the audio below or \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/825409532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">read the transcript here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also read his essay, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/brandontaylor/i-dont-miss-being-a-scientist-except-when-i-do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Working In Science Was A Brutal Education. That’s Why I Left\u003c/a>,” on BuzzFeed. Here’s a particularly compelling excerpt:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Science was beautiful and it was wild and it was unknowable. Science was spending days and weeks on a single experiment with no way to know if it would work and no real way to tell if it had worked. Science was like trying to find your way to a dark forest only to realize that you had always been inside of the forest and that the forest is inside of another, greater, darker forest. Science was laughing with my labmates about television the night before, about the song of the summer, about tennis, about the unruly nature of mold growing on our plates, about cheap wings at Buffalo Wild Wings. Science was being taught to think. Taught to speak. Science was a finishing school. Science was a brutal education. Science made me ruthless. Science made me understand the vast beauty of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But science was also working 15 hours a day for weeks or months. Science was working weekends and holidays. Science was being called lazy for taking a break. Science was the beat of doubting silence after I answered a question put to me. Science was being told that racism was not racism. Science was being told that I was fortunate that I had running water while growing up and that I was actually privileged because there are some places that do not. Science was being told that I was mistaken for a waiter at a party because I had worn a black sweater. Science was being told that I had to work harder despite working my hardest. Science was being told that I talked too much. Science was being told that I was too loud. Science was being told that I was behind, always behind. Science was being told that I had failed but had been gifted a pass by virtue of who you are. Science was being told that I had never once been to class despite attending every session and office hour because I was mistaken for someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science was being the only black person in the program for four years. Science was saying nothing because I was tired of being corrected about the particulars of my own experience. Science was being told that I should consider moving to the other side of town where more black people live. Science was someone suggesting that I find a church in order to find community. Science was having my hair stroked and touched. Science was being told that I was articulate. Science was watching people’s eyes widen slightly in surprise when I told them what program I was in. Science was the constant humiliation of wondering if I had justified my presence or if I had made it harder for the next black person to get admitted. Science was having to worry about that in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science was a place I ultimately left, not so much because I wanted to, but because I had to. \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/brandontaylor/i-dont-miss-being-a-scientist-except-when-i-do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read the full essay\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Drugmaker Aims to Develop Coronavirus Vaccine in a Year for a Process That Usually Takes a Decade",
"headTitle": "Drugmaker Aims to Develop Coronavirus Vaccine in a Year for a Process That Usually Takes a Decade | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Once upon a time, developing a new vaccine was a step-by-step process that went from concept, to design, to tests in humans, to regulatory approval, to manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a process that could take a decade or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965745\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-800x1069.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1069\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-800x1069.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-160x214.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-768x1026.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-1020x1363.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-1920x2566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cell culture operators prepare a 2000-liter single-use bioreactor to produce proteins used to make vaccines. \u003ccite>(Philip Taciak/Emergent Biosolutions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has radically changed all that. Now, the hope is the entire process can be completed in a year or less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of the new paradigm is a vaccine being developed by \u003ca href=\"https://novavax.com/\">Novavax\u003c/a>. It’s what’s called a protein subunit vaccine. The proteins are encased in a nanoparticle that gets injected into a person, along with a generalized immune stimulant known as an adjuvant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of confidence based on what we’ve see so far based on our animal modeling that the vaccine will work,” says \u003ca href=\"https://novavax.com/page/53/gregory-m-glenn-m-d.html\">Gregory Glenn\u003c/a>, president of research and development at Novavax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Positive results with animal testing doesn’t always translate to successful results in people, so, typically, Glenn would be waiting to see the results of the human testing that has just begun before making any big decisions about manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he won’t be waiting this time. A lot of steps that used to come one after another are taking place concurrently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most dramatic things we’re doing in parallel is to assume the vaccine is going to work, so we scale it up now,” Glenn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called at-risk manufacturing and scaling up means being able to produce the hundreds of millions of doses or more that will be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Novavax is in the vaccine development business. It doesn’t have the ability to manufacture those hundreds of millions of doses. So the company has turned to \u003ca href=\"https://www.emergentbiosolutions.com/about-us\">Emergent Biosolutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/management/sean-kirk\">Sean Kirk\u003c/a>, executive vice president of manufacturing and technical operations for Emergent Biosolutions, recently took me on a virtual tour of the company’s advance manufacturing facility in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His phone camera shows Kirk standing with some colleagues in a corridor next to a large glass window. On the other side of the glass is a room where the Novavax vaccine is being made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re looking at right here is one step in a multiple step process,” Kirk tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points his cellphone camera into the room. I can see several stainless steel pieces of equipment, each about the size of a commercial refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine is actually generated by living cells called a tissue culture that are grown inside a large plastic bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the bag sticking out the top. Can you see it?” Kirk asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technicians inside the room are loading the bag into a 50-liter vessel that is part of what’s called a bioreactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Around the outside of this is the vessel itself that provides the heating, the cooling, and with the inserted agitators, the mixing,” Kirk explains. “From here we grow the culture and we transfer it to a larger bioreactor, thousand-liter, two thousand-liter, four thousand-liter to be able to expand up the volume and get the yields that we need to successfully produce the doses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this has to be done to strict Food and Drug Administration standards known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/pharmaceutical-quality-resources/facts-about-current-good-manufacturing-practices-cgmps\">Current Good Manufacturing Practices.\u003c/a> The process can be finicky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a challenging task, but Kirk says he and his team is up to it. That confidence may be because the company they work for was created specifically to deal with public health crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emergent Biosolutions has been around for a little over 20 years,” says \u003ca href=\"https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/management/robert-kramer\">Bob Kramer\u003c/a>, president and CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company specializes in dealing with public health issues and dangerous substances. It makes vaccines for anthrax, smallpox, typhoid and cholera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says in 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services asked Emergent to build for them a special kind of facility, “where they could bring new technology into that facility and be able to quickly scale up and manufacture large volumes of vaccines for whatever emerging infectious disease we were presented with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That facility is where the Novavax vaccine is being manufactured. The company also has agreements to manufacture a vaccine being developed by \u003ca href=\"https://vaxart.com/\">Vaxart\u003c/a> and another by \u003ca href=\"https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-announces-a-lead-vaccine-candidate-for-covid-19-landmark-new-partnership-with-u-s-department-of-health-human-services-and-commitment-to-supply-one-billion-vaccines-worldwide-for-emergency-pandemic-use\">Johnson and Johnson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 1, the government announced it was providing Emergent with an additional $628 million to make and package vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says his company has a robust manufacturing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already have the capability to produce hundreds of millions of doses in our existing infrastructure,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all that infrastructure and all the money that’s being spent to expand it will be for naught if the vaccines don’t work. It’s a gamble health officials say the country has to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Vaccine+Makers+Hedge+Bets+On+Which+One+Will+Emerge+As+Effective+And+Safe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Once upon a time, developing a new vaccine was a step-by-step process that went from concept, to design, to tests in humans, to regulatory approval, to manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a process that could take a decade or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965745\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-800x1069.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1069\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-800x1069.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-160x214.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-768x1026.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-1020x1363.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-1920x2566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cell culture operators prepare a 2000-liter single-use bioreactor to produce proteins used to make vaccines. \u003ccite>(Philip Taciak/Emergent Biosolutions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has radically changed all that. Now, the hope is the entire process can be completed in a year or less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of the new paradigm is a vaccine being developed by \u003ca href=\"https://novavax.com/\">Novavax\u003c/a>. It’s what’s called a protein subunit vaccine. The proteins are encased in a nanoparticle that gets injected into a person, along with a generalized immune stimulant known as an adjuvant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of confidence based on what we’ve see so far based on our animal modeling that the vaccine will work,” says \u003ca href=\"https://novavax.com/page/53/gregory-m-glenn-m-d.html\">Gregory Glenn\u003c/a>, president of research and development at Novavax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Positive results with animal testing doesn’t always translate to successful results in people, so, typically, Glenn would be waiting to see the results of the human testing that has just begun before making any big decisions about manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he won’t be waiting this time. A lot of steps that used to come one after another are taking place concurrently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most dramatic things we’re doing in parallel is to assume the vaccine is going to work, so we scale it up now,” Glenn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called at-risk manufacturing and scaling up means being able to produce the hundreds of millions of doses or more that will be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Novavax is in the vaccine development business. It doesn’t have the ability to manufacture those hundreds of millions of doses. So the company has turned to \u003ca href=\"https://www.emergentbiosolutions.com/about-us\">Emergent Biosolutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/management/sean-kirk\">Sean Kirk\u003c/a>, executive vice president of manufacturing and technical operations for Emergent Biosolutions, recently took me on a virtual tour of the company’s advance manufacturing facility in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His phone camera shows Kirk standing with some colleagues in a corridor next to a large glass window. On the other side of the glass is a room where the Novavax vaccine is being made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re looking at right here is one step in a multiple step process,” Kirk tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points his cellphone camera into the room. I can see several stainless steel pieces of equipment, each about the size of a commercial refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine is actually generated by living cells called a tissue culture that are grown inside a large plastic bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the bag sticking out the top. Can you see it?” Kirk asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technicians inside the room are loading the bag into a 50-liter vessel that is part of what’s called a bioreactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Around the outside of this is the vessel itself that provides the heating, the cooling, and with the inserted agitators, the mixing,” Kirk explains. “From here we grow the culture and we transfer it to a larger bioreactor, thousand-liter, two thousand-liter, four thousand-liter to be able to expand up the volume and get the yields that we need to successfully produce the doses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this has to be done to strict Food and Drug Administration standards known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/pharmaceutical-quality-resources/facts-about-current-good-manufacturing-practices-cgmps\">Current Good Manufacturing Practices.\u003c/a> The process can be finicky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a challenging task, but Kirk says he and his team is up to it. That confidence may be because the company they work for was created specifically to deal with public health crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emergent Biosolutions has been around for a little over 20 years,” says \u003ca href=\"https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/management/robert-kramer\">Bob Kramer\u003c/a>, president and CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company specializes in dealing with public health issues and dangerous substances. It makes vaccines for anthrax, smallpox, typhoid and cholera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says in 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services asked Emergent to build for them a special kind of facility, “where they could bring new technology into that facility and be able to quickly scale up and manufacture large volumes of vaccines for whatever emerging infectious disease we were presented with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That facility is where the Novavax vaccine is being manufactured. The company also has agreements to manufacture a vaccine being developed by \u003ca href=\"https://vaxart.com/\">Vaxart\u003c/a> and another by \u003ca href=\"https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-announces-a-lead-vaccine-candidate-for-covid-19-landmark-new-partnership-with-u-s-department-of-health-human-services-and-commitment-to-supply-one-billion-vaccines-worldwide-for-emergency-pandemic-use\">Johnson and Johnson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 1, the government announced it was providing Emergent with an additional $628 million to make and package vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says his company has a robust manufacturing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already have the capability to produce hundreds of millions of doses in our existing infrastructure,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all that infrastructure and all the money that’s being spent to expand it will be for naught if the vaccines don’t work. It’s a gamble health officials say the country has to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Vaccine+Makers+Hedge+Bets+On+Which+One+Will+Emerge+As+Effective+And+Safe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Tear Gas, Pollution, Wildfire Smoke: A Triple Threat to Your Lungs",
"headTitle": "Tear Gas, Pollution, Wildfire Smoke: A Triple Threat to Your Lungs | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>eron McGrew stayed home during the past two weeks while others in her hometown of Oakland were protesting systemic racism and police killings of black people. Like many of her neighbors, McGrew has asthma and, because of her breathing difficulties, she feared being exposed to COVID-19 and to tear gas used by police. She also feared police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new coronavirus is taking a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11813696/latinos-around-the-bay-area-are-disproportionately-affected-by-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">particularly cruel toll\u003c/a> in minority communities, with black Americans \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/20/black-americans-death-rate-covid-19-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">far more likely to die\u003c/a> from COVID-19 than white Americans. One of the inequities driving the high numbers of deaths is damage and disease to lungs caused by years spent breathing polluted air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='Teron McGrew, Oakland']I’m an African American and I need to be in the protests against systemic racism, but I made a choice for my life.’[/pullquote]Lung health is a critical weapon in the fight to reduce deaths during the pandemic. Yet police have been firing chemicals at protesters that can damage lung cells. American soldiers exposed to tear gas in sealed chambers during annual combat training were shown in a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/179/7/793/4259353\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2014 study\u003c/a> to be substantially more likely to contract acute respiratory infections afterward, prompting the Army to issue new rules that \u003ca href=\"https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOEPIJ-7-37\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limit their exposure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The respiratory onslaught precedes a wildfire season that further threatens to weaken immune protections against respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m an African American and I need to be in the protests against systemic racism, but I made a choice for my life,” said McGrew, a resident of North Oakland who works on issues of community and housing development. “I made a choice but people who are dying from COVID-19 and asthma and pollution, they don’t have a choice. They’re dying because of the inequalities and the systemic racism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from fossil fuels is also warming the planet and the region, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1941376/we-can-make-california-wildfires-less-horrific-will-we\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading to larger wildfires\u003c/a> and more of their harmful smoke. As the coronavirus infects new victims, California is heading into a hot, dry wildfire season. Wildfire smoke can blanket forest and foothill communities and choke far-away cities with particles that penetrate lungs and weaken immune responses to infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 548px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1965803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with coffee skin and black hair, wearing a white sweater, sits at a desk in front of two laptops. This is Teron McGrew at her home office in North Oakland. Rows of books, with books stacked on top of them, fill her bookshelf.\" width=\"548\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teron McGrew works in her home office in North Oakland. \u003ccite>(Candase Chambers/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The one-two punch of tear gas and wildfire smoke, coupled with ever-present air pollution from fossil fuels, is set to worsen suffering related to the coronavirus this year, with people of color living in polluted areas continuing to feel the worst effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epidemiologists, geographers and other researchers have been learning in recent years that wildfire smoke poses a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">greater public health risk\u003c/a> than previously realized. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019326935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new study\u003c/a> from Montana shows exposure to “smoke waves” — multiple-day bouts of heavy smoke — led to a substantial increase in influenza cases the following winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The literature shows that people who are exposed to air pollution during wildfires are more likely to get respiratory infections, and I would classify COVID-19 as a respiratory infection,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado, Boulder, whose research interests include health impacts from wildfire smoke. “It could lead to more severe cases or even more cases that are noticed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>First Wildfire Smoke, Then Flu\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To test the relationship between wildfire smoke and influenza, \u003ca href=\"https://health.umt.edu/publichealth/faculty/core-faculty.php?s=Landguth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Erin Landguth\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the University of Montana, led a study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019326935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">examined health and smoke wave data\u003c/a> over a decade from Montana. The study was published this month in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.journals.elsevier.com/environment-international\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Environment International\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landguth’s team looked for impacts on flu cases within one to four weeks of a smoke wave, and they didn’t find a significant effect during that period. What has stunned experts were impacts on influenza cases detected months later, during the following winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1965730\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"394\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought there would be no way we’d see this long of a delay,” Landguth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on their analysis, the researchers concluded the epic 2017 wildfire season in Big Sky Country caused influenza cases that winter to at least double and possibly rise as much as fivefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza kills tens of thousands of Americans every year, and the findings also have worrying implications for COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Landguth is now gathering data from all Western states to expand the influenza research, and is also starting to investigate relationships between smoke waves and COVID-19 infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/jerrett\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Jerrett\u003c/a>, a professor at UCLA’s Fielding School of Public Health, is among the scientists racing to understand relationships between various types of air pollution and COVID-19 as the disease continues to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be cautious in interpreting what we’re finding, but I think what we’re seeing in a series of very rapidly developing studies is evidence that air pollution does make people more susceptible to COVID,” Jerret said. “The wildfires are likely to exacerbate the existing symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Smoke in California’s Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The hazards are intensifying as warming temperatures, worsening droughts, overgrown forest understories, urban development and other changes intensify wildfire seasons, putting more smoke into the air and more smoke particles into lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Led by scientists at Yale and Harvard, researchers several years ago used models of fire and winds to \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28642628/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">project smokier futures\u003c/a> for Western counties as temperatures rise. Across the Bay Area, the density of smoke particles suspended in the air during an average smoke wave is projected to nearly double by 2050, compared with levels during the late aughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1965720\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfire outlook\u003c/a> published by federal agencies on June 1 shows above normal potential for blazes across most of Northern California through September. Snowpacks are melting early in the warm spring temperatures, and hot and dry conditions are expected to persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ingredient of greatest concern in smoke is PM2.5, the name given to the finest of particulate matter — particles so small they can lodge deep in lungs, and are sometimes so small they can enter the bloodstream. Smoke also affects levels of ozone pollution and it can contain toxic byproducts from incinerated plastics and paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once inhaled, PM2.5 particles operate at a microscopic level to inflame and injure lung cells, providing the coronavirus and other pathogens with a boost as they work to overcome their victim’s immune system. The smoke also adds to risks of heart attack and a long list of other common and sometimes deadly maladies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny particulate matter isn’t just produced during wildfires — it’s present in pollution released by vehicle exhausts, power plants, refineries, farms and wood stoves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research is \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/air-pollution-linked-with-higher-covid-19-death-rates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">underway at Harvard\u003c/a> and elsewhere examining whether exposure to tiny particulate matter from fossil fuel pollution increases the risk of death from COVID-19. If so, this would raise the already elevated coronavirus threats faced by communities of color, which are frequently located in less costly areas that are heavily polluted, including those along highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poor black and brown communities, especially, are at higher risk of dying from COVID, and they’re at higher risk because of a lot of things — one related to chronic inflammation from having faced chronic trauma and exposure, chronic air pollution, et cetera,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/madhavi.dandu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Madhavi Dandu\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people in that setting are essential workers who don’t really have as much choice about whether they get to go to work,” Dandu said. “And a lot of people might live in closer housing settings or multigenerational households.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Solutions, but Not Easy Ones\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When smoke waves blot the skies, local governments and agencies often cancel classes and sporting and community events and recommend sheltering in place. For some in aging and inexpensively maintained housing, including rentals, however, the air in the home also becomes unsafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Oakland fills with smoke from wildfires burning in the region, McGrew, the resident of North Oakland who suffers from asthma, says she’s forced indoors. “When the smoke was really heavy, that’s when I had to get my inhaler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2016 and 2017 wildfire seasons, \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/even/people/shelly-miller\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shelly Miller\u003c/a>, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Colorado, Boulder, led research that monitored indoor air quality in 28 homes of low-income residents in Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were responding to an announcement we kept hearing on the news, which is, ‘It’s wildfire season, shelter in your home,'” Miller said. “And we kept thinking, ‘I don’t know if that’s always such a good idea,’ because many homes are not well protected from the outdoor environment, meaning lots of air can come inside from outside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the occupants in the homes studied kept their windows open for cooling, and Miller’s team found PM2.5 levels could be much higher inside those homes during smoke waves than outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Running an air cleaner, also called an air purifier, has been found to be highly effective in reducing indoor pollution from wildfire smoke — particularly when it’s operated with windows closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The factors preventing many residents from buying air cleaners are the same as those forcing them to live in drafty homes in polluted areas — the impoverishing consequences of skyrocketing economic disparity and underinvestments in health and some urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Oakland, where air pollution from ships, trains and trucks at the port mixes with pollution from freeways and other sources, leading to high rates of asthma and other diseases, health care can be unaffordable, and the housing stock provides limited protection from pollution or smoke waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obamacare has helped, but people need to understand that most of our folks that don’t have resources don’t have health coverage,” said Ken Chambers, the pastor of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.westsidelove.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">West Side Missionary Baptist Church\u003c/a> in West Oakland, just a few blocks from the port’s fence line. “People who are poor and broke don’t have the availability to eat high quality foods, they’re eating fast foods. They don’t go to the doctor for regular routine checkups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGrew, of North Oakland, has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.climaterealityproject.org/training\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trained to discuss climate change\u003c/a> by the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2020/06/09/california-oks-movie-theaters-to-reopen-with-limited-seats/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Reality Project\u003c/a>, a global nonprofit founded by Al Gore. She is also involved in Bay Area committees and efforts to tackle climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She sees strong connections between racism, racial disparities and climate change, and she wants African Americans participating in decision-making that affects everything from how communities are policed to how to grow green jobs and slow warming by reducing fossil fuel use. Shifting from fossil fuels to cleaner economies also boosts air quality, improving lung health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For 400 years, African Americans have been left out of the equation,” she said. “We’ve got to be at the tables when policies are being drafted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: KQED Science reporter Danielle Venton contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced through a partnership between KQED and \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a non-advocacy science and news group.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Clean energy and transportation would tackle pollution and help ease the pressure from a main driver of wildfire smoke: climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>eron McGrew stayed home during the past two weeks while others in her hometown of Oakland were protesting systemic racism and police killings of black people. Like many of her neighbors, McGrew has asthma and, because of her breathing difficulties, she feared being exposed to COVID-19 and to tear gas used by police. She also feared police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new coronavirus is taking a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11813696/latinos-around-the-bay-area-are-disproportionately-affected-by-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">particularly cruel toll\u003c/a> in minority communities, with black Americans \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/20/black-americans-death-rate-covid-19-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">far more likely to die\u003c/a> from COVID-19 than white Americans. One of the inequities driving the high numbers of deaths is damage and disease to lungs caused by years spent breathing polluted air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Lung health is a critical weapon in the fight to reduce deaths during the pandemic. Yet police have been firing chemicals at protesters that can damage lung cells. American soldiers exposed to tear gas in sealed chambers during annual combat training were shown in a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/179/7/793/4259353\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2014 study\u003c/a> to be substantially more likely to contract acute respiratory infections afterward, prompting the Army to issue new rules that \u003ca href=\"https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOEPIJ-7-37\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limit their exposure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The respiratory onslaught precedes a wildfire season that further threatens to weaken immune protections against respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m an African American and I need to be in the protests against systemic racism, but I made a choice for my life,” said McGrew, a resident of North Oakland who works on issues of community and housing development. “I made a choice but people who are dying from COVID-19 and asthma and pollution, they don’t have a choice. They’re dying because of the inequalities and the systemic racism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from fossil fuels is also warming the planet and the region, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1941376/we-can-make-california-wildfires-less-horrific-will-we\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading to larger wildfires\u003c/a> and more of their harmful smoke. As the coronavirus infects new victims, California is heading into a hot, dry wildfire season. Wildfire smoke can blanket forest and foothill communities and choke far-away cities with particles that penetrate lungs and weaken immune responses to infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 548px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1965803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with coffee skin and black hair, wearing a white sweater, sits at a desk in front of two laptops. This is Teron McGrew at her home office in North Oakland. Rows of books, with books stacked on top of them, fill her bookshelf.\" width=\"548\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teron McGrew works in her home office in North Oakland. \u003ccite>(Candase Chambers/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The one-two punch of tear gas and wildfire smoke, coupled with ever-present air pollution from fossil fuels, is set to worsen suffering related to the coronavirus this year, with people of color living in polluted areas continuing to feel the worst effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epidemiologists, geographers and other researchers have been learning in recent years that wildfire smoke poses a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">greater public health risk\u003c/a> than previously realized. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019326935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new study\u003c/a> from Montana shows exposure to “smoke waves” — multiple-day bouts of heavy smoke — led to a substantial increase in influenza cases the following winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The literature shows that people who are exposed to air pollution during wildfires are more likely to get respiratory infections, and I would classify COVID-19 as a respiratory infection,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado, Boulder, whose research interests include health impacts from wildfire smoke. “It could lead to more severe cases or even more cases that are noticed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>First Wildfire Smoke, Then Flu\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To test the relationship between wildfire smoke and influenza, \u003ca href=\"https://health.umt.edu/publichealth/faculty/core-faculty.php?s=Landguth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Erin Landguth\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the University of Montana, led a study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019326935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">examined health and smoke wave data\u003c/a> over a decade from Montana. The study was published this month in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.journals.elsevier.com/environment-international\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Environment International\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landguth’s team looked for impacts on flu cases within one to four weeks of a smoke wave, and they didn’t find a significant effect during that period. What has stunned experts were impacts on influenza cases detected months later, during the following winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1965730\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"394\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought there would be no way we’d see this long of a delay,” Landguth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on their analysis, the researchers concluded the epic 2017 wildfire season in Big Sky Country caused influenza cases that winter to at least double and possibly rise as much as fivefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza kills tens of thousands of Americans every year, and the findings also have worrying implications for COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Landguth is now gathering data from all Western states to expand the influenza research, and is also starting to investigate relationships between smoke waves and COVID-19 infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/jerrett\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Jerrett\u003c/a>, a professor at UCLA’s Fielding School of Public Health, is among the scientists racing to understand relationships between various types of air pollution and COVID-19 as the disease continues to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be cautious in interpreting what we’re finding, but I think what we’re seeing in a series of very rapidly developing studies is evidence that air pollution does make people more susceptible to COVID,” Jerret said. “The wildfires are likely to exacerbate the existing symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Smoke in California’s Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The hazards are intensifying as warming temperatures, worsening droughts, overgrown forest understories, urban development and other changes intensify wildfire seasons, putting more smoke into the air and more smoke particles into lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Led by scientists at Yale and Harvard, researchers several years ago used models of fire and winds to \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28642628/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">project smokier futures\u003c/a> for Western counties as temperatures rise. Across the Bay Area, the density of smoke particles suspended in the air during an average smoke wave is projected to nearly double by 2050, compared with levels during the late aughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1965720\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfire outlook\u003c/a> published by federal agencies on June 1 shows above normal potential for blazes across most of Northern California through September. Snowpacks are melting early in the warm spring temperatures, and hot and dry conditions are expected to persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ingredient of greatest concern in smoke is PM2.5, the name given to the finest of particulate matter — particles so small they can lodge deep in lungs, and are sometimes so small they can enter the bloodstream. Smoke also affects levels of ozone pollution and it can contain toxic byproducts from incinerated plastics and paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once inhaled, PM2.5 particles operate at a microscopic level to inflame and injure lung cells, providing the coronavirus and other pathogens with a boost as they work to overcome their victim’s immune system. The smoke also adds to risks of heart attack and a long list of other common and sometimes deadly maladies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny particulate matter isn’t just produced during wildfires — it’s present in pollution released by vehicle exhausts, power plants, refineries, farms and wood stoves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research is \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/air-pollution-linked-with-higher-covid-19-death-rates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">underway at Harvard\u003c/a> and elsewhere examining whether exposure to tiny particulate matter from fossil fuel pollution increases the risk of death from COVID-19. If so, this would raise the already elevated coronavirus threats faced by communities of color, which are frequently located in less costly areas that are heavily polluted, including those along highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poor black and brown communities, especially, are at higher risk of dying from COVID, and they’re at higher risk because of a lot of things — one related to chronic inflammation from having faced chronic trauma and exposure, chronic air pollution, et cetera,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/madhavi.dandu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Madhavi Dandu\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people in that setting are essential workers who don’t really have as much choice about whether they get to go to work,” Dandu said. “And a lot of people might live in closer housing settings or multigenerational households.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Solutions, but Not Easy Ones\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When smoke waves blot the skies, local governments and agencies often cancel classes and sporting and community events and recommend sheltering in place. For some in aging and inexpensively maintained housing, including rentals, however, the air in the home also becomes unsafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Oakland fills with smoke from wildfires burning in the region, McGrew, the resident of North Oakland who suffers from asthma, says she’s forced indoors. “When the smoke was really heavy, that’s when I had to get my inhaler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2016 and 2017 wildfire seasons, \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/even/people/shelly-miller\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shelly Miller\u003c/a>, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Colorado, Boulder, led research that monitored indoor air quality in 28 homes of low-income residents in Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were responding to an announcement we kept hearing on the news, which is, ‘It’s wildfire season, shelter in your home,'” Miller said. “And we kept thinking, ‘I don’t know if that’s always such a good idea,’ because many homes are not well protected from the outdoor environment, meaning lots of air can come inside from outside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the occupants in the homes studied kept their windows open for cooling, and Miller’s team found PM2.5 levels could be much higher inside those homes during smoke waves than outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Running an air cleaner, also called an air purifier, has been found to be highly effective in reducing indoor pollution from wildfire smoke — particularly when it’s operated with windows closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The factors preventing many residents from buying air cleaners are the same as those forcing them to live in drafty homes in polluted areas — the impoverishing consequences of skyrocketing economic disparity and underinvestments in health and some urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Oakland, where air pollution from ships, trains and trucks at the port mixes with pollution from freeways and other sources, leading to high rates of asthma and other diseases, health care can be unaffordable, and the housing stock provides limited protection from pollution or smoke waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obamacare has helped, but people need to understand that most of our folks that don’t have resources don’t have health coverage,” said Ken Chambers, the pastor of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.westsidelove.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">West Side Missionary Baptist Church\u003c/a> in West Oakland, just a few blocks from the port’s fence line. “People who are poor and broke don’t have the availability to eat high quality foods, they’re eating fast foods. They don’t go to the doctor for regular routine checkups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGrew, of North Oakland, has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.climaterealityproject.org/training\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trained to discuss climate change\u003c/a> by the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2020/06/09/california-oks-movie-theaters-to-reopen-with-limited-seats/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Reality Project\u003c/a>, a global nonprofit founded by Al Gore. She is also involved in Bay Area committees and efforts to tackle climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She sees strong connections between racism, racial disparities and climate change, and she wants African Americans participating in decision-making that affects everything from how communities are policed to how to grow green jobs and slow warming by reducing fossil fuel use. Shifting from fossil fuels to cleaner economies also boosts air quality, improving lung health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For 400 years, African Americans have been left out of the equation,” she said. “We’ve got to be at the tables when policies are being drafted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: KQED Science reporter Danielle Venton contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced through a partnership between KQED and \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a non-advocacy science and news group.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07daNUWsVHk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the midst of the pandemic, many Bay Area residents were enthralled by a pair of peregrine falcons raising three fuzzy chicks named Poppy, Redwood and Sequoia atop UC Berkeley’s Campanile. This is the fourth year the falcon pair raised babies in this same spot, but only the second time that their nest was streamed live on the \u003ca href=\"https://calfalcons.berkeley.edu/webcams/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Cal Falcon Cam\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. On May 30, Redwood was the first chick to fledge — taking his first flight from the nest. His siblings Sequoia and Poppy followed soon after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“[The cam is] a great opportunity for us to take [viewers] from ‘Here’s the nesting story’ to ‘Come see the migration story’ in the Marin Headlands,” said Allen Fish, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/golden-gate-raptor-observatory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, one of five partners that oversee the cam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Between August and December, the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/span> typically organizes hundreds of citizen scientists who contribute more than 40,000 volunteer hours to count eagles, falcons, hawks and other birds of prey as they head over to the Marin Headlands near Sausalito, the largest raptor migration in California. The observatory logs around 20,000 bird sightings each fall, and it can help scientists understand the health of raptor populations as they disperse across the Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Though the observatory is currently in the offseason, this time of year would normally be dedicated to recruiting and training volunteers for the fall migration. Before the coronavirus pandemic, the Cal Falcon Cam was an important recruiting tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But with fewer volunteers and anticipated changes to the migration survey to accommodate social distancing, Fish worries this year will result in a significant gap in this ongoing research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viYgoAo382o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“This is a scientific study done in a repeatable fashion for 35 years,” said Fish. “You can’t just suddenly change that methodology and expect to get the same kind of data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Even though the chicks have fledged and are now learning to hunt on their own, all three will likely hang around the Campanile for a couple months while their parents continue to feed them. The Falcon Cam still shows common landing areas where people can keep an eye on the young birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Eventually, the birds will disperse and establish their own territories. At least one chick from a previous clutch is now nesting on Alcatraz. But there are many perils for young raptors in urban environments. In 2017, one of the falcon chicks died shortly after fledging, when it flew into a window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Ashley Quick, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.werc-ca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wildlife Education and Rehabilitation Center \u003c/span>\u003c/a>in Morgan Hill, says her organization often cares for sick or injured birds of prey. “We get car strikes, we get poisonings, we get all sorts of things,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sEl1ZoPczE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rat poison is a particular danger. Birds will often ingest it through rodents and other animals who have become lethargic and are easy prey after consuming the toxic substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It’s a slow and excruciating death because [the birds] hemorrhage from the inside,” Quick explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But there are plenty of opportunities to see healthy birds of prey in urban and natural environments alike. Walter Kitundu, a MacArthur Fellow and accomplished raptor photographer, said the San Francisco Bay Area can be a great place to see urban birds. The Golden Gate Raptor Observatory has used some of his photos to track a red-tailed hawk in the wild whose band number was visible in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Kitundu says that you don’t need fancy equipment to enjoy watching the birds. “I think the most important thing is just being out there, paying attention, and learning to put yourself in the right places,” he said. “And it’s the birds that teach you that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Fish hopes that people following the Cal falcons will be inspired to participate in citizen science through apps like \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">iNaturalist\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ebird.org/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">eBird\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. And he has a tip for seeing Poppy, Redwood and Sequoia: The best place to see them now, he says, is from the base of the Campanile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "On May 30, a falcon chick named Redwood fledged, embarking on his first flight from a nest atop UC Berkeley's Campanile. His siblings Sequoia and Poppy soon followed suit.",
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"description": "On May 30, a falcon chick named Redwood fledged, embarking on his first flight from a nest atop UC Berkeley's Campanile. His siblings Sequoia and Poppy soon followed suit.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/07daNUWsVHk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/07daNUWsVHk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the midst of the pandemic, many Bay Area residents were enthralled by a pair of peregrine falcons raising three fuzzy chicks named Poppy, Redwood and Sequoia atop UC Berkeley’s Campanile. This is the fourth year the falcon pair raised babies in this same spot, but only the second time that their nest was streamed live on the \u003ca href=\"https://calfalcons.berkeley.edu/webcams/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Cal Falcon Cam\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. On May 30, Redwood was the first chick to fledge — taking his first flight from the nest. His siblings Sequoia and Poppy followed soon after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“[The cam is] a great opportunity for us to take [viewers] from ‘Here’s the nesting story’ to ‘Come see the migration story’ in the Marin Headlands,” said Allen Fish, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/golden-gate-raptor-observatory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, one of five partners that oversee the cam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Between August and December, the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/span> typically organizes hundreds of citizen scientists who contribute more than 40,000 volunteer hours to count eagles, falcons, hawks and other birds of prey as they head over to the Marin Headlands near Sausalito, the largest raptor migration in California. The observatory logs around 20,000 bird sightings each fall, and it can help scientists understand the health of raptor populations as they disperse across the Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Though the observatory is currently in the offseason, this time of year would normally be dedicated to recruiting and training volunteers for the fall migration. Before the coronavirus pandemic, the Cal Falcon Cam was an important recruiting tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But with fewer volunteers and anticipated changes to the migration survey to accommodate social distancing, Fish worries this year will result in a significant gap in this ongoing research.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/viYgoAo382o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/viYgoAo382o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">“This is a scientific study done in a repeatable fashion for 35 years,” said Fish. “You can’t just suddenly change that methodology and expect to get the same kind of data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Even though the chicks have fledged and are now learning to hunt on their own, all three will likely hang around the Campanile for a couple months while their parents continue to feed them. The Falcon Cam still shows common landing areas where people can keep an eye on the young birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Eventually, the birds will disperse and establish their own territories. At least one chick from a previous clutch is now nesting on Alcatraz. But there are many perils for young raptors in urban environments. In 2017, one of the falcon chicks died shortly after fledging, when it flew into a window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Ashley Quick, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.werc-ca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wildlife Education and Rehabilitation Center \u003c/span>\u003c/a>in Morgan Hill, says her organization often cares for sick or injured birds of prey. “We get car strikes, we get poisonings, we get all sorts of things,” she said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/6sEl1ZoPczE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/6sEl1ZoPczE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Rat poison is a particular danger. Birds will often ingest it through rodents and other animals who have become lethargic and are easy prey after consuming the toxic substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It’s a slow and excruciating death because [the birds] hemorrhage from the inside,” Quick explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But there are plenty of opportunities to see healthy birds of prey in urban and natural environments alike. Walter Kitundu, a MacArthur Fellow and accomplished raptor photographer, said the San Francisco Bay Area can be a great place to see urban birds. The Golden Gate Raptor Observatory has used some of his photos to track a red-tailed hawk in the wild whose band number was visible in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Kitundu says that you don’t need fancy equipment to enjoy watching the birds. “I think the most important thing is just being out there, paying attention, and learning to put yourself in the right places,” he said. “And it’s the birds that teach you that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Fish hopes that people following the Cal falcons will be inspired to participate in citizen science through apps like \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">iNaturalist\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ebird.org/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">eBird\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. And he has a tip for seeing Poppy, Redwood and Sequoia: The best place to see them now, he says, is from the base of the Campanile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "After Criticism, WHO Official Issues Clarification on Asymptomatic Coronavirus Transmission",
"headTitle": "After Criticism, WHO Official Issues Clarification on Asymptomatic Coronavirus Transmission | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A top World Health Organization official clarified on Tuesday that scientists have not determined yet how frequently people with asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 pass the disease on to others, a day after suggesting that such spread is “very rare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarification comes after the WHO’s original comments incited strong pushback from outside public health experts, who suggested the agency had erred, or at least miscommunicated, when it said people who didn’t show symptoms were unlikely to spread the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO’s technical lead on the COVID-19 pandemic, made it very clear Tuesday that the actual rates of asymptomatic transmission aren’t yet known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of transmission that we know about is that people who have symptoms transmit the virus to other people through infectious droplets,” Van Kerkhove said. “But there are a subset of people who don’t develop symptoms, and to truly understand how many people don’t have symptoms, we don’t actually have that answer yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove’s remarks on Tuesday came at a WHO question-and-answer session aimed at explaining what was known and unknown about how the virus spreads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the confusion boiled down to the details of what an asymptomatic infection actually is, and the different ways the term is used. While some cases of COVID-19 are fully asymptomatic, sometimes the word is also used to describe people who haven’t started showing symptoms yet, when they are presymptomatic. Research has shown that people become infectious before they start feeling sick, during that presymptomatic period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the WHO’s thrice-weekly press briefings Monday, Van Kerkhove noted that when health officials review cases that are initially reported to be asymptomatic, “we find out that many have really mild disease.” There are some infected people who are “truly asymptomatic,” she said, but countries that are doing detailed contact tracing are “not finding secondary transmission onward” from those cases. “It’s very rare,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added: “We are constantly looking at this data and we’re trying to get more information from countries to truly answer this question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, it came across as if the WHO was suggesting that people without symptoms weren’t driving the spread. Some studies, however, have estimated that people without symptoms (whether truly asymptomatic or presymptomatic) could be responsible for up to half of the spread, which is why the virus has been so difficult to contain. Isolating people who are sick, for example, does not prevent the possibility they already passed the virus on to others. Some modeling studies have assumed quite widespread asymptomatic transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The WHO created confusion yesterday when it reported that asymptomatic patients rarely spread the disease,” an email from the Harvard Global Health Institute said Tuesday. “All of the best evidence suggests that people without symptoms can and do readily spread SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. In fact, some evidence suggests that people may be most infectious in the days before they become symptomatic — that is, in the presymptomatic phase when they feel well, have no symptoms, but may be shedding substantial amounts of virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their point: People not showing symptoms can spread the virus, whether they ultimately feel sick or not. That’s why wearing masks and keeping distance are so important to limiting transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove acknowledged Tuesday that her use of the phrase “very rare” had been a miscommunication. She said she had based that phrasing on findings from a small number of studies that followed asymptomatic cases and tracked how many of their contacts became infected. She said she did not mean to imply that “asymptomatic transmission globally” was happening rarely, because that has not been determined yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Determining which routes of transmission are driving most of the spread of the virus is crucial so health experts can develop the right strategies to combat the virus. At the WHO event Tuesday, officials stressed that even as scientists are still learning more about the virus and how it spreads, countries have demonstrated that the best tactics to address the pandemic include isolating cases, contact tracing, and quarantining contacts — as well as hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those measures, “We won’t stop all transmission, but what we do is, we suppress transmission,” Mike Ryan, the head of WHO’s emergencies program, said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other unknowns the WHO experts raised Tuesday include how asymptomatic or presymptomatic people are spreading the virus if they are not coughing — it could be that they still expel infectious droplets through singing, yelling, or even talking — as well as the percentage of all COVID-19 cases that are asymptomatic. One recent paper estimated that 40% to 45% of cases might be asymptomatic, though others have pegged that figure at closer to 20% or even lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on what’s been seen so far, asymptomatic people tend to be younger and not have other health issues, Van Kerkhove said Tuesday, though she cautioned she didn’t want to generalize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the studies about asymptomatic transmission that Van Kerkhove referred to, the WHO has also received data from member countries that “suggests that asymptomatically-infected individuals are much less likely to transmit the virus than those who develop symptoms,” according to WHO’s interim guidance on masks issued last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside experts have called on the WHO to release that data. Both outside experts and WHO officials have acknowledged that detecting asymptomatic spread would be really difficult, and just because scientists haven’t seen something occurring often doesn’t mean it’s not happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every question we answer, we have 10 more,” Van Kerkhove said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/09/who-comments-asymptomatic-spread-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A top World Health Organization official clarified on Tuesday that scientists have not determined yet how frequently people with asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 pass the disease on to others, a day after suggesting that such spread is “very rare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarification comes after the WHO’s original comments incited strong pushback from outside public health experts, who suggested the agency had erred, or at least miscommunicated, when it said people who didn’t show symptoms were unlikely to spread the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO’s technical lead on the COVID-19 pandemic, made it very clear Tuesday that the actual rates of asymptomatic transmission aren’t yet known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of transmission that we know about is that people who have symptoms transmit the virus to other people through infectious droplets,” Van Kerkhove said. “But there are a subset of people who don’t develop symptoms, and to truly understand how many people don’t have symptoms, we don’t actually have that answer yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove’s remarks on Tuesday came at a WHO question-and-answer session aimed at explaining what was known and unknown about how the virus spreads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the confusion boiled down to the details of what an asymptomatic infection actually is, and the different ways the term is used. While some cases of COVID-19 are fully asymptomatic, sometimes the word is also used to describe people who haven’t started showing symptoms yet, when they are presymptomatic. Research has shown that people become infectious before they start feeling sick, during that presymptomatic period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the WHO’s thrice-weekly press briefings Monday, Van Kerkhove noted that when health officials review cases that are initially reported to be asymptomatic, “we find out that many have really mild disease.” There are some infected people who are “truly asymptomatic,” she said, but countries that are doing detailed contact tracing are “not finding secondary transmission onward” from those cases. “It’s very rare,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added: “We are constantly looking at this data and we’re trying to get more information from countries to truly answer this question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, it came across as if the WHO was suggesting that people without symptoms weren’t driving the spread. Some studies, however, have estimated that people without symptoms (whether truly asymptomatic or presymptomatic) could be responsible for up to half of the spread, which is why the virus has been so difficult to contain. Isolating people who are sick, for example, does not prevent the possibility they already passed the virus on to others. Some modeling studies have assumed quite widespread asymptomatic transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The WHO created confusion yesterday when it reported that asymptomatic patients rarely spread the disease,” an email from the Harvard Global Health Institute said Tuesday. “All of the best evidence suggests that people without symptoms can and do readily spread SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. In fact, some evidence suggests that people may be most infectious in the days before they become symptomatic — that is, in the presymptomatic phase when they feel well, have no symptoms, but may be shedding substantial amounts of virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their point: People not showing symptoms can spread the virus, whether they ultimately feel sick or not. That’s why wearing masks and keeping distance are so important to limiting transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove acknowledged Tuesday that her use of the phrase “very rare” had been a miscommunication. She said she had based that phrasing on findings from a small number of studies that followed asymptomatic cases and tracked how many of their contacts became infected. She said she did not mean to imply that “asymptomatic transmission globally” was happening rarely, because that has not been determined yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Determining which routes of transmission are driving most of the spread of the virus is crucial so health experts can develop the right strategies to combat the virus. At the WHO event Tuesday, officials stressed that even as scientists are still learning more about the virus and how it spreads, countries have demonstrated that the best tactics to address the pandemic include isolating cases, contact tracing, and quarantining contacts — as well as hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those measures, “We won’t stop all transmission, but what we do is, we suppress transmission,” Mike Ryan, the head of WHO’s emergencies program, said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other unknowns the WHO experts raised Tuesday include how asymptomatic or presymptomatic people are spreading the virus if they are not coughing — it could be that they still expel infectious droplets through singing, yelling, or even talking — as well as the percentage of all COVID-19 cases that are asymptomatic. One recent paper estimated that 40% to 45% of cases might be asymptomatic, though others have pegged that figure at closer to 20% or even lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on what’s been seen so far, asymptomatic people tend to be younger and not have other health issues, Van Kerkhove said Tuesday, though she cautioned she didn’t want to generalize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the studies about asymptomatic transmission that Van Kerkhove referred to, the WHO has also received data from member countries that “suggests that asymptomatically-infected individuals are much less likely to transmit the virus than those who develop symptoms,” according to WHO’s interim guidance on masks issued last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside experts have called on the WHO to release that data. Both outside experts and WHO officials have acknowledged that detecting asymptomatic spread would be really difficult, and just because scientists haven’t seen something occurring often doesn’t mean it’s not happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every question we answer, we have 10 more,” Van Kerkhove said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/09/who-comments-asymptomatic-spread-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California will allow day camps, bars, gyms, campgrounds and professional sports to begin reopening with precautions in a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s most populated state released \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/industry-guidance/#top\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guidance\u003c/a> Friday for counties on reopening a broad range of businesses that have been closed since mid-March because of concerns about spreading the coronavirus. It also includes much-anticipated guidance on the fall reopening of schools, which have been shuttered since March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules on schools and day camps will apply statewide. Only counties that have met certain thresholds on the number of cases, testing and preparedness will be allowed to start reopening other parts of the economy on June 12. Almost all of the state’s 58 counties have met those thresholds. The guidance includes rules on hotels, casinos, museums, zoos and aquariums and resuming music, film and television production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom has been moving the state through a methodical four-step process for reopening, with most counties already allowed to reopen restaurants, hair salons, churches and stores with modifications. The new guidance relates to businesses in “Stage 3.” But it does not allow nail salons to reopen, and the industry has previously sued the state. Hair salons were cleared to reopen several weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>School Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When students return to classrooms in the fall, things could look vastly different. In addition to requirements for physical distancing, the state plans to supply every school and child care center with no-touch thermometers, hand sanitizer, face shields for every teacher, cloth face coverings for staff and students, and tight-fitting N95 masks for health care professionals in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state cannot order schools to close, but it can offer recommendations for districts to follow on reopening. School districts opted to close when Newsom issued a statewide stay-at-home order and developed distance-learning plans on the fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidance asks schools to try to keep students 6 feet (2 meters) apart at all times — in class, in the hallways and at recess. It also says schools should consider installing “portable hand-washing stations” as part of a rigorous hygiene regime urging students and staff to wash their hands before and after eating, coughing, sneezing, being outside and using the restroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also suggests staggering arrival times to minimize contact between students, staff and families and serving meals in classrooms or outdoors rather than in cafeterias. It calls for intensified cleaning and disinfecting — at least daily — of frequently touched surfaces on school buses and in buildings, such as door handles, light switches, student desks and chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the measures had been hinted at previously. But the guidelines prepared by California’s Department of Public Health offered the most formal reopening framework so far for school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Thurmond said last week that he expects a “hybrid model” of instruction, balancing traditional classes and remote learning to accommodate the need for physical distancing. Thurmond is expected to release the Department of Education’s guidelines for school reopenings next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>School districts and educators have raised concerns about how to adopt all the changes at a time of shrinking budgets. Districts are facing the prospects of billions of dollars in budget cuts as the state scrambles to plug a deficit brought on by the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Entertainment and Sports\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Music, television and film production can start again, and so can professional sports without live audiences. Rather than issue specific guidelines, the state is directing the industries to set rules through labor agreements and by following county public health orders. Leaders in the entertainment industry, meanwhile, have been brainstorming safe ways to get back to work since film, television and commercial production in Los Angeles shut down on March 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Directors Guild enlisted “Contagion” director Steven Soderbergh to head a committee to determine when and how productions can resume in collaboration with epidemiologists, unions and employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Film, television and commercial production make up a significant amount of the Los Angeles economy. According to nonprofit film office FilmLA, nearly 17% of the workforce is tied to the industry, which has been out of commission for more than two months now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guidance for museums, galleries, zoos and aquariums encourages using credit cards and contactless forms of payment as well as one-way walkways and hallways to limit contact. Single-use maps, pamphlets and guides should be provided, along with digital copies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s confirmed coronavirus cases and hospitalizations remain stable. But it’s preparing for a potential increase in infections as more parts of the economy reopen and people pack protests against racial injustice and police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has reported more than 122,000 coronavirus cases and over 4,400 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most people, the coronavirus causes mild or moderate symptoms such as fever and cough. For some, especially older adults and people with existing health problems, it can cause pneumonia and death.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California will allow day camps, bars, gyms, campgrounds and professional sports to begin reopening with precautions in a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s most populated state released \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/industry-guidance/#top\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guidance\u003c/a> Friday for counties on reopening a broad range of businesses that have been closed since mid-March because of concerns about spreading the coronavirus. It also includes much-anticipated guidance on the fall reopening of schools, which have been shuttered since March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules on schools and day camps will apply statewide. Only counties that have met certain thresholds on the number of cases, testing and preparedness will be allowed to start reopening other parts of the economy on June 12. Almost all of the state’s 58 counties have met those thresholds. The guidance includes rules on hotels, casinos, museums, zoos and aquariums and resuming music, film and television production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom has been moving the state through a methodical four-step process for reopening, with most counties already allowed to reopen restaurants, hair salons, churches and stores with modifications. The new guidance relates to businesses in “Stage 3.” But it does not allow nail salons to reopen, and the industry has previously sued the state. Hair salons were cleared to reopen several weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>School Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When students return to classrooms in the fall, things could look vastly different. In addition to requirements for physical distancing, the state plans to supply every school and child care center with no-touch thermometers, hand sanitizer, face shields for every teacher, cloth face coverings for staff and students, and tight-fitting N95 masks for health care professionals in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state cannot order schools to close, but it can offer recommendations for districts to follow on reopening. School districts opted to close when Newsom issued a statewide stay-at-home order and developed distance-learning plans on the fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidance asks schools to try to keep students 6 feet (2 meters) apart at all times — in class, in the hallways and at recess. It also says schools should consider installing “portable hand-washing stations” as part of a rigorous hygiene regime urging students and staff to wash their hands before and after eating, coughing, sneezing, being outside and using the restroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also suggests staggering arrival times to minimize contact between students, staff and families and serving meals in classrooms or outdoors rather than in cafeterias. It calls for intensified cleaning and disinfecting — at least daily — of frequently touched surfaces on school buses and in buildings, such as door handles, light switches, student desks and chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the measures had been hinted at previously. But the guidelines prepared by California’s Department of Public Health offered the most formal reopening framework so far for school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Thurmond said last week that he expects a “hybrid model” of instruction, balancing traditional classes and remote learning to accommodate the need for physical distancing. Thurmond is expected to release the Department of Education’s guidelines for school reopenings next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>School districts and educators have raised concerns about how to adopt all the changes at a time of shrinking budgets. Districts are facing the prospects of billions of dollars in budget cuts as the state scrambles to plug a deficit brought on by the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Entertainment and Sports\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Music, television and film production can start again, and so can professional sports without live audiences. Rather than issue specific guidelines, the state is directing the industries to set rules through labor agreements and by following county public health orders. Leaders in the entertainment industry, meanwhile, have been brainstorming safe ways to get back to work since film, television and commercial production in Los Angeles shut down on March 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Directors Guild enlisted “Contagion” director Steven Soderbergh to head a committee to determine when and how productions can resume in collaboration with epidemiologists, unions and employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Film, television and commercial production make up a significant amount of the Los Angeles economy. According to nonprofit film office FilmLA, nearly 17% of the workforce is tied to the industry, which has been out of commission for more than two months now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guidance for museums, galleries, zoos and aquariums encourages using credit cards and contactless forms of payment as well as one-way walkways and hallways to limit contact. Single-use maps, pamphlets and guides should be provided, along with digital copies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s confirmed coronavirus cases and hospitalizations remain stable. But it’s preparing for a potential increase in infections as more parts of the economy reopen and people pack protests against racial injustice and police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has reported more than 122,000 coronavirus cases and over 4,400 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most people, the coronavirus causes mild or moderate symptoms such as fever and cough. For some, especially older adults and people with existing health problems, it can cause pneumonia and death.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Pharmacies across the country took a hit in recent days when some of the protests over the death of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/george-floyd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">George Floyd\u003c/a> caused damage to stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 400 CVS Pharmacy locations across 25 states have experienced varying levels of damage over the past several days,” said Amy Lanctot Thibault, a spokesperson for CVS Health, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thibault confirmed 18 CVS stores in San Francisco and six in Oakland are currently closed. Walgreens has also shut or reduced the hours at many of its locations in urban centers spanning from Sacramento to Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesus Guillen found out Wednesday morning that his local CVS on San Francisco’s Haight Street was closed when he called the store to renew a prescription and his call was transferred to a location that is a 30-minute drive south in San Bruno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guillen panicked. The 65-year-old can’t just zip down Interstate 280 to retrieve his medicine. He doesn’t have a car, he lives with his aging mother, and public transit is spotty because of the pandemic. He also suffers from chronic, debilitating pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take oxycodone in the morning and Norco when needed,” said Guillen, who has been HIV-positive for 36 years and won a battle against cancer 10 years ago. “It just happened that this is the time to renew my prescription.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two days, Guillen says he will run out of the controlled substances that help him get through his day, and he fears going through withdrawal if he can’t pick up his new prescription.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now waiting for a call back from his doctor to see if his pain meds can be sent to a nearby hospital, because controlled substances cannot be delivered to a person’s home legally. He is also anticipating having to endure a hassle with his insurance company as he tries to get approval for the prescription transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives for Walgreens and CVS say stores will reopen as soon as current damage is repaired and they feel it is safe to do so.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Pharmacies across the country took a hit in recent days when some of the protests over the death of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/george-floyd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">George Floyd\u003c/a> caused damage to stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 400 CVS Pharmacy locations across 25 states have experienced varying levels of damage over the past several days,” said Amy Lanctot Thibault, a spokesperson for CVS Health, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thibault confirmed 18 CVS stores in San Francisco and six in Oakland are currently closed. Walgreens has also shut or reduced the hours at many of its locations in urban centers spanning from Sacramento to Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesus Guillen found out Wednesday morning that his local CVS on San Francisco’s Haight Street was closed when he called the store to renew a prescription and his call was transferred to a location that is a 30-minute drive south in San Bruno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guillen panicked. The 65-year-old can’t just zip down Interstate 280 to retrieve his medicine. He doesn’t have a car, he lives with his aging mother, and public transit is spotty because of the pandemic. He also suffers from chronic, debilitating pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take oxycodone in the morning and Norco when needed,” said Guillen, who has been HIV-positive for 36 years and won a battle against cancer 10 years ago. “It just happened that this is the time to renew my prescription.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two days, Guillen says he will run out of the controlled substances that help him get through his day, and he fears going through withdrawal if he can’t pick up his new prescription.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now waiting for a call back from his doctor to see if his pain meds can be sent to a nearby hospital, because controlled substances cannot be delivered to a person’s home legally. He is also anticipating having to endure a hassle with his insurance company as he tries to get approval for the prescription transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives for Walgreens and CVS say stores will reopen as soon as current damage is repaired and they feel it is safe to do so.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: See Which Bay Area Nursing Homes and Long-term Care Facilities Have Had Coronavirus Outbreaks",
"headTitle": "MAP: See Which Bay Area Nursing Homes and Long-term Care Facilities Have Had Coronavirus Outbreaks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the Bay Area alone, 97 skilled nursing facilities and 18 residential care homes for the elderly have reported outbreaks of COVID-19, part of a\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/06/01/867492962/nearly-26-000-nursing-home-residents-have-died-from-covid-19-federal-data-show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> national trend\u003c/a> that has seen the coronavirus taking a heavy toll on the frail and elderly, and creating stress and anxiety for their loved ones. You can see which Bay Area facilities have reported infections in the map below. Scroll over each one to see the extent of the outbreak, which or may not be current, through the month of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/474f54c3-f879-4d5a-addb-5679f4b4927a/embed%22%20allowfullscreen%20webkitallowfullscreen%20mozallowfullscreen%20oallowfullscreen%20msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Statewide, as of May 31, at least 2,184 residents and staff of nursing homes and assisted living facilities have died of COVID-19, according to data reported by the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">California Department o\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">f\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> Public Health\u003c/span> and the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">California Department of Social Services\u003c/span>. That total makes up around half of the state’s coronavirus deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">Click here if you know someone in a nursing home or assisted facility … share your story!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">State health officials have acknowledged that published case and death totals are less than exact. COVID-19 cases and deaths are self-reported by facility representatives, and regulators do not systematically verify them. Where facilities report under 11 infections or related deaths, the totals are reported as “10 or fewer,” a practice the agencies say is necessary in order to protect patient privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nursing homes are medical facilities overseen by the Department of Public Health, while assisted living facilities are managed by the Department of Social Services. CDPH has recently created a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/SNFsCOVID_19.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">dashboard\u003c/span>\u003c/a> with all outbreaks in nursing homes across the state, including both a daily snapshot and cumulative totals. The CDSS data is harder to track; the agency \u003cspan class=\"s1\">shares \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdss.ca.gov/inforesources/research-and-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daily reports\u003c/a> about outbreaks in assisted living facilities housing more than six patients in a PDF file on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Advocates for residents in long-term care facilities have been concerned about a lack of transparency around coronavirus outbreaks and management since the beginning of the pandemic. Charlene Harrington, professor emeritus at UCSF and an expert on long-term care, says the data has been inconsistent. \u003ci>“\u003c/i>I’d like to see [CDPH] do a better job with oversight,” she says. “And trying to verify what’s going on in the nursing homes, not just letting nursing homes self report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Both CDPH and CDSS say they’re in close contact with all facilities via televisits and in-person inspections to verify some of the reported outbreak numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Federal and state regulators offer guidelines, which include testing and infection control, for dealing with COVID-19 in nursing homes. Some guidelines also apply to assisted living facilities. County health departments don’t regulate long-term care homes, but many offer guidelines to both skilled nursing and assisted living facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Pat McGinnis, executive director of California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform, says that families of residents in long-term care facilities with coronavirus outbreaks should be in contact with those facilities to ensure their loved ones are safe. Here are some questions she suggests asking:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Testing\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have all residents and staff been tested?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How often are tests given?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Isolation of positive cases\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is the facility keeping residents who do not have the virus safe from those who do?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Infection control\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Who is the \u003ca href=\"https://apic.org/monthly_alerts/who-are-infection-preventionists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infection preventionist\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What changes have been made in the facility to enhance infection prevention?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is the facility monitoring to ensure staff are consistently following infection control standards?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Staffing\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How many staff members are in quarantine?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who is replacing them?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are replacement staff qualified?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do staffing levels now compare to levels before the outbreak?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Does the facility have extra staff assigned to replace the care and support visitors provided before the lockdown?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Communication with families\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Who is assigned to keep families updated on an outbreak and what is the facility is doing to fight it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can families contact this person or persons to seek information or share concerns?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>By what means and how often will facilities communicate with families?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Visitation\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is the facility doing to help residents stay in frequent contact with residents or patients via telephone, video visits, window visits and other means?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If you have a complaint or concern about the care of a loved one in a long-term care facility, you can reach out to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aging.ca.gov/Find_Services_in_My_County/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">local ombudsman\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for assistance. The long-term care ombudsmen are representatives from the California Department of Aging who help residents and their families with issues related to day-to-day care, health, and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic …\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[hearken src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/5489.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "In the Bay Area alone, 97 skilled nursing facilities and 18 residential care homes for the elderly have reported outbreaks of COVID-19 through the month of May. See which ones in an interactive map. ",
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"description": "In the Bay Area alone, 97 skilled nursing facilities and 18 residential care homes for the elderly have reported outbreaks of COVID-19 through the month of May. See which ones in an interactive map. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the Bay Area alone, 97 skilled nursing facilities and 18 residential care homes for the elderly have reported outbreaks of COVID-19, part of a\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/06/01/867492962/nearly-26-000-nursing-home-residents-have-died-from-covid-19-federal-data-show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> national trend\u003c/a> that has seen the coronavirus taking a heavy toll on the frail and elderly, and creating stress and anxiety for their loved ones. You can see which Bay Area facilities have reported infections in the map below. Scroll over each one to see the extent of the outbreak, which or may not be current, through the month of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/474f54c3-f879-4d5a-addb-5679f4b4927a/embed%22%20allowfullscreen%20webkitallowfullscreen%20mozallowfullscreen%20oallowfullscreen%20msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Statewide, as of May 31, at least 2,184 residents and staff of nursing homes and assisted living facilities have died of COVID-19, according to data reported by the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">California Department o\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">f\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> Public Health\u003c/span> and the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">California Department of Social Services\u003c/span>. That total makes up around half of the state’s coronavirus deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">Click here if you know someone in a nursing home or assisted facility … share your story!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">State health officials have acknowledged that published case and death totals are less than exact. COVID-19 cases and deaths are self-reported by facility representatives, and regulators do not systematically verify them. Where facilities report under 11 infections or related deaths, the totals are reported as “10 or fewer,” a practice the agencies say is necessary in order to protect patient privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nursing homes are medical facilities overseen by the Department of Public Health, while assisted living facilities are managed by the Department of Social Services. CDPH has recently created a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/SNFsCOVID_19.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">dashboard\u003c/span>\u003c/a> with all outbreaks in nursing homes across the state, including both a daily snapshot and cumulative totals. The CDSS data is harder to track; the agency \u003cspan class=\"s1\">shares \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdss.ca.gov/inforesources/research-and-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daily reports\u003c/a> about outbreaks in assisted living facilities housing more than six patients in a PDF file on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Advocates for residents in long-term care facilities have been concerned about a lack of transparency around coronavirus outbreaks and management since the beginning of the pandemic. Charlene Harrington, professor emeritus at UCSF and an expert on long-term care, says the data has been inconsistent. \u003ci>“\u003c/i>I’d like to see [CDPH] do a better job with oversight,” she says. “And trying to verify what’s going on in the nursing homes, not just letting nursing homes self report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Both CDPH and CDSS say they’re in close contact with all facilities via televisits and in-person inspections to verify some of the reported outbreak numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Federal and state regulators offer guidelines, which include testing and infection control, for dealing with COVID-19 in nursing homes. Some guidelines also apply to assisted living facilities. County health departments don’t regulate long-term care homes, but many offer guidelines to both skilled nursing and assisted living facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Pat McGinnis, executive director of California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform, says that families of residents in long-term care facilities with coronavirus outbreaks should be in contact with those facilities to ensure their loved ones are safe. Here are some questions she suggests asking:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Testing\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have all residents and staff been tested?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How often are tests given?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Isolation of positive cases\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is the facility keeping residents who do not have the virus safe from those who do?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Infection control\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Who is the \u003ca href=\"https://apic.org/monthly_alerts/who-are-infection-preventionists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infection preventionist\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What changes have been made in the facility to enhance infection prevention?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is the facility monitoring to ensure staff are consistently following infection control standards?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Staffing\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How many staff members are in quarantine?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who is replacing them?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are replacement staff qualified?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do staffing levels now compare to levels before the outbreak?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Does the facility have extra staff assigned to replace the care and support visitors provided before the lockdown?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Communication with families\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Who is assigned to keep families updated on an outbreak and what is the facility is doing to fight it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can families contact this person or persons to seek information or share concerns?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>By what means and how often will facilities communicate with families?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Visitation\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is the facility doing to help residents stay in frequent contact with residents or patients via telephone, video visits, window visits and other means?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If you have a complaint or concern about the care of a loved one in a long-term care facility, you can reach out to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aging.ca.gov/Find_Services_in_My_County/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">local ombudsman\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for assistance. The long-term care ombudsmen are representatives from the California Department of Aging who help residents and their families with issues related to day-to-day care, health, and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic …\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "glasswing-butterflies-want-to-make-something-perfectly-clear",
"title": "Glasswing Butterflies Want To Make Something Perfectly Clear",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Bay Area biologists are studying a beautiful and exotic butterfly with the hope that their findings may one day improve technologies from eyeglasses to solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named for their transparent wings, glasswing butterflies have evolved a clever disappearing act to avoid their many predators in the rainforests of South and Central America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most things in the rainforest are either bright and flashy or they’re trying their best to hide,” said Aaron Pomerantz, a doctoral candidate in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.patellab.net/\">Nipam Patel Lab\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley and the Marine Biological Laboratory. “There aren’t a lot of things that are just trying to be invisible like the glasswings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965156\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_FlapsWingsOnPlant.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_FlapsWingsOnPlant.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glasswing butterflies’ transparent wings allow them to blend in with different backgrounds. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many butterflies hide by blending in with their surroundings. This strategy can be effective, but only when the butterfly stays on a matching background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others try to stand out by using bright colors and clashing patterns that serve as a warning to predators. They typically eat plants rich in chemicals that make them poisonous or distasteful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glasswings are different. Their transparent wings allow them to hide against any background — even while flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do they do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most butterflies are covered with row after row of tiny colorful scales, each about the size of a grain of salt. The flat scales protect the butterfly — similar to the scales on a fish or the shingles on a roof. The butterfly’s scales also keep rain from sticking to its wings, weighing it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glasswing butterflies do have scales on their bodies and on the edges of their wings. But scales on the transparent sections of their wings look completely different — more like tiny hairs barely visible to the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_AaronPomerantzMicroscope.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_AaronPomerantzMicroscope.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The transparent sections of the glasswing butterfly’s wing is protected by modified scales that resemble tiny hairs. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hairs help protect the surface of the wing and repel water, but they are thin and spaced apart from each other, so they don’t block light from hitting the surface of the wing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A butterfly’s wings, like the rest of its exoskeleton, is made out of a tough material called chitin. Pure chitin is actually clear, but in most insects the chitin also contains pigments that absorb light and make the chitin opaque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What the pigments don’t absorb, they reflect back,” Pomerantz said. “And that’s the color that you see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the glasswings’ chitin lacks pigments. And since the butterfly’s wings are paper-thin, you can see right through them to the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965160\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_WingsHairs.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_WingsHairs.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The transparent sections of the glasswing butterfly’s wing lack the colorful scales found on the body and outlines of the wing. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By itself, the chitin that makes up the glasswing’s wings is shiny. And being shiny could spell disaster if you’re a butterfly trying to hide in a rainforest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is what makes glasswings extra special. Their wings are transparent without being shiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret is a layer of waxy structures on the surface of the wing called nanopillars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nanopillars are incredibly small. They’re so small that researchers need a special type of scanning electron microscope to even see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_NanopillarsZoomIn.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_NanopillarsZoomIn.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much smaller than the hair-like scale, the nanopillars on the surface of the wing give it a rough texture and act as an anti-reflective coating. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nanopillars look like miniature pointed towers made of clear wax sticking up from the surface of the wing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These structures are so small that they’re smaller than a wavelength of light. They’re just really, really, really tiny,” Pomerantz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of having the wing’s surface be a flat, smooth, shiny surface, the nanopillars give it a rough texture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1965162 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The glasswing butterfly wing on the right has had its waxy nanopillars removed. As a result it reflects much more light that the wing on the left, which still has its nanopillar coating. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/University of California, Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To show how effective the nanopillars are at reducing reflections, Pomerantz used chemicals to remove the waxy structures from a glasswing butterfly’s wing. The wing without nanopillars was much shinier than the one with the nanopillars left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pomerantz and the other researchers hope that what they learn about the glasswings might inspire new artificial anti-glare coatings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think everyone can relate to light bouncing off their glasses or their phone screens and things like that,” he said. “We’re interested in bioinspiration — things that we’ve learned from nature, and applying it to our technologies and our products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965163\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_OnWrittenNotes.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965163\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_OnWrittenNotes.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transparent wings allow glasswing butterflies to blend in with any background. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By better understanding how these butterflies reduce glare, Pomerantz and the other researchers hope that technologies might arise to increase the efficiency of solar panels by reducing the amount of light that bounces off the surface of the panel before it can be turned into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature’s already figured out solutions to many of the problems that we have today,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Ever wanted to be invisible? The elusive glasswing butterfly knows just how to do it. Its transparent wings, covered in an anti-glare nano-coating, help it hide from its predators in the rainforest. ",
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"title": "Glasswing Butterflies Want To Make Something Perfectly Clear | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Bay Area biologists are studying a beautiful and exotic butterfly with the hope that their findings may one day improve technologies from eyeglasses to solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named for their transparent wings, glasswing butterflies have evolved a clever disappearing act to avoid their many predators in the rainforests of South and Central America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most things in the rainforest are either bright and flashy or they’re trying their best to hide,” said Aaron Pomerantz, a doctoral candidate in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.patellab.net/\">Nipam Patel Lab\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley and the Marine Biological Laboratory. “There aren’t a lot of things that are just trying to be invisible like the glasswings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965156\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_FlapsWingsOnPlant.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_FlapsWingsOnPlant.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glasswing butterflies’ transparent wings allow them to blend in with different backgrounds. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many butterflies hide by blending in with their surroundings. This strategy can be effective, but only when the butterfly stays on a matching background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others try to stand out by using bright colors and clashing patterns that serve as a warning to predators. They typically eat plants rich in chemicals that make them poisonous or distasteful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glasswings are different. Their transparent wings allow them to hide against any background — even while flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do they do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most butterflies are covered with row after row of tiny colorful scales, each about the size of a grain of salt. The flat scales protect the butterfly — similar to the scales on a fish or the shingles on a roof. The butterfly’s scales also keep rain from sticking to its wings, weighing it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glasswing butterflies do have scales on their bodies and on the edges of their wings. But scales on the transparent sections of their wings look completely different — more like tiny hairs barely visible to the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_AaronPomerantzMicroscope.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_AaronPomerantzMicroscope.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The transparent sections of the glasswing butterfly’s wing is protected by modified scales that resemble tiny hairs. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hairs help protect the surface of the wing and repel water, but they are thin and spaced apart from each other, so they don’t block light from hitting the surface of the wing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A butterfly’s wings, like the rest of its exoskeleton, is made out of a tough material called chitin. Pure chitin is actually clear, but in most insects the chitin also contains pigments that absorb light and make the chitin opaque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What the pigments don’t absorb, they reflect back,” Pomerantz said. “And that’s the color that you see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the glasswings’ chitin lacks pigments. And since the butterfly’s wings are paper-thin, you can see right through them to the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965160\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_WingsHairs.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_WingsHairs.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The transparent sections of the glasswing butterfly’s wing lack the colorful scales found on the body and outlines of the wing. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By itself, the chitin that makes up the glasswing’s wings is shiny. And being shiny could spell disaster if you’re a butterfly trying to hide in a rainforest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is what makes glasswings extra special. Their wings are transparent without being shiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret is a layer of waxy structures on the surface of the wing called nanopillars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nanopillars are incredibly small. They’re so small that researchers need a special type of scanning electron microscope to even see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_NanopillarsZoomIn.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_NanopillarsZoomIn.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much smaller than the hair-like scale, the nanopillars on the surface of the wing give it a rough texture and act as an anti-reflective coating. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nanopillars look like miniature pointed towers made of clear wax sticking up from the surface of the wing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These structures are so small that they’re smaller than a wavelength of light. They’re just really, really, really tiny,” Pomerantz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of having the wing’s surface be a flat, smooth, shiny surface, the nanopillars give it a rough texture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1965162 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_Nanopillars_Comparison-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The glasswing butterfly wing on the right has had its waxy nanopillars removed. As a result it reflects much more light that the wing on the left, which still has its nanopillar coating. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/University of California, Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To show how effective the nanopillars are at reducing reflections, Pomerantz used chemicals to remove the waxy structures from a glasswing butterfly’s wing. The wing without nanopillars was much shinier than the one with the nanopillars left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pomerantz and the other researchers hope that what they learn about the glasswings might inspire new artificial anti-glare coatings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think everyone can relate to light bouncing off their glasses or their phone screens and things like that,” he said. “We’re interested in bioinspiration — things that we’ve learned from nature, and applying it to our technologies and our products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965163\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_OnWrittenNotes.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965163\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL710_GlasswingButterfly_OnWrittenNotes.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transparent wings allow glasswing butterflies to blend in with any background. \u003ccite>(Aaron Pomerantz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By better understanding how these butterflies reduce glare, Pomerantz and the other researchers hope that technologies might arise to increase the efficiency of solar panels by reducing the amount of light that bounces off the surface of the panel before it can be turned into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature’s already figured out solutions to many of the problems that we have today,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "For Black and Latino Communities, Trust Is an Issue for Coronavirus Testing, Contact Tracing",
"headTitle": "For Black and Latino Communities, Trust Is an Issue for Coronavirus Testing, Contact Tracing | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the city of Oakland, when census workers call residents, they’re on a dual mission. Not only do they ask if the individual has filled out a census card, they also ask whether that person wants to get tested for the coronavirus. If so, do they know where to go?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s extremely creative,” said Dr. Tony Iton, a senior vice president of the California Endowment. “They’re doing census outreach in populations that are the hardest to reach, which are exactly the same populations that are disproportionately impacted by COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are neighborhoods like \u003ca href=\"https://ac-hcsa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/332a092bbc3641bd9ec8373e7c7b5b3d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">East Oakland and the Fruitvale District\u003c/a>, home to predominantly African Americans and Latinos. And, since census workers tend to be local, people are essentially checking in on their neighbors, Iton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California and the rest of the nation grapple with the pandemic, one lesson has become painfully clear. While the virus can attack anyone at any time, some populations have been harder hit than others — and testing and contact tracing in these communities will likely take more effort, according to Iton and other public health experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/health/2020/05/california-coronavirus-contact-tracing-training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Contact tracers\u003c/a> are workers trained to track down, interview and isolate people who have come in contact with an infected person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Contact tracing, that’s never going to work, particularly in the African American community where trust is a big issue, if we don’t have a solution that works directly with the black community,” said Dr. Stephen Lockhart, chief medical officer with Sutter Health in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solutions need to rely on existing institutions and supports such as churches, barbershops and community leaders, Lockhart said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Sutter Health published a Northern California \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00598\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> reinforcing what statewide data has shown — that coronavirus is taking a disproportionate \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2020/05/why-is-coronavirus-deadly-for-blacks-los-angeles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">toll on African Americans.\u003c/a> According to the study, African Americans are almost three times as likely to be hospitalized for COVID-19 compared with non-Hispanic whites. And the majority, almost 70%, were tested in the hospital rather than in an outpatient setting, meaning it wasn’t until they were very sick that they got a diagnostic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, African Americans account for about 10% of coronavirus deaths, even though they make up only 6% of California’s population. Latinos make up more than half of the cases and about 38% of the deaths while they are 38.9% of the population, according to the California Department of Public Health, which tracks coronavirus cases and deaths \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/Race-Ethnicity.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">by race and ethnicity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, whites make up about 21% of the cases, about 34% of the deaths and 36.6% of the state’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iton, a former Alameda County public health officer, is among those trying to develop efficient contact tracing and testing among communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to minimize harm, Iton said, the state has to prioritize blanket testing, or test as many as possible — especially essential employees working in grocery stores and driving buses, as well as seniors. Outreach has to be persistent and aggressive, and contact tracing must be done in a culturally sensitive manner, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do these things we would see disproportionality start to drop,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, contact tracers statewide are being pulled from a pool of city and county employees who aren’t working, such as librarians and property tax assessors. But as the economy opens up, they’ll return to work. Iton’s organization is working to assemble groups already working with African Americans and Latinos to help find local tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing contact tracing in populations where there are immigration issues or linguistic issues is harder and slower, so you’re going to need more of those kinds of workers,” Iton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s goal is to initially hire about 10,000 contact tracers, but more may be needed if infections resurge as the state opens back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s public health department said in an email that it has opened 80 testing sites specifically for communities where people are being disproportionately affected by COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In setting up these sites with counties, the state considered the population size, number of cases, income (with a preference for lower incomes), population diversity (with a preference for more diverse communities) and percent of population in high-risk groups, the department said in the email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also recently launched \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/05/22/governor-newsom-launches-california-connected-californias-contact-tracing-program-and-public-awareness-campaign/\">a PSA campaign\u003c/a> to educate people on the importance of contact tracing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m certainly not naive,” Gov. Gavin Newsom said in a press briefing last week. “When you get a call from some stranger on the phone saying they work with the government, not everybody is pleased to receive those calls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people may think the call is fraudulent, while others may be uncomfortable or reluctant to share information, he acknowledged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re “translating not just documents in multiple languages, but getting trusted messengers from within communities to let folks know that it’s in not only their interest ,but their community and their loved ones’ interest, to work with these trained professionals and provide information in a confidential manner,” Newsom said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solange Madriz is one of these contact tracers. She’s also an academic coordinator at UC San Francisco’s Institute for Global Health Sciences and helps with the training of other contact tracers and investigators. The university partnered with the state to build \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/05/417346/ucsf-partners-state-develop-public-health-workforce-covid-19-response\">a training program\u003c/a> for this workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The training is focused not just on the information, but how you deliver that information,” Madriz said. “This is sensitive for multiple reasons, we’re talking about disease, individuals have lost their jobs, so these conversations have to be done in a compassionate way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cultural elements play an important role, especially in a world where people are constantly getting scam calls, she said. Madriz, a Latina and Spanish-speaker, primarily calls other Spanish-speakers. With a few exceptions, most of the people she’s called so far have participated in the investigations, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need for an appropriate response to the racial disparities of COVID-19 has led to the creation of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandca.gov/news/2020/local-leaders-announce-covid-19-racial-disparities-task-force\">special task force\u003c/a> in Alameda County. Iton is a co-chair, along with Assemblyman Rob Bonta, an Oakland Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta said that while racial disparities in health have been persistent and well-documented for decades, the coronavirus pandemic has brought them into focus like never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor health among communities of color in general has long been attributed to larger systemic issues, like poverty and racism. That and the prevalence of chronic conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes and asthma make black and Latino Californians more vulnerable to falling severely ill from COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pandemic lays bare the health disparities for everyone to see, you can’t ignore it,” Bonta said. This creates an opportunity to take action on things that once were only ideas, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, in absence of a vaccine — and until testing and competent contact tracing exists in Latino and black communities — some local leaders are urging others to stay put.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Rev. Amos Brown, pastor at Third Baptist Church in San Francisco, receives phone calls from other faith leaders asking him whether they should reopen their doors, he tells them to “settle down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Black people are experiencing disproportionate death; we should not be rushing to these four-corner buildings and put ourselves in harm’s way,” said Brown, who is also the president of the San Francisco branch of the NAACP. Instead, he tells them to “be creative, be the church where the people are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the city of Oakland, when census workers call residents, they’re on a dual mission. Not only do they ask if the individual has filled out a census card, they also ask whether that person wants to get tested for the coronavirus. If so, do they know where to go?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s extremely creative,” said Dr. Tony Iton, a senior vice president of the California Endowment. “They’re doing census outreach in populations that are the hardest to reach, which are exactly the same populations that are disproportionately impacted by COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are neighborhoods like \u003ca href=\"https://ac-hcsa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/332a092bbc3641bd9ec8373e7c7b5b3d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">East Oakland and the Fruitvale District\u003c/a>, home to predominantly African Americans and Latinos. And, since census workers tend to be local, people are essentially checking in on their neighbors, Iton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California and the rest of the nation grapple with the pandemic, one lesson has become painfully clear. While the virus can attack anyone at any time, some populations have been harder hit than others — and testing and contact tracing in these communities will likely take more effort, according to Iton and other public health experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/health/2020/05/california-coronavirus-contact-tracing-training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Contact tracers\u003c/a> are workers trained to track down, interview and isolate people who have come in contact with an infected person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Contact tracing, that’s never going to work, particularly in the African American community where trust is a big issue, if we don’t have a solution that works directly with the black community,” said Dr. Stephen Lockhart, chief medical officer with Sutter Health in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solutions need to rely on existing institutions and supports such as churches, barbershops and community leaders, Lockhart said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Sutter Health published a Northern California \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00598\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> reinforcing what statewide data has shown — that coronavirus is taking a disproportionate \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2020/05/why-is-coronavirus-deadly-for-blacks-los-angeles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">toll on African Americans.\u003c/a> According to the study, African Americans are almost three times as likely to be hospitalized for COVID-19 compared with non-Hispanic whites. And the majority, almost 70%, were tested in the hospital rather than in an outpatient setting, meaning it wasn’t until they were very sick that they got a diagnostic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, African Americans account for about 10% of coronavirus deaths, even though they make up only 6% of California’s population. Latinos make up more than half of the cases and about 38% of the deaths while they are 38.9% of the population, according to the California Department of Public Health, which tracks coronavirus cases and deaths \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/Race-Ethnicity.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">by race and ethnicity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, whites make up about 21% of the cases, about 34% of the deaths and 36.6% of the state’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iton, a former Alameda County public health officer, is among those trying to develop efficient contact tracing and testing among communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to minimize harm, Iton said, the state has to prioritize blanket testing, or test as many as possible — especially essential employees working in grocery stores and driving buses, as well as seniors. Outreach has to be persistent and aggressive, and contact tracing must be done in a culturally sensitive manner, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do these things we would see disproportionality start to drop,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, contact tracers statewide are being pulled from a pool of city and county employees who aren’t working, such as librarians and property tax assessors. But as the economy opens up, they’ll return to work. Iton’s organization is working to assemble groups already working with African Americans and Latinos to help find local tracers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing contact tracing in populations where there are immigration issues or linguistic issues is harder and slower, so you’re going to need more of those kinds of workers,” Iton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s goal is to initially hire about 10,000 contact tracers, but more may be needed if infections resurge as the state opens back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s public health department said in an email that it has opened 80 testing sites specifically for communities where people are being disproportionately affected by COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In setting up these sites with counties, the state considered the population size, number of cases, income (with a preference for lower incomes), population diversity (with a preference for more diverse communities) and percent of population in high-risk groups, the department said in the email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also recently launched \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/05/22/governor-newsom-launches-california-connected-californias-contact-tracing-program-and-public-awareness-campaign/\">a PSA campaign\u003c/a> to educate people on the importance of contact tracing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m certainly not naive,” Gov. Gavin Newsom said in a press briefing last week. “When you get a call from some stranger on the phone saying they work with the government, not everybody is pleased to receive those calls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people may think the call is fraudulent, while others may be uncomfortable or reluctant to share information, he acknowledged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re “translating not just documents in multiple languages, but getting trusted messengers from within communities to let folks know that it’s in not only their interest ,but their community and their loved ones’ interest, to work with these trained professionals and provide information in a confidential manner,” Newsom said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solange Madriz is one of these contact tracers. She’s also an academic coordinator at UC San Francisco’s Institute for Global Health Sciences and helps with the training of other contact tracers and investigators. The university partnered with the state to build \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/05/417346/ucsf-partners-state-develop-public-health-workforce-covid-19-response\">a training program\u003c/a> for this workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The training is focused not just on the information, but how you deliver that information,” Madriz said. “This is sensitive for multiple reasons, we’re talking about disease, individuals have lost their jobs, so these conversations have to be done in a compassionate way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cultural elements play an important role, especially in a world where people are constantly getting scam calls, she said. Madriz, a Latina and Spanish-speaker, primarily calls other Spanish-speakers. With a few exceptions, most of the people she’s called so far have participated in the investigations, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need for an appropriate response to the racial disparities of COVID-19 has led to the creation of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandca.gov/news/2020/local-leaders-announce-covid-19-racial-disparities-task-force\">special task force\u003c/a> in Alameda County. Iton is a co-chair, along with Assemblyman Rob Bonta, an Oakland Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta said that while racial disparities in health have been persistent and well-documented for decades, the coronavirus pandemic has brought them into focus like never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor health among communities of color in general has long been attributed to larger systemic issues, like poverty and racism. That and the prevalence of chronic conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes and asthma make black and Latino Californians more vulnerable to falling severely ill from COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pandemic lays bare the health disparities for everyone to see, you can’t ignore it,” Bonta said. This creates an opportunity to take action on things that once were only ideas, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, in absence of a vaccine — and until testing and competent contact tracing exists in Latino and black communities — some local leaders are urging others to stay put.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Rev. Amos Brown, pastor at Third Baptist Church in San Francisco, receives phone calls from other faith leaders asking him whether they should reopen their doors, he tells them to “settle down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Black people are experiencing disproportionate death; we should not be rushing to these four-corner buildings and put ourselves in harm’s way,” said Brown, who is also the president of the San Francisco branch of the NAACP. Instead, he tells them to “be creative, be the church where the people are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMsvr55cTZ0&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX delivered two astronauts to the International Space Station for NASA on Sunday, following up a historic liftoff with an equally smooth docking in yet another first for Elon Musk’s company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With test pilots Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken poised to take over manual control if necessary, the SpaceX Dragon capsule pulled up to the station and docked automatically, no assistance needed. The linkup occurred 262 miles (422 kilometers) above the China-Mongolia border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the capsule was latched securely to the space station, the congratulations flowed from NASA, SpaceX and the astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Congratulations on a phenomenal accomplishment and welcome to the International Space Station,” SpaceX Mission Control said from Hawthorne, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the first time a privately built and owned spacecraft carried astronauts to the orbiting lab in its nearly 20 years. NASA considers this the opening volley in a business revolution encircling Earth and eventually stretching to the moon and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bravo on a magnificent moment in spaceflight history,” NASA’s Mission Control radioed to everyone from Houston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy greeted the incoming crew by ringing the ship’s bell aboard the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The docking occurred a little early, barely 19 hours after a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket blasted off Saturday afternoon from Kennedy Space Center, the nation’s first astronaut launch to orbit from home soil in nearly a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the coronavirus pandemic, thousands jammed surrounding beaches, bridges and towns to watch as SpaceX became the world’s first private company to send astronauts into orbit, and ended a nine-year launch drought for NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few hours before docking, the Dragon riders reported that the capsule was performing beautifully. Just in case, they slipped back into their pressurized launch suits and helmets for the rendezvous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleaming white in the sunlight, the Dragon was easily visible from a few miles out, its nose cone open and exposing its docking hook as well as a blinking light. The capsule loomed ever larger on live NASA TV as it closed the gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurley and Behnken took over the controls — using high-tech touchscreens — and did a little piloting less than a couple hundred yards (meters) out as part of the test flight, before putting it back into automatic for the final approach. Hurley said the capsule handled “really well, very crisp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The astronauts thanked everyone once the capsule was latched securely to the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a real honor to be just a small part of this nine-year endeavor since the last time a United States spaceship has docked with the International Space Station,” Hurley said. He was the pilot of that last spaceship, shuttle Atlantis in July 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX and NASA officials had held off on any celebrations until after Sunday morning’s docking — and possibly not until the two astronauts are back on Earth sometime this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has yet to decide how long Hurley and Behnken will spend at the space station, somewhere between one and four months. While they’re there, the Dragon test pilots will join NASA’s Cassidy and two Russian station residents in performing experiments and possibly spacewalks to install fresh station batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a show-and-tell earlier Sunday, the astronauts gave a quick tour of the Dragon’s sparkling clean insides, quite spacious for a capsule. They said the liftoff was pretty bumpy and dynamic, nothing the simulators could have mimicked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue sequined dinosaur accompanying them — their young sons’ toy, named Tremor — was also in good shape, Behnken assured viewers. Tremor was going to join Earthy, a plush globe delivered to the space station on last year’s test flight of a crew-less crew Dragon. Behnken said both toys would return to Earth with them at mission’s end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An old-style capsule splashdown is planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After liftoff, Musk told reporters that the capsule’s return will be more dangerous in some ways than its launch. Even so, getting the two astronauts safely to orbit and then the space station had everyone breathing huge sighs of relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As always, Musk was looking ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is hopefully the first step on a journey toward a civilization on Mars,” he said Saturday evening.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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