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"title": "Proposition 14: With Just Handful of Cures, California Stem Cell Agency's Fate Is In Hands of Voters",
"headTitle": "Proposition 14: With Just Handful of Cures, California Stem Cell Agency’s Fate Is In Hands of Voters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>A Yes vote authorizes the state to sell $5.5 billion in general obligation bonds primarily for stem cell research and the development of new medical treatments in California. A No vote would mean the state’s stem cell research agency will probably shut down by 2023. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ramp-up to the 2004 election, a California TV viewer may have come across the popular actor Michael J. Fox urging her to vote Yes on a state proposition. His voice slurred faintly by Parkinson’s disease, he still sounded wry, boyish and familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My most important role lately is as an advocate for patients and for finding new cures for diseases,” said Fox, eyes level with the camera. “California’s Stem Cell Research Initiative 71 will support research to find cures for diseases that affect millions of people, including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fK9Eg0GVl7Q\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within that 30-second spot, Fox, diagnosed at age 29 with a neurodegenerative disorder that typically does not strike until after 60, used the word “cures” three times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 71, which passed with 59% of the vote, authorized the sale of $3 billion in bonds to create an agency that funded stem cell research. The successful campaign grew out of a time, in the early 2000s, when the promise of stem cell and regenerative medicine excited both scientists and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the project has lived up to that promise is a matter of opinion. How voters view the record of the agency may go a long way in their decision whether or not to replenish the fund, which is fast running out of money, with an additional $5.5 billion to be raised with new bonds authorized by Proposition 14, now on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>President Bush – A ‘Demon’ to Attack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists since the1800s have known about stem cells, which are not yet dedicated to any particular anatomical function and have the potential to become nerve cells, blood cells, skin cells or any other type. They are found in blastocysts, which are human embryos four to five days after fertilization, and in a few areas, such as bone marrow and gonads, in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']In the late 1990s, researchers developed ways to steer the development of these cells, and the possibilities for improving medicine seemed endless. If malfunctioning cells were at the root of a particular disease, could new healthy cells tailored to the job fix what was wrong? Scientists and many members of the public were eager to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-abortion groups, however, a key constituency of President George W. Bush, opposed the research, and in 2001 he limited federal funding to a few existing lines of embryonic stem cells, severely curtailing research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some in the state of California wanted to get around Bush’s restrictions, and Proposition 71 was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(T)hey had this demon they could attack in the campaign — the Bush administration,” said David Jensen, author of “California’s Great Stem Cell Experiment,” who also writes the blog \u003ca href=\"http://californiastemcellreport.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Stem Cell Report\u003c/a>. “They could say, ‘This is a great opportunity, and the only way we’re going to get it done is to do it here in California.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure created the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine. The stem cell research agency is unique in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No other state has done this kind of level of funding and focus on this kind of thing,” said Jensen. “It’s a really cutting-edge area of science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Few Successes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pace of innovation has been slower than many hoped. As it turned out, grand discoveries were not around the corner, and to date there is no widespread stem cell treatment approved for the public. To date, CIRM has funded more than 64 trials directly and aided in 31 more. Not all have or will result in treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the lack of a marquee cure like one for Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s, the agency has seen some notable triumphs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Probably one of the most spectacular successes they have certainly so far,” said Jensen, “is clinical trials that have saved the lives of what they say are 40 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those children were born with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), commonly known as “bubble baby syndrome,” a rare, generally fatal condition in which a child is born without a working immune system. An \u003ca href=\"https://blog.cirm.ca.gov/2017/07/25/cirm-funded-life-saving-stem-cell-therapy-gets-nod-of-approval-from-fda/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FDA-approved\u003c/a> gene therapy that grew out of CIRM-funded research can now cure the disease by taking a patient’s own blood stem cells and modifying them to correct the SCID mutation. The altered cells generate new, healthy blood cells and repair the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has also approved two drugs for rare blood cancers that were developed with CIRM funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandra Dillon, a graphic designer in San Diego, credits one of the drugs with saving her life. She was diagnosed when she was just 28, in 2006. Her doctors told her they would try to manage her symptoms, but that she was going to get progressively sicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even just the idea of a cure or getting better wasn’t even on the table back then,” said Dillon, who is featured in ads for the Yes on 14 campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fv6FFQ1ez2w\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember just praying and begging into the universe, please, someone just look at my disease, please someone help, who is going to look at this thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2010, Dillon was extremely ill. She connected with a doctor at UC San Diego who received early-stage funding from CIRM and told her she could take part in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time, there was this moment of, ‘Oh, my gosh! There are researchers doing something. And it could help me and I can get access to it.’ It was amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug received FDA approval in 2019, and today Dillon’s cancer has retreated to the point where she can live a normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I love that I am not tethered to a hospital anymore. I can go out on long backpacking trips and hiking and surfing,” she said. “I am a completely different person with this drug. And I have a whole future ahead of me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original funding raised by Proposition 71 is running out. Proposition 14 would authorize the sale of a new bond to refill the agency piggy bank. Gov. Gavin Newsom, the UC Board of Regents, and scores of patient advocacy groups also support the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many newspaper editorial boards, however, oppose the proposition, including the San Francisco Chronicle, Mercury News and Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the state still owes about $1 billion toward the debt created by Proposition 71. If Proposition 14 passes, the yearly price tag to pay off the new bond would be about $260 million per year for about 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the selling points of the original proposition was the potential for the state to earn big money in royalties from the treatments it helped develop, says Jeff Sheehy, an HIV patient advocate and the only CIRM board member to oppose Proposition 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The promises were made that this would pay for itself. We would be able to pay back the bonds with the … money we would get from royalties, etc., etc.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has not worked out as envisioned: CIRM estimates it has received less than $500,000 in royalties. Early this year, Forty Seven, a company whose therapies were heavily funded by CIRM, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/press-room/press-releases/2020/3/gilead-to-acquire-forty-seven-for-49-billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sold\u003c/a> to Gilead for $4.9 billion. While millions went to various researchers, neither CIRM nor the state of California received anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the flaws in the original measure is that we [the agency] cannot hold stock in the products that we develop,” says Sheehy. “And that’s because the California Constitution says that the state of California cannot, as a government entity, hold equity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 14 makes it impossible for the state to use profits from its investment on, say, schools or other funding priorities. Instead, any royalties earned must be fed back into programs to make CIRM-funded treatments more affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it does is it basically takes all of our returns that we get from this and gives it back to the pharmaceutical and biotech companies,” said Sheehy. “It becomes just a blatant giveaway to these companies when we should be requiring access and requiring fair pricing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sheehy says he supports medical research, but doesn’t like the state going into more debt to pay for it. The greater the state’s obligations in bond money, which has to be paid back with interest, the less there is in the general fund, and Sheehy says the state has more pressing needs than stem cell research — things like housing, education and transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest and perhaps the most compelling reason why I feel so strongly that this is not a good idea is that we simply cannot afford it,” he said. “If we think this is so important,” asks Sheehy, “why don’t we just don’t pay for [this research] out of the general fund? It would be cheaper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of Proposition 14 also point to longstanding complaints of conflicts of interest among the agency board. Most of the $3 billion distributed by the agency has gone to institutions with connections to board members. Critics say the structural conflicts of interest between the board and agency are not addressed in the new measure. Proposition 14 would balloon an already huge board of 29 members to 35.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding needs for stem cell research also are not as acute as they were back in 2004. The federal National Institutes of Health now \u003ca href=\"https://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">funds\u003c/a> some basic stem cell research, spending about $2 billion a year, with $321 million of that going toward human embryonic stem cell research. The Trump administration has not reinstated the ban, but has added lengthy paperwork and review \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/07/trump-administration-releases-details-fetal-tissue-restrictions\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">requirements\u003c/a>. And private ventures, like nonprofits started by tech billionaires, are pouring more money into biotech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with assuming that, says Melissa King, executive director of Americans for Cures, the stem cell advocacy group behind the “Yes on 14” campaign, is that CIRM fills a neglected funding need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The NIH does not fund clinical trials at nearly the rate that CIRM can and has been,” King said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that’s important because of what she calls the “Valley of Death,” where promising early-stage research frequently fails to translate into promising treatments that can be tested in clinical-stage research. (What works well in a test tube often does not work well in an organism.) This weeding-out process is costly but necessary. And it’s where CIRM focused a lot of its effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first- and maybe even second-phase clinical trials, it’s very difficult to get those funded,” King said. “It is too much of a risk for business to take on on its own. Venture [capital] isn’t going there. Angel [funding] isn’t going there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What voters have to ask themselves, says writer Jensen, is whether stem cell funding is “a high priority for the state of California? Different people make different judgments about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIRM supporters say if Prop. 14 doesn’t pass, critical research will stall. Others say federal and private funding will step in and fill the gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absent new funding, the institute expects it will wind down operations leading to a complete sundown in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>A Yes vote authorizes the state to sell $5.5 billion in general obligation bonds primarily for stem cell research and the development of new medical treatments in California. A No vote would mean the state’s stem cell research agency will probably shut down by 2023. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ramp-up to the 2004 election, a California TV viewer may have come across the popular actor Michael J. Fox urging her to vote Yes on a state proposition. His voice slurred faintly by Parkinson’s disease, he still sounded wry, boyish and familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My most important role lately is as an advocate for patients and for finding new cures for diseases,” said Fox, eyes level with the camera. “California’s Stem Cell Research Initiative 71 will support research to find cures for diseases that affect millions of people, including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fK9Eg0GVl7Q'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fK9Eg0GVl7Q'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Within that 30-second spot, Fox, diagnosed at age 29 with a neurodegenerative disorder that typically does not strike until after 60, used the word “cures” three times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 71, which passed with 59% of the vote, authorized the sale of $3 billion in bonds to create an agency that funded stem cell research. The successful campaign grew out of a time, in the early 2000s, when the promise of stem cell and regenerative medicine excited both scientists and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the project has lived up to that promise is a matter of opinion. How voters view the record of the agency may go a long way in their decision whether or not to replenish the fund, which is fast running out of money, with an additional $5.5 billion to be raised with new bonds authorized by Proposition 14, now on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>President Bush – A ‘Demon’ to Attack\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists since the1800s have known about stem cells, which are not yet dedicated to any particular anatomical function and have the potential to become nerve cells, blood cells, skin cells or any other type. They are found in blastocysts, which are human embryos four to five days after fertilization, and in a few areas, such as bone marrow and gonads, in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In the late 1990s, researchers developed ways to steer the development of these cells, and the possibilities for improving medicine seemed endless. If malfunctioning cells were at the root of a particular disease, could new healthy cells tailored to the job fix what was wrong? Scientists and many members of the public were eager to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-abortion groups, however, a key constituency of President George W. Bush, opposed the research, and in 2001 he limited federal funding to a few existing lines of embryonic stem cells, severely curtailing research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some in the state of California wanted to get around Bush’s restrictions, and Proposition 71 was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(T)hey had this demon they could attack in the campaign — the Bush administration,” said David Jensen, author of “California’s Great Stem Cell Experiment,” who also writes the blog \u003ca href=\"http://californiastemcellreport.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Stem Cell Report\u003c/a>. “They could say, ‘This is a great opportunity, and the only way we’re going to get it done is to do it here in California.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure created the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine. The stem cell research agency is unique in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No other state has done this kind of level of funding and focus on this kind of thing,” said Jensen. “It’s a really cutting-edge area of science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Few Successes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pace of innovation has been slower than many hoped. As it turned out, grand discoveries were not around the corner, and to date there is no widespread stem cell treatment approved for the public. To date, CIRM has funded more than 64 trials directly and aided in 31 more. Not all have or will result in treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the lack of a marquee cure like one for Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s, the agency has seen some notable triumphs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Probably one of the most spectacular successes they have certainly so far,” said Jensen, “is clinical trials that have saved the lives of what they say are 40 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those children were born with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), commonly known as “bubble baby syndrome,” a rare, generally fatal condition in which a child is born without a working immune system. An \u003ca href=\"https://blog.cirm.ca.gov/2017/07/25/cirm-funded-life-saving-stem-cell-therapy-gets-nod-of-approval-from-fda/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FDA-approved\u003c/a> gene therapy that grew out of CIRM-funded research can now cure the disease by taking a patient’s own blood stem cells and modifying them to correct the SCID mutation. The altered cells generate new, healthy blood cells and repair the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has also approved two drugs for rare blood cancers that were developed with CIRM funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandra Dillon, a graphic designer in San Diego, credits one of the drugs with saving her life. She was diagnosed when she was just 28, in 2006. Her doctors told her they would try to manage her symptoms, but that she was going to get progressively sicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even just the idea of a cure or getting better wasn’t even on the table back then,” said Dillon, who is featured in ads for the Yes on 14 campaign.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Fv6FFQ1ez2w'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Fv6FFQ1ez2w'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“I remember just praying and begging into the universe, please, someone just look at my disease, please someone help, who is going to look at this thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2010, Dillon was extremely ill. She connected with a doctor at UC San Diego who received early-stage funding from CIRM and told her she could take part in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time, there was this moment of, ‘Oh, my gosh! There are researchers doing something. And it could help me and I can get access to it.’ It was amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug received FDA approval in 2019, and today Dillon’s cancer has retreated to the point where she can live a normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I love that I am not tethered to a hospital anymore. I can go out on long backpacking trips and hiking and surfing,” she said. “I am a completely different person with this drug. And I have a whole future ahead of me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original funding raised by Proposition 71 is running out. Proposition 14 would authorize the sale of a new bond to refill the agency piggy bank. Gov. Gavin Newsom, the UC Board of Regents, and scores of patient advocacy groups also support the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many newspaper editorial boards, however, oppose the proposition, including the San Francisco Chronicle, Mercury News and Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the state still owes about $1 billion toward the debt created by Proposition 71. If Proposition 14 passes, the yearly price tag to pay off the new bond would be about $260 million per year for about 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the selling points of the original proposition was the potential for the state to earn big money in royalties from the treatments it helped develop, says Jeff Sheehy, an HIV patient advocate and the only CIRM board member to oppose Proposition 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The promises were made that this would pay for itself. We would be able to pay back the bonds with the … money we would get from royalties, etc., etc.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has not worked out as envisioned: CIRM estimates it has received less than $500,000 in royalties. Early this year, Forty Seven, a company whose therapies were heavily funded by CIRM, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/press-room/press-releases/2020/3/gilead-to-acquire-forty-seven-for-49-billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sold\u003c/a> to Gilead for $4.9 billion. While millions went to various researchers, neither CIRM nor the state of California received anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the flaws in the original measure is that we [the agency] cannot hold stock in the products that we develop,” says Sheehy. “And that’s because the California Constitution says that the state of California cannot, as a government entity, hold equity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 14 makes it impossible for the state to use profits from its investment on, say, schools or other funding priorities. Instead, any royalties earned must be fed back into programs to make CIRM-funded treatments more affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it does is it basically takes all of our returns that we get from this and gives it back to the pharmaceutical and biotech companies,” said Sheehy. “It becomes just a blatant giveaway to these companies when we should be requiring access and requiring fair pricing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sheehy says he supports medical research, but doesn’t like the state going into more debt to pay for it. The greater the state’s obligations in bond money, which has to be paid back with interest, the less there is in the general fund, and Sheehy says the state has more pressing needs than stem cell research — things like housing, education and transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest and perhaps the most compelling reason why I feel so strongly that this is not a good idea is that we simply cannot afford it,” he said. “If we think this is so important,” asks Sheehy, “why don’t we just don’t pay for [this research] out of the general fund? It would be cheaper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of Proposition 14 also point to longstanding complaints of conflicts of interest among the agency board. Most of the $3 billion distributed by the agency has gone to institutions with connections to board members. Critics say the structural conflicts of interest between the board and agency are not addressed in the new measure. Proposition 14 would balloon an already huge board of 29 members to 35.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding needs for stem cell research also are not as acute as they were back in 2004. The federal National Institutes of Health now \u003ca href=\"https://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">funds\u003c/a> some basic stem cell research, spending about $2 billion a year, with $321 million of that going toward human embryonic stem cell research. The Trump administration has not reinstated the ban, but has added lengthy paperwork and review \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/07/trump-administration-releases-details-fetal-tissue-restrictions\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">requirements\u003c/a>. And private ventures, like nonprofits started by tech billionaires, are pouring more money into biotech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with assuming that, says Melissa King, executive director of Americans for Cures, the stem cell advocacy group behind the “Yes on 14” campaign, is that CIRM fills a neglected funding need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The NIH does not fund clinical trials at nearly the rate that CIRM can and has been,” King said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that’s important because of what she calls the “Valley of Death,” where promising early-stage research frequently fails to translate into promising treatments that can be tested in clinical-stage research. (What works well in a test tube often does not work well in an organism.) This weeding-out process is costly but necessary. And it’s where CIRM focused a lot of its effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first- and maybe even second-phase clinical trials, it’s very difficult to get those funded,” King said. “It is too much of a risk for business to take on on its own. Venture [capital] isn’t going there. Angel [funding] isn’t going there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What voters have to ask themselves, says writer Jensen, is whether stem cell funding is “a high priority for the state of California? Different people make different judgments about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIRM supporters say if Prop. 14 doesn’t pass, critical research will stall. Others say federal and private funding will step in and fill the gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absent new funding, the institute expects it will wind down operations leading to a complete sundown in 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "UC Berkeley's Jennifer Doudna Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry for CRISPR",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday for developing “molecular scissors” to edit genes, offering the promise of one day curing inherited diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working on opposite sides of the Atlantic, Frenchwoman Emmanuelle Charpentier and American Jennifer A. Doudna came up with a method known as CRISPR-cas9 that can be used to change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms. It was only the fourth time that a Nobel in the sciences was awarded exclusively to women, who have long received less recognition for their work than men in the prize’s 119-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier and Doudna’s work allows for laser-sharp snips in the long strings of DNA that make up the “code of life,” enabling scientists to precisely edit specific genes to remove errors that lead to disease in humans — and is already being used for that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is enormous power in this genetic tool, which affects us all,” said Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. “It has not only revolutionized basic science, but also resulted in innovative crops and will lead to groundbreaking new medical treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gustafsson said that, as a result, any genome can now be edited “to fix genetic damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Francis Collins, who led the drive to map the human genome, said the technology “has changed everything” about how to approach diseases with a genetic cause, such as sickle cell disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can draw a direct line from the success of the human genome project to the power of CRISPR-cas to make changes in the instruction book,” said Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, which helped fund Doudna’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many also cautioned that the technology raises serious ethical questions and must be used carefully. Much of the world became more aware of CRISPR in 2018, when Chinese scientist He Jiankui revealed he had helped make the world’s first gene-edited babies, to try to engineer resistance to future infection with the AIDS virus. His work was denounced as unsafe human experimentation because of the risk of causing unintended changes that could pass to future generations, and he’s been sentenced to prison in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, an international panel of experts issued a report saying it’s still too soon to try to make genetically edited babies because the science isn’t advanced enough to ensure safety, but they mapped a pathway for countries that want to consider it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to selectively edit genes means that you are playing God in a way,” said American Chemical Society President Luis Echegoyen, a chemistry professor at the University of Texas El Paso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier, 51, spoke of the shock of winning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Strangely enough I was told a number of times (that I’d win), but when it happens you’re very surprised and you feel that it’s not real,” she told reporters by phone from Berlin after the award was announced in Stockholm by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “But obviously it’s real, so I have to get used to it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the significance of two women winning, Charpentier said that while she considers herself first and foremost a scientist, “it’s reflective of the fact that science becomes more modern and involves more female leaders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do hope that it will remain and even develop more in this direction,” she said, adding that it’s “more cumbersome to be a woman in science than to be a man in science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a woman has won a Nobel in the sciences by herself; this is the first time an all-female team won a science prize. In 1911, Marie Curie was the sole recipient of the chemistry award, as was Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1964. In 1983, Barbara McClintock won the Nobel for medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told The Associated Press of her own surprise — including that she learned she’d won from a reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally just found out, I’m in shock,” she said. “I was sound asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My greatest hope is that it’s used for good, to uncover new mysteries in biology and to benefit humankind,” said Doudna, who is affiliated with UC Berkeley and is paid by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which also supports AP’s Health and Science Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough research done by Charpentier and Doudna was published in 2012, making the discovery very recent compared to much Nobel-wining research, which is often only honored after decades have passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters from the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, which she leads, Charpentier said despite how recently it was developed, the method is now widely used by scientists researching diseases, developing drugs and engineering new plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most promising therapies already being developed are for eye diseases and blood disorders, such as sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia, she said. It could also have applications in the growing field of cancer immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developing hardy crops is another promising direction, said Charpentier. “I think this is very important considering the challenge we are facing of climate change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT have been in a long court fight over patents on CRISPR technology, and many other scientists did important work on it, but Doudna and Charpentier have been most consistently honored with prizes for turning it into an easily usable tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left more than a century ago by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The amount was increased recently to adjust for inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel Committee awarded the prize for physiology and medicine for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. Tuesday’s prize for physics honored breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other prizes are for outstanding work in the fields of literature, peace and economics.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday for developing “molecular scissors” to edit genes, offering the promise of one day curing inherited diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working on opposite sides of the Atlantic, Frenchwoman Emmanuelle Charpentier and American Jennifer A. Doudna came up with a method known as CRISPR-cas9 that can be used to change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms. It was only the fourth time that a Nobel in the sciences was awarded exclusively to women, who have long received less recognition for their work than men in the prize’s 119-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier and Doudna’s work allows for laser-sharp snips in the long strings of DNA that make up the “code of life,” enabling scientists to precisely edit specific genes to remove errors that lead to disease in humans — and is already being used for that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is enormous power in this genetic tool, which affects us all,” said Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. “It has not only revolutionized basic science, but also resulted in innovative crops and will lead to groundbreaking new medical treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gustafsson said that, as a result, any genome can now be edited “to fix genetic damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Francis Collins, who led the drive to map the human genome, said the technology “has changed everything” about how to approach diseases with a genetic cause, such as sickle cell disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can draw a direct line from the success of the human genome project to the power of CRISPR-cas to make changes in the instruction book,” said Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, which helped fund Doudna’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many also cautioned that the technology raises serious ethical questions and must be used carefully. Much of the world became more aware of CRISPR in 2018, when Chinese scientist He Jiankui revealed he had helped make the world’s first gene-edited babies, to try to engineer resistance to future infection with the AIDS virus. His work was denounced as unsafe human experimentation because of the risk of causing unintended changes that could pass to future generations, and he’s been sentenced to prison in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, an international panel of experts issued a report saying it’s still too soon to try to make genetically edited babies because the science isn’t advanced enough to ensure safety, but they mapped a pathway for countries that want to consider it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to selectively edit genes means that you are playing God in a way,” said American Chemical Society President Luis Echegoyen, a chemistry professor at the University of Texas El Paso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier, 51, spoke of the shock of winning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Strangely enough I was told a number of times (that I’d win), but when it happens you’re very surprised and you feel that it’s not real,” she told reporters by phone from Berlin after the award was announced in Stockholm by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “But obviously it’s real, so I have to get used to it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the significance of two women winning, Charpentier said that while she considers herself first and foremost a scientist, “it’s reflective of the fact that science becomes more modern and involves more female leaders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do hope that it will remain and even develop more in this direction,” she said, adding that it’s “more cumbersome to be a woman in science than to be a man in science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a woman has won a Nobel in the sciences by herself; this is the first time an all-female team won a science prize. In 1911, Marie Curie was the sole recipient of the chemistry award, as was Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1964. In 1983, Barbara McClintock won the Nobel for medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told The Associated Press of her own surprise — including that she learned she’d won from a reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally just found out, I’m in shock,” she said. “I was sound asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My greatest hope is that it’s used for good, to uncover new mysteries in biology and to benefit humankind,” said Doudna, who is affiliated with UC Berkeley and is paid by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which also supports AP’s Health and Science Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough research done by Charpentier and Doudna was published in 2012, making the discovery very recent compared to much Nobel-wining research, which is often only honored after decades have passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters from the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, which she leads, Charpentier said despite how recently it was developed, the method is now widely used by scientists researching diseases, developing drugs and engineering new plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most promising therapies already being developed are for eye diseases and blood disorders, such as sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia, she said. It could also have applications in the growing field of cancer immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developing hardy crops is another promising direction, said Charpentier. “I think this is very important considering the challenge we are facing of climate change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT have been in a long court fight over patents on CRISPR technology, and many other scientists did important work on it, but Doudna and Charpentier have been most consistently honored with prizes for turning it into an easily usable tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left more than a century ago by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The amount was increased recently to adjust for inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel Committee awarded the prize for physiology and medicine for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. Tuesday’s prize for physics honored breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other prizes are for outstanding work in the fields of literature, peace and economics.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for advancing our understanding of black holes, the all-consuming monsters that lurk in the darkest parts of the universe and still confound astronomers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roger Penrose of Britain, Reinhard Genzel of Germany and Andrea Ghez of the United States explained to the world these dead ends of the cosmos that devour light and even time. Staples of both science fact and fiction, black holes are still not completely understood, but are deeply connected, somehow, to the creation of galaxies, where the stars and life exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, of the University of Oxford, received half of the prize for discovering that Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts the formation of black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genzel, who is at both the Max Planck Institute in Germany and the UC Berkeley, and Ghez, of UCLA, received the other half of the prize for discovering a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize celebrates what the Nobel Committee called “one of the most exotic objects in the universe” and ones that “still pose many questions that beg for answers and motivate future research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=5JFKNDVmx6k&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes are at the center of every galaxy, and smaller ones are dotted around the universe. Just their existence is mind-bending, taking what people experience every day on Earth — light and time — and warping them in such a way that seems unreal. Time slows and even stops in black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Black holes, because they are so hard to understand, is what makes them so appealing,” Ghez, 55, told The Associated Press after becoming the fourth woman ever to win the Nobel in physics. “I really think of science as a big, giant puzzle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, 89, proved with mathematics in 1964 that the formation of black holes was possible, based heavily on Einstein’s general theory of relativity, even though Einstein himself didn’t think they existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, a mathematical physicist who got the call from the Nobel Committee while in the shower, was surprised at his winning because his work is more theoretical than observational, and that’s not usually what wins physics Nobels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What fascinated Penrose more than the black hole was what was at the other end of it, something called a “singularity.” It’s something science still can’t figure out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Singularity, that’s a place where the densities and curvatures go to infinity. You expect the physics go crazy,” he said from his home. “When I say singularity, that’s not really the black hole. The black hole prevents you from seeing the singularity. It’s the nasty thing in the middle. If you fall into a black hole, then you pretty well inevitably get squashed into this singularity at the end. And that’s the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose said he was trying to figure this out using math while walking to work with a colleague 56 years ago, thinking about “what it would be like to be in this situation where all this material is collapsing around you.” He realized he had “some strange feeling of elation,” and that was when things started coming together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin Rees, the British astronomer royal, noted that Penrose triggered a “renaissance” in the study of relativity in the 1960s, and that, together with a young Stephen Hawking, he helped firm up evidence for the Big Bang and black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Penrose and Hawking are the two individuals who have done more than anyone else since Einstein to deepen our knowledge of gravity,” Rees said. “Sadly, this award was too much delayed to allow Hawking to share the credit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawking died in 2018, and Nobel Prizes are awarded only to the living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genzel, 68, and Ghez won because “they showed that black holes are not just theory — they’re real, they’re here, and there’s a monster-size black hole in the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way,” said Brian Greene, a theoretical physicist and mathematician at Columbia University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, Genzel and Ghez, leading separate groups of astronomers, trained their sights on the dust-covered center of our Milky Way galaxy, a region called Sagittarius A(asterisk), where something strange was going on. It was “an extremely heavy, invisible object that pulls on the jumble of stars, causing them to rush around at dizzying speeds,” according to the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a black hole. Not just an ordinary black hole, but a supermassive one, 4 million times the mass of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first image Ghez got was in 1995, using the Keck Telescope in Hawaii that had just gone online. A year later, another image seemed to indicate that the stars near the center of the Milky Way were circling something. A third image led Ghez and Genzel to think they were really on to something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fierce competition developed between Ghez and Genzel, whose team was using an array of telescopes at the European Southern Observatory in Chile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their rivalry elevated them to greater scientific heights,” said Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike with other achievements honored with Nobels, there is no practical application for these discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is there a practical application to Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony?” Columbia’s Greene asked. “But its existence, this type of spectacular knowledge, is part of what gives life meaning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel comes with a gold medal and 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left 124 years ago by the prize’s creator, Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel in medicine was awarded to Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice and British-born scientist Michael Houghton for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prizes for chemistry, literature, peace and economics will be announced in the coming days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for advancing our understanding of black holes, the all-consuming monsters that lurk in the darkest parts of the universe and still confound astronomers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roger Penrose of Britain, Reinhard Genzel of Germany and Andrea Ghez of the United States explained to the world these dead ends of the cosmos that devour light and even time. Staples of both science fact and fiction, black holes are still not completely understood, but are deeply connected, somehow, to the creation of galaxies, where the stars and life exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, of the University of Oxford, received half of the prize for discovering that Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts the formation of black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genzel, who is at both the Max Planck Institute in Germany and the UC Berkeley, and Ghez, of UCLA, received the other half of the prize for discovering a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize celebrates what the Nobel Committee called “one of the most exotic objects in the universe” and ones that “still pose many questions that beg for answers and motivate future research.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/5JFKNDVmx6k'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/5JFKNDVmx6k'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Black holes are at the center of every galaxy, and smaller ones are dotted around the universe. Just their existence is mind-bending, taking what people experience every day on Earth — light and time — and warping them in such a way that seems unreal. Time slows and even stops in black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Black holes, because they are so hard to understand, is what makes them so appealing,” Ghez, 55, told The Associated Press after becoming the fourth woman ever to win the Nobel in physics. “I really think of science as a big, giant puzzle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, 89, proved with mathematics in 1964 that the formation of black holes was possible, based heavily on Einstein’s general theory of relativity, even though Einstein himself didn’t think they existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose, a mathematical physicist who got the call from the Nobel Committee while in the shower, was surprised at his winning because his work is more theoretical than observational, and that’s not usually what wins physics Nobels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What fascinated Penrose more than the black hole was what was at the other end of it, something called a “singularity.” It’s something science still can’t figure out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Singularity, that’s a place where the densities and curvatures go to infinity. You expect the physics go crazy,” he said from his home. “When I say singularity, that’s not really the black hole. The black hole prevents you from seeing the singularity. It’s the nasty thing in the middle. If you fall into a black hole, then you pretty well inevitably get squashed into this singularity at the end. And that’s the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penrose said he was trying to figure this out using math while walking to work with a colleague 56 years ago, thinking about “what it would be like to be in this situation where all this material is collapsing around you.” He realized he had “some strange feeling of elation,” and that was when things started coming together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin Rees, the British astronomer royal, noted that Penrose triggered a “renaissance” in the study of relativity in the 1960s, and that, together with a young Stephen Hawking, he helped firm up evidence for the Big Bang and black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Penrose and Hawking are the two individuals who have done more than anyone else since Einstein to deepen our knowledge of gravity,” Rees said. “Sadly, this award was too much delayed to allow Hawking to share the credit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawking died in 2018, and Nobel Prizes are awarded only to the living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genzel, 68, and Ghez won because “they showed that black holes are not just theory — they’re real, they’re here, and there’s a monster-size black hole in the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way,” said Brian Greene, a theoretical physicist and mathematician at Columbia University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, Genzel and Ghez, leading separate groups of astronomers, trained their sights on the dust-covered center of our Milky Way galaxy, a region called Sagittarius A(asterisk), where something strange was going on. It was “an extremely heavy, invisible object that pulls on the jumble of stars, causing them to rush around at dizzying speeds,” according to the Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a black hole. Not just an ordinary black hole, but a supermassive one, 4 million times the mass of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first image Ghez got was in 1995, using the Keck Telescope in Hawaii that had just gone online. A year later, another image seemed to indicate that the stars near the center of the Milky Way were circling something. A third image led Ghez and Genzel to think they were really on to something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fierce competition developed between Ghez and Genzel, whose team was using an array of telescopes at the European Southern Observatory in Chile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their rivalry elevated them to greater scientific heights,” said Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike with other achievements honored with Nobels, there is no practical application for these discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is there a practical application to Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony?” Columbia’s Greene asked. “But its existence, this type of spectacular knowledge, is part of what gives life meaning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel comes with a gold medal and 10 million kronor (more than $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left 124 years ago by the prize’s creator, Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Nobel in medicine was awarded to Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice and British-born scientist Michael Houghton for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prizes for chemistry, literature, peace and economics will be announced in the coming days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "FDA Releases Stricter Vaccine Safety Guidelines Despite White House Interference",
"headTitle": "FDA Releases Stricter Vaccine Safety Guidelines Despite White House Interference | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration released updated safety standards Tuesday for makers of COVID-19 vaccines despite efforts by the White House to block them, clearing the way for requirements that are widely expected to prevent the introduction of a vaccine before Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new guidelines posted on its website, the FDA said vaccine makers should follow trial participants for at least two months to rule out any major side effects before seeking emergency approval. That standard had been a sticking point between the FDA and White House officials, who said it could unreasonably delay the availability of COVID-19 vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Donald Trump has repeatedly insisted a vaccine could be authorized before Nov. 3, even though top government scientists working on the effort have said that timeline is very unlikely. On Monday Trump said vaccines are coming “momentarily,” in a video recorded after he returned to the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former FDA officials have warned that public perception that a vaccine was being rushed out for political reasons could derail efforts to vaccinate millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior administration official confirmed Monday that the White House had blocked FDA’s plans to formally publish the safety guidelines based on the two-month data requirement, arguing there was “no clinical or medical reason” for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on Tuesday, the FDA posted the guidance on its website, making clear that regulators plan to impose the safety standards for any vaccine seeking an expedited path to market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said in a statement that he hoped the guidelines would help “the public understand our science-based decision-making process that assures vaccine quality, safety and efficacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The requirements are aimed at companies seeking rapid approval through the FDA’s emergency authorization pathway. That accelerated process, reserved for health emergencies, allows medical products onto the market based on a lower bar than traditional FDA approval. But FDA has made clear only vaccines that are shown to be safe and effective will be authorized for coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former FDA acting commissioner Dr. Stephen Ostroff said the requirements seem reasonable given the agency is in largely “uncharted territory” in terms of considering emergency use of a vaccine. The agency has only previously cleared one vaccine through the method — a decades-old shot that was authorized to prevent anthrax poisoning in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really is no margin for error here,” Ostroff said. “Even when you’re talking about limited use of a vaccine there has to be some level of assurance that there isn’t a risk here that would far outweigh the benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Peter Marks, the head of FDA’s vaccine division, said Tuesday that the two-month follow-up requirement was chosen to be “something reasonably aggressive, but not too conservative — right in the middle.” He spoke at a symposium organized by Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial doses of vaccines for emergency use would likely be reserved for medical workers and people with health conditions that make them particularly vulnerable to coronavirus. Full FDA approval for the general population will require significantly more data and is not expected until mid-2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House attempt to block the guidance followed a string of instances in which the Trump administration has undercut its own medical experts working to combat the pandemic. FDA’s Hahn has been attempting to shore up public confidence in the vaccine review process for weeks, vowing that career scientists, not politicians, will decide if the shots are safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla has stoked excitement by saying that he expects data on whether the company’s candidate works to be ready in late October. But a number of variables would still have to align for the company to submit, and the FDA to review and greenlight, a vaccine application before Nov. 3. Pfizer’s competitors Moderna, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson are working on longer research timelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine development typically takes years, but the U.S. government has invested billions in efforts to accelerate the process and help multiple drugmakers prepare multiple candidates. All the doses will be purchased by the federal government for use vaccinating the U.S. population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond exposing the rift between the White House and FDA, the delay in releasing the guidelines may have had limited practical effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA scientists have been discussing the guidelines publicly for weeks and have made clear that the recommendations have already been shared with each of the vaccine developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said Tuesday that drugmakers depend on the FDA’s science-based endorsement to vouch for the safety and effectiveness of their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t imagine a circumstance where a sponsor would challenge or seek to undermine the FDA’s role here,” Gottlieb said at the COVID-19 symposium. “This is precisely the moment when we need an objective, neutral arbiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Gottlieb and six other former FDA commissioners blasted the Trump administration for “undermining the credibility” of the agency in a op-ed calling for the release of the then-stalled vaccine guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists should make decisions based on data, unfettered by political pressure or the intrusions of ideology or vested interests,” the officials wrote.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The move follows a multiweek tug-of-war between Trump officials and government scientists over the review and timeline for upcoming vaccines. The FDA guidelines now state that companies must provide two months of safety data from participants before seeking emergency approval.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration released updated safety standards Tuesday for makers of COVID-19 vaccines despite efforts by the White House to block them, clearing the way for requirements that are widely expected to prevent the introduction of a vaccine before Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new guidelines posted on its website, the FDA said vaccine makers should follow trial participants for at least two months to rule out any major side effects before seeking emergency approval. That standard had been a sticking point between the FDA and White House officials, who said it could unreasonably delay the availability of COVID-19 vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Donald Trump has repeatedly insisted a vaccine could be authorized before Nov. 3, even though top government scientists working on the effort have said that timeline is very unlikely. On Monday Trump said vaccines are coming “momentarily,” in a video recorded after he returned to the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former FDA officials have warned that public perception that a vaccine was being rushed out for political reasons could derail efforts to vaccinate millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior administration official confirmed Monday that the White House had blocked FDA’s plans to formally publish the safety guidelines based on the two-month data requirement, arguing there was “no clinical or medical reason” for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on Tuesday, the FDA posted the guidance on its website, making clear that regulators plan to impose the safety standards for any vaccine seeking an expedited path to market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said in a statement that he hoped the guidelines would help “the public understand our science-based decision-making process that assures vaccine quality, safety and efficacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The requirements are aimed at companies seeking rapid approval through the FDA’s emergency authorization pathway. That accelerated process, reserved for health emergencies, allows medical products onto the market based on a lower bar than traditional FDA approval. But FDA has made clear only vaccines that are shown to be safe and effective will be authorized for coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former FDA acting commissioner Dr. Stephen Ostroff said the requirements seem reasonable given the agency is in largely “uncharted territory” in terms of considering emergency use of a vaccine. The agency has only previously cleared one vaccine through the method — a decades-old shot that was authorized to prevent anthrax poisoning in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really is no margin for error here,” Ostroff said. “Even when you’re talking about limited use of a vaccine there has to be some level of assurance that there isn’t a risk here that would far outweigh the benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Peter Marks, the head of FDA’s vaccine division, said Tuesday that the two-month follow-up requirement was chosen to be “something reasonably aggressive, but not too conservative — right in the middle.” He spoke at a symposium organized by Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial doses of vaccines for emergency use would likely be reserved for medical workers and people with health conditions that make them particularly vulnerable to coronavirus. Full FDA approval for the general population will require significantly more data and is not expected until mid-2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House attempt to block the guidance followed a string of instances in which the Trump administration has undercut its own medical experts working to combat the pandemic. FDA’s Hahn has been attempting to shore up public confidence in the vaccine review process for weeks, vowing that career scientists, not politicians, will decide if the shots are safe and effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla has stoked excitement by saying that he expects data on whether the company’s candidate works to be ready in late October. But a number of variables would still have to align for the company to submit, and the FDA to review and greenlight, a vaccine application before Nov. 3. Pfizer’s competitors Moderna, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson are working on longer research timelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine development typically takes years, but the U.S. government has invested billions in efforts to accelerate the process and help multiple drugmakers prepare multiple candidates. All the doses will be purchased by the federal government for use vaccinating the U.S. population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond exposing the rift between the White House and FDA, the delay in releasing the guidelines may have had limited practical effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA scientists have been discussing the guidelines publicly for weeks and have made clear that the recommendations have already been shared with each of the vaccine developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said Tuesday that drugmakers depend on the FDA’s science-based endorsement to vouch for the safety and effectiveness of their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t imagine a circumstance where a sponsor would challenge or seek to undermine the FDA’s role here,” Gottlieb said at the COVID-19 symposium. “This is precisely the moment when we need an objective, neutral arbiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Gottlieb and six other former FDA commissioners blasted the Trump administration for “undermining the credibility” of the agency in a op-ed calling for the release of the then-stalled vaccine guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists should make decisions based on data, unfettered by political pressure or the intrusions of ideology or vested interests,” the officials wrote.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "raising-peregrine-falcon-chicks-is-a-real-cliff-hanger",
"title": "Watch These Peregrine Falcons Become Fierce Parents",
"publishDate": 1601989208,
"format": "video",
"headTitle": "Watch These Peregrine Falcons Become Fierce Parents | KQED",
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"term": 1935,
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell, a male peregrine falcon, looked up from his nest and started screaming. It was late March and he was taking a turn warming the four eggs he and his partner, Annie, were caring for in their home atop the bell tower at UC Berkeley. A young female peregrine falcon, quite a bit larger than Grinnell, was lurking on the ledge above him. Young peregrine falcons will often come around the site where a pair is already nesting to check it out and plot a possible takeover. She walked right up to Grinnell in the nest and shrieked almost in his face. Grinnell spread his wings wide and swiftly chased her off the tower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell had reason to be territorial. He and Annie have been raising chicks on \u003ca href=\"https://visit.berkeley.edu/campus-tourscampanile-tour/\">this 307-foot tower\u003c/a> since 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Grinnell_pushes_peregrine_falcon_away.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970077 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Grinnell_pushes_peregrine_falcon_away.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grinnell (right) pushes away a young female peregrine falcon who checked out the bell tower while Grinnell was keeping his eggs warm. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peregrine Falcons Love Cities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944037/peregrine-falcons-are-feathered-fighter-jets-basically\">are the fastest animals in the world\u003c/a>: When in hot pursuit of a pigeon or other bird to pluck from midair they can reach 240 miles per hour — faster than a single engine plane. But even these raptor superstars need to settle down with a mate and have some babies to whom they can pass on their love for meat. When they do, they often pick a tall building in a city. Peregrine falcons regularly make their homes in cities across the United States, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7059.html#:~:text=Peregrine%20falcons%20are%20listed%20as,DDE)%20residues%20in%20their%20prey.&text=Peregrines%20first%20returned%20to%20nest,New%20York%20City%20in%201983.\">New York\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://chicagoperegrineprogram.squarespace.com/\">Chicago\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/residential/in-your-community/local-environment/peregrine-falcons/peregrine-falcons.page\">San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970084\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peregrine falcons love tall buildings, which mimic the cliffs they nest on in the wild. Peregrine pair Annie and Grinnell live atop the 307-foot bell tower on the UC Berkeley campus, affectionately known as the Campanile. \u003ccite>(Pedal Born Pictures)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s serendipity that cities mimic what peregrines need and are looking for in a habitat,” said bird biologist Sean Peterson, a Ph.D. student at UC Berkeley who helped set up \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmjo8Rlp6q98TZlG8TDF4GQ\">video cameras atop the bell tower\u003c/a> last year to monitor Annie and Grinnell and share their comings and goings with the public live on the web. “Cities have a lot of prey animals — pigeons especially. And then they have a lot of fake cliff faces for them to nest on: all these tall buildings. And that gives them protection from predators and lots of places for them to hunt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Grinnell_flies_off_bell_tower.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970078\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Grinnell_flies_off_bell_tower.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male peregrine falcon Grinnell flies off the Campanile on the UC Berkeley campus. Tall buildings give peregrines a perch from which to hunt small birds like pigeons. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When peregrines nest in the wild, they look for a ledge high up on a cliff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There might be a shelf that’s 500 feet off of the ground and 300 feet down from the top, and no mammal’s going to get to it,” said raptor expert Doug Bell, wildlife program manager at the East Bay Regional Park District and, together with Peterson, part of a \u003ca href=\"https://calfalcons.berkeley.edu/people/\">small team\u003c/a> that has been giving Annie and Grinnell a helping hand. “No fisher, no raccoon, no bobcat is going to be able to get to the site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell and Annie have raised four groups of chicks, called clutches, on the bell tower, affectionately known as the Campanile (camp-ah-NEE-lee), starting in 2017. That’s when Bell, Peterson, his wife, bird biologist Lynn Schofield, and volunteer raptor nest monitor Mary Malec discovered Annie nesting at the top of the tower on a wet sandbag and built her a nest out of a plastic tray filled with pea gravel. Gravel is similar to the pebbles or sandy soil they lay their eggs on in the wild and drains well, which allows the parents to keep their eggs warm. Though two eggs were lost by the time nest construction took place, two chicks were born from the eggs that survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Annie and Grinnell Put on a Show\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the team started operating two \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmjo8Rlp6q98TZlG8TDF4GQ\">video cameras that broadcast the pair’s parenting live through the web\u003c/a>. Peterson and Schofield share the happenings in the nest via the \u003ca href=\"https://calfalcons.berkeley.edu/\">Cal Falcons\u003c/a> channel on YouTube and on social media. The raising of Annie and Grinnell’s two chicks last year and three chicks this year drew avid fans and tens of thousands of views.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_and_Grinnell_mate.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_and_Grinnell_mate.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In early March, Grinnell mated with Annie atop the Campanile. The male lands on the female’s back, trying to keep his large talons from hurting her and they mate for a few seconds. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cameras beam the birds’ behaviors directly to scientists, complementing the information they can gather by patiently watching a cliff all day with a pair of binoculars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start to get a better window into what is going on at the nest,” said Bell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers can watch peregrines laying their eggs, for example, and they can know more precisely what small birds they feed their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Annie and Grinnell cemented their celebrity status by performing in a three-camera, rather than two-camera, reality show, with one video feed documenting their every move in the nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970085\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970085\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists have set up three cameras atop UC Berkeley’s Campanile to watch peregrine falcon pair Grinnell (left, in his nest) and Annie (top right, with the campus and the cities of Berkeley and Albany in the background) and their chicks. In the right bottom photo, Annie (in the back) and two of the three chicks she raised this year. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Annie’s first egg \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Nfq9LMrmscs\">plopped right out of her\u003c/a> in early March. In the wild, peregrines don’t build a nest of twigs and leaves; they lay their eggs on a ledge in a cliff into which the female has scratched a bowl-shaped depression called a scrape to prevent her eggs from rolling away. Fans had watched Annie do the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool to see,” said Bell. “She’ll lay with her breast down and she pushes herself into the soil, and you can see her take her feet and she’ll literally scrape the soil out from underneath her and push it towards her tail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Detective Work Leads to a Success Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four eggs Annie laid in March tell an extraordinary story when you consider that 60 years ago these raptors were on the brink of extinction. In the 1950s and 1960s, they nearly disappeared from the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had to do some sleuthing to figure out the cause — and they zeroed in on the eggs. Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring,” in 1962, raised the specter that the pesticide DDT harmed eggs. With their rusty-red mottled patterns, peregrines’ eggs are so beautiful that private collectors had been taking them from nests as far back as the 19th century. Many of those eggs ended up in museums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970086\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peregrine falcon eggs in the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By measuring the calcium content and thickness of eggshells in museum collections, they were able to determine that eggs were thinning and that the culprit was likely DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our specimens go back to the late 1800s, early 1900s, so you have this historical material to be able to compare the eggs before and after the introduction of DDT,” said Carla Cicero, curator of birds at the \u003ca href=\"https://mvz.berkeley.edu/\">Museum of Vertebrate Zoology\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley, one of the institutions whose collections contributed to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970089\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970089\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A broken peregrine falcon egg at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pesticide DDT, used heavily in the 1940s and until 1972 to control mosquitoes, bed bugs and agricultural pests, accumulated in peregrine’s bodies. It thwarted the development of embryos in the eggs. And it reduced the amount of calcium in the females, which resulted in eggshells so thin that they broke when parents sat on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other times, they were just so fragile that even just a small rock within the nest site or some debris would cause a hole in the egg,” said raptor ecologist Joel “Jeep” Pagel, who as a peregrine falcon specialist for the U.S. Forest Service starting in the early 1980s, and later for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, worked throughout the western U.S. to help their numbers rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970080\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_flies_towards_Joel_Pagel.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970080\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_flies_towards_Joel_Pagel.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raptor ecologist Joel “Jeep” Pagel puts up his hand to keep back a peregrine that flew toward him. Pagel was placing bands with ID numbers on the peregrine’s chicks in a nest outside Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego in 2015. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pagel would rappel down cliffs, removed eggs from their parents and replaced them with plaster of Paris replicas for them to incubate. Alarmed peregrine parents would sometimes attack Pagel, shredding his T-shirt and scratching his back, shoulders and even his face with their large talons. He placed the eggs carefully into \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/inside-fs/incubator-helped-saved-peregrine-falcons-extinction\">an incubator\u003c/a> and took them to different research institutions to be hatched in captivity. When the chicks hatched, he returned to nests and placed them with their own parents or with fosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It worked so well that oftentimes the adults were bringing prey items into the nest site to the chicks even before my rope was all the way up the cliff,” said Pagel. “There was never an instance where this type of fostering did not take. The birds were very efficient and they raised those youngsters as if they were their own, and those youngsters fledged and helped increase the population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970087\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970087\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raptor ecologist Joel “Jeep” Pagel placed a band with an ID on a peregrine falcon chick in a nest outside Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego in 2015. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a real success story,” said Bell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, the U.S. government took peregrine falcons off the federal endangered species list, though the raptors continue to be protected in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the Campanile nest, it’s Annie who usually sits on the eggs, keeping them at 103 degrees Fahrenheit. Grinnell brings meat to her — pigeons, mourning doves — and takes a turn keeping the eggs warm while she eats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of their four eggs this year, one broke, which Bell said could be the result of lingering effects of DDT and its breakdown product, DDE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although it is much diluted, there are still some areas with fairly high concentrations in sediments that may resurface from time to time in our bays and coastal areas,” said Bell. “So it is conceivable that a falcon or fish could still get an occasional dose that would have a physiological effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Noisy Chicks Demand Their Meat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After incubating for about a month, three white chicks hatched in April and they were hungry. In one early feeding caught on camera, Annie fed them tiny bits of meat that she plucked from a pigeon carcass and placed in their mouths. Grinnell hunts and stashes carcasses near the nest for Annie. So when the chicks are hungry, she disappears briefly and comes back with a chunk of meat, which Grinnell has already de-feathered. At mealtime, \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/1dNIuNUNoBI\">chicks scream nonstop\u003c/a>, making mealtime a raucous affair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_feeds_chicks.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_feeds_chicks.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annie feeds her three chicks, which were only a few days old, small pieces of pigeon meat on April 21. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Whereas with other smaller birds they try to keep quiet and not be noticed by predators, peregrines are in this situation where they basically don’t get penalized for making noise and bringing attention to themselves,” said Peterson. “So they can beg constantly for their parents to give them food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And beg they did. Their parents obliged, making sure not to feed them bones or feathers, which chicks can’t digest. But by the time they were 10 days old, the chicks had fully developed a muscular organ called the crop, which crushes bones and feathers into little bits. The proof was a brown ball called a pellet that one of the chicks coughed up on prime time YouTube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Chick_coughs_up_pellet.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Chick_coughs_up_pellet.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Annie and Grinnell’s 10-day-old chicks coughs up a pellet made of bits of feather and bone from the birds that its parents fed it. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The chicks grew quickly. They went through an awkward phase in which they had white feathers mixed in with the new brown ones. They practiced beating their large wings, fought noisily over food and \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/7TCkU0J_wLs\">chased moths together\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then at the end of May, when they were about 40 days old, they took turns flying off the tower for the first time, a group of noisy fans waiting for them below to cheer them on and make sure they didn’t hurt themselves on the way down. One of Grinnell and Annie’s two chicks born in 2017 died when it hit a window on campus and another chick got stuck inside a building and needed to be rescued, Peterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_feeds_one_of_her_young.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970083\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_feeds_one_of_her_young.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female peregrine falcon Annie (right) feeds her 6-week-old daughter, Poppy, in early June. Even though Poppy had recently taken her first flight off the Campanile, she returned to visit her parents and demand a meal. Young peregrine falcons hang out around their parents’ nest for a month or longer after they fledge. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, all three chicks fledged successfully. Because each one has been given a small band with a visible ID number, bird watchers can report sightings of the young and follow their journey. One of Annie and Grinnell’s 10 offspring, a female called Lawrencium, born in 2018, is known to be living on some prime Bay Area real estate: Alcatraz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She just had her first chicks this year,” said Peterson. “So Annie and Grinnell, we know, are grandparents now.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "High up in their 300-foot tower penthouse in Berkeley, falcon stars Annie and Grinnell's romance quickly gets real, as they face the tough demands of raising a family. The four eggs Annie lays tell a poignant story of the recovery of a species from the brink of extinction.",
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"title": "Watch These Peregrine Falcons Become Fierce Parents | KQED",
"description": "High up in their 300-foot tower penthouse in Berkeley, falcon stars Annie and Grinnell's romance quickly gets real, as they face the tough demands of raising a family. The four eggs Annie lays tell a poignant story of the recovery of a species from the brink of extinction.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell, a male peregrine falcon, looked up from his nest and started screaming. It was late March and he was taking a turn warming the four eggs he and his partner, Annie, were caring for in their home atop the bell tower at UC Berkeley. A young female peregrine falcon, quite a bit larger than Grinnell, was lurking on the ledge above him. Young peregrine falcons will often come around the site where a pair is already nesting to check it out and plot a possible takeover. She walked right up to Grinnell in the nest and shrieked almost in his face. Grinnell spread his wings wide and swiftly chased her off the tower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell had reason to be territorial. He and Annie have been raising chicks on \u003ca href=\"https://visit.berkeley.edu/campus-tourscampanile-tour/\">this 307-foot tower\u003c/a> since 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Grinnell_pushes_peregrine_falcon_away.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970077 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Grinnell_pushes_peregrine_falcon_away.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grinnell (right) pushes away a young female peregrine falcon who checked out the bell tower while Grinnell was keeping his eggs warm. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peregrine Falcons Love Cities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944037/peregrine-falcons-are-feathered-fighter-jets-basically\">are the fastest animals in the world\u003c/a>: When in hot pursuit of a pigeon or other bird to pluck from midair they can reach 240 miles per hour — faster than a single engine plane. But even these raptor superstars need to settle down with a mate and have some babies to whom they can pass on their love for meat. When they do, they often pick a tall building in a city. Peregrine falcons regularly make their homes in cities across the United States, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7059.html#:~:text=Peregrine%20falcons%20are%20listed%20as,DDE)%20residues%20in%20their%20prey.&text=Peregrines%20first%20returned%20to%20nest,New%20York%20City%20in%201983.\">New York\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://chicagoperegrineprogram.squarespace.com/\">Chicago\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/residential/in-your-community/local-environment/peregrine-falcons/peregrine-falcons.page\">San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970084\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Campanile_Pedal_Born_Pictures_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peregrine falcons love tall buildings, which mimic the cliffs they nest on in the wild. Peregrine pair Annie and Grinnell live atop the 307-foot bell tower on the UC Berkeley campus, affectionately known as the Campanile. \u003ccite>(Pedal Born Pictures)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s serendipity that cities mimic what peregrines need and are looking for in a habitat,” said bird biologist Sean Peterson, a Ph.D. student at UC Berkeley who helped set up \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmjo8Rlp6q98TZlG8TDF4GQ\">video cameras atop the bell tower\u003c/a> last year to monitor Annie and Grinnell and share their comings and goings with the public live on the web. “Cities have a lot of prey animals — pigeons especially. And then they have a lot of fake cliff faces for them to nest on: all these tall buildings. And that gives them protection from predators and lots of places for them to hunt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Grinnell_flies_off_bell_tower.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970078\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Grinnell_flies_off_bell_tower.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male peregrine falcon Grinnell flies off the Campanile on the UC Berkeley campus. Tall buildings give peregrines a perch from which to hunt small birds like pigeons. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When peregrines nest in the wild, they look for a ledge high up on a cliff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There might be a shelf that’s 500 feet off of the ground and 300 feet down from the top, and no mammal’s going to get to it,” said raptor expert Doug Bell, wildlife program manager at the East Bay Regional Park District and, together with Peterson, part of a \u003ca href=\"https://calfalcons.berkeley.edu/people/\">small team\u003c/a> that has been giving Annie and Grinnell a helping hand. “No fisher, no raccoon, no bobcat is going to be able to get to the site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinnell and Annie have raised four groups of chicks, called clutches, on the bell tower, affectionately known as the Campanile (camp-ah-NEE-lee), starting in 2017. That’s when Bell, Peterson, his wife, bird biologist Lynn Schofield, and volunteer raptor nest monitor Mary Malec discovered Annie nesting at the top of the tower on a wet sandbag and built her a nest out of a plastic tray filled with pea gravel. Gravel is similar to the pebbles or sandy soil they lay their eggs on in the wild and drains well, which allows the parents to keep their eggs warm. Though two eggs were lost by the time nest construction took place, two chicks were born from the eggs that survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Annie and Grinnell Put on a Show\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the team started operating two \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmjo8Rlp6q98TZlG8TDF4GQ\">video cameras that broadcast the pair’s parenting live through the web\u003c/a>. Peterson and Schofield share the happenings in the nest via the \u003ca href=\"https://calfalcons.berkeley.edu/\">Cal Falcons\u003c/a> channel on YouTube and on social media. The raising of Annie and Grinnell’s two chicks last year and three chicks this year drew avid fans and tens of thousands of views.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_and_Grinnell_mate.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_and_Grinnell_mate.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In early March, Grinnell mated with Annie atop the Campanile. The male lands on the female’s back, trying to keep his large talons from hurting her and they mate for a few seconds. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cameras beam the birds’ behaviors directly to scientists, complementing the information they can gather by patiently watching a cliff all day with a pair of binoculars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start to get a better window into what is going on at the nest,” said Bell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers can watch peregrines laying their eggs, for example, and they can know more precisely what small birds they feed their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Annie and Grinnell cemented their celebrity status by performing in a three-camera, rather than two-camera, reality show, with one video feed documenting their every move in the nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970085\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970085\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcons_three_cameras_Cal_Falcons_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists have set up three cameras atop UC Berkeley’s Campanile to watch peregrine falcon pair Grinnell (left, in his nest) and Annie (top right, with the campus and the cities of Berkeley and Albany in the background) and their chicks. In the right bottom photo, Annie (in the back) and two of the three chicks she raised this year. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Annie’s first egg \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Nfq9LMrmscs\">plopped right out of her\u003c/a> in early March. In the wild, peregrines don’t build a nest of twigs and leaves; they lay their eggs on a ledge in a cliff into which the female has scratched a bowl-shaped depression called a scrape to prevent her eggs from rolling away. Fans had watched Annie do the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool to see,” said Bell. “She’ll lay with her breast down and she pushes herself into the soil, and you can see her take her feet and she’ll literally scrape the soil out from underneath her and push it towards her tail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Detective Work Leads to a Success Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four eggs Annie laid in March tell an extraordinary story when you consider that 60 years ago these raptors were on the brink of extinction. In the 1950s and 1960s, they nearly disappeared from the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had to do some sleuthing to figure out the cause — and they zeroed in on the eggs. Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring,” in 1962, raised the specter that the pesticide DDT harmed eggs. With their rusty-red mottled patterns, peregrines’ eggs are so beautiful that private collectors had been taking them from nests as far back as the 19th century. Many of those eggs ended up in museums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970086\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_eggs_at_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peregrine falcon eggs in the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By measuring the calcium content and thickness of eggshells in museum collections, they were able to determine that eggs were thinning and that the culprit was likely DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our specimens go back to the late 1800s, early 1900s, so you have this historical material to be able to compare the eggs before and after the introduction of DDT,” said Carla Cicero, curator of birds at the \u003ca href=\"https://mvz.berkeley.edu/\">Museum of Vertebrate Zoology\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley, one of the institutions whose collections contributed to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970089\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970089\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Broken_peregrine_falcon_egg_Museum_Vertebrate_Zoology_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A broken peregrine falcon egg at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pesticide DDT, used heavily in the 1940s and until 1972 to control mosquitoes, bed bugs and agricultural pests, accumulated in peregrine’s bodies. It thwarted the development of embryos in the eggs. And it reduced the amount of calcium in the females, which resulted in eggshells so thin that they broke when parents sat on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other times, they were just so fragile that even just a small rock within the nest site or some debris would cause a hole in the egg,” said raptor ecologist Joel “Jeep” Pagel, who as a peregrine falcon specialist for the U.S. Forest Service starting in the early 1980s, and later for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, worked throughout the western U.S. to help their numbers rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970080\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_flies_towards_Joel_Pagel.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970080\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_flies_towards_Joel_Pagel.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raptor ecologist Joel “Jeep” Pagel puts up his hand to keep back a peregrine that flew toward him. Pagel was placing bands with ID numbers on the peregrine’s chicks in a nest outside Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego in 2015. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pagel would rappel down cliffs, removed eggs from their parents and replaced them with plaster of Paris replicas for them to incubate. Alarmed peregrine parents would sometimes attack Pagel, shredding his T-shirt and scratching his back, shoulders and even his face with their large talons. He placed the eggs carefully into \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/inside-fs/incubator-helped-saved-peregrine-falcons-extinction\">an incubator\u003c/a> and took them to different research institutions to be hatched in captivity. When the chicks hatched, he returned to nests and placed them with their own parents or with fosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It worked so well that oftentimes the adults were bringing prey items into the nest site to the chicks even before my rope was all the way up the cliff,” said Pagel. “There was never an instance where this type of fostering did not take. The birds were very efficient and they raised those youngsters as if they were their own, and those youngsters fledged and helped increase the population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970087\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970087\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Peregrine_falcon_chicks_banded_at_Cabrillo_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raptor ecologist Joel “Jeep” Pagel placed a band with an ID on a peregrine falcon chick in a nest outside Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego in 2015. \u003ccite>(National Park Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a real success story,” said Bell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, the U.S. government took peregrine falcons off the federal endangered species list, though the raptors continue to be protected in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the Campanile nest, it’s Annie who usually sits on the eggs, keeping them at 103 degrees Fahrenheit. Grinnell brings meat to her — pigeons, mourning doves — and takes a turn keeping the eggs warm while she eats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of their four eggs this year, one broke, which Bell said could be the result of lingering effects of DDT and its breakdown product, DDE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although it is much diluted, there are still some areas with fairly high concentrations in sediments that may resurface from time to time in our bays and coastal areas,” said Bell. “So it is conceivable that a falcon or fish could still get an occasional dose that would have a physiological effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Noisy Chicks Demand Their Meat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After incubating for about a month, three white chicks hatched in April and they were hungry. In one early feeding caught on camera, Annie fed them tiny bits of meat that she plucked from a pigeon carcass and placed in their mouths. Grinnell hunts and stashes carcasses near the nest for Annie. So when the chicks are hungry, she disappears briefly and comes back with a chunk of meat, which Grinnell has already de-feathered. At mealtime, \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/1dNIuNUNoBI\">chicks scream nonstop\u003c/a>, making mealtime a raucous affair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_feeds_chicks.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_feeds_chicks.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annie feeds her three chicks, which were only a few days old, small pieces of pigeon meat on April 21. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Whereas with other smaller birds they try to keep quiet and not be noticed by predators, peregrines are in this situation where they basically don’t get penalized for making noise and bringing attention to themselves,” said Peterson. “So they can beg constantly for their parents to give them food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And beg they did. Their parents obliged, making sure not to feed them bones or feathers, which chicks can’t digest. But by the time they were 10 days old, the chicks had fully developed a muscular organ called the crop, which crushes bones and feathers into little bits. The proof was a brown ball called a pellet that one of the chicks coughed up on prime time YouTube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Chick_coughs_up_pellet.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Chick_coughs_up_pellet.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Annie and Grinnell’s 10-day-old chicks coughs up a pellet made of bits of feather and bone from the birds that its parents fed it. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The chicks grew quickly. They went through an awkward phase in which they had white feathers mixed in with the new brown ones. They practiced beating their large wings, fought noisily over food and \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/7TCkU0J_wLs\">chased moths together\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then at the end of May, when they were about 40 days old, they took turns flying off the tower for the first time, a group of noisy fans waiting for them below to cheer them on and make sure they didn’t hurt themselves on the way down. One of Grinnell and Annie’s two chicks born in 2017 died when it hit a window on campus and another chick got stuck inside a building and needed to be rescued, Peterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_feeds_one_of_her_young.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970083\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/DL717_Annie_feeds_one_of_her_young.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Female peregrine falcon Annie (right) feeds her 6-week-old daughter, Poppy, in early June. Even though Poppy had recently taken her first flight off the Campanile, she returned to visit her parents and demand a meal. Young peregrine falcons hang out around their parents’ nest for a month or longer after they fledge. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, all three chicks fledged successfully. Because each one has been given a small band with a visible ID number, bird watchers can report sightings of the young and follow their journey. One of Annie and Grinnell’s 10 offspring, a female called Lawrencium, born in 2018, is known to be living on some prime Bay Area real estate: Alcatraz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She just had her first chicks this year,” said Peterson. “So Annie and Grinnell, we know, are grandparents now.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Is the Prognosis for President Trump?",
"headTitle": "What Is the Prognosis for President Trump? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After dismissing the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic for months, President Trump announced \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1311892190680014849\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">on Twitter\u003c/a> late Thursday night that he and his wife, Melania, had tested positive for the coronavirus that causes the disease. The White House on Friday said Trump is experiencing “mild” symptoms and that he will \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/02/919697784/trump-makes-unannounced-visit-to-walter-reed-following-coronavirus-diagnosis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">work \u003c/a>from Walter Reed hospital “for the next few days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101880055/president-trump-tests-positive-for-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forum\u003c/a> radio program Friday, \u003cstrong>Dr. Bob Wachter\u003c/strong>, chair of the Department of Medicine at UCSF, spoke with host Michael Krasny about the prognosis for Trump, what therapeutics may be available to him, and an assessment of the president’s response to the pandemic from a public health perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the prognosis for someone of President Trump’s age, height and weight, and other characteristics?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bob Wachter\u003c/em>: As we go through the checkboxes of what would give you a worse prognosis, he checks off many if not all of them. Older is worse than younger, and once you get up to 74 years old, your chance of dying is somewhere around 100 times greater than if you got it in your 20s. But his chances of survival are quite good; from what we know from public information, his chances of dying are about 1 in 20, though that’s probably about 10 times greater than the average person who gets COVID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"Dr. Bob Wachter, UCSF\"]‘As we go through the checkboxes of what would give you a worse prognosis, he checks off many if not all of them. But his chances of survival are quite good.’[/pullquote]Men do almost twice as poorly as women for reasons that aren’t fully understood. He also meets the clinical definition of obesity in terms of his body mass index. That makes his prognosis three times worse than if he wasn’t obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever other illnesses he has, and they have not been forthcoming about his medical record, that can only add to the negative prognostic signs. He already comes into this with a fair number of points against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t mean he’s likely to do poorly, but the fact that he has symptoms means that he already is not in the best category: About 40% of people who get the coronavirus are asymptomatic through the entire course of the illness; maybe a little bit less than that because some are presymptomatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might say, “the symptoms are mild.” Is that reassuring? I would say not at all. Because he gets tested every day, we know he only got it a couple of days ago. So he’s very early in his course. It would be highly surprising for him to be worse than just mildly symptomatic now. And his period of greatest risk will come in the next seven to 10 days or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What therapeutics is President Trump eligible for? Which ones do you think would help?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no proven treatment for early COVID in terms of preventing the illness from getting worse and leading to a shortness of breath or hospitalization or ultimately respiratory failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]‘It would be highly surprising for him to be worse than just mildly symptomatic [at this stage]. His period of greatest risk will come in the next seven to 10 days or so.’[/pullquote]The only treatments that have been approved are ones that we know work for sure, and they’re only given for patients who are sick and are in the hospital. One is an antiviral drug called remdesivir, \u003cb>\u003c/b>generally only available to people who are already sick and in the hospital. The other is an anti-inflammatory medicine called dexamethasone, which is a form of steroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a set of therapeutics, which have shown promise in early studies, called monoclonal antibodies. They’re essentially an artificial form of antibodies. It’s very expensive, so it won’t be widely used, but giving it to people before they’re sick enough to need to be hospitalized — and it’s too early to be sure about this — lowers the rate of hospitalization and sickness. My guess is that they will figure out a way to get the president one of those drugs, even though it’s not generally available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a lot of discussion on Twitter last night about how even though he’s got these negative prognostic signs — his age, his obesity and being male — he’ll also get the best care in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]‘As people have mapped out what a pandemic would look like over the last 20, 30, 40 years, there was no scenario in which the federal government would have become part of the problem.’[/pullquote]That might make a difference if it turns out these drugs work and he has access to them, whereas the rest of us wouldn’t. But I can tell you that in my experience and in the literature, there’s no great evidence that VIPs do better. And actually, sometimes they do worse because as you remember from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/42207/steve-jobs-think-different-philosophy-included-approach-to-cancer-treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steve Jobs\u003c/a>, sometimes they dictate their own care and it’s not evidence-based. Sometimes the care is somewhat chaotic because everybody is falling over themselves to take care of the patient. And so in terms of the VIP stuff, I wouldn’t think that his odds are any better than the average patient coming into the emergency room at UCSF today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you talk about the rapid tests they use at the White House?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are getting better. A new one has just come out, but I don’t think it’s being used yet at the White House. They do have false negatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual, but there have been false positives with that test as well. It happened with Gov. [Mike] DeWine of Ohio. And so the first positive test that came back from the president last night might’ve been the rapid one. But by now, though they’re really not being transparent at all about this, because we could use a lot more information about the test, I assume he’s had the better, PCR test, and that both tests were positive. I don’t think they would have come out publicly unless they confirmed both tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think part of the theme here is that in the environment of the White House, where people were being tested every day, they took that, I believe, as reassurance that nobody around the president could have COVID, and it’s OK, therefore, not to follow the public health guidelines. And that clearly was a mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joe Biden’s test came back negative. Could it be too early, though, for the test to be definitive?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is yes. So it will be important that he has follow-up tests. It takes a few days of incubation period for the virus to replicate enough in order to have a positive test. So if the vice president’s exposure was through the debate, having a negative test today is certainly more reassuring than a positive test, but he would not be out of the woods. You’d want to see tests for another several days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s risk should be extremely low. First of all, he’s been extraordinarily careful for the entire time. In terms of the debate itself, I didn’t see a measurement, but it looked like he was standing 15 to 20 feet away, which is generally, although not 100%, a safe distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What effect do you think this will have on the next planned debates? The next one, conducted in a town hall format, is scheduled for Oct. 15.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think they’ll pay more attention to the risk of the virus in any kind of public gathering, so I imagine the rules will be somewhat different in terms of additional spacing. And certainly everybody in the audience will wear masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, it’s a little bit hard to say in terms of future presidential debates, because the president has symptoms now. In general, we say that two weeks after the onset of symptoms, you are no longer infectious, even if you are continuing to test positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the beginning, we saw people with persistently positive viral tests for weeks and weeks and wondered if they were still infectious. And the evidence is really quite clear that a couple of weeks out, you’re no longer infectious, even though you may still test positive because you have the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But certainly for the next two weeks, the president needs to be in absolutely strict quarantine. It would be public health malpractice to do an in-person debate within a couple of weeks of someone developing the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In a \u003ca href=\"https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/evanega-et-al-coronavirus-misinformation-submitted-07-23-20-1/080839ac0c22bca8/full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> released this week, Cornell University researchers found that President Trump is “likely the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-misinformation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">largest driver\u003c/a>” of COVID-19 misinformation. What has been the president’s effect on public health? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can feel sympathy for the person and still feel like this pandemic has been mishandled at a national level. And the source of much of that is the president; there’s just no two ways about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very hard to look at his responses all the way through and see anything good about them. Really, under any estimate that I can come up, with that has cost tens of thousands of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We look at San Francisco, which just had its 100th death last week from COVID. If the entire country had our death rate, we would have had 165,000 fewer deaths. In San Francisco, our bodies are exactly the same, and the virus is exactly the same. But in an area where there was good political leadership and where the people wore masks and paid attention to the science, that is the kind of difference that could have been made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I believe that had there been presidential leadership, as I think we would have expected — coming out early saying this is serious, here’s what you need to do, the kind of thing that he obviously knew about according to his \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/bob-woodward-rage-book-trump-coronavirus/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">discussions\u003c/a> with Bob Woodward — I believe that we would have had tens of thousands if not 100,000 or more fewer deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I try to be fair and say this would have been bad under anyone’s watch. It would’ve been a major challenge to the system, and people would have died. But it didn’t have to be like this and doesn’t have to be like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, as people have mapped out and gamed out what a pandemic would look like over the last 20, 30, 40 years, there was no scenario in which the federal government would have become part of the problem, would have been the source of misinformation, would have shackled the main agency responsible for prevention and educating people about what to do. That was not on the list of things that we needed to worry about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What effect do you think President Trump’s contracting the virus will have on public health going forward? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>If there’s any good that comes out of this, it will be that people who did not take this seriously will take it more seriously. You know, if the president can get it, anybody can get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There sometimes is this feeling that we’re out of the woods. It’s just clearly not true. The virus hasn’t changed in a material way over the course of eight or nine months, and neither have we. We are all susceptible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s remarkable is we know the things that one needs to do to lower your chance of contracting the coronavirus. And unfortunately, the president has doubled down on not doing those things. Obviously we wish him well. But there was a lot of foolish behavior that went into this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot will hinge on how he does. If he has a mild case, he may feel a little bit crummy for a few days or a week or so and be back to normal. And you wonder what will come out of the politics of that if he recovers. There is also a decent chance that he will do poorly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can we say that this finally puts to rest the idea that hydroxychloroquine can indeed be a prophylactic? The president took it for weeks and swore by it. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What puts that idea to rest is the fact that there have been more than a dozen studies on that question. But no, I think it’s hazardous to use single-case patient examples. That’s part of what gets the president in trouble: He sees a case where the patient miraculously got better. And the next thing you know, he’s touting it as a cure. That’s why we need science. The fact that he may have been taking hydroxychloroquine and he still got sick is interesting, but to me not persuasive. What’s persuasive is that it has been massively studied, and the evidence is quite clear that it does not work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After dismissing the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic for months, President Trump announced \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1311892190680014849\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">on Twitter\u003c/a> late Thursday night that he and his wife, Melania, had tested positive for the coronavirus that causes the disease. The White House on Friday said Trump is experiencing “mild” symptoms and that he will \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/02/919697784/trump-makes-unannounced-visit-to-walter-reed-following-coronavirus-diagnosis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">work \u003c/a>from Walter Reed hospital “for the next few days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101880055/president-trump-tests-positive-for-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forum\u003c/a> radio program Friday, \u003cstrong>Dr. Bob Wachter\u003c/strong>, chair of the Department of Medicine at UCSF, spoke with host Michael Krasny about the prognosis for Trump, what therapeutics may be available to him, and an assessment of the president’s response to the pandemic from a public health perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the prognosis for someone of President Trump’s age, height and weight, and other characteristics?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bob Wachter\u003c/em>: As we go through the checkboxes of what would give you a worse prognosis, he checks off many if not all of them. Older is worse than younger, and once you get up to 74 years old, your chance of dying is somewhere around 100 times greater than if you got it in your 20s. But his chances of survival are quite good; from what we know from public information, his chances of dying are about 1 in 20, though that’s probably about 10 times greater than the average person who gets COVID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘As we go through the checkboxes of what would give you a worse prognosis, he checks off many if not all of them. But his chances of survival are quite good.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Men do almost twice as poorly as women for reasons that aren’t fully understood. He also meets the clinical definition of obesity in terms of his body mass index. That makes his prognosis three times worse than if he wasn’t obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever other illnesses he has, and they have not been forthcoming about his medical record, that can only add to the negative prognostic signs. He already comes into this with a fair number of points against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t mean he’s likely to do poorly, but the fact that he has symptoms means that he already is not in the best category: About 40% of people who get the coronavirus are asymptomatic through the entire course of the illness; maybe a little bit less than that because some are presymptomatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might say, “the symptoms are mild.” Is that reassuring? I would say not at all. Because he gets tested every day, we know he only got it a couple of days ago. So he’s very early in his course. It would be highly surprising for him to be worse than just mildly symptomatic now. And his period of greatest risk will come in the next seven to 10 days or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What therapeutics is President Trump eligible for? Which ones do you think would help?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no proven treatment for early COVID in terms of preventing the illness from getting worse and leading to a shortness of breath or hospitalization or ultimately respiratory failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘It would be highly surprising for him to be worse than just mildly symptomatic [at this stage]. His period of greatest risk will come in the next seven to 10 days or so.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The only treatments that have been approved are ones that we know work for sure, and they’re only given for patients who are sick and are in the hospital. One is an antiviral drug called remdesivir, \u003cb>\u003c/b>generally only available to people who are already sick and in the hospital. The other is an anti-inflammatory medicine called dexamethasone, which is a form of steroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a set of therapeutics, which have shown promise in early studies, called monoclonal antibodies. They’re essentially an artificial form of antibodies. It’s very expensive, so it won’t be widely used, but giving it to people before they’re sick enough to need to be hospitalized — and it’s too early to be sure about this — lowers the rate of hospitalization and sickness. My guess is that they will figure out a way to get the president one of those drugs, even though it’s not generally available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a lot of discussion on Twitter last night about how even though he’s got these negative prognostic signs — his age, his obesity and being male — he’ll also get the best care in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘As people have mapped out what a pandemic would look like over the last 20, 30, 40 years, there was no scenario in which the federal government would have become part of the problem.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>That might make a difference if it turns out these drugs work and he has access to them, whereas the rest of us wouldn’t. But I can tell you that in my experience and in the literature, there’s no great evidence that VIPs do better. And actually, sometimes they do worse because as you remember from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/42207/steve-jobs-think-different-philosophy-included-approach-to-cancer-treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steve Jobs\u003c/a>, sometimes they dictate their own care and it’s not evidence-based. Sometimes the care is somewhat chaotic because everybody is falling over themselves to take care of the patient. And so in terms of the VIP stuff, I wouldn’t think that his odds are any better than the average patient coming into the emergency room at UCSF today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you talk about the rapid tests they use at the White House?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are getting better. A new one has just come out, but I don’t think it’s being used yet at the White House. They do have false negatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual, but there have been false positives with that test as well. It happened with Gov. [Mike] DeWine of Ohio. And so the first positive test that came back from the president last night might’ve been the rapid one. But by now, though they’re really not being transparent at all about this, because we could use a lot more information about the test, I assume he’s had the better, PCR test, and that both tests were positive. I don’t think they would have come out publicly unless they confirmed both tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think part of the theme here is that in the environment of the White House, where people were being tested every day, they took that, I believe, as reassurance that nobody around the president could have COVID, and it’s OK, therefore, not to follow the public health guidelines. And that clearly was a mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joe Biden’s test came back negative. Could it be too early, though, for the test to be definitive?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is yes. So it will be important that he has follow-up tests. It takes a few days of incubation period for the virus to replicate enough in order to have a positive test. So if the vice president’s exposure was through the debate, having a negative test today is certainly more reassuring than a positive test, but he would not be out of the woods. You’d want to see tests for another several days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s risk should be extremely low. First of all, he’s been extraordinarily careful for the entire time. In terms of the debate itself, I didn’t see a measurement, but it looked like he was standing 15 to 20 feet away, which is generally, although not 100%, a safe distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What effect do you think this will have on the next planned debates? The next one, conducted in a town hall format, is scheduled for Oct. 15.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think they’ll pay more attention to the risk of the virus in any kind of public gathering, so I imagine the rules will be somewhat different in terms of additional spacing. And certainly everybody in the audience will wear masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, it’s a little bit hard to say in terms of future presidential debates, because the president has symptoms now. In general, we say that two weeks after the onset of symptoms, you are no longer infectious, even if you are continuing to test positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the beginning, we saw people with persistently positive viral tests for weeks and weeks and wondered if they were still infectious. And the evidence is really quite clear that a couple of weeks out, you’re no longer infectious, even though you may still test positive because you have the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But certainly for the next two weeks, the president needs to be in absolutely strict quarantine. It would be public health malpractice to do an in-person debate within a couple of weeks of someone developing the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In a \u003ca href=\"https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/evanega-et-al-coronavirus-misinformation-submitted-07-23-20-1/080839ac0c22bca8/full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> released this week, Cornell University researchers found that President Trump is “likely the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-misinformation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">largest driver\u003c/a>” of COVID-19 misinformation. What has been the president’s effect on public health? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can feel sympathy for the person and still feel like this pandemic has been mishandled at a national level. And the source of much of that is the president; there’s just no two ways about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very hard to look at his responses all the way through and see anything good about them. Really, under any estimate that I can come up, with that has cost tens of thousands of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We look at San Francisco, which just had its 100th death last week from COVID. If the entire country had our death rate, we would have had 165,000 fewer deaths. In San Francisco, our bodies are exactly the same, and the virus is exactly the same. But in an area where there was good political leadership and where the people wore masks and paid attention to the science, that is the kind of difference that could have been made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I believe that had there been presidential leadership, as I think we would have expected — coming out early saying this is serious, here’s what you need to do, the kind of thing that he obviously knew about according to his \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/bob-woodward-rage-book-trump-coronavirus/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">discussions\u003c/a> with Bob Woodward — I believe that we would have had tens of thousands if not 100,000 or more fewer deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I try to be fair and say this would have been bad under anyone’s watch. It would’ve been a major challenge to the system, and people would have died. But it didn’t have to be like this and doesn’t have to be like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, as people have mapped out and gamed out what a pandemic would look like over the last 20, 30, 40 years, there was no scenario in which the federal government would have become part of the problem, would have been the source of misinformation, would have shackled the main agency responsible for prevention and educating people about what to do. That was not on the list of things that we needed to worry about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What effect do you think President Trump’s contracting the virus will have on public health going forward? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>If there’s any good that comes out of this, it will be that people who did not take this seriously will take it more seriously. You know, if the president can get it, anybody can get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There sometimes is this feeling that we’re out of the woods. It’s just clearly not true. The virus hasn’t changed in a material way over the course of eight or nine months, and neither have we. We are all susceptible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s remarkable is we know the things that one needs to do to lower your chance of contracting the coronavirus. And unfortunately, the president has doubled down on not doing those things. Obviously we wish him well. But there was a lot of foolish behavior that went into this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot will hinge on how he does. If he has a mild case, he may feel a little bit crummy for a few days or a week or so and be back to normal. And you wonder what will come out of the politics of that if he recovers. There is also a decent chance that he will do poorly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can we say that this finally puts to rest the idea that hydroxychloroquine can indeed be a prophylactic? The president took it for weeks and swore by it. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What puts that idea to rest is the fact that there have been more than a dozen studies on that question. But no, I think it’s hazardous to use single-case patient examples. That’s part of what gets the president in trouble: He sees a case where the patient miraculously got better. And the next thing you know, he’s touting it as a cure. That’s why we need science. The fact that he may have been taking hydroxychloroquine and he still got sick is interesting, but to me not persuasive. What’s persuasive is that it has been massively studied, and the evidence is quite clear that it does not work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dense smoke from the Glass Fire shrouds Napa, Santa Rosa and St. Helena. Air sensors in these communities are registering hazardous levels, which indicates toxic fumes could provoke health problems in anyone, not only people with sensitive respiratory systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Filthy plumes pervade much of the Bay Area. Conditions are rapidly declining in San Francisco and the East Bay, and regulators extended a Spare the Air \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/about/what-is-spare-the-air\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">alert\u003c/span>\u003c/a> through next Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We are expecting air quality impacts well into early next week from the Glass Fire,” said Kristine Roselius, a spokesperson for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nasty air is expected to saturate the region Thursday and Friday, and Roselius says she doesn’t expect clear skies until firefighters quell the blaze. The Glass Fire is currently 5% contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Doctors say a good rule of thumb is to let your nose lead. If the air smells like a campfire, it’s best to relax indoors with the windows closed. You can even tape the edges to prevent smoke leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Air quality experts recommend turning your air conditioner on recirculate and running an air filter, if possible. Portable HEPA air purifiers can be purchased at hardware stores or online. Alternatively, you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968863/helping-kids-protect-themselves-from-dirty-air-one-diy-filter-at-a-time\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">construct your own\u003c/span>\u003c/a> unit out of a box fan, a MERV filter and heavy-duty tape, for about $50. If you must leave the house, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">N95\u003c/a> mask with an external valve is optimal protection for smoke. To protect others from the coronavirus you need to tape the valve closed or wear a cloth mask on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Monitor Bay Area air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. If you’re prone to refreshing PurpleAir or AirNow throughout the day and the two sites conflict, try a new \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.84704&lng=-122.2770688&zoom=10\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">fire and smoke map\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> that \u003c/span>blends both services. The amalgamation provides readings taken from PurpleAir’s low-cost sensors and those from official government monitoring devices; the circles represent official monitors, the squares indicate PurpleAir sensors, and the triangles show temporary monitors set up by federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Tiny particles in wildfire smoke can trigger burning eyes, a scratchy throat, bronchitis and even heart attacks. However, Roselius says the health risks sparked by heat are more perilous than smoke. The forecast calls for toasty temperatures in many parts of the Bay Area over the next few days. If you start to overheat, you can open a window to get some air flow, or depart your home and find relief at a \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/safety/emergency-preparedness/natural-disaster/heat/cooling-centers.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/safety/emergency-preparedness/natural-disaster/heat/cooling-centers.page\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">public cooling center\u003c/a> nearby.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dense smoke from the Glass Fire shrouds Napa, Santa Rosa and St. Helena. Air sensors in these communities are registering hazardous levels, which indicates toxic fumes could provoke health problems in anyone, not only people with sensitive respiratory systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Filthy plumes pervade much of the Bay Area. Conditions are rapidly declining in San Francisco and the East Bay, and regulators extended a Spare the Air \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/about/what-is-spare-the-air\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">alert\u003c/span>\u003c/a> through next Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We are expecting air quality impacts well into early next week from the Glass Fire,” said Kristine Roselius, a spokesperson for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nasty air is expected to saturate the region Thursday and Friday, and Roselius says she doesn’t expect clear skies until firefighters quell the blaze. The Glass Fire is currently 5% contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Doctors say a good rule of thumb is to let your nose lead. If the air smells like a campfire, it’s best to relax indoors with the windows closed. You can even tape the edges to prevent smoke leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Air quality experts recommend turning your air conditioner on recirculate and running an air filter, if possible. Portable HEPA air purifiers can be purchased at hardware stores or online. Alternatively, you can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968863/helping-kids-protect-themselves-from-dirty-air-one-diy-filter-at-a-time\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">construct your own\u003c/span>\u003c/a> unit out of a box fan, a MERV filter and heavy-duty tape, for about $50. If you must leave the house, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">N95\u003c/a> mask with an external valve is optimal protection for smoke. To protect others from the coronavirus you need to tape the valve closed or wear a cloth mask on top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Monitor Bay Area air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. If you’re prone to refreshing PurpleAir or AirNow throughout the day and the two sites conflict, try a new \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.84704&lng=-122.2770688&zoom=10\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">fire and smoke map\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> that \u003c/span>blends both services. The amalgamation provides readings taken from PurpleAir’s low-cost sensors and those from official government monitoring devices; the circles represent official monitors, the squares indicate PurpleAir sensors, and the triangles show temporary monitors set up by federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Tiny particles in wildfire smoke can trigger burning eyes, a scratchy throat, bronchitis and even heart attacks. However, Roselius says the health risks sparked by heat are more perilous than smoke. The forecast calls for toasty temperatures in many parts of the Bay Area over the next few days. If you start to overheat, you can open a window to get some air flow, or depart your home and find relief at a \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/safety/emergency-preparedness/natural-disaster/heat/cooling-centers.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/safety/emergency-preparedness/natural-disaster/heat/cooling-centers.page\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">public cooling center\u003c/a> nearby.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA's Top California Official 'Believes in Climate Change' But Mum on Newsom's Gasoline-Car Ban",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">As the head of the federal\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>Environmental Protection Agency’s San Francisco office, John Busterud is the agency’s top federal regulator in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He oversees 700 staff employees and environmental protection efforts across the agency’s Region 9. Those actions affect 50 million people living in California, other Western states, the Pacific Islands and tribal lands — at a time when California leaders continue to spar with Washington over pretty much every issue related to the environment\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That means he’s on the front lines of a battle between the Trump administration and California over climate change. Busterud, a former PG&E attorney, is more of a traditional Republican than a MAGA diehard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">His publicly stated view about climate change differs from that of President Trump. Busterud tells KQED that he “believes in climate change and that humans play a part in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump rejected the central findings of his own administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957088/donald-trump-climate-profile-this-president-is-all-about-fossil-fuels\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">saying\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, “I don’t believe it. No, no, I don’t believe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Scientists from 13 federal agencies reviewed thousands of climate studies for the fourth volume of the assessment, released in 2018, and concluded that greenhouse gases released by human activity are causing lasting economic damage to the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Busterud defends Trump’s environmental policies and suggested to KQED that natural emission sources from wildfires could be playing a large role in warming the planet. “We have seen over the last month or so that that [human-caused emissions of planet warming gases] can be dwarfed by fire-related emissions, but perhaps climate has an impact on that as well.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>It’s true that wildfires emit greenhouse gases and destroy trees that would otherwise remove carbon dioxide from the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/23082018/extreme-wildfires-climate-change-global-warming-air-pollution-fire-management-black-carbon-co2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading cause of global warming remains\u003c/a> overwhelmingly the burning of fossil fuels. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#t1fn1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">According to the EPA,\u003c/a> “Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/wildfire-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tracks greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from wildfires separately from those produced by cars, power plants and other human sources because they have a faster carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busterud’s predecessor, Mike Stoker — a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924459/new-chief-of-epa-region-9-has-deep-ties-to-industry\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">former oil industry spokesperson,\u003c/span>\u003c/a> was fired after an internal watchdog investigation. EPA spokeswoman Corry Schiermeyer told KQED in a statement that Stoker was let go for “severe neglect and incompetent administration of his duties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Emails obtained by KQED through a public document request show agency staff cheering Busterud’s appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Leonido-John, director of EPA’s Southern California field office, wrote that Busterud’s hiring “by all measures, seems to be a very positive thing” and described him as a “Republican of the old variety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California officials, meanwhile, seem at least willing to give Busterud the benefit of the doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Blumenfeld, California’s top environmental regulator, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/environment/article/EPA-names-former-PG-E-attorney-to-head-West-Coast-15047582.php\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">told\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the San Francisco Chronicle that Busterud “seems reasonable and generally thoughtful on the issues” and\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“has the potential to do a good job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the roughly six months that he’s been on the job, Busterud has avoided the spotlight and — at least publicly — California’s ongoing fight with the Trump administration over how to regulate pollution from cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he’s focused on administrative duties. For example, last week he \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/us-epa-selects-organizations-pacific-southwest-receive-pollution-prevention-grants\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">awarded\u003c/span>\u003c/a> a grant to a UC Berkeley program to research alternatives to PFAs — so-called “forever” chemicals that cause health effects with continued exposure — used in carpet manufacturing and other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We’re trying to make much more than the grant,” he said. “We’re trying to encourage further action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busterud spoke with KQED last week about climate change and Trump’s baseless claim that San Francisco should be punished for allowing discarded needles to wash into the ocean. He was less than forthcoming about California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969807/california-to-halt-sales-of-new-gas-cars-by-2035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">planned ban\u003c/a> on the sale of new internal-combustion cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What is your response to Gov. Gavin Newsom’s executive order banning the sale of gasoline-powered cars in California by the year 2035?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That particular issue is one that is handled by headquarters and to one to which they will have to respond and they will respond. There is much coverage of the waiver issue. We’re certainly all familiar with it. But that decision is made at headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cb>You are referring to an action taken by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947538/can-he-do-that-lawyers-doubt-trump-can-kill-californias-clean-air-powers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">EPA to revoke California’s waiver \u003c/a>to set its own tailpipe emission rules. California sued in response. State leaders say the Trump administration is weaponizing the EPA on this issue.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">I would certainly disagree with that choice of terminology. The waiver issue raises national consideration and a discussion about if [regulation of] certain emissions or certain technology should be a national approach as opposed to a patchwork state-by-state approach. But again, that’s something that headquarters is managing. There is a dialogue. I acknowledge that it’s a contentious issue and one that I hope is resolved over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003cb>Do you understand the state’s frustration? EPA has provided the waiver for 50 years and is pushing California to clean up its air. But California’s tailpipe emission rules are the key policy tool the state employed to deal with smog.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Certainly. And I understand. We’re very much engaged in working with the air districts and with CARB (the California Air Resources Board) on attainment issues day in and day out. Mobile sources are the single largest source in California, as opposed to other states where other sectors are that are considerable. That’s all I can really say on that one at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Local officials have called President Trump’s argument that San Francisco improperly discharged feces, needles and wastewater into the ocean — absurd. EPA \u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-10/documents/sfpuc-npdes-violation-notice-2019-10-02.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>issued\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cb> San Francisco\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>a violation for “failure to properly operate and maintain the city’s sewage collection and treatment facilities.” \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do you think that the involvement of your agency in this issue was politically motivated? Did your agency find anything that backed up the president’s claims?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">You would expect that I would and should and will say that it’s an open and pending enforcement action and not one I can comment on. I will just say that this investigation of this matter and those issues started in 2015. If you … do the math, that perhaps responds in part to your question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003cb>You’re implying that the agency’s involvement was not politically motivated because it began in 2015 under the Obama administration?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">The investigation began in 2015. And that’s the most I can or should say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">\u003cb>Explain to me how that is an underreported story. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">I think that perhaps in your question you are saying that, well, my predecessor didn’t agree with the consensus on climate change or that the agency shouldn’t regulate it. We do regulate greenhouse gas emissions, power plant emissions, but we regulate them at that facility level as provided under the act. Under the Clean Power Plan of the prior administration — that plan was enjoined by the Supreme Court at the time — that kind of economy wide regulation is not permitted by the act. And so what we do is focus on facilities, specific controls of those pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">\u003cb>It’s your view that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/163665/president-obama-unveils-new-power-plant-rules-in-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> was an overstep from what is allowed by the Clean Air Act? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court did it. They didn’t ask my opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">\u003cb>The EPA has rolled back enforcement of planet-warming gases. During President Trump’s visit to survey the wildfire damage, Wade Crowfoot, secretary of the state natural resources agency, pressed him, saying studies show climate change is a key driver of the state’s fires. Trump said “science doesn’t know.” \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can’t really comment on the exchange that the president had. I wasn’t there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "John Busterud concedes that human activity is a driver of climate change, while he defends Trump policies at the same time. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">As the head of the federal\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>Environmental Protection Agency’s San Francisco office, John Busterud is the agency’s top federal regulator in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He oversees 700 staff employees and environmental protection efforts across the agency’s Region 9. Those actions affect 50 million people living in California, other Western states, the Pacific Islands and tribal lands — at a time when California leaders continue to spar with Washington over pretty much every issue related to the environment\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That means he’s on the front lines of a battle between the Trump administration and California over climate change. Busterud, a former PG&E attorney, is more of a traditional Republican than a MAGA diehard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">His publicly stated view about climate change differs from that of President Trump. Busterud tells KQED that he “believes in climate change and that humans play a part in it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump rejected the central findings of his own administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1957088/donald-trump-climate-profile-this-president-is-all-about-fossil-fuels\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">saying\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, “I don’t believe it. No, no, I don’t believe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Scientists from 13 federal agencies reviewed thousands of climate studies for the fourth volume of the assessment, released in 2018, and concluded that greenhouse gases released by human activity are causing lasting economic damage to the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Busterud defends Trump’s environmental policies and suggested to KQED that natural emission sources from wildfires could be playing a large role in warming the planet. “We have seen over the last month or so that that [human-caused emissions of planet warming gases] can be dwarfed by fire-related emissions, but perhaps climate has an impact on that as well.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>It’s true that wildfires emit greenhouse gases and destroy trees that would otherwise remove carbon dioxide from the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/23082018/extreme-wildfires-climate-change-global-warming-air-pollution-fire-management-black-carbon-co2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading cause of global warming remains\u003c/a> overwhelmingly the burning of fossil fuels. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#t1fn1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">According to the EPA,\u003c/a> “Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/wildfire-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tracks greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from wildfires separately from those produced by cars, power plants and other human sources because they have a faster carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busterud’s predecessor, Mike Stoker — a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924459/new-chief-of-epa-region-9-has-deep-ties-to-industry\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">former oil industry spokesperson,\u003c/span>\u003c/a> was fired after an internal watchdog investigation. EPA spokeswoman Corry Schiermeyer told KQED in a statement that Stoker was let go for “severe neglect and incompetent administration of his duties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Emails obtained by KQED through a public document request show agency staff cheering Busterud’s appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Leonido-John, director of EPA’s Southern California field office, wrote that Busterud’s hiring “by all measures, seems to be a very positive thing” and described him as a “Republican of the old variety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California officials, meanwhile, seem at least willing to give Busterud the benefit of the doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jared Blumenfeld, California’s top environmental regulator, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/environment/article/EPA-names-former-PG-E-attorney-to-head-West-Coast-15047582.php\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">told\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the San Francisco Chronicle that Busterud “seems reasonable and generally thoughtful on the issues” and\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“has the potential to do a good job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the roughly six months that he’s been on the job, Busterud has avoided the spotlight and — at least publicly — California’s ongoing fight with the Trump administration over how to regulate pollution from cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he’s focused on administrative duties. For example, last week he \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/us-epa-selects-organizations-pacific-southwest-receive-pollution-prevention-grants\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">awarded\u003c/span>\u003c/a> a grant to a UC Berkeley program to research alternatives to PFAs — so-called “forever” chemicals that cause health effects with continued exposure — used in carpet manufacturing and other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We’re trying to make much more than the grant,” he said. “We’re trying to encourage further action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busterud spoke with KQED last week about climate change and Trump’s baseless claim that San Francisco should be punished for allowing discarded needles to wash into the ocean. He was less than forthcoming about California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969807/california-to-halt-sales-of-new-gas-cars-by-2035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">planned ban\u003c/a> on the sale of new internal-combustion cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What is your response to Gov. Gavin Newsom’s executive order banning the sale of gasoline-powered cars in California by the year 2035?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That particular issue is one that is handled by headquarters and to one to which they will have to respond and they will respond. There is much coverage of the waiver issue. We’re certainly all familiar with it. But that decision is made at headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cb>You are referring to an action taken by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947538/can-he-do-that-lawyers-doubt-trump-can-kill-californias-clean-air-powers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">EPA to revoke California’s waiver \u003c/a>to set its own tailpipe emission rules. California sued in response. State leaders say the Trump administration is weaponizing the EPA on this issue.\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">I would certainly disagree with that choice of terminology. The waiver issue raises national consideration and a discussion about if [regulation of] certain emissions or certain technology should be a national approach as opposed to a patchwork state-by-state approach. But again, that’s something that headquarters is managing. There is a dialogue. I acknowledge that it’s a contentious issue and one that I hope is resolved over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003cb>Do you understand the state’s frustration? EPA has provided the waiver for 50 years and is pushing California to clean up its air. But California’s tailpipe emission rules are the key policy tool the state employed to deal with smog.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">Certainly. And I understand. We’re very much engaged in working with the air districts and with CARB (the California Air Resources Board) on attainment issues day in and day out. Mobile sources are the single largest source in California, as opposed to other states where other sectors are that are considerable. That’s all I can really say on that one at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Local officials have called President Trump’s argument that San Francisco improperly discharged feces, needles and wastewater into the ocean — absurd. EPA \u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-10/documents/sfpuc-npdes-violation-notice-2019-10-02.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>issued\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cb> San Francisco\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>a violation for “failure to properly operate and maintain the city’s sewage collection and treatment facilities.” \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do you think that the involvement of your agency in this issue was politically motivated? Did your agency find anything that backed up the president’s claims?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">You would expect that I would and should and will say that it’s an open and pending enforcement action and not one I can comment on. I will just say that this investigation of this matter and those issues started in 2015. If you … do the math, that perhaps responds in part to your question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003cb>You’re implying that the agency’s involvement was not politically motivated because it began in 2015 under the Obama administration?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">The investigation began in 2015. And that’s the most I can or should say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">\u003cb>Explain to me how that is an underreported story. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">I think that perhaps in your question you are saying that, well, my predecessor didn’t agree with the consensus on climate change or that the agency shouldn’t regulate it. We do regulate greenhouse gas emissions, power plant emissions, but we regulate them at that facility level as provided under the act. Under the Clean Power Plan of the prior administration — that plan was enjoined by the Supreme Court at the time — that kind of economy wide regulation is not permitted by the act. And so what we do is focus on facilities, specific controls of those pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">\u003cb>It’s your view that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/163665/president-obama-unveils-new-power-plant-rules-in-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> was an overstep from what is allowed by the Clean Air Act? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court did it. They didn’t ask my opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">\u003cb>The EPA has rolled back enforcement of planet-warming gases. During President Trump’s visit to survey the wildfire damage, Wade Crowfoot, secretary of the state natural resources agency, pressed him, saying studies show climate change is a key driver of the state’s fires. Trump said “science doesn’t know.” \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can’t really comment on the exchange that the president had. I wasn’t there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Would Joe Biden Be Able to Reverse Trump’s Climate Damage?",
"headTitle": "Would Joe Biden Be Able to Reverse Trump’s Climate Damage? | KQED",
"content": "\u003ch2>What a President Joe Biden would need to do starting Day One to correct the course of U.S. climate policy.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story originally appeared in \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/trump-climate-crisis-damage-can-it-be-fixed-1064995/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rolling Stone\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and is republished here as part of Covering Climate Now, a global journalism collaboration strengthening coverage of the climate story. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When he talks about the Trump administration, David Doniger likes to say: “Imagine where we’d be if they knew what they were doing.” The climate lawyer and senior adviser to the NRDC Action Fund spends his days defending the environment from the U.S. government, and for the past three and a half years, that’s meant a front-row seat to the Trump administration’s relentless attacks on any regulation that’s meant to slow the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/t/climate-crisis/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">climate crisis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But it’s also been a window into the hasty, sloppy, and legally dubious ways that they’ve gone about it. “One of the hallmarks of this administration is how incompetently they’re doing this,” says Doniger. “It shows up in how slowly they’ve been able to work, and how flimsy their legal rationales are.” Almost all of President Trump’s attempts at deregulation — some 100 rules that he’s tried to eliminate or weaken — are being challenged in court, and environmentalists are steadily winning. According to the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://policyintegrity.org/trump-court-roundup\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Institute for Policy Integrity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at New York University, the Trump administration has lost 69 of the 83 legal challenges it’s faced in its deregulatory blitz.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We were saved by their incompetence,” says Andrew Wetzler from the NRDC Action Fund, mainly by their failure to follow basic rule-making procedures. They rushed through the process, often shortening or entirely skipping over the required 60 days for public comment, which provided a clear opening for their rule changes to be challenged in court. The administration’s ineptitude has given environmentalists hope that if Trump loses the election, the policy impact of his unrelenting pro-fossil fuel agenda could ultimately be short-lived. “If he’s a one-term wonder,” says Doniger, “the biggest consequence of the Trump administration may just turn out to be lost time.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='David Doniger, NRDC Action Fund']‘If [Trump’s] a one-term wonder, the biggest consequence of the Trump administration may just turn out to be lost time.’[/pullquote]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But time, at this hour of the climate fight, might be our most precious resource. As we stumble ever closer to the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-climate-changes-worsens-a-cascade-of-tipping-points-looms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">collapse of ice sheets, oceans and forests\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the range of meaningful action we could take narrows. There is now believed to be more carbon dioxide in the air than any time in the last 3 million years. Our oceans are on track by the end of this century to become more acidic than they’ve been in some 15 million years — when they were enduring a major extinction event. Those oceans are also rising steadily enough to threaten the homes of 150 million people in the next three decades. “We lost years at a critical time,” says Wetzler. “We’re on the precipice of a number of climate and biological tipping points.” And, he says, we won’t fully understand the impact of that loss for years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If Biden wins in November, environmentalists say, his administration would have a slim window of opportunity to get our agencies back on track to meet the enormity of the climate crisis. “It means being aggressive from day one,” says Brett Hartl from the Center for Biological Diversity Action Fund. “And not futzing around — knowing what you’re going to do and implementing it immediately.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Making up for the lost time won’t be easy. Despite his slap-dash approach, Trump still managed to scramble the trajectory of American climate policy, creating a tangle of legal fights that will have to be cleared up for U.S. climate policy to move forward. And he left almost no part of our environmental regulatory structure untouched — greenlighting fossil fuel infrastructure like the Dakota Access and Keystone XL pipelines, setting us back on emission-reduction goals by reversing the Clean Power Plan and higher fuel-efficiency standards, and gutting the federal agencies that should be at the helm of our climate response.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So how difficult will it be to unscramble this mess? It would have to happen in three parts, environmentalists say, and all three would have to start on day one. First, Biden would have a powerful arsenal of executive tools available to him — if he chooses to use them. A\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://climatepresident.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> coalition of over 500 environmental\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> groups has already assembled a plan for how he could effectively jumpstart our fight against the climate crisis using executive powers, which would avoid both going through Congress and the lengthy federal rule-making process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Using executive power, Biden could declare a national climate emergency. It wouldn’t just send an important message to Americans — and the rest of the world — that we’re taking the climate crisis seriously; it would give the administration the power to mobilize the government on a massive scale, like ordering the Secretary of Defense to redirect military spending toward the rapid development of clean energy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biden could also immediately order federal agencies to reverse the climate rollbacks Trump introduced through executive order — like allowing oil and gas companies to side-step state approval — and start issuing his own. Most urgently, Biden would have the power to keep more fossil fuels in the ground: He could direct the secretary of the interior to halt oil-and-gas leasing and fracking on federal lands, reinstitute the ban on exporting crude oil, and order all federal agencies to deny permits for new fossil fuel infrastructure, like pipelines, storage facilities, and refineries. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He’d also be able to change the ways that money moves through the energy sector. He could prohibit the U.S. government from financing fossil fuel programs overseas and end all Department of Energy loans for fossil fuels stateside, while also requiring the Federal Reserve to manage climate risks — forcing it to acknowledge the current and future impact of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/t/climate-change/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">climate change\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on our economy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many of these tools were already available in the Obama era, but the administration chose not to use them. For example, “the Clean Air Act is actually quite clear that you have the authority to set national ambient air quality standards,” says Hartl. “It would have been incredibly bold, and it actually wouldn’t have had the problems that the Clean Power Plan had. They could have really moved the needle on greenhouse gases in a very, very powerful way.” But, Hartl says, the Obama administration shied away from these kinds of actions for fear of political consequences. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biden would face a very different national landscape. At the beginning of this year, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/21/how-americans-see-climate-change-and-the-environment-in-7-charts/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">two thirds of American adults said that protecting the environment should be a top priority of the federal government\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, up from only 30% at the beginning of Obama’s first term. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/19/914233038/poll-climate-becomes-top-priority-for-democrats-trump-struggles-on-race-covid-19\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a poll last week\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, likely Democratic voters ranked climate change as the most important issue to them in this election, and Data for Progress, a progressive think tank, has found that talking about climate change could actually help persuade voters who are on the fence to vote for a Democrat. All of this is to say, a Biden administration could have an unprecedented political mandate to take action on the climate crisis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In addition to issuing executive orders, beginning on day one Biden would also need to start the process of unwinding the deregulation efforts that Trump carried out through the federal rule-making process — like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/climate/endangered-species-act-changes.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rollbacks on the Endangered Species Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and fuel-emissions standards — and writing new ones to take their place. Environmentalists are confident that a new administration could systematically undo each rollback, but that process could take two years, according to Hartl. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And the Biden administration would need to learn from Trump’s mistakes. Legal challenges from the industries that these regulations impact — the American Petroleum Institute, the National Mining Association — are inevitable, “so you have to go in and be prepared to defend it the first time,” says Hartl. That means following the process to the letter: establishing rules with legal backing from legislation like the Clean Air and Clean Water acts; opening the rule up to public comment; and then presenting a final rule that can stand up in court. Unlike Trump’s deregulation efforts, which were fighting against decades of environmental legislation, the law would be on Biden’s side. “The reality is that when Congress passed these laws,” says Hartl, “they were designed to make the environment better.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, Biden would have to start hiring like mad. Over the past four years, Trump’s EPA and Interior Department have hemorrhaged talent. The Bureau of Land Management moved the majority of its staff out of Washington, D.C., leading some 70% of that staff to resign, and the EPA is nearly as small as it was during the Nixon era, when the EPA was founded. “That pattern, in the most extreme way, is mirrored throughout the environmental agencies,” says Wetzler. “There’s been a real brain drain of people who can’t stand in an agency and support the agenda under the Trump administration, and we’ll have to put back the pieces of very demoralized, and in some cases broken agencies.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But from those ashes, Biden could build a coalition of climate advocates across his Cabinet. His transition team, and the 4,000 people they appoint, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://newrepublic.com/article/158198/inside-fight-shape-bidens-climate-policy\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">are arguably more influential than any campaign promises he could make\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “Personnel is policy,” says Jamal Raad, co-founder and campaign director for Evergreen Action, founded by former staffers of Gov. Jay Inslee’s presidential campaign. “We need to choose regulators that have a climate lens,” and that lens doesn’t end at the EPA — it can reach the Department of Agriculture, where we have to reimagine our food production to work with our changing climate, or the Treasury, where regulators could interpret the Dodd-Frank consumer protection act to include climate risks. And within the White House, Raad says, Biden could create a National Climate Council that’s equivalent to the National Economic Council. “There needs to be a plan to reorient the federal government so that climate is a lens in all decision making.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Heading into the general election, pressure from the left wing of the party shaped Biden’s $2 trillion climate plan, which is “a green new deal in all but name,” \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jul/20/joe-biden-has-endorsed-the-green-new-deal-in-all-but-name\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">wrote activist and journalist Julian Brave NoiseCat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “It’s the most progressive, forward-leaning environmental plan that any candidate for president has ever released,” says Wetzler of the NRDC Action Fund. “It would represent incredible progress.” And while the Biden campaign hasn’t laid out a timetable for the plan, “the Biden team has been signaling their prioritization of climate by making it central to their economic recovery plans,” says Raad. “I think that folks should be cautiously optimistic — but vigilant — on the prospect of climate being a priority early in the first term.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of course, this all hinges on what happens in November. And if Trump is reelected, his administration would have the chance to establish a legacy of more than just incompetence and squandered time. Four more years of Donald Trump being in charge of the environment could permanently alter the American landscape. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In some cases, it would give the Trump administration time to fight back against the legal challenges they face, leaning on courts that they’ve stacked with anti-environmental judges. And damage could be done that will be near impossible to undo — rules can be changed, but mines can’t be unmined. The Trump administration has pursued the largest rollback of federally protected land in U.S. history. Bears Ears National Monument in Utah, for example, which Trump shrunk by 85% in 2017, is in the crosshairs of uranium developers. Trump’s move has been mired in lawsuits, but a second term could give them the time to untangle them, and hand the land over to the uranium lobbyists. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Likewise, drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge was just approved in August, leaving little time for leasing, let alone actual development, before Inauguration Day. But if Trump wins, those leases are likely to move forward, as will the roads, pipelines, and oil rigs that come with them, doing permanent damage to a vital and fragile ecosystem. “Over time you’re looking at millions and millions of acres of fossil fuel leasing,” says Hartl from the Center for Biological Diversity Action Fund. “And eventually, once you get to the point where they’re actually putting drills in the ground, it’s very hard to undo that. You’re locking in a tremendous amount of fossil fuel infrastructure.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trump’s influence on the U.S. Supreme Court looms heavily for the environment as well. With Trump already raring to appoint a new justice to replace Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a second term is likely to offer him a fourth Supreme Court appointment, which would mean the highest court would house\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> seven\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Republican-appointed justices. When you’re suing over environmental issues, the court’s make-up can be the difference between having your day in court, and not. “For example, there’s a general judicial doctrine called ‘standing,’ or your ability to go to court to pursue your aggrieved interests,” explains Hartl. “Conservative judges want to narrow who has standing as much as possible, because that limits access to the courts. When you’re fighting for the environment, and your interest is protecting an endangered species or the atmosphere or the water, they’ve already made it hard for us to go to court, to have standing. And they can narrow it even further so that we don’t even have recourse. Our ability to just \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">fight\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for the environment is at stake.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The climate movement has never been more clear on what it is fighting for and what it needs to do, and finally has a presidential candidate who is signaling some willingness to do it. The prescription is fairly simple: Stop burning fossil fuels so we can begin drawing down the carbon in the atmosphere that’s overheating our planet and disrupting the systems that have supported life on Earth as we know it. The president has a lot of power to take that action, and we have no time to lose. “It’s true that we have 30 years [before an irreversible climate collapse], but \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">when\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> you act on that 30-year scale really affects how radically you have to act,” says Wetzler. “If you think about where the United States was at the beginning of the Trump administration — and where the world was, in terms of taking climate change seriously — it’s a huge, squandered opportunity.” This November, we can choose to act, and set ourselves back on course. “If this is a one-time, Black Swan event, we’re probably going to recover as a nation,” says Doniger. “This is the project of the century.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Andy Kroll contributed reporting to this story.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "If Biden wins in November, environmentalists say, his administration would have a slim window of opportunity to get our agencies back on track to meet the enormity of the climate crisis.",
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"description": "If Biden wins in November, environmentalists say, his administration would have a slim window of opportunity to get our agencies back on track to meet the enormity of the climate crisis.",
"title": "Would Joe Biden Be Able to Reverse Trump’s Climate Damage? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>What a President Joe Biden would need to do starting Day One to correct the course of U.S. climate policy.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story originally appeared in \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/trump-climate-crisis-damage-can-it-be-fixed-1064995/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rolling Stone\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and is republished here as part of Covering Climate Now, a global journalism collaboration strengthening coverage of the climate story. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When he talks about the Trump administration, David Doniger likes to say: “Imagine where we’d be if they knew what they were doing.” The climate lawyer and senior adviser to the NRDC Action Fund spends his days defending the environment from the U.S. government, and for the past three and a half years, that’s meant a front-row seat to the Trump administration’s relentless attacks on any regulation that’s meant to slow the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/t/climate-crisis/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">climate crisis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But it’s also been a window into the hasty, sloppy, and legally dubious ways that they’ve gone about it. “One of the hallmarks of this administration is how incompetently they’re doing this,” says Doniger. “It shows up in how slowly they’ve been able to work, and how flimsy their legal rationales are.” Almost all of President Trump’s attempts at deregulation — some 100 rules that he’s tried to eliminate or weaken — are being challenged in court, and environmentalists are steadily winning. According to the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://policyintegrity.org/trump-court-roundup\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Institute for Policy Integrity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at New York University, the Trump administration has lost 69 of the 83 legal challenges it’s faced in its deregulatory blitz.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We were saved by their incompetence,” says Andrew Wetzler from the NRDC Action Fund, mainly by their failure to follow basic rule-making procedures. They rushed through the process, often shortening or entirely skipping over the required 60 days for public comment, which provided a clear opening for their rule changes to be challenged in court. The administration’s ineptitude has given environmentalists hope that if Trump loses the election, the policy impact of his unrelenting pro-fossil fuel agenda could ultimately be short-lived. “If he’s a one-term wonder,” says Doniger, “the biggest consequence of the Trump administration may just turn out to be lost time.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But time, at this hour of the climate fight, might be our most precious resource. As we stumble ever closer to the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-climate-changes-worsens-a-cascade-of-tipping-points-looms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">collapse of ice sheets, oceans and forests\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the range of meaningful action we could take narrows. There is now believed to be more carbon dioxide in the air than any time in the last 3 million years. Our oceans are on track by the end of this century to become more acidic than they’ve been in some 15 million years — when they were enduring a major extinction event. Those oceans are also rising steadily enough to threaten the homes of 150 million people in the next three decades. “We lost years at a critical time,” says Wetzler. “We’re on the precipice of a number of climate and biological tipping points.” And, he says, we won’t fully understand the impact of that loss for years. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If Biden wins in November, environmentalists say, his administration would have a slim window of opportunity to get our agencies back on track to meet the enormity of the climate crisis. “It means being aggressive from day one,” says Brett Hartl from the Center for Biological Diversity Action Fund. “And not futzing around — knowing what you’re going to do and implementing it immediately.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Making up for the lost time won’t be easy. Despite his slap-dash approach, Trump still managed to scramble the trajectory of American climate policy, creating a tangle of legal fights that will have to be cleared up for U.S. climate policy to move forward. And he left almost no part of our environmental regulatory structure untouched — greenlighting fossil fuel infrastructure like the Dakota Access and Keystone XL pipelines, setting us back on emission-reduction goals by reversing the Clean Power Plan and higher fuel-efficiency standards, and gutting the federal agencies that should be at the helm of our climate response.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So how difficult will it be to unscramble this mess? It would have to happen in three parts, environmentalists say, and all three would have to start on day one. First, Biden would have a powerful arsenal of executive tools available to him — if he chooses to use them. A\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://climatepresident.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> coalition of over 500 environmental\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> groups has already assembled a plan for how he could effectively jumpstart our fight against the climate crisis using executive powers, which would avoid both going through Congress and the lengthy federal rule-making process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Using executive power, Biden could declare a national climate emergency. It wouldn’t just send an important message to Americans — and the rest of the world — that we’re taking the climate crisis seriously; it would give the administration the power to mobilize the government on a massive scale, like ordering the Secretary of Defense to redirect military spending toward the rapid development of clean energy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biden could also immediately order federal agencies to reverse the climate rollbacks Trump introduced through executive order — like allowing oil and gas companies to side-step state approval — and start issuing his own. Most urgently, Biden would have the power to keep more fossil fuels in the ground: He could direct the secretary of the interior to halt oil-and-gas leasing and fracking on federal lands, reinstitute the ban on exporting crude oil, and order all federal agencies to deny permits for new fossil fuel infrastructure, like pipelines, storage facilities, and refineries. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He’d also be able to change the ways that money moves through the energy sector. He could prohibit the U.S. government from financing fossil fuel programs overseas and end all Department of Energy loans for fossil fuels stateside, while also requiring the Federal Reserve to manage climate risks — forcing it to acknowledge the current and future impact of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/t/climate-change/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">climate change\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on our economy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many of these tools were already available in the Obama era, but the administration chose not to use them. For example, “the Clean Air Act is actually quite clear that you have the authority to set national ambient air quality standards,” says Hartl. “It would have been incredibly bold, and it actually wouldn’t have had the problems that the Clean Power Plan had. They could have really moved the needle on greenhouse gases in a very, very powerful way.” But, Hartl says, the Obama administration shied away from these kinds of actions for fear of political consequences. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biden would face a very different national landscape. At the beginning of this year, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/21/how-americans-see-climate-change-and-the-environment-in-7-charts/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">two thirds of American adults said that protecting the environment should be a top priority of the federal government\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, up from only 30% at the beginning of Obama’s first term. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/19/914233038/poll-climate-becomes-top-priority-for-democrats-trump-struggles-on-race-covid-19\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a poll last week\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, likely Democratic voters ranked climate change as the most important issue to them in this election, and Data for Progress, a progressive think tank, has found that talking about climate change could actually help persuade voters who are on the fence to vote for a Democrat. All of this is to say, a Biden administration could have an unprecedented political mandate to take action on the climate crisis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In addition to issuing executive orders, beginning on day one Biden would also need to start the process of unwinding the deregulation efforts that Trump carried out through the federal rule-making process — like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/climate/endangered-species-act-changes.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rollbacks on the Endangered Species Act\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and fuel-emissions standards — and writing new ones to take their place. Environmentalists are confident that a new administration could systematically undo each rollback, but that process could take two years, according to Hartl. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And the Biden administration would need to learn from Trump’s mistakes. Legal challenges from the industries that these regulations impact — the American Petroleum Institute, the National Mining Association — are inevitable, “so you have to go in and be prepared to defend it the first time,” says Hartl. That means following the process to the letter: establishing rules with legal backing from legislation like the Clean Air and Clean Water acts; opening the rule up to public comment; and then presenting a final rule that can stand up in court. Unlike Trump’s deregulation efforts, which were fighting against decades of environmental legislation, the law would be on Biden’s side. “The reality is that when Congress passed these laws,” says Hartl, “they were designed to make the environment better.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, Biden would have to start hiring like mad. Over the past four years, Trump’s EPA and Interior Department have hemorrhaged talent. The Bureau of Land Management moved the majority of its staff out of Washington, D.C., leading some 70% of that staff to resign, and the EPA is nearly as small as it was during the Nixon era, when the EPA was founded. “That pattern, in the most extreme way, is mirrored throughout the environmental agencies,” says Wetzler. “There’s been a real brain drain of people who can’t stand in an agency and support the agenda under the Trump administration, and we’ll have to put back the pieces of very demoralized, and in some cases broken agencies.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But from those ashes, Biden could build a coalition of climate advocates across his Cabinet. His transition team, and the 4,000 people they appoint, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://newrepublic.com/article/158198/inside-fight-shape-bidens-climate-policy\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">are arguably more influential than any campaign promises he could make\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “Personnel is policy,” says Jamal Raad, co-founder and campaign director for Evergreen Action, founded by former staffers of Gov. Jay Inslee’s presidential campaign. “We need to choose regulators that have a climate lens,” and that lens doesn’t end at the EPA — it can reach the Department of Agriculture, where we have to reimagine our food production to work with our changing climate, or the Treasury, where regulators could interpret the Dodd-Frank consumer protection act to include climate risks. And within the White House, Raad says, Biden could create a National Climate Council that’s equivalent to the National Economic Council. “There needs to be a plan to reorient the federal government so that climate is a lens in all decision making.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Heading into the general election, pressure from the left wing of the party shaped Biden’s $2 trillion climate plan, which is “a green new deal in all but name,” \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jul/20/joe-biden-has-endorsed-the-green-new-deal-in-all-but-name\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">wrote activist and journalist Julian Brave NoiseCat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “It’s the most progressive, forward-leaning environmental plan that any candidate for president has ever released,” says Wetzler of the NRDC Action Fund. “It would represent incredible progress.” And while the Biden campaign hasn’t laid out a timetable for the plan, “the Biden team has been signaling their prioritization of climate by making it central to their economic recovery plans,” says Raad. “I think that folks should be cautiously optimistic — but vigilant — on the prospect of climate being a priority early in the first term.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of course, this all hinges on what happens in November. And if Trump is reelected, his administration would have the chance to establish a legacy of more than just incompetence and squandered time. Four more years of Donald Trump being in charge of the environment could permanently alter the American landscape. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In some cases, it would give the Trump administration time to fight back against the legal challenges they face, leaning on courts that they’ve stacked with anti-environmental judges. And damage could be done that will be near impossible to undo — rules can be changed, but mines can’t be unmined. The Trump administration has pursued the largest rollback of federally protected land in U.S. history. Bears Ears National Monument in Utah, for example, which Trump shrunk by 85% in 2017, is in the crosshairs of uranium developers. Trump’s move has been mired in lawsuits, but a second term could give them the time to untangle them, and hand the land over to the uranium lobbyists. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Likewise, drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge was just approved in August, leaving little time for leasing, let alone actual development, before Inauguration Day. But if Trump wins, those leases are likely to move forward, as will the roads, pipelines, and oil rigs that come with them, doing permanent damage to a vital and fragile ecosystem. “Over time you’re looking at millions and millions of acres of fossil fuel leasing,” says Hartl from the Center for Biological Diversity Action Fund. “And eventually, once you get to the point where they’re actually putting drills in the ground, it’s very hard to undo that. You’re locking in a tremendous amount of fossil fuel infrastructure.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trump’s influence on the U.S. Supreme Court looms heavily for the environment as well. With Trump already raring to appoint a new justice to replace Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a second term is likely to offer him a fourth Supreme Court appointment, which would mean the highest court would house\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> seven\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Republican-appointed justices. When you’re suing over environmental issues, the court’s make-up can be the difference between having your day in court, and not. “For example, there’s a general judicial doctrine called ‘standing,’ or your ability to go to court to pursue your aggrieved interests,” explains Hartl. “Conservative judges want to narrow who has standing as much as possible, because that limits access to the courts. When you’re fighting for the environment, and your interest is protecting an endangered species or the atmosphere or the water, they’ve already made it hard for us to go to court, to have standing. And they can narrow it even further so that we don’t even have recourse. Our ability to just \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">fight\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for the environment is at stake.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The climate movement has never been more clear on what it is fighting for and what it needs to do, and finally has a presidential candidate who is signaling some willingness to do it. The prescription is fairly simple: Stop burning fossil fuels so we can begin drawing down the carbon in the atmosphere that’s overheating our planet and disrupting the systems that have supported life on Earth as we know it. The president has a lot of power to take that action, and we have no time to lose. “It’s true that we have 30 years [before an irreversible climate collapse], but \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">when\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> you act on that 30-year scale really affects how radically you have to act,” says Wetzler. “If you think about where the United States was at the beginning of the Trump administration — and where the world was, in terms of taking climate change seriously — it’s a huge, squandered opportunity.” This November, we can choose to act, and set ourselves back on course. “If this is a one-time, Black Swan event, we’re probably going to recover as a nation,” says Doniger. “This is the project of the century.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Andy Kroll contributed reporting to this story.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "'Light Years Ahead' Of Their Elders, Young Republicans Push GOP On Climate Change",
"headTitle": "‘Light Years Ahead’ Of Their Elders, Young Republicans Push GOP On Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Think “climate change activist” and a young, liberal student may come to mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/19/914233038/poll-climate-becomes-top-priority-for-democrats-trump-struggles-on-race-covid-19\">NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll\u003c/a> showed climate change is the top issue for Democratic voters. For Republicans, it barely registers overall, but there is a growing generational divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/24/millennial-and-gen-z-republicans-stand-out-from-their-elders-on-climate-and-energy-issues/\">Pew Research Center survey\u003c/a> shows Republicans 18 to 39 years old are more concerned about the climate than their elders. By a nearly 2-to-1 margin they are more likely to agree that “human activity contributes a great deal to climate change,” and “the federal government is doing too little to reduce the effects of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these young conservatives are starting environmental groups and becoming climate activists. And now they’re pushing their party to do more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benji Backer started the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acc.eco/blog/2020/9/3/electric-election-announcement\">American Conservation Coalition\u003c/a> in 2017, after his freshman year in college, and says his love of nature comes in part from his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were Audubon members, Nature Conservancy members. But they were conservative, and I grew up not thinking that the environment should be political at all,” said Backer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet these days, environmental politics dominates his life. From now until the November election, Backer is driving an electric car across the country, talking about his group’s climate agenda and posting videos along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backer is promoting his group’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatesolution.eco/the-american-climate-contract\">American Climate Contract\u003c/a>, which is a conservative, market-focused response to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/climate/green-new-deal-questions-answers.html\">Green New Deal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s critical of fellow conservatives who ignore climate change. He praised Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg when they both \u003ca href=\"https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4823780/user-clip-benji-backer-testimony\">testified before Congress\u003c/a> last year. And Backer says he wants to work with liberal climate activists to pass legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how will he vote in November?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If President Trump wants to get my vote, he’s going to have to prioritize climate change in a way that he has not done over the past four years,” Backer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he’s undecided so far, Backer says he was disappointed climate change wasn’t even discussed at the Republican National Convention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to NPR the Trump campaign said, “President Trump’s record on the environment proves you can have energy independence and a clean, healthy environment without destroying the economy, overregulating, or burdening American taxpayers.” The statement never mentions climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Young Republicans are light years ahead of their elder counterparts on this issue,” said Kiera O’Brien, founder and president of \u003ca href=\"https://www.yccdaction.org/\">Young Conservatives for Carbon Dividends\u003c/a>, which supports a \u003ca href=\"https://clcouncil.org/our-plan/\">carbon tax proposal\u003c/a> to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Brien grew up in Alaska and says young conservatives are motivated by mounting evidence that the climate is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re seeing the impacts firsthand, whether it’s myself in Alaska with algal blooms that are turning the ocean weird colors, or with flooding in the Gulf Coast, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/hurricane-laura-live-updates/2020/08/27/906633395/hurricanes-like-laura-are-more-likely-because-of-climate-change\">hurricanes\u003c/a> that are unprecedented at this point,” O’Brien said. She calls her generation “the climate generation,” and says \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/28/905622947/everything-is-unprecedented-welcome-to-your-hotter-earth\">effects\u003c/a> they were told were far off are happening now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some liberal climate activists are encouraged to see young conservatives join them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It means a real hope for the future because it speaks to our generationally shared values: truth, empathy, and patriotism,” said Nikayla Jefferson, with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunrisemovement.org/\">Sunrise Movement\u003c/a>. “Climate change knows no party lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former South Carolina Republican Congressman Bob Inglis says young conservative climate activists are being faithful to their age cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s that they, along with their progressive friends, plan on living on the Earth longer than, say, their parents or grandparents,” says Inglis, executive dfirector of the conservative climate group \u003ca href=\"https://republicen.org/\">republicEn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inglis says for this generation, addressing climate change is becoming a moral issue more than a political one. And that makes him optimistic the country will eventually take more action to address the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demographics are definitely going to deliver a win for climate change. I am absolutely certain we are going to win on climate policy. The question is whether we win soon enough to avoid the worst consequences,” Inglis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that time line is short, but Inglis believes the country is more likely to succeed if both sides of the aisle are focused on the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Light+Years+Ahead%27+Of+Their+Elders%2C+Young+Republicans+Push+GOP+On+Climate+Change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Climate change is a major election issue for Democrats, but not Republicans. Yet polls show many young conservatives are concerned about climate impacts, and some are lobbying for solutions.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Think “climate change activist” and a young, liberal student may come to mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/19/914233038/poll-climate-becomes-top-priority-for-democrats-trump-struggles-on-race-covid-19\">NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll\u003c/a> showed climate change is the top issue for Democratic voters. For Republicans, it barely registers overall, but there is a growing generational divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/24/millennial-and-gen-z-republicans-stand-out-from-their-elders-on-climate-and-energy-issues/\">Pew Research Center survey\u003c/a> shows Republicans 18 to 39 years old are more concerned about the climate than their elders. By a nearly 2-to-1 margin they are more likely to agree that “human activity contributes a great deal to climate change,” and “the federal government is doing too little to reduce the effects of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these young conservatives are starting environmental groups and becoming climate activists. And now they’re pushing their party to do more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benji Backer started the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acc.eco/blog/2020/9/3/electric-election-announcement\">American Conservation Coalition\u003c/a> in 2017, after his freshman year in college, and says his love of nature comes in part from his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were Audubon members, Nature Conservancy members. But they were conservative, and I grew up not thinking that the environment should be political at all,” said Backer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet these days, environmental politics dominates his life. From now until the November election, Backer is driving an electric car across the country, talking about his group’s climate agenda and posting videos along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backer is promoting his group’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatesolution.eco/the-american-climate-contract\">American Climate Contract\u003c/a>, which is a conservative, market-focused response to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/climate/green-new-deal-questions-answers.html\">Green New Deal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s critical of fellow conservatives who ignore climate change. He praised Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg when they both \u003ca href=\"https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4823780/user-clip-benji-backer-testimony\">testified before Congress\u003c/a> last year. And Backer says he wants to work with liberal climate activists to pass legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how will he vote in November?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If President Trump wants to get my vote, he’s going to have to prioritize climate change in a way that he has not done over the past four years,” Backer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he’s undecided so far, Backer says he was disappointed climate change wasn’t even discussed at the Republican National Convention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to NPR the Trump campaign said, “President Trump’s record on the environment proves you can have energy independence and a clean, healthy environment without destroying the economy, overregulating, or burdening American taxpayers.” The statement never mentions climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Young Republicans are light years ahead of their elder counterparts on this issue,” said Kiera O’Brien, founder and president of \u003ca href=\"https://www.yccdaction.org/\">Young Conservatives for Carbon Dividends\u003c/a>, which supports a \u003ca href=\"https://clcouncil.org/our-plan/\">carbon tax proposal\u003c/a> to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Brien grew up in Alaska and says young conservatives are motivated by mounting evidence that the climate is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re seeing the impacts firsthand, whether it’s myself in Alaska with algal blooms that are turning the ocean weird colors, or with flooding in the Gulf Coast, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/hurricane-laura-live-updates/2020/08/27/906633395/hurricanes-like-laura-are-more-likely-because-of-climate-change\">hurricanes\u003c/a> that are unprecedented at this point,” O’Brien said. She calls her generation “the climate generation,” and says \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/28/905622947/everything-is-unprecedented-welcome-to-your-hotter-earth\">effects\u003c/a> they were told were far off are happening now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some liberal climate activists are encouraged to see young conservatives join them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It means a real hope for the future because it speaks to our generationally shared values: truth, empathy, and patriotism,” said Nikayla Jefferson, with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunrisemovement.org/\">Sunrise Movement\u003c/a>. “Climate change knows no party lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former South Carolina Republican Congressman Bob Inglis says young conservative climate activists are being faithful to their age cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s that they, along with their progressive friends, plan on living on the Earth longer than, say, their parents or grandparents,” says Inglis, executive dfirector of the conservative climate group \u003ca href=\"https://republicen.org/\">republicEn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inglis says for this generation, addressing climate change is becoming a moral issue more than a political one. And that makes him optimistic the country will eventually take more action to address the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demographics are definitely going to deliver a win for climate change. I am absolutely certain we are going to win on climate policy. The question is whether we win soon enough to avoid the worst consequences,” Inglis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that time line is short, but Inglis believes the country is more likely to succeed if both sides of the aisle are focused on the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Light+Years+Ahead%27+Of+Their+Elders%2C+Young+Republicans+Push+GOP+On+Climate+Change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "1 In 7 Americans Have Experienced Dangerous Air Quality Due To Wildfires This Year",
"headTitle": "1 In 7 Americans Have Experienced Dangerous Air Quality Due To Wildfires This Year | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Wildfires near cities have become commonplace in the Western United States, but this year the reach and intensity of the dangerous air pollution they produce has been the worst on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Americans in populous, urban areas endured smoke for longer than previous years. Some places experienced very unhealthy or hazardous air from wildfires for the first time ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR analysis of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/air-quality-index-daily-values-report\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency air quality data\u003c/a> found that nearly 50 million people in California, Oregon and Washington live in counties that experienced at least one day of “unhealthy” or worse air quality during wildfire season so far this year. That’s 1 in 7 Americans, an increase of more than 9 million people compared with 2018, the worst previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this year’s wildfire season is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res915724523\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-wildfire-waffle-20200917\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/wildfire-waffle-20200917/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- END ID=\"RES915724523\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP STATICHTML\" -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res915724766\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-wildfires-county-breakdown-20200922\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/wildfires-county-breakdown-20200922/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>NPR’s analysis looked at air quality on days from July to January of each year, specifically focusing on small inhalable particles that can lodge deep in the lungs and be harmful to humans. An EPA spokesperson said this kind of pollutant, known as PM2.5, is the most likely culprit found in the air from wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA publishes data going back to 1980, though much of the earlier data is missing information about PM2.5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the warming climate \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/28/905622947/everything-is-unprecedented-welcome-to-your-hotter-earth\">has lengthened\u003c/a> the fire season, some places, especially in California, have grown accustomed to the related air quality problems. But the intensity and spread of this year’s fires also brought dangerous smoke to big cities such as Seattle and\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/14/912701172/its-a-bit-surreal-oregon-fights-smoke-from-record-wildfires-during-a-pandemic\"> Portland\u003c/a>, Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 17 million people — the most ever recorded during fire season — live in counties where air quality reached levels deemed “very unhealthy” or “hazardous.” This is the range where the EPA says \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/air-data-basic-information\">everyone may be at risk for serious health effects\u003c/a>, and they recommend children, older people and those with lung disease avoid any outdoor exertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, it wasn’t just a short-term inconvenience. The very unhealthy air lingered for an average of 4.1 days this year, more than twice as long as the average over the previous decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the readings were higher than the EPA’s own scale. Marion County, home to Oregon’s capital, Salem, hit an air quality index of 710 on Sept. 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, 36 counties in Washington, Oregon and California experienced very unhealthy air quality due to particulate matter during wildfire season for the first time ever recorded, including Multnomah County, Oregon, where Portland is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immediate health effects of living in and breathing wildfire smoke are well-known to the medical community and obvious to anyone who’s been exposed: Eyes sting, throats tighten, snot can turn black. Smoke pollution can raise heart rates and exacerbate respiratory problems such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Recent research even suggests smoke exposure could lead to an \u003ca href=\"https://www.mtpr.org/post/wildfire-smoke-could-intensify-spread-deadliness-covid-19-researchers-say\">increased risk \u003c/a>of getting COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much less is known about possible health effects after the smoke clears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not well studied because this has become more of a phenomenon in the last decade, where we’ve had these major fires across the world,” says Dr. Karthik Mahadevan, a pulmonologist in Springfield, Oregon, who saw a spike of respiratory calls during last week’s heavy smoke. “We don’t know what the long-term impacts are going to be for our patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Nathan Rott contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=1+In+7+Americans+Have+Experienced+Dangerous+Air+Quality+Due+To+Wildfires+This+Year+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildfires near cities have become commonplace in the Western United States, but this year the reach and intensity of the dangerous air pollution they produce has been the worst on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Americans in populous, urban areas endured smoke for longer than previous years. Some places experienced very unhealthy or hazardous air from wildfires for the first time ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR analysis of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/air-quality-index-daily-values-report\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency air quality data\u003c/a> found that nearly 50 million people in California, Oregon and Washington live in counties that experienced at least one day of “unhealthy” or worse air quality during wildfire season so far this year. That’s 1 in 7 Americans, an increase of more than 9 million people compared with 2018, the worst previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this year’s wildfire season is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res915724523\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-wildfire-waffle-20200917\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/wildfire-waffle-20200917/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- END ID=\"RES915724523\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP STATICHTML\" -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res915724766\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-wildfires-county-breakdown-20200922\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/wildfires-county-breakdown-20200922/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>NPR’s analysis looked at air quality on days from July to January of each year, specifically focusing on small inhalable particles that can lodge deep in the lungs and be harmful to humans. An EPA spokesperson said this kind of pollutant, known as PM2.5, is the most likely culprit found in the air from wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA publishes data going back to 1980, though much of the earlier data is missing information about PM2.5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the warming climate \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/28/905622947/everything-is-unprecedented-welcome-to-your-hotter-earth\">has lengthened\u003c/a> the fire season, some places, especially in California, have grown accustomed to the related air quality problems. But the intensity and spread of this year’s fires also brought dangerous smoke to big cities such as Seattle and\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/14/912701172/its-a-bit-surreal-oregon-fights-smoke-from-record-wildfires-during-a-pandemic\"> Portland\u003c/a>, Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 17 million people — the most ever recorded during fire season — live in counties where air quality reached levels deemed “very unhealthy” or “hazardous.” This is the range where the EPA says \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/air-data-basic-information\">everyone may be at risk for serious health effects\u003c/a>, and they recommend children, older people and those with lung disease avoid any outdoor exertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, it wasn’t just a short-term inconvenience. The very unhealthy air lingered for an average of 4.1 days this year, more than twice as long as the average over the previous decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the readings were higher than the EPA’s own scale. Marion County, home to Oregon’s capital, Salem, hit an air quality index of 710 on Sept. 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, 36 counties in Washington, Oregon and California experienced very unhealthy air quality due to particulate matter during wildfire season for the first time ever recorded, including Multnomah County, Oregon, where Portland is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The immediate health effects of living in and breathing wildfire smoke are well-known to the medical community and obvious to anyone who’s been exposed: Eyes sting, throats tighten, snot can turn black. Smoke pollution can raise heart rates and exacerbate respiratory problems such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Recent research even suggests smoke exposure could lead to an \u003ca href=\"https://www.mtpr.org/post/wildfire-smoke-could-intensify-spread-deadliness-covid-19-researchers-say\">increased risk \u003c/a>of getting COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much less is known about possible health effects after the smoke clears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not well studied because this has become more of a phenomenon in the last decade, where we’ve had these major fires across the world,” says Dr. Karthik Mahadevan, a pulmonologist in Springfield, Oregon, who saw a spike of respiratory calls during last week’s heavy smoke. “We don’t know what the long-term impacts are going to be for our patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Nathan Rott contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=1+In+7+Americans+Have+Experienced+Dangerous+Air+Quality+Due+To+Wildfires+This+Year+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Newsom Directs California to End Sales of New Gas-Powered Cars and Trucks",
"headTitle": "Newsom Directs California to End Sales of New Gas-Powered Cars and Trucks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California will halt sales of new gasoline-powered passenger cars and trucks by 2035, Gov. Gavin Newsom announced Wednesday, a move he says will cut greenhouse gas emissions by 35% in the nation’s most populous state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]The executive order would not ban people from owning gas-powered cars or selling them on the used car market. But it would end the sales of all new gasoline-powered passenger cars and trucks in the state by 2035.[/pullquote]The \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/9.23.2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">executive order\u003c/a> would not ban people from owning gas-powered cars or selling them on the used car market. But it would end the sales of all new gasoline-powered passenger cars and trucks in the state of nearly 40 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s order directs the California Air Resources Board to develop and approve regulations to meet the deadline, requiring “increasing volumes of new zero-emission vehicles sold in the state” until the 100% target in 2035. The governor also ordered the board to make a rule requiring that all medium and heavy-duty trucks be 100% zero-emission by 2045, “where feasible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pull away from the gas pumps,” Newsom said at a press conference. “Let us no longer be victims of geopolitical dictators that manipulate global supply chains and global markets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and the roughly dozen states that follow its lead on auto emissions standards make up a significant part of the U.S. auto market, giving the day’s move huge potential impact for the U.S. automobile industry as well as for long-term efforts against pollution and climate change, which is driven by fossil-fuel emissions. It also is likely to meet opposition from President Trump, who wants to roll back tougher Obama-era auto emissions standards and is battling California to force it to comply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Newsom’s announcement, the White House signaled its displeasure with the move. Administration spokesman Judd Deere said Newsom’s order will hurt the economy and is “yet another example of how extreme the left has become. They want the government to dictate every aspect of every Americans’ life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch today’s announcement and press conference with Gov. Gavin Newsom\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/yEkGlJWu864?t=897\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already has rules mandating that a certain percentage of new car sales be electric or zero-emission vehicles. The new rule, if implemented, would make California the first U.S. state with a plan to phase them out completely. The state has a goal of relying 100% on clean, renewable energy by 2045. Gasoline and diesel-powered cars and trucks are the biggest impediment to reaching that target, as they account for more than half of the state’s carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 15 other countries, including Germany, France and Norway, have made similar commitments to eliminating gas-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the directive on cars and trucks, Newsom ordered state agencies to speed up development of charging stations across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To accommodate all the new electric vehicles, California will certainly need to install many more charging stations, especially in places where people work, says Michael Wara, director of Stanford’s Climate and Energy Policy Program. The state should incentivize people to charge their cars during the day, he says, when solar energy is most abundant, and not at night, which is usually more convenient but will draw on more nonrenewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can accomplish that goal, managing grid stability will not be a challenge,” Wara said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While implementation of the order would help reduce pollution, says Fraser Shilling, co-director of the Road Ecology Center at UC Davis, production of all the new electric vehicles would still consume a significant amount of energy, including from fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Electric vehicles have their own carbon footprint,” he said. “The popular thing from an environmental point of view is to say, ‘This is great, this will help us deal with climate change because we’re reducing gasoline and diesel burning vehicles on roads. But it’s also important to keep our eye on the ball that not all of transportation’s impacts on the environment are solved by electrification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Bozzella, president of the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, an industry group, said in a statement that while car companies are “committed to expanding vehicle electrification … neither mandates nor bans build successful markets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s executive order “will require increased infrastructure, incentives, fleet requirements, building codes, and much more,” Bozzella said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of insights at the Edmunds.com auto pricing site, said Newsom’s announcement “does seem like this is a significant shot fired against” the internal combustion engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She expects the California announcement to trigger high-level meetings at all the auto companies that were moving toward electric vehicles but didn’t expect a zero-emissions mandate in 15 years. Automakers may have to rethink manufacturing and capital spending plans because of the requirement, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gas Vehicles Still Dominate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has more electric vehicles on the road than any other state, according to \u003ca href=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal data\u003c/a>, and Newsom said half of all U.S. electric cars are driven here. In the first quarter of 2020, an electric car, the Tesla Model 3, was the top selling new car model in California for the first time, edging out the Honda Civic, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cncda.org/wp-content/uploads/Cal-Covering-1Q-20-REVISED.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California New Car Dealers Association.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the gains, combustion engines in cars and trucks still dominate the state’s highways and roads. California registered 99,704 new electric cars and trucks in 2019, which was 5.3% of the market, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cncda.org/wp-content/uploads/Cal-Covering-4Q-19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according\u003c/a> to the car dealer association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the state \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://apnews.com/fd8f133957b8e6675035f41025635510\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://apnews.com/fd8f133957b8e6675035f41025635510\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">stopped\u003c/a> offering rebates for buyers of electric cars or plug-in hybrid vehicles that cost more than $60,000. State air regulators also reduced the standard rebate by $500 per vehicle, from $2,500 to $2,000 for all-electric cars. In addition, it eliminated rebates for plug-in hybrid cars with an electric-battery range of less than 35 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked what incentives he plans for encouraging Californians to buy electric cars, Newsom said the state would continue “the tried and true policies” of encouraging adoption through credits, vouchers and rebates. He said electric vehicle use has “grown exponentially,” with “more models, more choice for consumers. The cost is beginning to decline, and we’re just a few years away from parity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on Wednesday, Newsom called on the Legislature to eliminate new fracking licenses by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is a technique that allows energy companies to extract huge volumes of oil and gas from shale rock deep underground. It involves injecting high-pressure mixtures of water, sand or gravel and chemicals into rock. Fracking opponents say the chemicals involved threaten water supplies and public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kassie Siegel, director of the Center for Biological Diversity’s Climate Law Institute, called Newsom’s order “a big step,” but said it “provided rhetoric rather than real action on the other critical half of the climate problem — California’s dirty oil production.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Newsom can’t claim climate leadership while handing out permits to oil companies to drill and frack,” she said. “He has the power to protect Californians from oil industry pollution, and he needs to use it, not pass the buck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order comes as massive wildfires have burned a record 5,600 square miles (14,500 square kilometers) in California this year. Experts say the size and intensity of the fires are aided by warmer temperatures and years of drought brought on by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California will halt sales of new gasoline-powered passenger cars and trucks by 2035, Gov. Gavin Newsom announced Wednesday, a move he says will cut greenhouse gas emissions by 35% in the state.",
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"description": "California will halt sales of new gasoline-powered passenger cars and trucks by 2035, Gov. Gavin Newsom announced Wednesday, a move he says will cut greenhouse gas emissions by 35% in the state.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California will halt sales of new gasoline-powered passenger cars and trucks by 2035, Gov. Gavin Newsom announced Wednesday, a move he says will cut greenhouse gas emissions by 35% in the nation’s most populous state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "The executive order would not ban people from owning gas-powered cars or selling them on the used car market. But it would end the sales of all new gasoline-powered passenger cars and trucks in the state by 2035.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/9.23.2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">executive order\u003c/a> would not ban people from owning gas-powered cars or selling them on the used car market. But it would end the sales of all new gasoline-powered passenger cars and trucks in the state of nearly 40 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s order directs the California Air Resources Board to develop and approve regulations to meet the deadline, requiring “increasing volumes of new zero-emission vehicles sold in the state” until the 100% target in 2035. The governor also ordered the board to make a rule requiring that all medium and heavy-duty trucks be 100% zero-emission by 2045, “where feasible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pull away from the gas pumps,” Newsom said at a press conference. “Let us no longer be victims of geopolitical dictators that manipulate global supply chains and global markets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and the roughly dozen states that follow its lead on auto emissions standards make up a significant part of the U.S. auto market, giving the day’s move huge potential impact for the U.S. automobile industry as well as for long-term efforts against pollution and climate change, which is driven by fossil-fuel emissions. It also is likely to meet opposition from President Trump, who wants to roll back tougher Obama-era auto emissions standards and is battling California to force it to comply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Newsom’s announcement, the White House signaled its displeasure with the move. Administration spokesman Judd Deere said Newsom’s order will hurt the economy and is “yet another example of how extreme the left has become. They want the government to dictate every aspect of every Americans’ life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch today’s announcement and press conference with Gov. Gavin Newsom\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/yEkGlJWu864'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/yEkGlJWu864'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>California already has rules mandating that a certain percentage of new car sales be electric or zero-emission vehicles. The new rule, if implemented, would make California the first U.S. state with a plan to phase them out completely. The state has a goal of relying 100% on clean, renewable energy by 2045. Gasoline and diesel-powered cars and trucks are the biggest impediment to reaching that target, as they account for more than half of the state’s carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 15 other countries, including Germany, France and Norway, have made similar commitments to eliminating gas-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the directive on cars and trucks, Newsom ordered state agencies to speed up development of charging stations across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To accommodate all the new electric vehicles, California will certainly need to install many more charging stations, especially in places where people work, says Michael Wara, director of Stanford’s Climate and Energy Policy Program. The state should incentivize people to charge their cars during the day, he says, when solar energy is most abundant, and not at night, which is usually more convenient but will draw on more nonrenewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can accomplish that goal, managing grid stability will not be a challenge,” Wara said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While implementation of the order would help reduce pollution, says Fraser Shilling, co-director of the Road Ecology Center at UC Davis, production of all the new electric vehicles would still consume a significant amount of energy, including from fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Electric vehicles have their own carbon footprint,” he said. “The popular thing from an environmental point of view is to say, ‘This is great, this will help us deal with climate change because we’re reducing gasoline and diesel burning vehicles on roads. But it’s also important to keep our eye on the ball that not all of transportation’s impacts on the environment are solved by electrification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Bozzella, president of the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, an industry group, said in a statement that while car companies are “committed to expanding vehicle electrification … neither mandates nor bans build successful markets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s executive order “will require increased infrastructure, incentives, fleet requirements, building codes, and much more,” Bozzella said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of insights at the Edmunds.com auto pricing site, said Newsom’s announcement “does seem like this is a significant shot fired against” the internal combustion engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She expects the California announcement to trigger high-level meetings at all the auto companies that were moving toward electric vehicles but didn’t expect a zero-emissions mandate in 15 years. Automakers may have to rethink manufacturing and capital spending plans because of the requirement, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gas Vehicles Still Dominate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has more electric vehicles on the road than any other state, according to \u003ca href=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal data\u003c/a>, and Newsom said half of all U.S. electric cars are driven here. In the first quarter of 2020, an electric car, the Tesla Model 3, was the top selling new car model in California for the first time, edging out the Honda Civic, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cncda.org/wp-content/uploads/Cal-Covering-1Q-20-REVISED.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California New Car Dealers Association.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the gains, combustion engines in cars and trucks still dominate the state’s highways and roads. California registered 99,704 new electric cars and trucks in 2019, which was 5.3% of the market, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cncda.org/wp-content/uploads/Cal-Covering-4Q-19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according\u003c/a> to the car dealer association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the state \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://apnews.com/fd8f133957b8e6675035f41025635510\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://apnews.com/fd8f133957b8e6675035f41025635510\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">stopped\u003c/a> offering rebates for buyers of electric cars or plug-in hybrid vehicles that cost more than $60,000. State air regulators also reduced the standard rebate by $500 per vehicle, from $2,500 to $2,000 for all-electric cars. In addition, it eliminated rebates for plug-in hybrid cars with an electric-battery range of less than 35 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked what incentives he plans for encouraging Californians to buy electric cars, Newsom said the state would continue “the tried and true policies” of encouraging adoption through credits, vouchers and rebates. He said electric vehicle use has “grown exponentially,” with “more models, more choice for consumers. The cost is beginning to decline, and we’re just a few years away from parity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on Wednesday, Newsom called on the Legislature to eliminate new fracking licenses by 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is a technique that allows energy companies to extract huge volumes of oil and gas from shale rock deep underground. It involves injecting high-pressure mixtures of water, sand or gravel and chemicals into rock. Fracking opponents say the chemicals involved threaten water supplies and public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kassie Siegel, director of the Center for Biological Diversity’s Climate Law Institute, called Newsom’s order “a big step,” but said it “provided rhetoric rather than real action on the other critical half of the climate problem — California’s dirty oil production.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Newsom can’t claim climate leadership while handing out permits to oil companies to drill and frack,” she said. “He has the power to protect Californians from oil industry pollution, and he needs to use it, not pass the buck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order comes as massive wildfires have burned a record 5,600 square miles (14,500 square kilometers) in California this year. Experts say the size and intensity of the fires are aided by warmer temperatures and years of drought brought on by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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