window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"science_1972807": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972807",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972807",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972802,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47279_GettyImages-1231222415-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47279_GettyImages-1231222415-qut-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47279_GettyImages-1231222415-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47279_GettyImages-1231222415-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47279_GettyImages-1231222415-qut-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47279_GettyImages-1231222415-qut-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1024
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47279_GettyImages-1231222415-qut-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47279_GettyImages-1231222415-qut-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
}
},
"publishDate": 1613699329,
"modified": 1613783759,
"caption": "A sign states that a Fiesta Mart is closed because of a power outage in Austin, Texas, on Feb. 17, 2021. ",
"description": null,
"title": "Texas Struggles With Unprecedented Cold And Power Outages",
"credit": "Montinique Monroe/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972791": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972791",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972791",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972789,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47253_GettyImages-1210613578-qut-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47253_GettyImages-1210613578-qut-1-160x99.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 99
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47253_GettyImages-1210613578-qut-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47253_GettyImages-1210613578-qut-1.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1183
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47253_GettyImages-1210613578-qut-1-1020x628.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 628
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47253_GettyImages-1210613578-qut-1-1536x946.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 946
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47253_GettyImages-1210613578-qut-1-800x493.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 493
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47253_GettyImages-1210613578-qut-1-768x473.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 473
}
},
"publishDate": 1613673149,
"modified": 1613684513,
"caption": "An oil pumpjack operates in Signal Hill, south of Los Angeles on April 21, 2020.",
"description": null,
"title": "TOPSHOT-US-HEALTH-VIRUS-OIL-ENERGY",
"credit": "Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1964240": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1964240",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1964240",
"found": true
},
"parent": 0,
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-and-Opportunity-AC-NASAJPLCaltech-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-and-Opportunity-AC-NASAJPLCaltech-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-and-Opportunity-AC-NASAJPLCaltech.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 450
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-and-Opportunity-AC-NASAJPLCaltech-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/05/Perseverance-and-Opportunity-AC-NASAJPLCaltech-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
}
},
"publishDate": 1589403458,
"modified": 1613684124,
"caption": "Artist concept of the rover Perseverance (background) and the experimental Mars helicopter, Ingenuity. ",
"description": null,
"title": "Perseverance and Opportunity-AC-NASAJPLCaltech",
"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972728": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972728",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972728",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972725,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47192_GettyImages-1228427838-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47192_GettyImages-1228427838-qut-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47192_GettyImages-1228427838-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47192_GettyImages-1228427838-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47192_GettyImages-1228427838-qut-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47192_GettyImages-1228427838-qut-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1024
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47192_GettyImages-1228427838-qut-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47192_GettyImages-1228427838-qut-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
}
},
"publishDate": 1613073825,
"modified": 1613512574,
"caption": "An orange glow is seen over a darkened Howard Street as smoke from various wildfires burning across Northern California mixes with the marine layer on Sept. 9, 2020 in San Francisco, California. ",
"description": null,
"title": "wildfire smoke",
"credit": "Philip Pacheco/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972736": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972736",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972736",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972713,
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin-160x108.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 108
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin-638x372.jpg",
"width": 638,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin.jpg",
"width": 638,
"height": 431
}
},
"publishDate": 1613174243,
"modified": 1613174243,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "pinesiskin",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972703": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972703",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972703",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972702,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-scaled.jpg",
"width": 2560,
"height": 1920
},
"2048x2048": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-2048x1536.jpg",
"width": 2048,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1536
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-1536x1152.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1152
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-1231051393-fe20e1a15a1ba2a4725021030aa21885e99d58f4-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
}
},
"publishDate": 1612998893,
"modified": 1613000871,
"caption": "This illustration shows a woman wearing two face masks, a cloth mask over a surgical mask, in Arlington, Virginia, on Feb. 8, 2021. As new, more transmissible variants of the coronavirus spread, experts say it's time to consider using a medical-grade respirator, or wearing a surgical and cloth mask together. ",
"description": "This illustration shows a woman wearing two facemasks, a cloth mask over a surgical mask, in Arlington, Virginia, on February 8, 2021. - As new, more transmissible variants of the coronavirus spread, experts say it's time to consider using a medical-grade respirator, or wearing a surgical and cloth mask together. Scientists have agreed for some time the main way the virus is spread is through the air, rather than surfaces, and there's growing evidence that small droplets from ordinary breathing and speech that can travel many meters (yards) are a common mode of transmission. (Photo by OLIVIER DOULIERY / AFP) (Photo by OLIVIER DOULIERY/AFP via Getty Images)",
"title": "As new, more transmissible variants of the coronavirus spread, the CDC says wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask offers increased protection against the virus.",
"credit": "Olivier Douliery/AFP via Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": "This illustration shows a woman wearing two facemasks, a cloth mask over a surgical mask, in Arlington, Virginia, on February 8, 2021.",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972678": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972678",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972678",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972677,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47133_GettyImages-76412145-1-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47133_GettyImages-76412145-1-qut-160x109.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 109
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47133_GettyImages-76412145-1-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47133_GettyImages-76412145-1-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1309
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47133_GettyImages-76412145-1-qut-1020x695.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 695
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47133_GettyImages-76412145-1-qut-1536x1047.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1047
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47133_GettyImages-76412145-1-qut-800x545.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 545
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47133_GettyImages-76412145-1-qut-768x524.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 524
}
},
"publishDate": 1612820573,
"modified": 1612906890,
"caption": "The sun shines over towers carrying electrical lines on Aug. 30, 2007, in South San Francisco, Calif. ",
"description": null,
"title": "California Power Grid Strained By Heat Wave",
"credit": "Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972434": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972434",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972434",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972554,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/image_5608_2e-Jupiter-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-David-Marriott-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/image_5608_2e-Jupiter-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-David-Marriott-160x99.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 99
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/image_5608_2e-Jupiter-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-David-Marriott-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/image_5608_2e-Jupiter-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-David-Marriott.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1182
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/image_5608_2e-Jupiter-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-David-Marriott-1020x628.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 628
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/image_5608_2e-Jupiter-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-David-Marriott-1536x946.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 946
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/image_5608_2e-Jupiter-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-David-Marriott-800x493.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 493
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/image_5608_2e-Jupiter-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-David-Marriott-768x473.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 473
}
},
"publishDate": 1611779939,
"modified": 1612821688,
"caption": "An image of Jupiter taken by NASA's Juno spacecraft from a vantage point above high latitude polar regions. Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. ",
"description": "Image of Jupiter taken by NASA's Juno spacecraft from a vantage point above high latitude polar regions. Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. ",
"title": "image_5608_2e-Jupiter-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-David Marriott",
"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972642": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972642",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972642",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972623,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47070_GettyImages-1226432152-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47070_GettyImages-1226432152-qut-160x105.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 105
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47070_GettyImages-1226432152-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47070_GettyImages-1226432152-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1264
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47070_GettyImages-1226432152-qut-1020x672.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 672
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47070_GettyImages-1226432152-qut-1536x1011.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1011
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47070_GettyImages-1226432152-qut-800x527.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 527
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47070_GettyImages-1226432152-qut-768x506.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 506
}
},
"publishDate": 1612554904,
"modified": 1612562021,
"caption": "Paramedics drop off a patient in the emergency room at Regional Medical Center on May 21, 2020, in San Jose. Front-line workers are continuing to care for COVID-19 patients throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. Paramedics and hospital workers are among those covered under the state's Airborne Transmissible Diseases rule.",
"description": "Paramedics drop off a patient in the emergency room at Regional Medical Center on May 21, 2020 in San Jose. Frontline workers are continuing to care for COVID-19 patients throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. Paramedics and hospital workers are among those covered under the state's Airborne Transmissible Disease rule.",
"title": "Bay Area Hospital Workers On The Frontlines Of COVID-19 Pandemic",
"credit": "Justin Sullivan/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": "Paramedics drop off a patient in the emergency room at Regional Medical Center on May 21, 2020 in San Jose. Frontline workers are continuing to care for COVID-19 patients throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. Paramedics and hospital workers are among those covered under the state's Airborne Transmissible Disease rule.",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972628": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972628",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972628",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972627,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47031_GettyImages-1230936684-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47031_GettyImages-1230936684-qut-160x105.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 105
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47031_GettyImages-1230936684-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47031_GettyImages-1230936684-qut.jpg",
"width": 1703,
"height": 1115
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47031_GettyImages-1230936684-qut-1020x668.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 668
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47031_GettyImages-1230936684-qut-1536x1006.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1006
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47031_GettyImages-1230936684-qut-800x524.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 524
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47031_GettyImages-1230936684-qut-768x503.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 503
}
},
"publishDate": 1612473942,
"modified": 1612475937,
"caption": "A nurse gives a COVID-19 vaccine shot to a patient at the Cal State Northridge COVID-19 vaccination center in Northridge, Calif., on Feb. 2, 2021. ",
"description": null,
"title": "US-HEALTH-VIRUS-VACCINE",
"credit": "Valarie Macon/AFP via Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972610": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972610",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972610",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972607,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47029_2021_02-03_AI_Snow_Survey-11-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47029_2021_02-03_AI_Snow_Survey-11-qut-160x106.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 106
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47029_2021_02-03_AI_Snow_Survey-11-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47029_2021_02-03_AI_Snow_Survey-11-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1270
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47029_2021_02-03_AI_Snow_Survey-11-qut-1020x675.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47029_2021_02-03_AI_Snow_Survey-11-qut-1536x1016.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1016
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47029_2021_02-03_AI_Snow_Survey-11-qut-800x529.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 529
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/RS47029_2021_02-03_AI_Snow_Survey-11-qut-768x508.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 508
}
},
"publishDate": 1612396101,
"modified": 1612404391,
"caption": "Nick Ellis, left, an electrical engineer for Statewide Monitoring Network Section, assists Sean de Guzman, chief of DWR's Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasting Section, as they evaluate a measurement during a snow survey at Phillips Station in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 90 miles east of Sacramento off Highway 50 in El Dorado County, on Feb. 3, 2021.\n\n",
"description": null,
"title": "RS47029_2021_02-03_AI_Snow_Survey-11-qut",
"credit": "Andrew Innerarity/California Department of Water Resources ",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1972585": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1972585",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972585",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1972584,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-160x110.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 110
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-scaled.jpg",
"width": 2560,
"height": 1762
},
"2048x2048": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-2048x1410.jpg",
"width": 2048,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1410
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-1020x702.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 702
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-1536x1057.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1057
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-1920x1322.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1322
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-800x551.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 551
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/gettyimages-527740276_custom-44a9fba694aee1e1f2cd4d4751a8498bea2e25f3-768x529.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 529
}
},
"publishDate": 1612380054,
"modified": 1612380471,
"caption": "President Biden has set a goal of making the U.S. carbon neutral by 2050, which will require steeper emissions cuts than the U.S. has ever achieved. To reach it, coal power would have to wane into a footnote, replaced by renewables like solar and wind.\n",
"description": null,
"title": "President Biden has set a goal of making the U.S. carbon neutral by 2050, which will require steeper emissions cuts than the U.S. has ever achieved. To reach it, coal power would have to wane into a footnote, replaced by renewables like solar and wind.",
"credit": "Alex Wong/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"altTag": null,
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_science_1972789": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1972789",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1972789",
"name": "Rachel Becker \u003cbr />Calmatters\u003cbr>",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1972702": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1972702",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1972702",
"name": "Laurel Wamsley\u003c/br> NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1972627": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1972627",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1972627",
"name": "Helen Branswell \u003cbr />STAT\u003cbr>",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1972584": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1972584",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1972584",
"name": "Lauren Sommer \u003cbr />NPR\u003cbr>",
"isLoading": false
},
"ben-burress": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "6180",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "6180",
"found": true
},
"name": "Ben Burress",
"firstName": "Ben",
"lastName": "Burress",
"slug": "ben-burress",
"email": "bburress@chabotspace.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": "\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Ben Burress | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/ben-burress"
},
"mpeterson": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11223",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11223",
"found": true
},
"name": "Molly Peterson",
"firstName": "Molly",
"lastName": "Peterson",
"slug": "mpeterson",
"email": "mpeterson@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": "Molly Peterson reports for KQED science and news on climate change, catastrophe and risk. Previously she was environment correspondent at Southern California Public Radio. Her work has also appeared at The New York Times, The Guardian, on NPR, at High Country News, on Code Switch, and other national outlets. She has been honored with awards from Public Radio News Directors Incorporated, Investigative Reporters and Editors, the Society for Professional Journalists, the Los Angeles Press Club, and RTNDA Edward R. Murrow awards, among others.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "Mollydacious",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/radiomolly/",
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Molly Peterson | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7908e2807131f776cc8165c649530b05?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/mpeterson"
},
"mfharvin": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11583",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11583",
"found": true
},
"name": "Mary Franklin Harvin",
"firstName": "Mary Franklin",
"lastName": "Harvin",
"slug": "mfharvin",
"email": "mfharvin@KQED.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [
"news"
],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": null,
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e53510a7d48cfbdebfc9b11357d845f?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "EmEffHarvin",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author",
"edit_others_posts"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Mary Franklin Harvin | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e53510a7d48cfbdebfc9b11357d845f?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e53510a7d48cfbdebfc9b11357d845f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/mfharvin"
},
"kevinstark": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11608",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11608",
"found": true
},
"name": "Kevin Stark",
"firstName": "Kevin",
"lastName": "Stark",
"slug": "kevinstark",
"email": "kstark@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": true,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Senior Editor",
"bio": "Kevin is a senior editor for KQED Science, managing the station's health and climate desks. His journalism career began in the Pacific Northwest, and he later became a lead reporter for the San Francisco Public Press. His work has appeared in Pacific Standard magazine, the Energy News Network, the Center for Investigative Reporting's Reveal and WBEZ in Chicago. Kevin joined KQED in 2019, and has covered issues related to energy, wildfire, climate change and the environment.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "starkkev",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"administrator"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Kevin Stark | KQED",
"description": "Senior Editor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/kevinstark"
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"science_category_news": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_40",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "40",
"score": 10.810295
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 42,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "News",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "science",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 79
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/science?category=news",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 79
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"science_1972802": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972802",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972802",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1613765497000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1613765497,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Texas Froze. California Baked. The Power Failed Because Both States Failed to Plan",
"headTitle": "Texas Froze. California Baked. The Power Failed Because Both States Failed to Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">A few weeks after California’s rolling power outages last summer, Republican Congressman Dan Crenshaw of Texas pulled out his iPhone and tapped out a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanCrenshawTX/status/1303364789603889154?s=20\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">political dig\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Alexa, show me what happens when you let Democrats control energy policy,” he tweeted, responding to Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti’s plea for residents to conserve energy by turning off major appliances, as another heat wave had Californians cranking up their air conditioners, driving up electricity demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Crenshaw blamed California’s ongoing energy supply problems on its aggressive adoption of solar, wind and other renewable resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">It’s worth noting California and Texas have very different energy systems. Texans generate about two-thirds of its power from natural gas. The remaining third comes from nuclear, wind, solar and coal. Most of the state’s electricity is managed by a grid operator independent of the rest of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, like most states, is different from Texas in that it’s connected to a larger regional grid system by transmission lines that operate as a backup system. When California’s demand outpaces its supply, it’s able to acquire power from its neighbors. And as cold temperatures from the winter storm have frozen most of the country, the grid operator \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/California_ISO/status/1361821580246929409?s=20\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">asked\u003c/span>\u003c/a> Californians to conserve energy to reduce demand on the regional system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This week, Crenshaw’s witticism, as it were, made the rounds again, a few hours after a frigid winter storm froze many of Texas’ gas wells, forced some of its coal and nuclear plants offline, and iced a portion of its wind turbines, right when demand for heat skyrocketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The toll of a widespread power outage in Texas has far surpassed the impact of California’s rolling outages last August, when a heat wave baked the West and pushed California’s grid operators to issue the state’s first rolling blackouts in 19 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas is in its fifth days of outages, though most of the power is now back on. On Tuesday, more than 4 million homes and businesses went without power. The grid operator has restored electricity for some, but millions of people \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2021/02/17/texas-winter-storm-power-outage-ercot/#9497341d-68c4-44f3-8353-0497084ac733\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">remained\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the dark on Wednesday and Thursday, the Texas Tribune \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2021/02/18/texas-winter-storm-power-outage-ercot/#e6d981ec-9c22-4dcf-a3b7-d36edc3f8150\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">reported\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>Freezing winter conditions continue to affect water infrastructure, and half the state has \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2021/02/18/texas-winter-storm-power-outage-ercot/#58cb6af3-8a8d-46cb-b00c-6c11aafe1fb9\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">lost access\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to drinking water or is on notice to \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2021/02/17/texas-winter-storm-power-outage-ercot/#91f96083-2e70-423c-ad21-5e7f88c7ff45\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">boil it\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">With Texas officials not able to definitively state when the crisis will end, the political discussion quickly devolved into finger-pointing and a vacuous back-and-forth about whether California’s Democrats or Texas’ Republicans have the better energy strategy. Fox News’ Tucker Carlson actually blamed the Green New Deal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/blkahn/status/1361871769511026691?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem is much bigger than the components of each state’s energy mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy planners in California and Texas both failed to anticipate power demand, so they were left short on supply. The outages exposed just how vulnerable the two states’ creaky power systems are to extreme weather driven by climate change; both networks are designed to handle spikes in demand but not \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/16/climate/texas-power-grid-failures.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">wild and unpredictable weather\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the strain caused by severe weather events, the systems in both California and Texas gave way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is plenty of blame to go around,” Jesse Jenkins, energy professor at Princeton University, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/opinion/future-proof-texas-grid.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">wrote\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the New York Times. “The failure to prepare for this extreme cold is systemic, and the millions of Texans enduring deadly cold and extreme discomfort deserve a closer look at what went wrong, and what to do about it. The lessons can help Americans prepare for the range of extreme weather that a changing climate will bring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/JesseJenkins/status/1362526214070665217?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last August, about 800,000 Californians were without power for only a few hours. But it would be many months before investigators could untangle the knot of complicated reasons for the state’s blackout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A preliminary \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/Preliminary-Root-Cause-Analysis-Rotating-Outages-August-2020.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">root cause analysis\u003c/span>\u003c/a> published in October by three agencies found energy planners didn’t line up the right resources and failed to fully anticipate the impact that climate change could have on the grid, as well as on the demand for energy in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, Gov. Greg Abbott has called for emergency reform of the state’s grid operator and a thorough investigation, similar to the postmortem California conducted after its blackout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s early days still, but it appears that more than half of the Texas grid operator’s winter generating capacity went down because of the storm. Every energy source used in Texas, from nuclear reactors to wind turbines to gas plants, failed in some way. The state relies on gas for most of its electricity and failures in that system are “the biggest cause of the current outages,” according to Jenkins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loretta Lynch, former president of the California Public Utilities Commission, told KQED’s Lily Jamali on Tuesday that she blames deregulation and privatization of the energy market for the power outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the power plant generators in Texas have the choice between paying a shareholder dividend and paying to prepare for storms like they’re having now, the power plant owners paid their shareholders, customers be damned,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynch says a key problem in Texas is the state’s failure to require maintenance standards for its power plants. In California, where stronger regulations govern the industry, government agencies weren’t enforcing the rules, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s happened in Texas is what’s happened in California,” Lynch said. “If you don’t maintain your power plants, they’re not going to operate in conditions when you really need them.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 993,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 17
},
"modified": 1704846753,
"excerpt": "By failing to anticipate demand brought on by severe weather events, energy planners in Texas as well as last summer in California were left short on supply.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "By failing to anticipate demand brought on by severe weather events, energy planners in Texas as well as last summer in California were left short on supply.",
"title": "Texas Froze. California Baked. The Power Failed Because Both States Failed to Plan | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Texas Froze. California Baked. The Power Failed Because Both States Failed to Plan",
"datePublished": "2021-02-19T12:11:37-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:32:33-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "texas-froze-california-baked-the-power-failed-because-both-states-failed-to-plan",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Energy",
"path": "/science/1972802/texas-froze-california-baked-the-power-failed-because-both-states-failed-to-plan",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">A few weeks after California’s rolling power outages last summer, Republican Congressman Dan Crenshaw of Texas pulled out his iPhone and tapped out a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanCrenshawTX/status/1303364789603889154?s=20\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">political dig\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Alexa, show me what happens when you let Democrats control energy policy,” he tweeted, responding to Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti’s plea for residents to conserve energy by turning off major appliances, as another heat wave had Californians cranking up their air conditioners, driving up electricity demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Crenshaw blamed California’s ongoing energy supply problems on its aggressive adoption of solar, wind and other renewable resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">It’s worth noting California and Texas have very different energy systems. Texans generate about two-thirds of its power from natural gas. The remaining third comes from nuclear, wind, solar and coal. Most of the state’s electricity is managed by a grid operator independent of the rest of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, like most states, is different from Texas in that it’s connected to a larger regional grid system by transmission lines that operate as a backup system. When California’s demand outpaces its supply, it’s able to acquire power from its neighbors. And as cold temperatures from the winter storm have frozen most of the country, the grid operator \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/California_ISO/status/1361821580246929409?s=20\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">asked\u003c/span>\u003c/a> Californians to conserve energy to reduce demand on the regional system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This week, Crenshaw’s witticism, as it were, made the rounds again, a few hours after a frigid winter storm froze many of Texas’ gas wells, forced some of its coal and nuclear plants offline, and iced a portion of its wind turbines, right when demand for heat skyrocketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The toll of a widespread power outage in Texas has far surpassed the impact of California’s rolling outages last August, when a heat wave baked the West and pushed California’s grid operators to issue the state’s first rolling blackouts in 19 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas is in its fifth days of outages, though most of the power is now back on. On Tuesday, more than 4 million homes and businesses went without power. The grid operator has restored electricity for some, but millions of people \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2021/02/17/texas-winter-storm-power-outage-ercot/#9497341d-68c4-44f3-8353-0497084ac733\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">remained\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the dark on Wednesday and Thursday, the Texas Tribune \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2021/02/18/texas-winter-storm-power-outage-ercot/#e6d981ec-9c22-4dcf-a3b7-d36edc3f8150\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">reported\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>Freezing winter conditions continue to affect water infrastructure, and half the state has \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2021/02/18/texas-winter-storm-power-outage-ercot/#58cb6af3-8a8d-46cb-b00c-6c11aafe1fb9\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">lost access\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to drinking water or is on notice to \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2021/02/17/texas-winter-storm-power-outage-ercot/#91f96083-2e70-423c-ad21-5e7f88c7ff45\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">boil it\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">With Texas officials not able to definitively state when the crisis will end, the political discussion quickly devolved into finger-pointing and a vacuous back-and-forth about whether California’s Democrats or Texas’ Republicans have the better energy strategy. Fox News’ Tucker Carlson actually blamed the Green New Deal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "singleTwitterStatus",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"id": "1361871769511026691"
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>But the problem is much bigger than the components of each state’s energy mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy planners in California and Texas both failed to anticipate power demand, so they were left short on supply. The outages exposed just how vulnerable the two states’ creaky power systems are to extreme weather driven by climate change; both networks are designed to handle spikes in demand but not \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/16/climate/texas-power-grid-failures.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">wild and unpredictable weather\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the strain caused by severe weather events, the systems in both California and Texas gave way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is plenty of blame to go around,” Jesse Jenkins, energy professor at Princeton University, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/18/opinion/future-proof-texas-grid.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">wrote\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in the New York Times. “The failure to prepare for this extreme cold is systemic, and the millions of Texans enduring deadly cold and extreme discomfort deserve a closer look at what went wrong, and what to do about it. The lessons can help Americans prepare for the range of extreme weather that a changing climate will bring.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "singleTwitterStatus",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"id": "1362526214070665217"
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Last August, about 800,000 Californians were without power for only a few hours. But it would be many months before investigators could untangle the knot of complicated reasons for the state’s blackout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A preliminary \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/Preliminary-Root-Cause-Analysis-Rotating-Outages-August-2020.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">root cause analysis\u003c/span>\u003c/a> published in October by three agencies found energy planners didn’t line up the right resources and failed to fully anticipate the impact that climate change could have on the grid, as well as on the demand for energy in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, Gov. Greg Abbott has called for emergency reform of the state’s grid operator and a thorough investigation, similar to the postmortem California conducted after its blackout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s early days still, but it appears that more than half of the Texas grid operator’s winter generating capacity went down because of the storm. Every energy source used in Texas, from nuclear reactors to wind turbines to gas plants, failed in some way. The state relies on gas for most of its electricity and failures in that system are “the biggest cause of the current outages,” according to Jenkins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loretta Lynch, former president of the California Public Utilities Commission, told KQED’s Lily Jamali on Tuesday that she blames deregulation and privatization of the energy market for the power outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the power plant generators in Texas have the choice between paying a shareholder dividend and paying to prepare for storms like they’re having now, the power plant owners paid their shareholders, customers be damned,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynch says a key problem in Texas is the state’s failure to require maintenance standards for its power plants. In California, where stronger regulations govern the industry, government agencies weren’t enforcing the rules, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s happened in Texas is what’s happened in California,” Lynch said. “If you don’t maintain your power plants, they’re not going to operate in conditions when you really need them.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972802/texas-froze-california-baked-the-power-failed-because-both-states-failed-to-plan",
"authors": [
"11608"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_4450"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_134",
"science_4414"
],
"featImg": "science_1972807",
"label": "source_science_1972802"
},
"science_1972789": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972789",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972789",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1613680809000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1613680809,
"format": "standard",
"title": "California Says It Will Review Cap-and-Trade Amid Growing Criticism",
"headTitle": "California Says It Will Review Cap-and-Trade Amid Growing Criticism | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Newsom administration officials said this week that they will evaluate the role of California’s landmark cap-and-trade program as the state examines its strategies for tackling climate change over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At an oversight hearing Tuesday, \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/about/bios/blumenfeld/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jared Blumenfeld,\u003c/a> secretary for environmental protection, and Air Resources Board Chair \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/leadership/liane-m-randolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Liane Randolph\u003c/a> said the carbon trading program will be a key part of the conversation as California updates its climate road map, called a scoping plan, over the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither Blumenfeld nor Randolph, however, would say specifically what will be examined or how the program might change. “Any changes would need to be carefully thought through and accompanied by economic and environmental processes,” Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"scaip scaip-1 \">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Launched in 2013, California’s cap-and-trade program is the nation’s first economy-wide \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-reveals-terms-cap-and-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">carbon market\u003c/a>. The program sets a declining cap on greenhouse gas emissions that polluters — including oil refineries, power plants and manufacturers — can meet by buying and trading carbon credits or updating their facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2018/05/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Independent experts\u003c/a> have raised concerns that the program might be too weak to achieve California’s ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, environmental justice groups have long criticized \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2020/12/mary-nichols-czar-legacy-skies-controversy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California’s carbon market\u003c/a>, saying that former air board chair Mary Nichols had done too little to protect vulnerable Californians living in the shadow of fossil fuel polluters such as oil refineries and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randolph addressed those concerns at the hearing, but as market administrator of the cap-and-trade program, she was cautious about saying anything that might affect the market for carbon credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This remains an important space for us to work directly with environmental justice and community organizations to ensure that their views are incorporated into our work,” Randolph said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">in 2016\u003c/a> pledged to cut its climate-warming pollution 40% over the next 10 years, and it is relying on the carbon trading program for nearly half of those reductions in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re calling on all our existing climate policies to do more in the next decade. We have no choice but to accelerate the rate of emission reductions dramatically,” Blumenfeld said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No changes to the program would happen soon. The process will begin this spring, and the final plan is expected to be presented to the board in late 2022, Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Opportunities to further strengthen the cap-and-trade program will begin as part of the public process to update the scoping plan. To do so now would be premature,” Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s hearing was held by a \u003ca href=\"https://sbud.senate.ca.gov/subcommittee2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Senate budget subcommittee\u003c/a> chaired by Sen. Bob Wieckowski, a Democrat from Fremont. Wieckowski asked \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/leadership/liane-m-randolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Randolph\u003c/a>, who was appointed chair of the air board \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/12/09/governor-newsom-announces-liane-randolph-as-the-chair-of-the-air-resources-board/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">in December\u003c/a>, whether she planned to revisit the weight of cap and trade in the new scoping plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, basically, the answer is yes,” Randolph said. “The scoping plan process will rely on analyzing the existing programs and authorities to determine how to achieve reductions and then to determine what additional reductions need to be addressed by cap and trade.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statements at the hearing reaffirm Blumenfeld’s commitment \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2020/06/california-climate-strategy-cap-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in a letter to Wieckowski over the summer\u003c/a> to weigh “the extent to which the state’s climate strategy should rely on the cap-and-trade program reductions relative to other approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discussion met resistance from oil and gas producers, but was welcomed by environmental justice groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Changing this market-based system now would only create economic uncertainty for businesses and raise costs for consumers, all at a time when the state’s overall economy is in a precarious position,” said Rock Zierman, CEO of the California Independent Petroleum Association, which represents independent crude oil and natural gas producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Slagle, a spokesperson for the Western States Petroleum Association, said “cap and trade is doing exactly what it was intended to do — driving innovation — which has helped the state meet its climate goals almost four years earlier than anticipated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s environmental justice advocates have long \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2020/12/mary-nichols-czar-legacy-skies-controversy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opposed\u003c/a> the program because they say it comes at the expense of climate policies that would benefit low-income communities of color that are disproportionately burdened by air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The upcoming CARB scoping plan update is an opportunity to address the bifurcation of climate and air pollution, and move towards a mechanism that will allow for direct emissions reductions,” said Neena Mohan, climate justice associate at the California Environmental Justice Alliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the program entered a new phase that adds new requirements through 2030. These include doubling the rate at which the emissions cap drops and adding a price ceiling for credits to prevent costs for industries from increasing past a certain point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross Brown with the Legislative Analyst’s Office, said at the hearing that California’s 2020 greenhouse gas target, which the state reached four years early, required cutting emissions by about 1% each year. To meet the 2030 goals, California would need to increase those cuts to roughly 4% each year, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just having the program in place is not sufficient to ensure that the program is achieving the goals,” Brown said. “Implementation of the program and design of the program matters a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One concern that Brown \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2018/05/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">and others have raised\u003c/a> is that companies may be banking unused pollution credits, called allowances, to use later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that when you get out into the later years up to 2030, that large bank of allowances could be used to comply with the program,” Brown said. “And as a result, the state might not be close to its ambitious emission targets out to 2030.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wieckowski said that problem haunts him. “I lose sleep at night, knowing that we were told that we couldn’t amend that bill, when staff and you in particular were saying that this allowance problem was a very big problem,” he said. “And now we have to deal with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Independent Emissions Market Advisory Committee, which is made up of researchers and academics appointed by the governor and leaders in the Legislature, has proposed metrics for tracking the bank of extra credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we are going to see that the number of banked allowances is far in excess of what the board said in its previous rulemaking statement,” said \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/danny-cullenward/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, a lecturer at Stanford Law School and a member of the emissions advisory committee. He said an air board analysis of banked allowances is expected by the end of this year\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing comes one day before a cap-and-trade auction where companies and others can bid to purchase pollution credits. The timing raised red flags for oil companies covered by cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our concern is that the hearing may unnecessarily create uncertainty about the cap-and-trade program that could affect the auction,” Slagle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cullenward questioned, however, whether those concerns were justified. “Why is it not appropriate to ask questions about the performance of the program? If not now, when is it okay?” he said. “Neither the legislature nor the administration did anything in a way that would prejudice people’s behavior at the auction tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1280,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 34
},
"modified": 1704846755,
"excerpt": "Experts say the state’s cap-and-trade program may be insufficient in meeting ambitious climate goals. And environmentalists have called the program unfair to polluted communities.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Experts say the state’s cap-and-trade program may be insufficient in meeting ambitious climate goals. And environmentalists have called the program unfair to polluted communities.",
"title": "California Says It Will Review Cap-and-Trade Amid Growing Criticism | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "California Says It Will Review Cap-and-Trade Amid Growing Criticism",
"datePublished": "2021-02-18T12:40:09-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:32:35-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "california-says-it-will-review-cap-and-trade-amid-growing-criticism",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Rachel Becker \u003cbr />Calmatters\u003cbr>",
"sticky": false,
"source": "CalMatters",
"path": "/science/1972789/california-says-it-will-review-cap-and-trade-amid-growing-criticism",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Newsom administration officials said this week that they will evaluate the role of California’s landmark cap-and-trade program as the state examines its strategies for tackling climate change over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At an oversight hearing Tuesday, \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/about/bios/blumenfeld/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jared Blumenfeld,\u003c/a> secretary for environmental protection, and Air Resources Board Chair \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/leadership/liane-m-randolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Liane Randolph\u003c/a> said the carbon trading program will be a key part of the conversation as California updates its climate road map, called a scoping plan, over the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither Blumenfeld nor Randolph, however, would say specifically what will be examined or how the program might change. “Any changes would need to be carefully thought through and accompanied by economic and environmental processes,” Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"scaip scaip-1 \">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Launched in 2013, California’s cap-and-trade program is the nation’s first economy-wide \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-reveals-terms-cap-and-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">carbon market\u003c/a>. The program sets a declining cap on greenhouse gas emissions that polluters — including oil refineries, power plants and manufacturers — can meet by buying and trading carbon credits or updating their facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2018/05/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Independent experts\u003c/a> have raised concerns that the program might be too weak to achieve California’s ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, environmental justice groups have long criticized \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2020/12/mary-nichols-czar-legacy-skies-controversy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California’s carbon market\u003c/a>, saying that former air board chair Mary Nichols had done too little to protect vulnerable Californians living in the shadow of fossil fuel polluters such as oil refineries and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randolph addressed those concerns at the hearing, but as market administrator of the cap-and-trade program, she was cautious about saying anything that might affect the market for carbon credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This remains an important space for us to work directly with environmental justice and community organizations to ensure that their views are incorporated into our work,” Randolph said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">in 2016\u003c/a> pledged to cut its climate-warming pollution 40% over the next 10 years, and it is relying on the carbon trading program for nearly half of those reductions in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re calling on all our existing climate policies to do more in the next decade. We have no choice but to accelerate the rate of emission reductions dramatically,” Blumenfeld said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No changes to the program would happen soon. The process will begin this spring, and the final plan is expected to be presented to the board in late 2022, Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Opportunities to further strengthen the cap-and-trade program will begin as part of the public process to update the scoping plan. To do so now would be premature,” Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s hearing was held by a \u003ca href=\"https://sbud.senate.ca.gov/subcommittee2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Senate budget subcommittee\u003c/a> chaired by Sen. Bob Wieckowski, a Democrat from Fremont. Wieckowski asked \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/leadership/liane-m-randolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Randolph\u003c/a>, who was appointed chair of the air board \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/12/09/governor-newsom-announces-liane-randolph-as-the-chair-of-the-air-resources-board/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">in December\u003c/a>, whether she planned to revisit the weight of cap and trade in the new scoping plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, basically, the answer is yes,” Randolph said. “The scoping plan process will rely on analyzing the existing programs and authorities to determine how to achieve reductions and then to determine what additional reductions need to be addressed by cap and trade.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statements at the hearing reaffirm Blumenfeld’s commitment \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2020/06/california-climate-strategy-cap-trade/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in a letter to Wieckowski over the summer\u003c/a> to weigh “the extent to which the state’s climate strategy should rely on the cap-and-trade program reductions relative to other approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discussion met resistance from oil and gas producers, but was welcomed by environmental justice groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Changing this market-based system now would only create economic uncertainty for businesses and raise costs for consumers, all at a time when the state’s overall economy is in a precarious position,” said Rock Zierman, CEO of the California Independent Petroleum Association, which represents independent crude oil and natural gas producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Slagle, a spokesperson for the Western States Petroleum Association, said “cap and trade is doing exactly what it was intended to do — driving innovation — which has helped the state meet its climate goals almost four years earlier than anticipated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s environmental justice advocates have long \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2020/12/mary-nichols-czar-legacy-skies-controversy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opposed\u003c/a> the program because they say it comes at the expense of climate policies that would benefit low-income communities of color that are disproportionately burdened by air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The upcoming CARB scoping plan update is an opportunity to address the bifurcation of climate and air pollution, and move towards a mechanism that will allow for direct emissions reductions,” said Neena Mohan, climate justice associate at the California Environmental Justice Alliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the program entered a new phase that adds new requirements through 2030. These include doubling the rate at which the emissions cap drops and adding a price ceiling for credits to prevent costs for industries from increasing past a certain point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross Brown with the Legislative Analyst’s Office, said at the hearing that California’s 2020 greenhouse gas target, which the state reached four years early, required cutting emissions by about 1% each year. To meet the 2030 goals, California would need to increase those cuts to roughly 4% each year, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just having the program in place is not sufficient to ensure that the program is achieving the goals,” Brown said. “Implementation of the program and design of the program matters a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One concern that Brown \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2018/05/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">and others have raised\u003c/a> is that companies may be banking unused pollution credits, called allowances, to use later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s possible that when you get out into the later years up to 2030, that large bank of allowances could be used to comply with the program,” Brown said. “And as a result, the state might not be close to its ambitious emission targets out to 2030.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wieckowski said that problem haunts him. “I lose sleep at night, knowing that we were told that we couldn’t amend that bill, when staff and you in particular were saying that this allowance problem was a very big problem,” he said. “And now we have to deal with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Independent Emissions Market Advisory Committee, which is made up of researchers and academics appointed by the governor and leaders in the Legislature, has proposed metrics for tracking the bank of extra credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we are going to see that the number of banked allowances is far in excess of what the board said in its previous rulemaking statement,” said \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/danny-cullenward/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, a lecturer at Stanford Law School and a member of the emissions advisory committee. He said an air board analysis of banked allowances is expected by the end of this year\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearing comes one day before a cap-and-trade auction where companies and others can bid to purchase pollution credits. The timing raised red flags for oil companies covered by cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our concern is that the hearing may unnecessarily create uncertainty about the cap-and-trade program that could affect the auction,” Slagle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cullenward questioned, however, whether those concerns were justified. “Why is it not appropriate to ask questions about the performance of the program? If not now, when is it okay?” he said. “Neither the legislature nor the administration did anything in a way that would prejudice people’s behavior at the auction tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">CalMatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972789/california-says-it-will-review-cap-and-trade-amid-growing-criticism",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1972789"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_4450"
],
"tags": [
"science_3969",
"science_121",
"science_194",
"science_4414"
],
"featImg": "science_1972791",
"label": "source_science_1972789"
},
"science_1972771": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972771",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972771",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1613667600000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1613667600,
"format": "aside",
"title": "Watch Live Coverage of Mars Rover Perseverance Landing",
"headTitle": "Watch Live Coverage of Mars Rover Perseverance Landing | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gm0b_ijaYMQ&list=PLTiv_XWHnOZo89xfQyRUub76zNlQTLNrJ&index=3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">After years of complicated preparations, NASA is expected to attempt its ninth Mars landing on Thursday at 12:55 p.m. PT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The live landing commentary will begin at 11:15 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">If it lands successfully, the rover, named\u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Perseverance\u003c/a>, will search for signs of ancient microbial life; collect broken rock and dust samples to be analyzed by researchers on Earth; study Mars’ geology and climate; and “pave the way for human exploration beyond the Moon,” according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance also is carrying the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/\">Ingenuity Mars Helicopter\u003c/a>, which will attempt the first powered, controlled flight on another planet, according to a NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-offers-opportunities-for-media-to-engage-with-mars-perseverance-rover-landing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">press\u003c/a> release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a schedule for Thursday’s events via NASA:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11:15 a.m. — Live landing commentary on the NASA TV Public Channel and the agency’s website, as well as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/connect/apps.html\">NASA App\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/nasa\">YouTube\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/nasa\">Twitter\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/NASA/\">Facebook\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/nasa\">LinkedIn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.twitch.tv/nasa\">Twitch\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailymotion.com/NASA\">Daily Motion\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sliver.tv/win/nasa\">THETA.TV\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, an uninterrupted clean feed of cameras from inside JPL Mission Control, with mission audio only, will be available at 11 a.m. ET on the NASA TV \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/index.html#media\">Media Channel\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/JPLraw/live\">JPLraw YouTube\u003c/a> channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 360-degree livestream of the Mars landing from inside mission control, including landing commentary, will be available at the NASA-JPL YouTube channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11:30 a.m. — “Juntos Perseveramos,” the live Spanish-language landing commentary show, on NASA en Español’s \u003ca href=\"https://youtube.com/NASA_ES\">YouTube\u003c/a> channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 12:55 p.m. — Expected time of Perseverance touchdown on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No earlier than 2:30 p.m. — Post-landing news conference originating from Von Karman Auditorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": true,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 301,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 11
},
"modified": 1704846757,
"excerpt": "NASA will attempt its ninth Mars landing on Thursday at 12:55 p.m. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "NASA will attempt its ninth Mars landing on Thursday at 12:55 p.m. ",
"title": "Watch Live Coverage of Mars Rover Perseverance Landing | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Watch Live Coverage of Mars Rover Perseverance Landing",
"datePublished": "2021-02-18T09:00:00-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:32:37-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "watch-live-coverage-of-mars-rover-perseverance-landing",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Space Exploration",
"path": "/science/1972771/watch-live-coverage-of-mars-rover-perseverance-landing",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gm0b_ijaYMQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gm0b_ijaYMQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">After years of complicated preparations, NASA is expected to attempt its ninth Mars landing on Thursday at 12:55 p.m. PT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The live landing commentary will begin at 11:15 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">If it lands successfully, the rover, named\u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Perseverance\u003c/a>, will search for signs of ancient microbial life; collect broken rock and dust samples to be analyzed by researchers on Earth; study Mars’ geology and climate; and “pave the way for human exploration beyond the Moon,” according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perseverance also is carrying the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/\">Ingenuity Mars Helicopter\u003c/a>, which will attempt the first powered, controlled flight on another planet, according to a NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-offers-opportunities-for-media-to-engage-with-mars-perseverance-rover-landing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">press\u003c/a> release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a schedule for Thursday’s events via NASA:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11:15 a.m. — Live landing commentary on the NASA TV Public Channel and the agency’s website, as well as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/connect/apps.html\">NASA App\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/nasa\">YouTube\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/nasa\">Twitter\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/NASA/\">Facebook\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/nasa\">LinkedIn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.twitch.tv/nasa\">Twitch\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailymotion.com/NASA\">Daily Motion\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sliver.tv/win/nasa\">THETA.TV\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, an uninterrupted clean feed of cameras from inside JPL Mission Control, with mission audio only, will be available at 11 a.m. ET on the NASA TV \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/index.html#media\">Media Channel\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/JPLraw/live\">JPLraw YouTube\u003c/a> channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 360-degree livestream of the Mars landing from inside mission control, including landing commentary, will be available at the NASA-JPL YouTube channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11:30 a.m. — “Juntos Perseveramos,” the live Spanish-language landing commentary show, on NASA en Español’s \u003ca href=\"https://youtube.com/NASA_ES\">YouTube\u003c/a> channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 12:55 p.m. — Expected time of Perseverance touchdown on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No earlier than 2:30 p.m. — Post-landing news conference originating from Von Karman Auditorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972771/watch-live-coverage-of-mars-rover-perseverance-landing",
"authors": [
"11608"
],
"categories": [
"science_28",
"science_38",
"science_40",
"science_4450",
"science_3947"
],
"featImg": "science_1964240",
"label": "source_science_1972771"
},
"science_1972725": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972725",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972725",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1613507417000
]
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "wildfire-smoke-could-be-the-main-way-californians-experience-climate-change",
"title": "Wildfire Smoke Could Be the Main Way Californians Experience Climate Change",
"publishDate": 1613507417,
"format": "image",
"headTitle": "Wildfire Smoke Could Be the Main Way Californians Experience Climate Change | KQED",
"labelTerm": {},
"content": "\u003cp>The rising threat from wildfire smoke was on full display last fall, when dense plumes from several fires burning across Northern California blocked out the sun, shrouding the Bay Area in orange-tinged darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That smokestorm in August and September polluted Bay Area air for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969739/smoke-from-californias-record-wildfires-is-its-own-disaster\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">record\u003c/span>\u003c/a> 30 straight days, at the apex of a fire season that saw more than 5 million acres burned up across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire smoke now accounts for half of the fine-particle pollution that wafts across the West, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/118/2/e2011048118.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> led by \u003cstrong>Marshall Burke, an Earth scientist with Stanford University\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2020, we saw roughly 60 days with wildfire smoke that was in the air that we breathed, up from 10 to 15 days just a decade ago,” Burke told KQED. “That’s a really dramatic increase in our exposure to wildfire smoke and is leading to measurable changes in the air quality in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke spoke last week with KQED’s Brian Watt about the increasing danger of wildfire smoke in California. The following excerpts are edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We know that wildfires are worse partly because of warming temperatures. How much worse could our air get? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke: \u003c/i>Projections suggest that climate change has increased wildfire risk by about 50% so far. It’s already had a large effect on the number and particularly the severity of the wildfires we’ve seen. And projections going forward suggest that we could see even a doubling on top of that — very, very large projected increases in future wildfire risk and in the associated smoke that comes with those wildfires if we don’t do anything about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How do you think this problem of air pollution compares to other kinds of climate impacts like rising sea levels or the worsening wildfires themselves?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke: \u003c/i>This is something we look at in our research, and we find for much of the U.S. and particularly people in the West, exposure to wildfire smoke might be one of the main impacts of climate change they experience in their lives. Most of us don’t live right next to the coast. In the Bay Area, if we do, we might actually not be directly exposed to changes in sea level. The wildfires and really the smoke from wildfires can reach us in ways that many of the other climate impacts don’t. We see that as one of the main climate impacts we will experience as Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How will this impact people’s health?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> We have decades of research showing that breathing dirty air is very bad for a range of health problems: cardiovascular, respiratory, even things like cognitive function. Dirty air really hurts humans. What our research suggests is wildfires are contributing more and more key pollutants to our air, and that will likely get worse in the future as the climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>One of the solutions to these devastating wildfires is more controlled burning. Could that make a difference in air pollution as well?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> An area that’s seen a controlled burn is less likely to actually burn in an extreme wildfire. And if a wildfire does come through, it’s likely to be lower intensity, unlikely to get up into the canopy of trees and lead to these very intense fires that generate a lot of smoke. So more controlled, or prescribed burns, as they’re called, are a very important tool for dealing with this problem. We think of controlled burns as “good” fire compared to “bad,” out-of-control and extreme wildfire. Having more good fire reduces the amount of bad fire we get. And evidence suggests it will also reduce the amount of overall air pollution. What it will mean is a little more low-level air pollution in seasons in which we do these prescribed burns. But the benefit will be a reduction in these really bad air quality events like the ones we saw in the Bay Area in the fall of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What is the top solution you’d recommend to government leaders and forest managers? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> We can think of solutions at multiple levels. Number one, we know that climate change is really the leading cause of the increase in wildfire risk that we’ve seen in the last few years. Getting a handle on climate change as a whole is very important for dealing with this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Number two, managing our forests more actively and, in particular, doing much more prescribed burning than we’ve done in the past is really important. I’m optimistic that at the state level, the new administration is on this, proposing to rapidly expand the amount of prescribed burning done in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Finally, as individuals, we need to think about how to protect ourselves from wildfire smoke that does get into the air. We need to know when the air quality is bad. We need to stay indoors. If possible, we need to have ways to filter our indoor air. We have evidence that helps keep us safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "Wildfire smoke now accounts for half of the fine-particle pollution that wafts across the West.",
"status": "publish",
"parent": 0,
"modified": 1725577056,
"stats": {
"hasAudio": false,
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"paragraphCount": 8,
"wordCount": 875
},
"headData": {
"title": "Wildfire Smoke Could Be the Main Way Californians Experience Climate Change | KQED",
"description": "Wildfire smoke now accounts for half of the fine-particle pollution that wafts across the West.",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogDescription": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"twDescription": "",
"twImgId": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Wildfire Smoke Could Be the Main Way Californians Experience Climate Change",
"datePublished": "2021-02-16T12:30:17-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-09-05T15:57:36-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"source": "Wildfire Smoke",
"audioUrl": "https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-4[…]f-aaef00f5a073/a229341f-f155-4542-ba42-acd1014481af/audio.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1972725/wildfire-smoke-could-be-the-main-way-californians-experience-climate-change",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rising threat from wildfire smoke was on full display last fall, when dense plumes from several fires burning across Northern California blocked out the sun, shrouding the Bay Area in orange-tinged darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That smokestorm in August and September polluted Bay Area air for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969739/smoke-from-californias-record-wildfires-is-its-own-disaster\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">record\u003c/span>\u003c/a> 30 straight days, at the apex of a fire season that saw more than 5 million acres burned up across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire smoke now accounts for half of the fine-particle pollution that wafts across the West, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/118/2/e2011048118.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> led by \u003cstrong>Marshall Burke, an Earth scientist with Stanford University\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2020, we saw roughly 60 days with wildfire smoke that was in the air that we breathed, up from 10 to 15 days just a decade ago,” Burke told KQED. “That’s a really dramatic increase in our exposure to wildfire smoke and is leading to measurable changes in the air quality in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke spoke last week with KQED’s Brian Watt about the increasing danger of wildfire smoke in California. The following excerpts are edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We know that wildfires are worse partly because of warming temperatures. How much worse could our air get? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke: \u003c/i>Projections suggest that climate change has increased wildfire risk by about 50% so far. It’s already had a large effect on the number and particularly the severity of the wildfires we’ve seen. And projections going forward suggest that we could see even a doubling on top of that — very, very large projected increases in future wildfire risk and in the associated smoke that comes with those wildfires if we don’t do anything about climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How do you think this problem of air pollution compares to other kinds of climate impacts like rising sea levels or the worsening wildfires themselves?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke: \u003c/i>This is something we look at in our research, and we find for much of the U.S. and particularly people in the West, exposure to wildfire smoke might be one of the main impacts of climate change they experience in their lives. Most of us don’t live right next to the coast. In the Bay Area, if we do, we might actually not be directly exposed to changes in sea level. The wildfires and really the smoke from wildfires can reach us in ways that many of the other climate impacts don’t. We see that as one of the main climate impacts we will experience as Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>How will this impact people’s health?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> We have decades of research showing that breathing dirty air is very bad for a range of health problems: cardiovascular, respiratory, even things like cognitive function. Dirty air really hurts humans. What our research suggests is wildfires are contributing more and more key pollutants to our air, and that will likely get worse in the future as the climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>One of the solutions to these devastating wildfires is more controlled burning. Could that make a difference in air pollution as well?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> An area that’s seen a controlled burn is less likely to actually burn in an extreme wildfire. And if a wildfire does come through, it’s likely to be lower intensity, unlikely to get up into the canopy of trees and lead to these very intense fires that generate a lot of smoke. So more controlled, or prescribed burns, as they’re called, are a very important tool for dealing with this problem. We think of controlled burns as “good” fire compared to “bad,” out-of-control and extreme wildfire. Having more good fire reduces the amount of bad fire we get. And evidence suggests it will also reduce the amount of overall air pollution. What it will mean is a little more low-level air pollution in seasons in which we do these prescribed burns. But the benefit will be a reduction in these really bad air quality events like the ones we saw in the Bay Area in the fall of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>What is the top solution you’d recommend to government leaders and forest managers? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci>Burke:\u003c/i> We can think of solutions at multiple levels. Number one, we know that climate change is really the leading cause of the increase in wildfire risk that we’ve seen in the last few years. Getting a handle on climate change as a whole is very important for dealing with this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Number two, managing our forests more actively and, in particular, doing much more prescribed burning than we’ve done in the past is really important. I’m optimistic that at the state level, the new administration is on this, proposing to rapidly expand the amount of prescribed burning done in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Finally, as individuals, we need to think about how to protect ourselves from wildfire smoke that does get into the air. We need to know when the air quality is bad. We need to stay indoors. If possible, we need to have ways to filter our indoor air. We have evidence that helps keep us safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972725/wildfire-smoke-could-be-the-main-way-californians-experience-climate-change",
"authors": [
"11608"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_39",
"science_40",
"science_4450",
"science_3730"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_4414",
"science_3463",
"science_113"
],
"featImg": "science_1972728",
"label": "source_science_1972725"
},
"science_1972713": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972713",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972713",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1613177327000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1613177327,
"format": "aside",
"title": "Buzzkill for Bird Feeders: Bacteria Strikes Finches in California",
"headTitle": "Buzzkill for Bird Feeders: Bacteria Strikes Finches in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A disease caused by salmonella bacteria that spread through bird feeders and birdbaths is killing songbirds across California, the California Department of Fish & Wildlife \u003ca href=\"https://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2021/02/08/salmonellosis-outbreak-causing-songbird-deaths/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">warned this week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmonellosis is striking down mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/pine-siskin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pine siskins\u003c/a>, a species of finch that migrates from Canada. Smaller numbers of lesser goldfinches and American goldfinches have also been stricken with the disease. Most sightings of these sick or dead birds have been in the Bay Area, Central Coast and Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine siskin are an “irruptive” species, says, Krysta Rogers, a senior environmental scientist at CDFW, because their migration patterns are sporadic and heavily dictated by where they can find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972736\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972736 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin.jpg 638w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin-160x108.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pine siskin in Kodiak Island, Alaska. A species of bacteria is killing the birds in California around birdbaths and other places birds congregate. (U.S. Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She said when birds move to this type of alternative food source, it’s often due to “high reproductive success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So there’s lots of new birds in the population and then maybe some depleted food resources in their breeding areas,” Rogers said. “And so they move to find food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And often, they’ll start using bird feeders, which is where the trouble starts. Intestinal bacteria spreads through feces, so areas where birds congregate are a problem. When the birds poop in platform bird feeders or in a birdbath, Rogers said, “the next bird that comes along and either takes a drink out of that water or eats seeds that might be contaminated with the feces can get infected that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers says salmonella bacteria can live for days or even months, so no amount of cleaning will be able to keep pace with the spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safest thing people can do is take down the feeders, she says, at least until the birds clear out, which usually happens in March and April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until then, keep an eye out for finches gathering around your feeders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 338,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 11
},
"modified": 1704846762,
"excerpt": "A species of bacteria that spreads through bird feeders and birdbaths is killing songbirds across California, the California Department of Fish & Wildlife warned this week.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A species of bacteria that spreads through bird feeders and birdbaths is killing songbirds across California, the California Department of Fish & Wildlife warned this week.",
"title": "Buzzkill for Bird Feeders: Bacteria Strikes Finches in California | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Buzzkill for Bird Feeders: Bacteria Strikes Finches in California",
"datePublished": "2021-02-12T16:48:47-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:32:42-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "buzzkill-for-bird-feeders-bacteria-strikes-finches-in-california",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Animals",
"path": "/science/1972713/buzzkill-for-bird-feeders-bacteria-strikes-finches-in-california",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A disease caused by salmonella bacteria that spread through bird feeders and birdbaths is killing songbirds across California, the California Department of Fish & Wildlife \u003ca href=\"https://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2021/02/08/salmonellosis-outbreak-causing-songbird-deaths/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">warned this week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmonellosis is striking down mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/pine-siskin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pine siskins\u003c/a>, a species of finch that migrates from Canada. Smaller numbers of lesser goldfinches and American goldfinches have also been stricken with the disease. Most sightings of these sick or dead birds have been in the Bay Area, Central Coast and Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine siskin are an “irruptive” species, says, Krysta Rogers, a senior environmental scientist at CDFW, because their migration patterns are sporadic and heavily dictated by where they can find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972736\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972736 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"638\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin.jpg 638w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/pinesiskin-160x108.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pine siskin in Kodiak Island, Alaska. A species of bacteria is killing the birds in California around birdbaths and other places birds congregate. (U.S. Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She said when birds move to this type of alternative food source, it’s often due to “high reproductive success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So there’s lots of new birds in the population and then maybe some depleted food resources in their breeding areas,” Rogers said. “And so they move to find food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And often, they’ll start using bird feeders, which is where the trouble starts. Intestinal bacteria spreads through feces, so areas where birds congregate are a problem. When the birds poop in platform bird feeders or in a birdbath, Rogers said, “the next bird that comes along and either takes a drink out of that water or eats seeds that might be contaminated with the feces can get infected that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers says salmonella bacteria can live for days or even months, so no amount of cleaning will be able to keep pace with the spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safest thing people can do is take down the feeders, she says, at least until the birds clear out, which usually happens in March and April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until then, keep an eye out for finches gathering around your feeders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972713/buzzkill-for-bird-feeders-bacteria-strikes-finches-in-california",
"authors": [
"11583"
],
"categories": [
"science_2874",
"science_40",
"science_4450"
],
"featImg": "science_1972736",
"label": "source_science_1972713"
},
"science_1972702": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972702",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972702",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1613001155000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1613001155,
"format": "standard",
"title": "CDC Says Double-Masking Offers More Protection Against the Coronavirus",
"headTitle": "CDC Says Double-Masking Offers More Protection Against the Coronavirus | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 1:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7007e1.htm?s_cid=mm7007e1_w\">released new research\u003c/a> on Wednesday that found wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask offers more protection against the coronavirus, as does tying knots on the ear loops of surgical masks. Those findings prompted new guidance on how to improve mask fit at a time of concern over fast-spreading variants of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For optimal protection, the CDC says to make sure the mask fits snugly against your face and to choose a mask with at least two layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In laboratory testing, researchers simulated coughs and breathing and tested how well different masks worked to block aerosol particles — comparing no mask, a cloth mask or a surgical mask. They also tested two methods to optimize the fit of cloth and medical masks: wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask, and tying knots on the ear loops of surgical masks and then tucking in and flattening the extra material against the face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both methods produced substantially improved protection against transmission of and exposure to infectious aerosols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the study, wearing any type of mask performed significantly better than not wearing a mask,” said CDC Director Rochelle Walensky in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFGtCDOyGkw\">a briefing\u003c/a> from the White House COVID-19 Response Team on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And well-fitting masks provided the greatest performance at both blocking emitted aerosols and exposure of aerosols to the receiver. In the breathing experiment, having both the source and the receiver wear masks modified to fit better reduced the receiver’s exposure by more than 95%, compared to no mask at all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walensky said the laboratory findings underscore the importance of wearing a mask correctly and ensuring it fits snugly over your nose and mouth. The new information does not alter the CDC’s guidance on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html\">who should wear a mask and when\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Feb. 2, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/face-masks-public-transportation.html\">masks are now required\u003c/a> on planes, buses, trains and other public transportation traveling into, within or out of the U.S., as well as in U.S. transit hubs such as airports and stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/effective-masks.html\">guidance on improving mask fit\u003c/a> now recommends:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Choosing a mask with a nose wire, which prevents air from leaking out along the top.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Using a mask fitter or brace over a disposable or cloth mask, to prevent air from leaking out. These small, reusable devices cinch a cloth or medical mask to create a tighter fit and improve mask performance, Walensky said.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make sure your mask fits snugly over your nose, mouth and chin: “If the mask has a good fit, you will feel warm air come through the front of the mask and may be able to see the mask material move in and out with each breath,” the CDC says.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Add layers of material — either by using a cloth mask with multiple layers of fabric or by wearing a disposable mask under a cloth mask.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>But double-masking isn’t recommended for all masks. Don’t combine two disposable masks, the CDC says: “Disposable masks are not designed to fit tightly and wearing more than one will not improve fit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And don’t layer another mask on top of a KN95, either. That mask should be used alone, the CDC says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Rob Stein contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=CDC+Says+Double-Masking+Offers+More+Protection+Against+The+Coronavirus&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 583,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 15
},
"modified": 1704846765,
"excerpt": "New research found that wearing a cloth mask over a medical mask significantly boosts protection against droplets that can transmit the virus. Knotting the ear loops of surgical masks also helps.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "New research found that wearing a cloth mask over a medical mask significantly boosts protection against droplets that can transmit the virus. Knotting the ear loops of surgical masks also helps.",
"title": "CDC Says Double-Masking Offers More Protection Against the Coronavirus | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "CDC Says Double-Masking Offers More Protection Against the Coronavirus",
"datePublished": "2021-02-10T15:52:35-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:32:45-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "cdc-says-double-masking-offers-more-protection-against-the-coronavirus",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=966313710&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Laurel Wamsley\u003c/br> NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Wed, 10 Feb 2021 11:04:32 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Wed, 10 Feb 2021 16:01:22 -0500",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/02/10/966313710/cdc-now-recommends-double-masking-for-more-protection-against-the-coronavirus?ft=nprml&f=966313710",
"nprImageAgency": "AFP via Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Olivier Douliery",
"source": "NPR",
"nprStoryId": "966313710",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Wed, 10 Feb 2021 16:01:00 -0500",
"path": "/science/1972702/cdc-says-double-masking-offers-more-protection-against-the-coronavirus",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 1:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7007e1.htm?s_cid=mm7007e1_w\">released new research\u003c/a> on Wednesday that found wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask offers more protection against the coronavirus, as does tying knots on the ear loops of surgical masks. Those findings prompted new guidance on how to improve mask fit at a time of concern over fast-spreading variants of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For optimal protection, the CDC says to make sure the mask fits snugly against your face and to choose a mask with at least two layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In laboratory testing, researchers simulated coughs and breathing and tested how well different masks worked to block aerosol particles — comparing no mask, a cloth mask or a surgical mask. They also tested two methods to optimize the fit of cloth and medical masks: wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask, and tying knots on the ear loops of surgical masks and then tucking in and flattening the extra material against the face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both methods produced substantially improved protection against transmission of and exposure to infectious aerosols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the study, wearing any type of mask performed significantly better than not wearing a mask,” said CDC Director Rochelle Walensky in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFGtCDOyGkw\">a briefing\u003c/a> from the White House COVID-19 Response Team on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And well-fitting masks provided the greatest performance at both blocking emitted aerosols and exposure of aerosols to the receiver. In the breathing experiment, having both the source and the receiver wear masks modified to fit better reduced the receiver’s exposure by more than 95%, compared to no mask at all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walensky said the laboratory findings underscore the importance of wearing a mask correctly and ensuring it fits snugly over your nose and mouth. The new information does not alter the CDC’s guidance on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html\">who should wear a mask and when\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Feb. 2, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/face-masks-public-transportation.html\">masks are now required\u003c/a> on planes, buses, trains and other public transportation traveling into, within or out of the U.S., as well as in U.S. transit hubs such as airports and stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/effective-masks.html\">guidance on improving mask fit\u003c/a> now recommends:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Choosing a mask with a nose wire, which prevents air from leaking out along the top.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Using a mask fitter or brace over a disposable or cloth mask, to prevent air from leaking out. These small, reusable devices cinch a cloth or medical mask to create a tighter fit and improve mask performance, Walensky said.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make sure your mask fits snugly over your nose, mouth and chin: “If the mask has a good fit, you will feel warm air come through the front of the mask and may be able to see the mask material move in and out with each breath,” the CDC says.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Add layers of material — either by using a cloth mask with multiple layers of fabric or by wearing a disposable mask under a cloth mask.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>But double-masking isn’t recommended for all masks. Don’t combine two disposable masks, the CDC says: “Disposable masks are not designed to fit tightly and wearing more than one will not improve fit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And don’t layer another mask on top of a KN95, either. That mask should be used alone, the CDC says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Rob Stein contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=CDC+Says+Double-Masking+Offers+More+Protection+Against+The+Coronavirus&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972702/cdc-says-double-masking-offers-more-protection-against-the-coronavirus",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1972702"
],
"categories": [
"science_40",
"science_4450"
],
"featImg": "science_1972703",
"label": "source_science_1972702"
},
"science_1972677": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972677",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972677",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1612821921000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1612821921,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Bay Area Community Power Providers Team Up in Quest for Cheaper Clean Energy",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Community Power Providers Team Up in Quest for Cheaper Clean Energy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A coalition of California community power providers in the Bay Area and beyond are joining forces on bulk purchases of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay Community Energy and other community choice aggregators, as the groups are called, buy cleaner power for their customers. Now, eight of these aggregators are combining to procure more clean energy and invest in battery farms, which store excess power harvested from the grid, at what they say will be a better price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is already evaluating proposals to procure 500-megawatts of energy storage it hopes to bring online by 2026. That’s enough storage to keep the lights on in a neighborhood like West Oakland, with more than 9,000 homes, for an entire month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups are mostly in the Bay Area; other communities like Santa Barbara and Humboldt County are also represented. All together, they cover more than 2.5 million customers and the equivalent of 40% of PG&E’s annual electricity load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Pepper, CEO of Peninsula Clean Energy, said the group’s members are “among the most ambitious [community choice aggregators] in pursuing clean power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the drive toward constant, 100% renewable energy, “won’t be possible without reliable long-term energy storage, so it’s important we are concentrating our early effort toward making that a reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group can bring costs down by leveraging “economies of scale” and by creating “better negotiating power” and shared risk, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay Community Energy and Peninsula Clean Energy are joined in the initiative by Central Coast Community Energy, MCE in the North and East Bay, Redwood Coast Energy Authority, San José Clean Energy, Silicon Valley Clean Energy and Sonoma Clean Power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CleanPowerSF, San Francisco’s aggregator, is also pursuing membership.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 310,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 11
},
"modified": 1704846770,
"excerpt": "The group of community choice aggregators is evaluating proposals for a battery project with storage capacity to power a neighborhood the size of West Oakland for a month.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The group of community choice aggregators is evaluating proposals for a battery project with storage capacity to power a neighborhood the size of West Oakland for a month.",
"title": "Bay Area Community Power Providers Team Up in Quest for Cheaper Clean Energy | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Bay Area Community Power Providers Team Up in Quest for Cheaper Clean Energy",
"datePublished": "2021-02-08T14:05:21-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:32:50-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "hoping-to-buy-cheaper-clean-energy-bay-area-community-power-providers-team-up",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1972677/hoping-to-buy-cheaper-clean-energy-bay-area-community-power-providers-team-up",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A coalition of California community power providers in the Bay Area and beyond are joining forces on bulk purchases of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay Community Energy and other community choice aggregators, as the groups are called, buy cleaner power for their customers. Now, eight of these aggregators are combining to procure more clean energy and invest in battery farms, which store excess power harvested from the grid, at what they say will be a better price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is already evaluating proposals to procure 500-megawatts of energy storage it hopes to bring online by 2026. That’s enough storage to keep the lights on in a neighborhood like West Oakland, with more than 9,000 homes, for an entire month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups are mostly in the Bay Area; other communities like Santa Barbara and Humboldt County are also represented. All together, they cover more than 2.5 million customers and the equivalent of 40% of PG&E’s annual electricity load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Pepper, CEO of Peninsula Clean Energy, said the group’s members are “among the most ambitious [community choice aggregators] in pursuing clean power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the drive toward constant, 100% renewable energy, “won’t be possible without reliable long-term energy storage, so it’s important we are concentrating our early effort toward making that a reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group can bring costs down by leveraging “economies of scale” and by creating “better negotiating power” and shared risk, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay Community Energy and Peninsula Clean Energy are joined in the initiative by Central Coast Community Energy, MCE in the North and East Bay, Redwood Coast Energy Authority, San José Clean Energy, Silicon Valley Clean Energy and Sonoma Clean Power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CleanPowerSF, San Francisco’s aggregator, is also pursuing membership.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972677/hoping-to-buy-cheaper-clean-energy-bay-area-community-power-providers-team-up",
"authors": [
"11608"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_4450"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_134"
],
"featImg": "science_1972678",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1972554": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972554",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972554",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1612575832000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1612575832,
"format": "image",
"title": "After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter",
"headTitle": "After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1095,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 24
},
"modified": 1704846772,
"excerpt": "NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "NASA has extended Juno's mission exploring Jupiter by four years, and projected close flybys of three Jovian moons. ",
"title": "After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "After Breathtaking Images and Stupendous Discoveries, Spacecraft Juno Gets 4 More Years to Explore Jupiter",
"datePublished": "2021-02-05T17:43:52-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:32:52-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Astronomy",
"path": "/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like an artist whose pleased patron commissions more masterpieces, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Juno \u003c/a>\u003c/span>spacecraft just earned an extension after four extraordinary years of discovery. And if you’ve seen any of Juno’s images of Jupiter, you may find the artist reference apt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore images from Juno\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Juno mission, little was known about the wind and cloud systems of the polar regions. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solar-powered robotic probe, whose adventure exploring the atmosphere and interior of the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-new-view-of-jupiters-storms\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was scheduled to end this July, has been granted a four-year extension, through September 2025. It’s mission has also expanded, and it will now investigate the planet’s system of rings and three of its large and remarkable moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Primary Mission\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its arrival at Jupiter in 2016, Juno’s observations have focused on dynamics that scientists previously knew very little about: the gas giant’s complex atmosphere and storm systems at the high latitudes of the northern polar region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juno has captured \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">breathtaking images\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Jupiter’s cloud systems and other atmospheric phenomena at very close range. It’s also probed beneath the visible cloud layers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972431\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972431 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichst%C3%A4dt-Se%C3%A1n-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/181215042152-nasa-juno-01-super-169NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstädt-Seán.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of clouds and storm systems on Jupiter, captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close passes by the gas giant. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt-Seán)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">instruments \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that measure Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field and gravitational variations, Juno has divined processes and structures deep within the gaseous world. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mong \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">its many discoveries \u003c/span>\u003c/a>are\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stupendous strokes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exploding dozens of miles beneath the planet’s thick layers of clouds; an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abundance of water\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> welling up at the equator; \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mighty auroras\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surging high in the atmosphere; “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/whoa-like-jupiter-is-deep-really-really-deep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">packs” of Earth-sized storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spinning around both poles; and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43317566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wind systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose roots are buried 1,000-2,000 miles below Jupiter’s cloud tops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno’s Wild Orbit\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1972439 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Juno-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft cruising by Jupiter. Juno’s 53-day orbit carries it to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops at closest approach, giving it a unique vantage point from which to study its atmosphere and make measurements of its interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get close enough to Jupiter to do what it came for, Juno must pass through \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, captured in Jupiter’s surrounding magnetic field. To minimize exposure to radiation damage, NASA placed Juno in a highly elliptical orbit that keeps it well outside the radiation belts most of the time. At the far-flung end of its elongated orbit, Juno is 5 million miles away from Jupiter, 20 times farther than our moon is from Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once every 53 days, Juno’s orbit carries it swiftly through the danger zone and close to Jupiter, passing only 2,600 miles above the cloud tops in the northern regions, offering a view like no other in the solar system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With each close pass by Jupiter, Juno’s orbit alters slightly due to interaction with the planet’s gravity. Over time, its point of closest approach has migrated northward, toward the pole, while the long loop of its extended orbit has shifted closer and closer to Jupiter’s large Galilean moons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Targeting Jupiter’s Mystifying Moons\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the four additional years of Juno’s extended mission, its shifting orbit will send it past three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa and Io. No spacecraft has flown close to these small worlds since the Galileo probe two decades ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede will be the first fly-by target, on June 7 this year. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganymede \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the largest moon in the solar system, half again bigger than Earth’s moon. Its surface is a patchwork of rough, ancient, cratered terrain overlapped by smooth, probably icy regions. It is the only moon in the solar system with a magnetic field of its own, and its poles are lit up with auroras. Strong evidence exists that a liquid water ocean lies hidden beneath Ganymede’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972438\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-800x768.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-160x154.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona-768x737.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Io-galileo-NASA-JPL-University-of-Arizona.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s moon Io. This image was captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft during one of its close flybys of this moon. Io is the most volcanically activity object in the solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Io \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the most volcanically active moon in the solar system, with hundreds of sulfurous eruptions spewing out lava and gas, in some cases dozens of miles into the sky. Volcanic Io will receive a pair of visits, on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most intriguing of all is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shelters a saltwater ocean beneath its icy crust. Europa’s ocean may be as much as 100 miles deep, and its waters are thawed by heat emerging from the moon’s interior. Scientists are excited by the possibility that within Europa’s ocean may exist conditions that could support life. On Sept. 29, 2022, Juno will have a close encounter with Europa. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its extended mission, Juno will also fly through trails of ions shed into space by Io’s volcanoes, and plumes of water vapor erupting from Europa’s icy crust. By sampling the composition of Europa’s water vapor plumes, scientists hope to better understand the nature of the moon’s ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Recon for Upcoming Missions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extending Juno’s exploration to include the Jovian moons will help pave the way for two upcoming missions: NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the European Space Agency’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JUICE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, scheduled to launch later this decade. Both of these spacecraft will investigate the Galilean moons in great detail, with a special focus on Europa and its tantalizing ocean.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1972670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-800x271.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1020x345.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-160x54.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-768x260.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts-1038x352.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/02/Jupiter-southern-cloudbelts.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnificent belts of clouds dominate areas of Jupiter’s southern polar region. This image was captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft during one of its close flybys of the gas giant world. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/David Marriott)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of its extended mission in 2025, Juno will have orbited Jupiter 76 times over eight years and collected enough data to keep scientists busy for many more years to come.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Juno will be deliberately driven into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will be incinerated in a fiery finale, its atoms forever becoming part of the world it has explored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972554/after-breathtaking-images-and-stupendous-discoveries-spacecraft-juno-gets-4-more-years-to-explore-jupiter",
"authors": [
"6180"
],
"categories": [
"science_28",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_1216",
"science_1064",
"science_1056",
"science_5180"
],
"featImg": "science_1972434",
"label": "source_science_1972554"
},
"science_1972623": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972623",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972623",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1612563979000
]
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "california-has-a-rule-to-protect-workers-against-pandemics-heres-how-its-not-working",
"title": "California Has a Rule to Protect Workers Against Pandemics. Here’s How It’s (Not) Working",
"publishDate": 1612563979,
"format": "standard",
"headTitle": "California Has a Rule to Protect Workers Against Pandemics. Here’s How It’s (Not) Working | KQED",
"labelTerm": {
"term": 5376,
"site": "science"
},
"content": "\u003cp>A nation-leading workplace safety rule specifically designed to combat the risks of an airborne virus should have been protecting hundreds of thousands of California workers from COVID-19. The Aerosol Transmissible Diseases Standard took effect 12 years ago — and it anticipated a pandemic. But one year into the pandemic, workers say enforcement is mixed, and problems continue. Regulators at Cal/OSHA have issued more citations on this rule in the last five months than they did in the previous five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Hundreds of Thousands of Workers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This rule applies to hospitals and nursing homes, to home health workers and coroners, to jails and ambulance companies: any place where an airborne disease would be expected to appear to catch, hold and spread widely. Employers must have annual training and written plans for exposure. They have to identify activities at work that are high hazard and figure out ways to minimize the risk. They have to have \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh_publications/respiratory.pdf\">respiratory protection equipment\u003c/a>, not just N95s, but sometimes powered air-purifying respirator hoods, called PAPR hoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=medium citation='Johnna Porter, Nurse']‘Every grocery store has plexiglass now for the cashiers. But they can’t do it in a hospital? It’s just so mind-blowing.’[/pullquote]Employees are entitled to medical services like vaccinations and evaluations after someone’s been exposed. And if they get sent home for getting sick on the job, they’re entitled to sick pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, the state of California \u003ca href=\"https://www.nelp.org/blog/which-states-cities-have-adopted-comprehensive-covid-19-worker-protections/\">is one of 14 states\u003c/a> that has also passed comprehensive workplace safety standards that apply more broadly to workplaces; they’re called “emergency temporary” standards, even though they’re in effect until 2023 at least. Those separate standards are \u003ca href=\"https://www.natlawreview.com/article/calosha-s-ets-under-scrutiny-california-judge-hears-oral-argument-to-enjoin\">in litigation\u003c/a>, challenged by various trade groups and employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A Response to Tuberculosis and Pandemics \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons the state wanted to make this rule is because there were tuberculosis outbreaks related to unhoused people in the late 1980s and early ’90s. To this day, homeless populations remain at higher risk for aerosol transmissible disease, including drug-resistant tuberculosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the turn of the century, there have been at least four significant pandemic or epidemic outbreaks. In 2003, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3329048/\">SARS spread rapidly\u003c/a> from continent to continent, and killed about 10% of the people it infected. In 2009, H1N1, or swine flu, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-pandemic-timeline.html\">became the first global flu pandemic in forty years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when California’s Aerosol Transmissible Diseases rule took effect. The Ebola outbreak from 2014-16 then tested the rule, as cases in Southern California threatened quarantine and testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A Nation-Leading Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, California passed \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/bloodbornefaq.html\">a rule to protect against bloodborne pathogens\u003c/a>; the idea was to minimize workers’ exposure to droplets of blood. This protection came to be seen as so essential that the federal government made a rule of its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the state, employers, and workers’ advocates finished negotiating the rule to protect against airborne disease, and it took effect in 2009, the parties involved thought it was going to be nation-leading, according to Mark Catlin, an industrial hygienist and workplace safety expert who has since retired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Catlin says, the state of California lacked the resources to see the rule through completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At some point, the state was going to come up with publications and guidance on it, and those got put aside because there wasn’t staff time to work on it,” he said. “And then there’s been a lot of other staffing issues and problems and budget issues within California over the last number of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the CDC, which declared COVID-19 to be an airborne virus in October 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200229044706/https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2020/2020-08.html\">Cal/OSHA called the coronavirus airborne\u003c/a> for the purpose of regulation months earlier, in February. But it wasn’t until May, after the first surge of the coronavirus had ebbed and the second surge was coming, that Cal/OSHA issued guidance about how to deal with COVID-19 as an airborne virus in the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first citations for violating that guidance just got released last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Violations Are Now Common \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>From late in August 2020 to the beginning of February, Cal/OSHA has \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/COVID19citations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">issued 42 citations\u003c/a> with violations of this rule, some for tens of thousands of dollars. That represents a third of the COVID-related citations regulators have issued so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, the state has enforced this rule infrequently, writing up just 31 citations in five years. Two-thirds of the violations came from complaints that somebody made specifically, meaning that a complaint prompted the investigation and a state response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cal/OSHA itself, it can take up to six months to investigate and issue a citation. So what we know about how employers have been protecting workers from exposure to the virus is lagging. But what we do know is that the state has emphasized education rather than punishment for violations during the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Workers Say the Rule Hasn’t Meant Much\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California identified the coronavirus as airborne before the federal government did — but that doesn’t mean employers necessarily followed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers don’t always know about this standard. Some say they haven’t been trained at all, or that their training was minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the beginning of the pandemic, they kept insisting we don’t wear masks because it might scare the patients, which I thought was really odd,” said Johnna Porter, a nurse at a hospital in West Hills, in Los Angeles County. “Then they kept telling us, no, no, it’s droplet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter says, in the years before the pandemic, she did receive a brief training on aerosol transmissible disease. But she says for months, the hospital didn’t have enough protective gear. And she says her employer, HCA, requires nurses to seek approval to obtain tests, or, now that it’s available, the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she doesn’t trust that her employers are thinking about how to minimize exposure to COVID-19 in the riskiest circumstances. Or even at the nurses’ stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They set it up for the cafeteria in a heartbeat to make sure the food doesn’t get contaminated. And every grocery store has plexiglass now for the cashiers,” Porter said. “But they can’t do it in a hospital? It’s just so mind-blowing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State government’s largest union, SEIU 1000, represents some workers at correctional facilities — not the sworn peace officers, but, for example, people who clean the jails. The union filed a statewide grievance last summer about safety on the job, focused on exactly this rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SEIU’s Daniel Lunas, says that at first, “the union was very patient and waiting” to see how the state would respond to the pandemic. Then several jails and facilities had horrendous outbreaks.\u003cbr>\nNow, he says, the state’s still lagging on enforcement and it’s affecting how many people are at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that’s still a problem: the fact that we believe there are still people that are showing up to work, who then should not be there because they may have been exposed or maybe already have the virus,” Luna said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the state is basically letting its citations speak for themselves. Cal/OSHA declined written requests for interviews over months. The state’s guidance about how to protect workers \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/coronavirus/COVID-19-Interim-Guide-for-Hospital-Workers.html\">is organized by industry\u003c/a>, not by rule, and it has been updated several times since the pandemic began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth pointing out that employers can — and usually do — appeal citations, and that appeals often lower the fines initially proposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The COVID-19 Pandemic Tests the Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Having protective gear on hand matters early in a pandemic. In the early days, when pretty much every hospital and health-related workplace had PPE shortages, employers basically said, what can we do? It’s impossible to do everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, you know what? That’s BS,” said Angela Dahlgren, a retired nurse who advocated for the passage of the rule. “I’m trying to be nice. Of course, we can prepare for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing requires employers to stockpile PPE. But Dahlgren says employers can think about how to prioritize gear for risky situations, or minimize the number of people at risk in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point of the rule, she says, is planning ahead, and investing in being ready over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t go out and educate everybody overnight. That doesn’t work,” Dahlgren said. “You actually have to have all these regulations and policies in place and follow them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How California follows this unique standard now is likely to influence the discussion about COVID-19 workplace safety at the federal level — which is, with the Biden administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/21/executive-order-protecting-worker-health-and-safety/\">a newly active one\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "Twelve years ago, Cal/OSHA passed a rule aimed at preparing hundreds of thousands of Californians from airborne disease. Why didn't it protect more people? ",
"status": "publish",
"parent": 0,
"modified": 1727135440,
"stats": {
"hasAudio": false,
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"paragraphCount": 35,
"wordCount": 1527
},
"headData": {
"title": "California Has a Rule to Protect Workers Against Pandemics. Here’s How It’s (Not) Working | KQED",
"description": "Twelve years ago, Cal/OSHA passed a rule aimed at preparing hundreds of thousands of Californians from airborne disease. Why didn't it protect more people? ",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogDescription": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"twDescription": "",
"twImgId": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "California Has a Rule to Protect Workers Against Pandemics. Here’s How It’s (Not) Working",
"datePublished": "2021-02-05T14:26:19-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-09-23T16:50:40-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"audioUrl": "https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/9cdb0d6e-3a10-4b81-9dc3-acc30135bf28/audio.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1972623/california-has-a-rule-to-protect-workers-against-pandemics-heres-how-its-not-working",
"audioDuration": 407000,
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A nation-leading workplace safety rule specifically designed to combat the risks of an airborne virus should have been protecting hundreds of thousands of California workers from COVID-19. The Aerosol Transmissible Diseases Standard took effect 12 years ago — and it anticipated a pandemic. But one year into the pandemic, workers say enforcement is mixed, and problems continue. Regulators at Cal/OSHA have issued more citations on this rule in the last five months than they did in the previous five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Hundreds of Thousands of Workers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This rule applies to hospitals and nursing homes, to home health workers and coroners, to jails and ambulance companies: any place where an airborne disease would be expected to appear to catch, hold and spread widely. Employers must have annual training and written plans for exposure. They have to identify activities at work that are high hazard and figure out ways to minimize the risk. They have to have \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh_publications/respiratory.pdf\">respiratory protection equipment\u003c/a>, not just N95s, but sometimes powered air-purifying respirator hoods, called PAPR hoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "‘Every grocery store has plexiglass now for the cashiers. But they can’t do it in a hospital? It’s just so mind-blowing.’",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"size": "medium",
"citation": "Johnna Porter, Nurse",
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Employees are entitled to medical services like vaccinations and evaluations after someone’s been exposed. And if they get sent home for getting sick on the job, they’re entitled to sick pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, the state of California \u003ca href=\"https://www.nelp.org/blog/which-states-cities-have-adopted-comprehensive-covid-19-worker-protections/\">is one of 14 states\u003c/a> that has also passed comprehensive workplace safety standards that apply more broadly to workplaces; they’re called “emergency temporary” standards, even though they’re in effect until 2023 at least. Those separate standards are \u003ca href=\"https://www.natlawreview.com/article/calosha-s-ets-under-scrutiny-california-judge-hears-oral-argument-to-enjoin\">in litigation\u003c/a>, challenged by various trade groups and employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A Response to Tuberculosis and Pandemics \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons the state wanted to make this rule is because there were tuberculosis outbreaks related to unhoused people in the late 1980s and early ’90s. To this day, homeless populations remain at higher risk for aerosol transmissible disease, including drug-resistant tuberculosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the turn of the century, there have been at least four significant pandemic or epidemic outbreaks. In 2003, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3329048/\">SARS spread rapidly\u003c/a> from continent to continent, and killed about 10% of the people it infected. In 2009, H1N1, or swine flu, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-pandemic-timeline.html\">became the first global flu pandemic in forty years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when California’s Aerosol Transmissible Diseases rule took effect. The Ebola outbreak from 2014-16 then tested the rule, as cases in Southern California threatened quarantine and testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A Nation-Leading Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, California passed \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/bloodbornefaq.html\">a rule to protect against bloodborne pathogens\u003c/a>; the idea was to minimize workers’ exposure to droplets of blood. This protection came to be seen as so essential that the federal government made a rule of its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the state, employers, and workers’ advocates finished negotiating the rule to protect against airborne disease, and it took effect in 2009, the parties involved thought it was going to be nation-leading, according to Mark Catlin, an industrial hygienist and workplace safety expert who has since retired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Catlin says, the state of California lacked the resources to see the rule through completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At some point, the state was going to come up with publications and guidance on it, and those got put aside because there wasn’t staff time to work on it,” he said. “And then there’s been a lot of other staffing issues and problems and budget issues within California over the last number of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the CDC, which declared COVID-19 to be an airborne virus in October 2020, \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200229044706/https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2020/2020-08.html\">Cal/OSHA called the coronavirus airborne\u003c/a> for the purpose of regulation months earlier, in February. But it wasn’t until May, after the first surge of the coronavirus had ebbed and the second surge was coming, that Cal/OSHA issued guidance about how to deal with COVID-19 as an airborne virus in the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first citations for violating that guidance just got released last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Violations Are Now Common \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>From late in August 2020 to the beginning of February, Cal/OSHA has \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/COVID19citations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">issued 42 citations\u003c/a> with violations of this rule, some for tens of thousands of dollars. That represents a third of the COVID-related citations regulators have issued so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, the state has enforced this rule infrequently, writing up just 31 citations in five years. Two-thirds of the violations came from complaints that somebody made specifically, meaning that a complaint prompted the investigation and a state response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cal/OSHA itself, it can take up to six months to investigate and issue a citation. So what we know about how employers have been protecting workers from exposure to the virus is lagging. But what we do know is that the state has emphasized education rather than punishment for violations during the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Workers Say the Rule Hasn’t Meant Much\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California identified the coronavirus as airborne before the federal government did — but that doesn’t mean employers necessarily followed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers don’t always know about this standard. Some say they haven’t been trained at all, or that their training was minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the beginning of the pandemic, they kept insisting we don’t wear masks because it might scare the patients, which I thought was really odd,” said Johnna Porter, a nurse at a hospital in West Hills, in Los Angeles County. “Then they kept telling us, no, no, it’s droplet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter says, in the years before the pandemic, she did receive a brief training on aerosol transmissible disease. But she says for months, the hospital didn’t have enough protective gear. And she says her employer, HCA, requires nurses to seek approval to obtain tests, or, now that it’s available, the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she doesn’t trust that her employers are thinking about how to minimize exposure to COVID-19 in the riskiest circumstances. Or even at the nurses’ stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They set it up for the cafeteria in a heartbeat to make sure the food doesn’t get contaminated. And every grocery store has plexiglass now for the cashiers,” Porter said. “But they can’t do it in a hospital? It’s just so mind-blowing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State government’s largest union, SEIU 1000, represents some workers at correctional facilities — not the sworn peace officers, but, for example, people who clean the jails. The union filed a statewide grievance last summer about safety on the job, focused on exactly this rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SEIU’s Daniel Lunas, says that at first, “the union was very patient and waiting” to see how the state would respond to the pandemic. Then several jails and facilities had horrendous outbreaks.\u003cbr>\nNow, he says, the state’s still lagging on enforcement and it’s affecting how many people are at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that’s still a problem: the fact that we believe there are still people that are showing up to work, who then should not be there because they may have been exposed or maybe already have the virus,” Luna said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the state is basically letting its citations speak for themselves. Cal/OSHA declined written requests for interviews over months. The state’s guidance about how to protect workers \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/coronavirus/COVID-19-Interim-Guide-for-Hospital-Workers.html\">is organized by industry\u003c/a>, not by rule, and it has been updated several times since the pandemic began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth pointing out that employers can — and usually do — appeal citations, and that appeals often lower the fines initially proposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The COVID-19 Pandemic Tests the Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Having protective gear on hand matters early in a pandemic. In the early days, when pretty much every hospital and health-related workplace had PPE shortages, employers basically said, what can we do? It’s impossible to do everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, you know what? That’s BS,” said Angela Dahlgren, a retired nurse who advocated for the passage of the rule. “I’m trying to be nice. Of course, we can prepare for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing requires employers to stockpile PPE. But Dahlgren says employers can think about how to prioritize gear for risky situations, or minimize the number of people at risk in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point of the rule, she says, is planning ahead, and investing in being ready over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t go out and educate everybody overnight. That doesn’t work,” Dahlgren said. “You actually have to have all these regulations and policies in place and follow them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How California follows this unique standard now is likely to influence the discussion about COVID-19 workplace safety at the federal level — which is, with the Biden administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/21/executive-order-protecting-worker-health-and-safety/\">a newly active one\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972623/california-has-a-rule-to-protect-workers-against-pandemics-heres-how-its-not-working",
"authors": [
"11223"
],
"programs": [
"science_5376"
],
"categories": [
"science_39",
"science_40",
"science_5141",
"science_43",
"science_4450",
"science_3423"
],
"tags": [
"science_4329",
"science_4414",
"science_5181"
],
"featImg": "science_1972642",
"label": "science_5376"
},
"science_1972627": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972627",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972627",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1612478230000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1612478230,
"format": "standard",
"title": "The Differences Between the Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson Coronavirus Vaccines Explained",
"headTitle": "The Differences Between the Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson Coronavirus Vaccines Explained | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>n an ideal world, a pandemic vaccine could be delivered in a single shot, so supplies could be stretched to cover a lot of people. It would trigger no side effect more significant than a sore arm. And it would be easy to ship and store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, it seems, this ideal of a COVID-19 vaccine will be within reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Friday, Johnson & Johnson announced that a one-dose vaccine being developed by its vaccines division, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/01/29/jj-one-dose-covid-vaccine-is-66-effective-a-weapon-but-not-a-knockout-punch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">had been shown to be 66% protective\u003c/a> against moderate to severe COVID infection in a multicountry study. But, importantly, it was 85% effective in protecting against severe disease. And there were no hospitalizations or deaths among people in the vaccine arm of a large clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall efficacy varied a bit geographically, especially in South Africa, where a new variant appears to evade to some degree the immunity induced both by infection and by COVID vaccines, which were designed to target earlier strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson said it will apply to the Food and Drug Administration for an emergency use authorization this week. That means sometime later this month or early in March its vaccine will likely start to be used in the United States, though the company is not expected to be able to supply substantial numbers of doses until April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier, STAT published a head-to-head comparison of the vaccines developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/11/fda-grants-historic-authorization-to-a-covid-19-vaccine-setting-stage-for-rollout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pfizer and its partner, BioNTech\u003c/a>, and by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/18/fda-eua-moderna-vaccine-covid19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Moderna\u003c/a>, which have been in use in the country since December. We’re updating it here with information about the J&J vaccine, with the caveat that some data from this likely new entry to the U.S. vaccination program haven’t yet been made public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Please note that in the initial rollout of vaccine, individuals are unlikely to be offered a choice of which vaccine they want. Supplies are too scarce. The vaccine available at the place where you are being vaccinated is the one you’ll get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccine Types\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are made using messenger RNA, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">mRNA\u003c/a>, a technology that delivers a bit of genetic code to cells — in effect, a recipe to make the surface protein (known as spike) on the SARS-2 virus. The proteins made with the mRNA instructions activate the immune system, teaching it to see the spike protein as foreign and develop antibodies and other immunity weapons with which to fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine uses a different approach to instruct human cells to make the SARS-2 spike protein, which then triggers an immune response. It is what’s known as a viral vectored vaccine. A harmless adenovirus — from a large family of viruses, some of which cause common colds — has been engineered to carry the genetic code for the SARS-2 spike protein. Once the adenovirus enters cells, they use that code to make spike proteins. J&J employs this same approach to make an Ebola vaccine that has been authorized for use by the European Medicines Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Target Population\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer vaccine has been authorized for use for people age 16 and older. Moderna’s has been cleared for use in people 18 and older, though the company is now testing its vaccine in 12- to 17-year-olds. J&J’s vaccine has been tested in people 18 and older, so for the time being, this vaccine won’t be available for use in children and teens under 18 either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccine Efficacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have shown astonishing — and essentially equivalent — degrees of efficacy, at least in the early stages after vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer vaccine showed efficacy of 95% at preventing symptomatic COVID infection after two doses. The vaccine appeared to be more or less equally protective across age groups and racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna vaccine was 94.1% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19, after the second dose. The vaccine’s efficacy appeared to be slightly lower in people 65 and older, but during a presentation to the Food and Drug Administration’s advisory committee in December, the company explained that the numbers could have been influenced by the fact there were few cases in that age group in the trial. The vaccine appeared to be equally effective across different ethnic and racial groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But comparing efficacy in those vaccines to the efficacy of Johnson & Johnson’s is challenging because of differences in the designs of the Phase 3 clinical tests — essentially the trials were testing for different outcomes. Pfizer’s and Moderna’s trials were testing for slightly different criteria, with Pfizer counting cases from seven days after receipt of the second dose of vaccine and Moderna waiting till day 14 to start counting cases. Both tested for any symptomatic COVID infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J&J, by contrast, sought to determine whether one dose of its vaccine protected against moderate to severe COVID illness — defined as a combination of a positive test and at least one symptom such as shortness of breath, beginning from 14 or 28 days after the single shot. (The company collected data for both.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the difference in the trials, making direct comparisons is a bit like comparing apples and oranges. Additionally, Pfizer and Moderna’s vaccines were tested before the emergence of troubling new variants in Britain, South Africa and Brazil. It’s not entirely clear how well they will work against these mutated viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine was still being tested when the variants were making the rounds. Much of the data generated in the South African arm of the J&J trial involved people who were infected with the variant first seen in South Africa, called B.1.351.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J one-dose vaccine was shown to be 66% protective against moderate to severe COVID infections overall from 28 days after injection, though there was variability based on geographic locations. The vaccine was 72% protective in the United States, 66% protective in South America, and 57% protective in South Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vaccine was shown to be 85% protective against severe disease, with no differences across countries (eight) or regions (three) in the study, nor across age groups among trial participants. And there were no hospitalizations or deaths in the vaccine arm of the trial after the 28-day period in which immunity developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not yet known if any of these vaccines prevent asymptomatic infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Nor is it known if vaccinated people can transmit the virus if they do become infected but don’t show symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Number of Doses/Amounts of Vaccine Per Dose\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the Moderna and the Pfizer vaccines require two shots: a priming dose, followed by a booster shot. The interval between Moderna doses is 28 days; for the Pfizer vaccine, it’s 21 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each dose of Pfizer’s contains 30 micrograms of vaccine. Moderna went with a much larger dose of vaccine, 100 micrograms. It means the company is using a little more than three times as much vaccine per person as Pfizer is. And yet, they aren’t getting better results. The government’s vaccine development program, formerly called Operation Warp Speed, has asked Moderna to test if it could lower the dosage of its vaccine without eroding the vaccine’s protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine is, as mentioned, a single-dose vaccine. The company is also testing a two-dose regimen, with the two shots given eight weeks apart. The results from that 30,000-person trial aren’t expected until sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Side-Effect Profile\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the vernacular of vaccinology, vaccines that trigger a range of transient side effects in a lot of recipients are known as reactogenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these vaccines — in fact, most if not all the COVID-19 vaccines that have reported data so far — fall into the reactogenic category. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, an expert panel that helps the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention set vaccination policies, has advised hospitals they may want to stagger vaccinations among employees — for instance, don’t vaccinate all emergency room staff at the same time — in case some feel too unwell to work the day after being vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common side effects are injection site pain, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, and joint pain. Some people in the clinical trials have reported fever. Side effects are more common after the second dose; younger adults, who have more robust immune systems, reported more side effects than older adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear: These side effects are a sign of an immune system kicking into gear. They do not signal that the vaccine is unsafe. To date there are no serious, long-term side effects associated with receipt of these vaccines, which will be closely monitored as their use expands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been reports of severe allergic reactions to the mRNA vaccines. Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appear, on rare occasions, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/01/22/cdc-reports-rare-allergic-reactions-to-modernas-covid-19-vaccine/\">trigger anaphylaxis\u003c/a>, a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction. People who develop anaphylaxis must be treated with epinephrine — the drug in EpiPens — and may need to be hospitalized to ensure their airways remain open. The CDC says people should be monitored for 15 minutes after getting a COVID-19 shot, and 30 minutes if they have a history of severe allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take time to come up with a firm estimate of how frequently this side effect occurs. The most recent data from the CDC suggest that anaphylaxis occurs at a rate of about 2.1 cases per one million doses given of the Moderna vaccine, and 6.2 cases per million doses of the Pfizer. Many of the people who have developed anaphylaxis have a history of severe allergies and some have had previous episodes of anaphylaxis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date the J&J vaccine has not been associated with anaphylactic reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Safety for Those Who are Pregnant or Lactating\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the vaccines has been tested in these two groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna has completed animal studies the FDA demanded of manufacturers; these studies look for evidence that the vaccine might harm the pregnancy or the developing fetus. The company said it saw no such signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer has only interim data from its animal studies, but said it saw no concerning signs either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/pregnancy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recommends\u003c/a> until those studies are conducted, the choice of whether to get vaccinated should rest with the person who is pregnant or lactating. This is a more permissive stance than has been taken in some countries, which have said people who are pregnant should not be vaccinated with these vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine hasn’t yet been through the regulatory process, so it’s too early to say what the FDA and the CDC will recommend. The company plans to include pregnant women in clinical trials in the near future, a spokesman told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storage Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mRNA vaccines require an elaborate cold chain, the term used to describe the conditions under which vaccines must be stored during distribution and when they are in the doctors’ offices, pharmacies, or public health clinics where they’ll be administered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J does not, which means this vaccine can be given easily anywhere, once supplies are adequate. Doctors’ offices, pharmacies, mass vaccination sites, public health clinics — this vaccine will be much easier to use. It can be stored for at least three months at the temperature of a regular refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the mRNA vaccines, Moderna’s is far easier to use than Pfizer’s. For starters, Moderna’s must be shipped at -4 Fahrenheit; Pfizer’s must be shipped and stored at -94 Fahrenheit. The former is the temperature of a regular refrigerator freezer; the latter requires special ultracold freezers. Doctors’ offices do not have ultracold freezers; neighborhood pharmacies don’t either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After thawing, a vial of the Pfizer vaccine must be used within five days; Moderna’s is stable at fridge temperature for 30 days and at room temperature for 12 hours. STAT asked J&J how long its vaccine will last once a vial has begun to be used, but so far the company has not provided that information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Minimum Purchase Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultracold storage requirement is not the only challenging aspect of the Pfizer vaccine. The minimum amount of vaccine a location can order is 975 doses. A large teaching hospital might need several of those. But there are plenty of places across the country that don’t need 975 doses to vaccinate the people currently eligible for vaccination — health workers and nursing home residents. This is the vaccine that needs to be kept at -94 F. The minimum order size will limit the locations in which this vaccine can be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna vaccine’s minimum order is 100 doses, a much more manageable number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT asked J&J what its minimum order will be; it declined to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer vaccine is shipped in six-dose vials. Moderna’s vaccine comes in 10-dose vials. J&J’s vaccine will be packaged in five-dose vials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Durability of Protection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how long the protection provided by any of these vaccines will last will take time. It’s going to involve periodic blood draws from some volunteers to see what their antibody levels look like, though a decline in antibody levels doesn’t necessarily equate to loss of protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a large part of this work will involve watching for reports that people who were immunized are starting to contract COVID in larger numbers, a development that would probably lead to recommendations to give people booster shots at some yet-to-be-determined interval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/26/containing-new-coronavirus-may-not-be-feasible-experts-say/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=b4213b1d3b-MR_COPY_02&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-b4213b1d3b-149648249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2388,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 57
},
"modified": 1704846776,
"excerpt": "A head-to-head comparison of the vaccines.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A head-to-head comparison of the vaccines.",
"title": "The Differences Between the Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson Coronavirus Vaccines Explained | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "The Differences Between the Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson Coronavirus Vaccines Explained",
"datePublished": "2021-02-04T14:37:10-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:32:56-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "the-differences-between-the-pfizer-moderna-and-johnson-johnson-coronavirus-vaccines-explained",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Helen Branswell \u003cbr />STAT\u003cbr>",
"sticky": false,
"source": "STAT",
"path": "/science/1972627/the-differences-between-the-pfizer-moderna-and-johnson-johnson-coronavirus-vaccines-explained",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/span>n an ideal world, a pandemic vaccine could be delivered in a single shot, so supplies could be stretched to cover a lot of people. It would trigger no side effect more significant than a sore arm. And it would be easy to ship and store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, it seems, this ideal of a COVID-19 vaccine will be within reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Friday, Johnson & Johnson announced that a one-dose vaccine being developed by its vaccines division, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/01/29/jj-one-dose-covid-vaccine-is-66-effective-a-weapon-but-not-a-knockout-punch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">had been shown to be 66% protective\u003c/a> against moderate to severe COVID infection in a multicountry study. But, importantly, it was 85% effective in protecting against severe disease. And there were no hospitalizations or deaths among people in the vaccine arm of a large clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall efficacy varied a bit geographically, especially in South Africa, where a new variant appears to evade to some degree the immunity induced both by infection and by COVID vaccines, which were designed to target earlier strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson said it will apply to the Food and Drug Administration for an emergency use authorization this week. That means sometime later this month or early in March its vaccine will likely start to be used in the United States, though the company is not expected to be able to supply substantial numbers of doses until April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier, STAT published a head-to-head comparison of the vaccines developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/11/fda-grants-historic-authorization-to-a-covid-19-vaccine-setting-stage-for-rollout/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pfizer and its partner, BioNTech\u003c/a>, and by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/18/fda-eua-moderna-vaccine-covid19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Moderna\u003c/a>, which have been in use in the country since December. We’re updating it here with information about the J&J vaccine, with the caveat that some data from this likely new entry to the U.S. vaccination program haven’t yet been made public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Please note that in the initial rollout of vaccine, individuals are unlikely to be offered a choice of which vaccine they want. Supplies are too scarce. The vaccine available at the place where you are being vaccinated is the one you’ll get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccine Types\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are made using messenger RNA, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">mRNA\u003c/a>, a technology that delivers a bit of genetic code to cells — in effect, a recipe to make the surface protein (known as spike) on the SARS-2 virus. The proteins made with the mRNA instructions activate the immune system, teaching it to see the spike protein as foreign and develop antibodies and other immunity weapons with which to fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine uses a different approach to instruct human cells to make the SARS-2 spike protein, which then triggers an immune response. It is what’s known as a viral vectored vaccine. A harmless adenovirus — from a large family of viruses, some of which cause common colds — has been engineered to carry the genetic code for the SARS-2 spike protein. Once the adenovirus enters cells, they use that code to make spike proteins. J&J employs this same approach to make an Ebola vaccine that has been authorized for use by the European Medicines Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Target Population\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer vaccine has been authorized for use for people age 16 and older. Moderna’s has been cleared for use in people 18 and older, though the company is now testing its vaccine in 12- to 17-year-olds. J&J’s vaccine has been tested in people 18 and older, so for the time being, this vaccine won’t be available for use in children and teens under 18 either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccine Efficacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have shown astonishing — and essentially equivalent — degrees of efficacy, at least in the early stages after vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer vaccine showed efficacy of 95% at preventing symptomatic COVID infection after two doses. The vaccine appeared to be more or less equally protective across age groups and racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna vaccine was 94.1% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19, after the second dose. The vaccine’s efficacy appeared to be slightly lower in people 65 and older, but during a presentation to the Food and Drug Administration’s advisory committee in December, the company explained that the numbers could have been influenced by the fact there were few cases in that age group in the trial. The vaccine appeared to be equally effective across different ethnic and racial groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But comparing efficacy in those vaccines to the efficacy of Johnson & Johnson’s is challenging because of differences in the designs of the Phase 3 clinical tests — essentially the trials were testing for different outcomes. Pfizer’s and Moderna’s trials were testing for slightly different criteria, with Pfizer counting cases from seven days after receipt of the second dose of vaccine and Moderna waiting till day 14 to start counting cases. Both tested for any symptomatic COVID infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J&J, by contrast, sought to determine whether one dose of its vaccine protected against moderate to severe COVID illness — defined as a combination of a positive test and at least one symptom such as shortness of breath, beginning from 14 or 28 days after the single shot. (The company collected data for both.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the difference in the trials, making direct comparisons is a bit like comparing apples and oranges. Additionally, Pfizer and Moderna’s vaccines were tested before the emergence of troubling new variants in Britain, South Africa and Brazil. It’s not entirely clear how well they will work against these mutated viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine was still being tested when the variants were making the rounds. Much of the data generated in the South African arm of the J&J trial involved people who were infected with the variant first seen in South Africa, called B.1.351.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J one-dose vaccine was shown to be 66% protective against moderate to severe COVID infections overall from 28 days after injection, though there was variability based on geographic locations. The vaccine was 72% protective in the United States, 66% protective in South America, and 57% protective in South Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vaccine was shown to be 85% protective against severe disease, with no differences across countries (eight) or regions (three) in the study, nor across age groups among trial participants. And there were no hospitalizations or deaths in the vaccine arm of the trial after the 28-day period in which immunity developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not yet known if any of these vaccines prevent asymptomatic infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Nor is it known if vaccinated people can transmit the virus if they do become infected but don’t show symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Number of Doses/Amounts of Vaccine Per Dose\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the Moderna and the Pfizer vaccines require two shots: a priming dose, followed by a booster shot. The interval between Moderna doses is 28 days; for the Pfizer vaccine, it’s 21 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each dose of Pfizer’s contains 30 micrograms of vaccine. Moderna went with a much larger dose of vaccine, 100 micrograms. It means the company is using a little more than three times as much vaccine per person as Pfizer is. And yet, they aren’t getting better results. The government’s vaccine development program, formerly called Operation Warp Speed, has asked Moderna to test if it could lower the dosage of its vaccine without eroding the vaccine’s protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine is, as mentioned, a single-dose vaccine. The company is also testing a two-dose regimen, with the two shots given eight weeks apart. The results from that 30,000-person trial aren’t expected until sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Side-Effect Profile\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the vernacular of vaccinology, vaccines that trigger a range of transient side effects in a lot of recipients are known as reactogenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these vaccines — in fact, most if not all the COVID-19 vaccines that have reported data so far — fall into the reactogenic category. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, an expert panel that helps the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention set vaccination policies, has advised hospitals they may want to stagger vaccinations among employees — for instance, don’t vaccinate all emergency room staff at the same time — in case some feel too unwell to work the day after being vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common side effects are injection site pain, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, and joint pain. Some people in the clinical trials have reported fever. Side effects are more common after the second dose; younger adults, who have more robust immune systems, reported more side effects than older adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear: These side effects are a sign of an immune system kicking into gear. They do not signal that the vaccine is unsafe. To date there are no serious, long-term side effects associated with receipt of these vaccines, which will be closely monitored as their use expands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been reports of severe allergic reactions to the mRNA vaccines. Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appear, on rare occasions, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/01/22/cdc-reports-rare-allergic-reactions-to-modernas-covid-19-vaccine/\">trigger anaphylaxis\u003c/a>, a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction. People who develop anaphylaxis must be treated with epinephrine — the drug in EpiPens — and may need to be hospitalized to ensure their airways remain open. The CDC says people should be monitored for 15 minutes after getting a COVID-19 shot, and 30 minutes if they have a history of severe allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take time to come up with a firm estimate of how frequently this side effect occurs. The most recent data from the CDC suggest that anaphylaxis occurs at a rate of about 2.1 cases per one million doses given of the Moderna vaccine, and 6.2 cases per million doses of the Pfizer. Many of the people who have developed anaphylaxis have a history of severe allergies and some have had previous episodes of anaphylaxis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date the J&J vaccine has not been associated with anaphylactic reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Safety for Those Who are Pregnant or Lactating\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the vaccines has been tested in these two groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna has completed animal studies the FDA demanded of manufacturers; these studies look for evidence that the vaccine might harm the pregnancy or the developing fetus. The company said it saw no such signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer has only interim data from its animal studies, but said it saw no concerning signs either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/pregnancy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recommends\u003c/a> until those studies are conducted, the choice of whether to get vaccinated should rest with the person who is pregnant or lactating. This is a more permissive stance than has been taken in some countries, which have said people who are pregnant should not be vaccinated with these vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J vaccine hasn’t yet been through the regulatory process, so it’s too early to say what the FDA and the CDC will recommend. The company plans to include pregnant women in clinical trials in the near future, a spokesman told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storage Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mRNA vaccines require an elaborate cold chain, the term used to describe the conditions under which vaccines must be stored during distribution and when they are in the doctors’ offices, pharmacies, or public health clinics where they’ll be administered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The J&J does not, which means this vaccine can be given easily anywhere, once supplies are adequate. Doctors’ offices, pharmacies, mass vaccination sites, public health clinics — this vaccine will be much easier to use. It can be stored for at least three months at the temperature of a regular refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the mRNA vaccines, Moderna’s is far easier to use than Pfizer’s. For starters, Moderna’s must be shipped at -4 Fahrenheit; Pfizer’s must be shipped and stored at -94 Fahrenheit. The former is the temperature of a regular refrigerator freezer; the latter requires special ultracold freezers. Doctors’ offices do not have ultracold freezers; neighborhood pharmacies don’t either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After thawing, a vial of the Pfizer vaccine must be used within five days; Moderna’s is stable at fridge temperature for 30 days and at room temperature for 12 hours. STAT asked J&J how long its vaccine will last once a vial has begun to be used, but so far the company has not provided that information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Minimum Purchase Order\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultracold storage requirement is not the only challenging aspect of the Pfizer vaccine. The minimum amount of vaccine a location can order is 975 doses. A large teaching hospital might need several of those. But there are plenty of places across the country that don’t need 975 doses to vaccinate the people currently eligible for vaccination — health workers and nursing home residents. This is the vaccine that needs to be kept at -94 F. The minimum order size will limit the locations in which this vaccine can be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moderna vaccine’s minimum order is 100 doses, a much more manageable number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT asked J&J what its minimum order will be; it declined to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pfizer vaccine is shipped in six-dose vials. Moderna’s vaccine comes in 10-dose vials. J&J’s vaccine will be packaged in five-dose vials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Durability of Protection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how long the protection provided by any of these vaccines will last will take time. It’s going to involve periodic blood draws from some volunteers to see what their antibody levels look like, though a decline in antibody levels doesn’t necessarily equate to loss of protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a large part of this work will involve watching for reports that people who were immunized are starting to contract COVID in larger numbers, a development that would probably lead to recommendations to give people booster shots at some yet-to-be-determined interval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/26/containing-new-coronavirus-may-not-be-feasible-experts-say/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=b4213b1d3b-MR_COPY_02&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-b4213b1d3b-149648249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972627/the-differences-between-the-pfizer-moderna-and-johnson-johnson-coronavirus-vaccines-explained",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1972627"
],
"categories": [
"science_39",
"science_3890",
"science_40",
"science_4450"
],
"tags": [
"science_4329",
"science_3977"
],
"featImg": "science_1972628",
"label": "source_science_1972627"
},
"science_1972607": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972607",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972607",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1612400791000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1612400791,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Sierra Snow Piles Up, But Snowpack Still Lagging",
"headTitle": "Sierra Snow Piles Up, But Snowpack Still Lagging | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s water supply is looking a lot more robust after an atmospheric river blanketed the Northern Sierra Nevada with snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week’s storm deluged Mammoth Mountain with nearly 9 feet of powder and enveloped Kirkwood, Alpine Meadows and Squaw Valley with about 7 feet of fresh snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSReno/status/1355616577106833410?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all that white stuff wasn’t quite enough to push the state’s snowpack above average for this time of year. That’s due to more than a year of dry weather. During rainy season in 2020, the state saw just 39% average rainfall the last three months of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements from officials with the California Department of Water Resources show the snowpack near Lake Tahoe at about 93% of February’s historical average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean de Guzman, chief of DWR’s Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasting Section, recorded a snow depth of 63 inches and a snow-water content of 17 inches at Phillips Station snow course, south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide automated snow sensor network as of Wednesday morning reported the snowpack at 70% of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>The state has experienced a series of storms over the last couple of weeks that brought a significant amount of rain and snow,” de Guzman said. “However, these storms were not nearly enough to make up the deficit that we have accumulated over the last few months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sustained La Niña, which is cold water on the surface of the Equatorial Pacific that affects weather across the globe, has stalled a ridge of high pressure over California and diverted storms that might normally have pelted the state over the Pacific Northwest instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporter Paul Rogers of the Mercury News \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/02/02/sierra-snow-grows-but-bay-area-has-3rd-biggest-rainfall-deficit-since-1849/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">notes\u003c/a> California’s current water story needs to be told in two parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the recent atmospheric river brought blizzard conditions across the Sierra, the Bay Area is “stuck in one of the worst two-year rainfall deficits seen since the 1849 Gold Rush,” Rogers writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of February, San Francisco had received only about 17 inches of rain since July 1, 2019. From the Mercury News:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>… San Francisco is 20.13 inches behind normal for last winter, and this winter so far, combined. That makes the past 19 months the third-driest such period in San Francisco in 172 years, when records first began in 1849. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only two similar 19-month periods that were drier than the current one were from July 1975 to January 1977 — the middle of a historic drought — and July 1897 to January 1899. The rainfall deficit is drawing increasing attention from water managers, who say that unless February and March bring numerous major storms to boost reservoir levels, water restrictions may return to Northern California communities this summer.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“Last year we began digging a big hole. And this year we continued digging,” meteorologist Jan Null told Rogers. “We would need something monumental and probably catastrophic to get out of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologists say California’s February rain outlook does not look good, with high pressure and a likely return to below average precipitation for two weeks, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/weather_west/status/1355978523756830721?s=21\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 558,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 17
},
"modified": 1704846778,
"excerpt": "As of Wednesday morning, the state's snowpack was at 70% of average.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "As of Wednesday morning, the state's snowpack was at 70% of average.",
"title": "Sierra Snow Piles Up, But Snowpack Still Lagging | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Sierra Snow Piles Up, But Snowpack Still Lagging",
"datePublished": "2021-02-03T17:06:31-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:32:58-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "sierra-snow-piles-up-but-snowpack-still-lagging",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Water",
"path": "/science/1972607/sierra-snow-piles-up-but-snowpack-still-lagging",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s water supply is looking a lot more robust after an atmospheric river blanketed the Northern Sierra Nevada with snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week’s storm deluged Mammoth Mountain with nearly 9 feet of powder and enveloped Kirkwood, Alpine Meadows and Squaw Valley with about 7 feet of fresh snow.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "singleTwitterStatus",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"id": "1355616577106833410"
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>But all that white stuff wasn’t quite enough to push the state’s snowpack above average for this time of year. That’s due to more than a year of dry weather. During rainy season in 2020, the state saw just 39% average rainfall the last three months of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements from officials with the California Department of Water Resources show the snowpack near Lake Tahoe at about 93% of February’s historical average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean de Guzman, chief of DWR’s Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasting Section, recorded a snow depth of 63 inches and a snow-water content of 17 inches at Phillips Station snow course, south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide automated snow sensor network as of Wednesday morning reported the snowpack at 70% of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>The state has experienced a series of storms over the last couple of weeks that brought a significant amount of rain and snow,” de Guzman said. “However, these storms were not nearly enough to make up the deficit that we have accumulated over the last few months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sustained La Niña, which is cold water on the surface of the Equatorial Pacific that affects weather across the globe, has stalled a ridge of high pressure over California and diverted storms that might normally have pelted the state over the Pacific Northwest instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporter Paul Rogers of the Mercury News \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/02/02/sierra-snow-grows-but-bay-area-has-3rd-biggest-rainfall-deficit-since-1849/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">notes\u003c/a> California’s current water story needs to be told in two parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the recent atmospheric river brought blizzard conditions across the Sierra, the Bay Area is “stuck in one of the worst two-year rainfall deficits seen since the 1849 Gold Rush,” Rogers writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of February, San Francisco had received only about 17 inches of rain since July 1, 2019. From the Mercury News:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>… San Francisco is 20.13 inches behind normal for last winter, and this winter so far, combined. That makes the past 19 months the third-driest such period in San Francisco in 172 years, when records first began in 1849. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only two similar 19-month periods that were drier than the current one were from July 1975 to January 1977 — the middle of a historic drought — and July 1897 to January 1899. The rainfall deficit is drawing increasing attention from water managers, who say that unless February and March bring numerous major storms to boost reservoir levels, water restrictions may return to Northern California communities this summer.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“Last year we began digging a big hole. And this year we continued digging,” meteorologist Jan Null told Rogers. “We would need something monumental and probably catastrophic to get out of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologists say California’s February rain outlook does not look good, with high pressure and a likely return to below average precipitation for two weeks, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "singleTwitterStatus",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"id": "1355978523756830721"
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972607/sierra-snow-piles-up-but-snowpack-still-lagging",
"authors": [
"11608"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_4450",
"science_98",
"science_3730"
],
"tags": [
"science_1243",
"science_201"
],
"featImg": "science_1972610",
"label": "source_science_1972607"
},
"science_1972584": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1972584",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1972584",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1612383871000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1612383871,
"format": "standard",
"title": "To Slow Climate Change, Biden Will Need to Move Historically Fast",
"headTitle": "To Slow Climate Change, Biden Will Need to Move Historically Fast | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In a flurry of first-week executive orders, President Biden sent a definitive message that his administration would move faster on climate change than any before. Now, the question is whether it will be fast enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists warn that the coming decade will be critical for slowing heat-trapping emissions, potentially keeping average annual global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to the mid-19th century. Right now, the world is \u003ca href=\"https://www.unenvironment.org/emissions-gap-report-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">on track for an increase of 3 degrees\u003c/a> Celsius, a level that\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/28/905622947/everything-is-unprecedented-welcome-to-your-hotter-earth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> ensures more destructive wildfires and hurricanes\u003c/a>, devastation for coral reefs and rising seas flooding the coastlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden has set a goal of making the U.S. carbon neutral by 2050, which will require steeper emissions cuts than the U.S. has ever achieved. To reach it, coal power would have to wane into a footnote, replaced by renewables like solar and wind. Most cars would run on batteries, instead of gas. He has also emphasized investing in communities that are hardest hit, both communities of color that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/29/956012329/hope-and-skepticism-as-biden-promises-to-address-environmental-racism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bear the highest pollution burden\u003c/a> and those that depend on disappearing fossil fuel jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to increase tree cover five times faster than we are,” said John Kerry, Biden’s special envoy for climate. “We need to ramp up renewable energy six times faster. And the transition to electric vehicles needs to take place at a rate 22 times faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prevailing winds are blowing in Biden’s direction. Renewable energy is increasingly cheaper and, along with a glut of natural gas, is driving coal power plants to retire. States and companies are pursuing their own goals to cut emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, reversing the Trump administration’s environmental rollbacks could potentially take years. The administration will also need the cooperation of Congress to dramatically increase investment in climate policies. Biden says even without Congress, climate will be a priority across all federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, that suggests that it’s not just a campaign promise, but that the administration is really committed to achieving this goal,” says Angel Hsu, assistant professor at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “That said, it’s very easy to make these types of goals and pledges. The hard part really comes in the follow through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Working in Biden’s Favor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in the Trump administration, officials took aim at one of former President Barack Obama’s key climate policies: limits on emissions from the dirtiest power plants, a policy known as the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump rolled back the plan, but emissions from power plants have still fallen. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/14/694769097/trump-tweet-fails-to-save-kentucky-coal-fired-power-plant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Despite Trump’s support\u003c/a> for the coal industry, it’s continued to shrink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal-fired power plants are just uneconomic and are continuing to retire,” says Dan Lashof, director of the World Resources Institute. “But much of the power from coal plans has been replaced by natural gas-fired power plants, and we need to start making that transition away from gas. And that means doubling or tripling the pace at which we’re building wind and solar over the next decade.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renewables are increasingly becoming the most affordable option for electric utilities. Biden is seeking to speed up that trend by investing in clean energy projects through economic recovery spending, as a way of supporting both job creation and climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate policies have also been alive and well in many states across the country, which have passed their own goals on energy efficiency, cleaner cars and renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really encouraging that we’ve had non-federal action on climate change the last fours, despite there being no action at the national level and even reversal,” Hsu says. “Even states that you wouldn’t expect like Louisiana, just a couple months ago, set a target to decarbonize.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As carbon dioxide pollution from power plants fell, transportation became the country’s largest source of greenhouse gases. The Obama administration instituted fuel economy standards that required automakers to improve their efficiency by 5% every year. The Trump administration replaced that with just 1.5% improvements annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to Trump arriving in office, California and 13 other states pioneered their own tougher standards on tailpipe emissions from cars and trucks. The states’ authority to have their own rules hinges on California’s “waiver,” special permission granted 40 years ago by the federal government for the state to set separate car pollution standards. Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/06/758388036/trump-administration-challenges-california-and-automakers-on-fuel-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sought to revoke California’s waiver\u003c/a>, which the state challenged as being illegal under the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that legal battle was playing out, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/25/745389326/california-signs-deal-with-automakers-to-produce-fuel-efficient-cars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">four automakers took California’s side\u003c/a>, agreeing to meet tougher standards than the Trump administration’s fuel economy rules. Even General Motors, which had supported the Trump administration, just \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/28/961777665/general-motors-aims-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced\u003c/a> it would plan to sell all zero-emission cars by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With electric cars booming in overseas markets, economic forces are pushing automakers to speed up the rollout. Biden will seek to usher it along by installing half a million new charging stations domestically and by making the government’s fleet of cars all-electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Working Against Biden\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On his first day in office, Biden \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/inauguration-day-live-updates/2021/01/20/958854421/biden-to-move-quickly-on-climate-change-reversing-trump-rollbacks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">took direct aim at more than 100 Trump-era environmental policies\u003c/a>, ordering federal agencies to review and replace them. Many are critical to cutting emissions in the U.S., like limiting emissions of methane from oil and gas wells, a significant source of the potent heat-trapping gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, that process is likely to take years. Many regulations, like the federal fuel economy rules for cars and trucks, require a lengthy rulemaking process with scientific analysis and public comment. As a result, many of the Trump administration’s rules \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/03/31/824431240/trump-administration-weakens-auto-emissions-rolling-back-key-climate-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">only went into effect in his last year in office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after that, Biden’s environmental rules are likely to be challenged by lawsuits, potentially reaching the Supreme Court and adding years to the process. Future administrations could also undo those rules, just as the Trump administration did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has some looking to Congress for meaningful climate action, since laws passed there have better sticking power and spending power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, we would have a federal clean electricity standard that would require a steady reduction in emissions to get us to 100% clean power by 2035,” says Lashof. “It’s unclear whether the votes will be there in Congress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A high-profile climate bill would test the Democrats’ razor-thin margin in the Senate, where support from party conservatives like Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia would be hard won. Instead, Democrats may look to add climate policies to other bills or pass them through the arcane budget process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of acrimony that you can see in Congress and where we’re sitting right now, it’s probably hard to see a big bipartisan bill on climate change,” says Greg Dotson of the University of Oregon, who also worked on energy policy in the U.S. House of Representatives. “But I don’t think that means you stop trying in Congress. Maybe it’s tax policy. Maybe it’s investment decisions. Maybe it’s budgetary issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the Biden administration is focusing on executive actions, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/27/960941799/biden-to-pause-oil-and-gas-leasing-on-public-lands-and-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">banning new oil and gas leases\u003c/a> on federal lands and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/inauguration-day-live-updates/2021/01/20/958823085/biden-order-blocks-keystone-xl-pipeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">revoking permits for the Keystone XL pipeline\u003c/a>, which would have carried carbon-intensive oil from Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly we’re going to look at congressional action,” Gina McCarthy, Biden’s domestic climate adviser, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/27/961279020/biden-climate-adviser-on-ending-drilling-on-federal-land\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">told NPR\u003c/a>. “But right now, we can use the strength of the federal budget and our procurement opportunities to send the right market signals on the kind of technologies and products that we think we need and we know we have available now that are cost-effective and that, again, grow jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration’s climate ambitions will become clearer this spring when it releases new U.S. commitments for cutting emissions under the Paris climate agreement. Biden announced the U.S. would rejoin the accord on his first day in office, after the Trump administration pulled out and ceased engaging in the international effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden says the U.S. will come back to the table at a key moment, when countries are making new commitments to cut emissions under the Paris accord. Now, he has to convince them he can deliver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Fast+Will+Biden+Need+To+Move+On+Climate%3F+Really%2C+Really+Fast&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1459,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 32
},
"modified": 1704846781,
"excerpt": "Scientists say the next decade is crucial for slowing climate change. To catch up, President Biden's environmental policies will have to move faster than any in history.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Scientists say the next decade is crucial for slowing climate change. To catch up, President Biden's environmental policies will have to move faster than any in history.",
"title": "To Slow Climate Change, Biden Will Need to Move Historically Fast | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "To Slow Climate Change, Biden Will Need to Move Historically Fast",
"datePublished": "2021-02-03T12:24:31-08:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T16:33:01-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "to-slow-climate-change-biden-will-need-to-move-historically-fast",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=963014373&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Lauren Sommer \u003cbr />NPR\u003cbr>",
"nprStoryDate": "Tue, 02 Feb 2021 17:10:00 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Wed, 03 Feb 2021 11:32:28 -0500",
"sticky": false,
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2021/02/02/963014373/how-fast-will-biden-need-to-move-on-climate-really-really-fast?ft=nprml&f=963014373",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Alex Wong",
"source": "NPR",
"nprStoryId": "963014373",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Wed, 03 Feb 2021 11:32:00 -0500",
"path": "/science/1972584/to-slow-climate-change-biden-will-need-to-move-historically-fast",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a flurry of first-week executive orders, President Biden sent a definitive message that his administration would move faster on climate change than any before. Now, the question is whether it will be fast enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists warn that the coming decade will be critical for slowing heat-trapping emissions, potentially keeping average annual global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to the mid-19th century. Right now, the world is \u003ca href=\"https://www.unenvironment.org/emissions-gap-report-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">on track for an increase of 3 degrees\u003c/a> Celsius, a level that\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/28/905622947/everything-is-unprecedented-welcome-to-your-hotter-earth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> ensures more destructive wildfires and hurricanes\u003c/a>, devastation for coral reefs and rising seas flooding the coastlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden has set a goal of making the U.S. carbon neutral by 2050, which will require steeper emissions cuts than the U.S. has ever achieved. To reach it, coal power would have to wane into a footnote, replaced by renewables like solar and wind. Most cars would run on batteries, instead of gas. He has also emphasized investing in communities that are hardest hit, both communities of color that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/29/956012329/hope-and-skepticism-as-biden-promises-to-address-environmental-racism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bear the highest pollution burden\u003c/a> and those that depend on disappearing fossil fuel jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to increase tree cover five times faster than we are,” said John Kerry, Biden’s special envoy for climate. “We need to ramp up renewable energy six times faster. And the transition to electric vehicles needs to take place at a rate 22 times faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prevailing winds are blowing in Biden’s direction. Renewable energy is increasingly cheaper and, along with a glut of natural gas, is driving coal power plants to retire. States and companies are pursuing their own goals to cut emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, reversing the Trump administration’s environmental rollbacks could potentially take years. The administration will also need the cooperation of Congress to dramatically increase investment in climate policies. Biden says even without Congress, climate will be a priority across all federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, that suggests that it’s not just a campaign promise, but that the administration is really committed to achieving this goal,” says Angel Hsu, assistant professor at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “That said, it’s very easy to make these types of goals and pledges. The hard part really comes in the follow through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Working in Biden’s Favor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in the Trump administration, officials took aim at one of former President Barack Obama’s key climate policies: limits on emissions from the dirtiest power plants, a policy known as the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump rolled back the plan, but emissions from power plants have still fallen. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/14/694769097/trump-tweet-fails-to-save-kentucky-coal-fired-power-plant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Despite Trump’s support\u003c/a> for the coal industry, it’s continued to shrink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal-fired power plants are just uneconomic and are continuing to retire,” says Dan Lashof, director of the World Resources Institute. “But much of the power from coal plans has been replaced by natural gas-fired power plants, and we need to start making that transition away from gas. And that means doubling or tripling the pace at which we’re building wind and solar over the next decade.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renewables are increasingly becoming the most affordable option for electric utilities. Biden is seeking to speed up that trend by investing in clean energy projects through economic recovery spending, as a way of supporting both job creation and climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate policies have also been alive and well in many states across the country, which have passed their own goals on energy efficiency, cleaner cars and renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really encouraging that we’ve had non-federal action on climate change the last fours, despite there being no action at the national level and even reversal,” Hsu says. “Even states that you wouldn’t expect like Louisiana, just a couple months ago, set a target to decarbonize.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As carbon dioxide pollution from power plants fell, transportation became the country’s largest source of greenhouse gases. The Obama administration instituted fuel economy standards that required automakers to improve their efficiency by 5% every year. The Trump administration replaced that with just 1.5% improvements annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to Trump arriving in office, California and 13 other states pioneered their own tougher standards on tailpipe emissions from cars and trucks. The states’ authority to have their own rules hinges on California’s “waiver,” special permission granted 40 years ago by the federal government for the state to set separate car pollution standards. Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/06/758388036/trump-administration-challenges-california-and-automakers-on-fuel-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sought to revoke California’s waiver\u003c/a>, which the state challenged as being illegal under the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that legal battle was playing out, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/25/745389326/california-signs-deal-with-automakers-to-produce-fuel-efficient-cars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">four automakers took California’s side\u003c/a>, agreeing to meet tougher standards than the Trump administration’s fuel economy rules. Even General Motors, which had supported the Trump administration, just \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/28/961777665/general-motors-aims-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced\u003c/a> it would plan to sell all zero-emission cars by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With electric cars booming in overseas markets, economic forces are pushing automakers to speed up the rollout. Biden will seek to usher it along by installing half a million new charging stations domestically and by making the government’s fleet of cars all-electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Working Against Biden\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On his first day in office, Biden \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/inauguration-day-live-updates/2021/01/20/958854421/biden-to-move-quickly-on-climate-change-reversing-trump-rollbacks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">took direct aim at more than 100 Trump-era environmental policies\u003c/a>, ordering federal agencies to review and replace them. Many are critical to cutting emissions in the U.S., like limiting emissions of methane from oil and gas wells, a significant source of the potent heat-trapping gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, that process is likely to take years. Many regulations, like the federal fuel economy rules for cars and trucks, require a lengthy rulemaking process with scientific analysis and public comment. As a result, many of the Trump administration’s rules \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/03/31/824431240/trump-administration-weakens-auto-emissions-rolling-back-key-climate-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">only went into effect in his last year in office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after that, Biden’s environmental rules are likely to be challenged by lawsuits, potentially reaching the Supreme Court and adding years to the process. Future administrations could also undo those rules, just as the Trump administration did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has some looking to Congress for meaningful climate action, since laws passed there have better sticking power and spending power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, we would have a federal clean electricity standard that would require a steady reduction in emissions to get us to 100% clean power by 2035,” says Lashof. “It’s unclear whether the votes will be there in Congress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A high-profile climate bill would test the Democrats’ razor-thin margin in the Senate, where support from party conservatives like Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia would be hard won. Instead, Democrats may look to add climate policies to other bills or pass them through the arcane budget process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of acrimony that you can see in Congress and where we’re sitting right now, it’s probably hard to see a big bipartisan bill on climate change,” says Greg Dotson of the University of Oregon, who also worked on energy policy in the U.S. House of Representatives. “But I don’t think that means you stop trying in Congress. Maybe it’s tax policy. Maybe it’s investment decisions. Maybe it’s budgetary issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the Biden administration is focusing on executive actions, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/27/960941799/biden-to-pause-oil-and-gas-leasing-on-public-lands-and-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">banning new oil and gas leases\u003c/a> on federal lands and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/inauguration-day-live-updates/2021/01/20/958823085/biden-order-blocks-keystone-xl-pipeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">revoking permits for the Keystone XL pipeline\u003c/a>, which would have carried carbon-intensive oil from Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly we’re going to look at congressional action,” Gina McCarthy, Biden’s domestic climate adviser, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/27/961279020/biden-climate-adviser-on-ending-drilling-on-federal-land\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">told NPR\u003c/a>. “But right now, we can use the strength of the federal budget and our procurement opportunities to send the right market signals on the kind of technologies and products that we think we need and we know we have available now that are cost-effective and that, again, grow jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration’s climate ambitions will become clearer this spring when it releases new U.S. commitments for cutting emissions under the Paris climate agreement. Biden announced the U.S. would rejoin the accord on his first day in office, after the Trump administration pulled out and ceased engaging in the international effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden says the U.S. will come back to the table at a key moment, when countries are making new commitments to cut emissions under the Paris accord. Now, he has to convince them he can deliver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Fast+Will+Biden+Need+To+Move+On+Climate%3F+Really%2C+Really+Fast&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1972584/to-slow-climate-change-biden-will-need-to-move-historically-fast",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1972584"
],
"categories": [
"science_40",
"science_4450"
],
"tags": [
"science_4414"
],
"featImg": "science_1972585",
"label": "source_science_1972584"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/science?category=news": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 936,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 3367,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"science_1972802",
"science_1972789",
"science_1972771",
"science_1972725",
"science_1972713",
"science_1972702",
"science_1972677",
"science_1972554",
"science_1972623",
"science_1972627",
"science_1972607",
"science_1972584"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science_category_news": {
"isLoading": true
},
"science_40": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_40",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "40",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 42,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/news"
},
"source_science_1972802": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972802",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Energy",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1972789": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972789",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "CalMatters",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1972771": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972771",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Space Exploration",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1972725": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972725",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Wildfire Smoke",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1972713": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972713",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Animals",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1972702": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972702",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1972554": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972554",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Astronomy",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1972627": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972627",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1972607": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972607",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Water",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1972584": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1972584",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"science_31": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_31",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "31",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 33,
"slug": "climate",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/climate"
},
"science_33": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_33",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "33",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 35,
"slug": "energy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/energy"
},
"science_35": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_35",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "35",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Environment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Environment Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 37,
"slug": "environment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/environment"
},
"science_4450": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_4450",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "4450",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Science Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 4450,
"slug": "science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/science"
},
"science_194": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_194",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "194",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate change",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate change Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 198,
"slug": "climate-change",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-change"
},
"science_134": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_134",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "134",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 138,
"slug": "energy-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/energy-2"
},
"science_4414": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_4414",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "4414",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "featured-science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "featured-science Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 4414,
"slug": "featured-science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/featured-science"
},
"science_3969": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3969",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3969",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "CALMATTERS",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "CALMATTERS Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3969,
"slug": "calmatters",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/calmatters"
},
"science_121": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_121",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "121",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "cap and trade",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "cap and trade Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 125,
"slug": "cap-and-trade",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/cap-and-trade"
},
"science_28": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_28",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "28",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Astronomy",
"description": "Explore the universe with KQED Science! Dive into the latest astronomy news, discover celestial events, and unravel the mysteries of outer space.",
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "Explore the universe with KQED Science! Dive into the latest astronomy news, discover celestial events, and unravel the mysteries of outer space.",
"title": "Astronomy Articles | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 30,
"slug": "astronomy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/astronomy"
},
"science_38": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_38",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "38",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Geology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Geology Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 40,
"slug": "geology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/geology"
},
"science_3947": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3947",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3947",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Space",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Space Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3947,
"slug": "space",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/space"
},
"science_39": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_39",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "39",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 41,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/health"
},
"science_3730": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3730",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3730",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Wildfires",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Wildfires Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3730,
"slug": "wildfires",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/wildfires"
},
"science_3463": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3463",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3463",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "smoke",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "smoke Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3463,
"slug": "smoke",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/smoke"
},
"science_113": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_113",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "113",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "wildfire",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "wildfire Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 117,
"slug": "wildfire",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/wildfire"
},
"science_2874": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2874",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2874",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Animals",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Animals Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2874,
"slug": "animals",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/animals"
},
"science_1216": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1216",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1216",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "esa",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "esa Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1225,
"slug": "esa",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/esa"
},
"science_1064": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1064",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1064",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Europa",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Europa Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1072,
"slug": "europa",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/europa"
},
"science_1056": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1056",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1056",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "juno",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "juno Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1064,
"slug": "juno",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/juno"
},
"science_5180": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5180",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5180",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Jupiter",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Jupiter Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 5180,
"slug": "jupiter",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/jupiter"
},
"science_5376": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5376",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5376",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"name": "Science Podcast",
"slug": "science-podcast",
"taxonomy": "program",
"description": null,
"featImg": null,
"headData": {
"title": "Science Podcast | KQED Science",
"description": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogDescription": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"twDescription": null,
"twImgId": null
},
"ttid": 5376,
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/program/science-podcast"
},
"science_5141": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5141",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5141",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Podcast",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Podcast Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 5141,
"slug": "podcast",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/podcast"
},
"science_43": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_43",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "43",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Radio",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Radio Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 45,
"slug": "radio",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/radio"
},
"science_3423": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3423",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3423",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Science Podcast",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"socialTitle": "Bay Area Science: Stories & Insights with KQED's Science Podcasts",
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "Our captivating podcasts take you on a journey through the Bay Area's vibrant scientific landscape. Discover groundbreaking research & hear expert insights.",
"title": "Bay Area Science: Stories & Insights with KQED's Science Podcasts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3423,
"slug": "science-podcast",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/science-podcast"
},
"science_4329": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_4329",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "4329",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Coronavirus",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Coronavirus Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 4329,
"slug": "coronavirus",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/coronavirus"
},
"science_5181": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_5181",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "5181",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "health Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 5181,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/health"
},
"science_3890": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3890",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3890",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Medical Science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Medical Science Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3890,
"slug": "medical-science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/medical-science"
},
"science_3977": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3977",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3977",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "STAT",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "STAT Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3977,
"slug": "stat",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/stat"
},
"science_98": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_98",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "98",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Water",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Water Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 102,
"slug": "water",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/water"
},
"science_1243": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1243",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1243",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "snow survey",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "snow survey Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1252,
"slug": "snow-survey",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/snow-survey"
},
"science_201": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_201",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "201",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "water",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "water Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 205,
"slug": "water-2",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/water-2"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
}
}
