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"title": "US Reaches a Fusion Power Milestone at Lawrence Livermore Lab. Will It Be Enough to Save the Planet?",
"headTitle": "US Reaches a Fusion Power Milestone at Lawrence Livermore Lab. Will It Be Enough to Save the Planet? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists with the U.S. Department of Energy have reached a breakthrough in nuclear fusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time ever in a laboratory, researchers were able to generate more energy from fusion reactions than they used to start the process. The total gain was around 150%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The achievement came at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), a $3.5 billion laser complex at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. For more than a decade, NIF has struggled to meet its stated goal of producing a fusion reaction that generates more energy than it consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that changed in the dead of night on Dec. 5. At 1 AM local time, researchers used laser beams to zap a tiny pellet of hydrogen fuel. The lasers produced 2.05 megajoules of energy, and the pellet released roughly 3.15 megajoules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"nuclear-fusion\"]It’s a major milestone, one that the field of fusion science has struggled to reach for more than half a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our laboratory we’ve been working on this for almost 16 years,” says Mark Herrmann, who oversees the NIF program at Livermore. “This is an incredible team accomplishment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that fusion energy could one day provide clean, safe electricity without greenhouse gas emissions. But even with this announcement, independent scientists believe that dream remains many decades away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless there’s an even larger breakthrough, fusion is unlikely to play a major role in power production before the 2060s or 2070s, says Tony Roulstone, a nuclear engineer at Cambridge University in the U.K., who’s done an economic analysis of fusion power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the science is great,” Roulstone says of the breakthrough. But many engineering obstacles remain. “We don’t really know what the power plant would look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that rate, fusion power won’t come soon enough for the Biden administration, which is seeking to bring America’s net greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050 — a goal that experts say must be met to avoid the worst effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Laser power\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fusion power has long fired the imaginations of nuclear scientists and engineers. The technology would work by “fusing” light elements of hydrogen into helium, generating an enormous amount of energy. It’s the same process that powers the sun, and it’s far more efficient than current nuclear “fission” technology. What’s more, fusion power plants would generate relatively little nuclear waste, and they could run off of hydrogen readily found in seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ten-story-tall NIF facility is the world’s most powerful laser system. It is designed to aim 192 beams onto a tiny cylinder of gold and depleted uranium. Inside the cylinder is a diamond capsule smaller than a peppercorn. That capsule is where the magic happens — it’s filled with two isotopes of hydrogen that can fuse together to release astonishing amounts of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the lasers are fired at the target, they generate x-rays that vaporize the diamond in a tiny fraction of a second. The shockwave from the diamond’s destruction crushes the hydrogen atoms, causing them to fuse and release energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIF first opened in 2009, but its initial laser shots fell well short of expectations. The hydrogen in the target was failing to “ignite”, and the Department of Energy had little to show for the billions it had invested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p2111668-lg-66ba0393a4d0486d0ac9d82086adc39fe77955e1.jpg\" alt=\"The facility uses powerful lasers to compress fuel pellets. The result is nuclear fusion, the process that powers the Sun and the world's largest nuclear weapons.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p2111668-lg-66ba0393a4d0486d0ac9d82086adc39fe77955e1.jpg 525w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p2111668-lg-66ba0393a4d0486d0ac9d82086adc39fe77955e1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The facility uses powerful lasers to compress fuel pellets. The result is nuclear fusion, the process that powers the Sun and the world’s largest nuclear weapons. \u003ccite>(Don Jedlovec/LLNL/NNSA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then in August 2021, after years of slow but steady progress, physicists were able to ignite the hydrogen inside the capsule, creating a self-sustaining burn. The process is analogous to lighting gasoline, says Riccardo Betti, the chief scientist of the laboratory for laser energetics at the University of Rochester. “You start with a little spark, and then the spark gets bigger and bigger and bigger, and then the burn propagates through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bang in a box\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This self-burning ignition actually resembles a process similar to that of a modern thermonuclear warhead, albeit on a much smaller scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has not tested a nuclear weapon since 1992, and the primary purpose of the NIF facility is to conduct very small-scale bangs that closely mimic nukes. The data from these tiny explosions are fed into complex computer simulations that help physicists understand whether the nation’s nuclear weapons remain reliable, despite decades on the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use these experiments to get experimental data to compare to our simulations,” says Herrmann, who also oversees nuclear weapons research at the lab. In addition, he says the radiation from the explosions can be used to test components. Such tests will make sure that new and refurbished parts of nuclear weapons behave as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More out than in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even after last-year’s achievement, there was still one more goal to reach – producing more power from the tiny capsule than the lasers put in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herrmann says that the August 2021 shot gave the team a starting point. “That put us on the threshold,” he says. “We actually made a lot of progress in the last year.” Steady improvements in the lasers, targets, and other components gradually put the facility in a position where it could finally generate energy from the capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980973\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980973 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists zap a target about the size of a pencil eraser.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists zap a target about the size of a pencil eraser. \u003ccite>(Jason Laurea/LLNL/NNSA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It is a big scientific step,” says Ryan McBride, a nuclear engineer at the University of Michigan. But, McBride adds, that does not mean that NIF itself is producing power. For one thing, he says, the lasers require more than 300 megajoules worth of electricity to produce around 2 megajoules of ultraviolet laser light. In other words, even if the energy from the fusion reactions exceeds the energy from the lasers, it’s still only around one percent of the total energy used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, it would take many capsules exploding over and over to produce enough energy to feed the power grid. “You’d have to do this many, many times a second,” McBride says. NIF can currently do around one laser “shot” a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the long-term potential is staggering, says Arati Dasgupta, a nuclear scientist with the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Whereas a giant pile of carbon-spewing coal might generate electricity for a matter of minutes, the same quantity of fusion fuel could run a power plant for years–with no carbon dioxide emissions. “This is a great demonstration of the possibility,” Dasgupta says. But, she adds, many technical issues remain. “It’s a huge undertaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And getting economical power out of a fusion reactor is even tougher, says Roulstone. He and his team looked at a rival technology known as a tokamak and concluded that there were still an enormous number of challenges to making fusion work economically. His analysis estimated that fusion won’t be ready for the grid before the second half of this century. He believes the same timeline holds for NIF’s technology. “It’s not very easy to see how you scale this into a power reactor quickly,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then most climate experts believe the world will have to have already made drastic cuts to carbon emissions to avoid the worst effects of climate change. To limit warming to 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century, the world must \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/27/1131687504/heres-how-far-behind-the-world-is-on-reining-in-climate-change\">nearly halve its carbon output by 2030\u003c/a> — a far shorter timescale than what’s needed to develop fusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betti agrees that the timeline to building a fusion plant is “definitely decades”. But, he adds, that could change. “There’s always a possibility of breakthrough,” he says. And the new NIF results could help spur that breakthrough forward. “You’re going to get more people to look into this form of fusion, to see whether we can turn it into an energy-making system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+reaches+a+fusion+power+milestone.+Will+it+be+enough+to+save+the+planet%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "A giant laser facility in Livermore says it has created net energy from nuclear fusion. It's an important breakthrough, but fusion power remains a distant dream.",
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"description": "A giant laser facility in Livermore says it has created net energy from nuclear fusion. It's an important breakthrough, but fusion power remains a distant dream.",
"title": "US Reaches a Fusion Power Milestone at Lawrence Livermore Lab. Will It Be Enough to Save the Planet? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists with the U.S. Department of Energy have reached a breakthrough in nuclear fusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time ever in a laboratory, researchers were able to generate more energy from fusion reactions than they used to start the process. The total gain was around 150%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The achievement came at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), a $3.5 billion laser complex at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. For more than a decade, NIF has struggled to meet its stated goal of producing a fusion reaction that generates more energy than it consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that changed in the dead of night on Dec. 5. At 1 AM local time, researchers used laser beams to zap a tiny pellet of hydrogen fuel. The lasers produced 2.05 megajoules of energy, and the pellet released roughly 3.15 megajoules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It’s a major milestone, one that the field of fusion science has struggled to reach for more than half a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our laboratory we’ve been working on this for almost 16 years,” says Mark Herrmann, who oversees the NIF program at Livermore. “This is an incredible team accomplishment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that fusion energy could one day provide clean, safe electricity without greenhouse gas emissions. But even with this announcement, independent scientists believe that dream remains many decades away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless there’s an even larger breakthrough, fusion is unlikely to play a major role in power production before the 2060s or 2070s, says Tony Roulstone, a nuclear engineer at Cambridge University in the U.K., who’s done an economic analysis of fusion power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the science is great,” Roulstone says of the breakthrough. But many engineering obstacles remain. “We don’t really know what the power plant would look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that rate, fusion power won’t come soon enough for the Biden administration, which is seeking to bring America’s net greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050 — a goal that experts say must be met to avoid the worst effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Laser power\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fusion power has long fired the imaginations of nuclear scientists and engineers. The technology would work by “fusing” light elements of hydrogen into helium, generating an enormous amount of energy. It’s the same process that powers the sun, and it’s far more efficient than current nuclear “fission” technology. What’s more, fusion power plants would generate relatively little nuclear waste, and they could run off of hydrogen readily found in seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ten-story-tall NIF facility is the world’s most powerful laser system. It is designed to aim 192 beams onto a tiny cylinder of gold and depleted uranium. Inside the cylinder is a diamond capsule smaller than a peppercorn. That capsule is where the magic happens — it’s filled with two isotopes of hydrogen that can fuse together to release astonishing amounts of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the lasers are fired at the target, they generate x-rays that vaporize the diamond in a tiny fraction of a second. The shockwave from the diamond’s destruction crushes the hydrogen atoms, causing them to fuse and release energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIF first opened in 2009, but its initial laser shots fell well short of expectations. The hydrogen in the target was failing to “ignite”, and the Department of Energy had little to show for the billions it had invested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p2111668-lg-66ba0393a4d0486d0ac9d82086adc39fe77955e1.jpg\" alt=\"The facility uses powerful lasers to compress fuel pellets. The result is nuclear fusion, the process that powers the Sun and the world's largest nuclear weapons.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p2111668-lg-66ba0393a4d0486d0ac9d82086adc39fe77955e1.jpg 525w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p2111668-lg-66ba0393a4d0486d0ac9d82086adc39fe77955e1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The facility uses powerful lasers to compress fuel pellets. The result is nuclear fusion, the process that powers the Sun and the world’s largest nuclear weapons. \u003ccite>(Don Jedlovec/LLNL/NNSA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then in August 2021, after years of slow but steady progress, physicists were able to ignite the hydrogen inside the capsule, creating a self-sustaining burn. The process is analogous to lighting gasoline, says Riccardo Betti, the chief scientist of the laboratory for laser energetics at the University of Rochester. “You start with a little spark, and then the spark gets bigger and bigger and bigger, and then the burn propagates through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bang in a box\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This self-burning ignition actually resembles a process similar to that of a modern thermonuclear warhead, albeit on a much smaller scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has not tested a nuclear weapon since 1992, and the primary purpose of the NIF facility is to conduct very small-scale bangs that closely mimic nukes. The data from these tiny explosions are fed into complex computer simulations that help physicists understand whether the nation’s nuclear weapons remain reliable, despite decades on the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use these experiments to get experimental data to compare to our simulations,” says Herrmann, who also oversees nuclear weapons research at the lab. In addition, he says the radiation from the explosions can be used to test components. Such tests will make sure that new and refurbished parts of nuclear weapons behave as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More out than in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even after last-year’s achievement, there was still one more goal to reach – producing more power from the tiny capsule than the lasers put in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herrmann says that the August 2021 shot gave the team a starting point. “That put us on the threshold,” he says. “We actually made a lot of progress in the last year.” Steady improvements in the lasers, targets, and other components gradually put the facility in a position where it could finally generate energy from the capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980973\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980973 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists zap a target about the size of a pencil eraser.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/p15002738-lg-1b83c65a847beef15dc8d72f2c1d3c05cabcd23a-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists zap a target about the size of a pencil eraser. \u003ccite>(Jason Laurea/LLNL/NNSA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It is a big scientific step,” says Ryan McBride, a nuclear engineer at the University of Michigan. But, McBride adds, that does not mean that NIF itself is producing power. For one thing, he says, the lasers require more than 300 megajoules worth of electricity to produce around 2 megajoules of ultraviolet laser light. In other words, even if the energy from the fusion reactions exceeds the energy from the lasers, it’s still only around one percent of the total energy used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, it would take many capsules exploding over and over to produce enough energy to feed the power grid. “You’d have to do this many, many times a second,” McBride says. NIF can currently do around one laser “shot” a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the long-term potential is staggering, says Arati Dasgupta, a nuclear scientist with the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Whereas a giant pile of carbon-spewing coal might generate electricity for a matter of minutes, the same quantity of fusion fuel could run a power plant for years–with no carbon dioxide emissions. “This is a great demonstration of the possibility,” Dasgupta says. But, she adds, many technical issues remain. “It’s a huge undertaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And getting economical power out of a fusion reactor is even tougher, says Roulstone. He and his team looked at a rival technology known as a tokamak and concluded that there were still an enormous number of challenges to making fusion work economically. His analysis estimated that fusion won’t be ready for the grid before the second half of this century. He believes the same timeline holds for NIF’s technology. “It’s not very easy to see how you scale this into a power reactor quickly,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then most climate experts believe the world will have to have already made drastic cuts to carbon emissions to avoid the worst effects of climate change. To limit warming to 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century, the world must \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/27/1131687504/heres-how-far-behind-the-world-is-on-reining-in-climate-change\">nearly halve its carbon output by 2030\u003c/a> — a far shorter timescale than what’s needed to develop fusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Betti agrees that the timeline to building a fusion plant is “definitely decades”. But, he adds, that could change. “There’s always a possibility of breakthrough,” he says. And the new NIF results could help spur that breakthrough forward. “You’re going to get more people to look into this form of fusion, to see whether we can turn it into an energy-making system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+reaches+a+fusion+power+milestone.+Will+it+be+enough+to+save+the+planet%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Geminids Meteor Shower Will Peak Early Wednesday Morning",
"headTitle": "The Geminids Meteor Shower Will Peak Early Wednesday Morning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Get ready for one of the year’s best \u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/meteor-shower/list.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">meteor showers\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning hours of Wednesday, Dec. 14, the night sky will light up as the Geminids meteor shower reaches its peak of activity, producing exceptionally bright and sometimes colorful meteors to delight any night-sky enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How and when to watch Geminids\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geminids can be seen as early as 10 p.m. PST on Tuesday, Dec. 13. At this time, the meteors’ apparent source, or “\u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/radiant-point-of-meteor-showers/\">radiant point\u003c/a>,” the constellation Gemini, becomes well-positioned in the night sky. This makes the Geminids shower unusual in that some of its meteors can be glimpsed before midnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980928 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy.jpg\" alt='Bright circle labeled \"moon.\" Smaller bright circles for the planets and constellations. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"773\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy-1020x770.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy-768x580.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the night sky looking south around 2 a.m. on Wednesday morning, Dec. 14. The twin stars of the constellation Gemini, the radiant source of meteors of the Geminids shower, are at the top, high in the sky above the asterism called the Winter Triangle, and the constellation Orion. Mars is located westward of this area, bright and prominent, as it is currently near its closest approach to Earth. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress/Made using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chabot Space and Science Center is hosting a \u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/geminids-meteor-shower/\">meteor watching party\u003c/a>, beginning at 11 p.m. on Tuesday, Dec. 13, and running until 3 a.m. Wednesday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the shower, meteors will appear to radiate from Gemini, which reaches its highest point in the sky around 2 a.m.; that’ll be the optimum time to see the most shooting stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Geminids shower typically produces around \u003ca href=\"https://in-the-sky.org/article.php?term=zenithal_hourly_rate\">120 meteors per hour\u003c/a>, so under clear, dark sky conditions, you may see up to two a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 2 a.m., Gemini will be almost directly overhead, easily identified by its two equally bright stars, Castor and Pollux, the \u003ca href=\"https://study.com/academy/lesson/castor-pollux-in-greek-mythology-story-mother-constellation.html\">twin brothers of Greek myth\u003c/a>. Meteors may be seen almost anywhere in the sky, but if you lie down on a blanket and lock your gaze onto Gemini above, you’ll maximize the number of falling stars you can catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the waning gibbous moon, which is a not-quite-full moon diminishing toward the third-quarter phase, will rise around 10 p.m. on Tuesday evening and remain in the sky until well after dawn. Still, the Geminids shower tends to produce bright meteors that will be visible despite interference from moonlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where can you find the darkest skies?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The best place to watch a meteor shower is where skies are darkest, away from urban lights. If you live in the city, light pollution can be difficult to avoid, and driving miles from home in the middle of the night can be an undertaking of planning and willpower. But the rewards are well worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might see a meteor or two even from a city dwelling, but the Bay Area has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/quest/155/dark-secrets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">numerous places you can reach in less than half an hour that provide some protection from city lights\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980930\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1707px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980930 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Bright dots scattered across the night sky, blue, orange and red sunset and a glowing orange round buildings. \" width=\"1707\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-scaled.jpg 1707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-1920x2880.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1707px) 100vw, 1707px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the telescope domes at Chabot Space and Science Center under the clear night sky. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space and Science Center/Conrad Jung)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, Henry Coe State Park is a prime spot. Along the peninsula are dark niches bordering the coastal mountains. North of the bay, in Sonoma and Napa counties, are wide spans of dark country roads to choose from. In the East Bay hills are some good pullouts, from the Tilden Park region all the way south to Sunol. Mount Diablo offers some good spots, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, you know your home ground best and probably can think of some good spots. Be wise, be safe and dress for the cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is a meteor shower?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/meteors-and-meteorites/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=id+asc&search=&condition_1=meteor_shower%3Abody_type\">meteor\u003c/a> is a small bit of space rock or metal, typically no bigger than a pebble, that burns up when it enters Earth’s atmosphere traveling at speeds of many miles per second. You’d get pretty hot, too, going that fast through the atmosphere — ask any astronaut who has been to space and returned home in a fiery reentry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980931\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"Bright lights across the sky, blue and yellow lines. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luminous and colorful streaks left behind by shooting stars of the Leonids meteor shower, which takes place annually in November. Color in meteors comes from different composition of the dust grains burning up. Some are composed of stone, others of metal. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space and Science Center/Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors\">meteor shower\u003c/a> happens when Earth passes through a cloud of dust left behind by the passage of a comet. When Earth slams into the dust cloud, moving along its orbit around the sun at 18 miles per second, its sky becomes filled with the incinerating specks: meteors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteor showers are best viewed in the early morning hours because the viewer is on the side of the Earth moving into the dust. Think of a car speeding along a freeway and driving through a cloud of flying insects: Bug streaks only appear on the windshield and not the rear window.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where did the Geminids shower come from?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Geminids meteor shower is unusual for another reason. While most showers come from trails of dust left behind by comets that passed through the inner solar system, the Geminids originate from what astronomers call a “rock comet” named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/phaethon.html\">3200 Phaeton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/phaeton-asteroid-2017.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radio telescope image of 3200 Phaeton, the ‘rock comet’ that is the source of dust that produces the Geminids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Arecibo Observatory/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike typical comets that are made mostly of frozen water and other volatile materials, Phaeton is more like an asteroid, composed of rock and dust and probably some ice as well. When it passes close to the sun, Phaeton heats up, and some of the ice it contains vaporizes, blowing off into space and carrying dust with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>For your added viewing enjoyment\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As long as you’re up so early waiting to see meteors, take the time to look around at some of the sky’s other wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the moon is up there. Enough said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet Mars shines high in the sky to the west of Gemini. To locate this rosy celestial gem, look for a bright orange dot shining steadily, without flickering like stars do. Stars flicker because they are distant enough to be simple delicate points of light, strongly affected by turbulence in Earth’s atmosphere, like candles blowing in the wind. Planets, however, are much closer and appear in the sky as disks, much less influenced by atmospheric refraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you can’t miss the complex of bright stars that form Orion and his famous belt of three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spanning the sky to the south of Gemini is the asterism called the Winter Triangle, formed by the bright orange star Betelgeuse in Orion, the golden-white Procyon, and the brightest star of the night sky, the rainbow sparkler Sirius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay warm and enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the early morning hours of Wednesday, Dec. 14, the night sky will light up — a sure bet to delight any night-sky enthusiast.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Get ready for one of the year’s best \u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/meteor-shower/list.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">meteor showers\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning hours of Wednesday, Dec. 14, the night sky will light up as the Geminids meteor shower reaches its peak of activity, producing exceptionally bright and sometimes colorful meteors to delight any night-sky enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How and when to watch Geminids\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geminids can be seen as early as 10 p.m. PST on Tuesday, Dec. 13. At this time, the meteors’ apparent source, or “\u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/radiant-point-of-meteor-showers/\">radiant point\u003c/a>,” the constellation Gemini, becomes well-positioned in the night sky. This makes the Geminids shower unusual in that some of its meteors can be glimpsed before midnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980928 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy.jpg\" alt='Bright circle labeled \"moon.\" Smaller bright circles for the planets and constellations. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"773\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy-1020x770.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/Dec142022-2-copy-768x580.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the night sky looking south around 2 a.m. on Wednesday morning, Dec. 14. The twin stars of the constellation Gemini, the radiant source of meteors of the Geminids shower, are at the top, high in the sky above the asterism called the Winter Triangle, and the constellation Orion. Mars is located westward of this area, bright and prominent, as it is currently near its closest approach to Earth. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress/Made using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chabot Space and Science Center is hosting a \u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/calendar/geminids-meteor-shower/\">meteor watching party\u003c/a>, beginning at 11 p.m. on Tuesday, Dec. 13, and running until 3 a.m. Wednesday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the shower, meteors will appear to radiate from Gemini, which reaches its highest point in the sky around 2 a.m.; that’ll be the optimum time to see the most shooting stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Geminids shower typically produces around \u003ca href=\"https://in-the-sky.org/article.php?term=zenithal_hourly_rate\">120 meteors per hour\u003c/a>, so under clear, dark sky conditions, you may see up to two a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 2 a.m., Gemini will be almost directly overhead, easily identified by its two equally bright stars, Castor and Pollux, the \u003ca href=\"https://study.com/academy/lesson/castor-pollux-in-greek-mythology-story-mother-constellation.html\">twin brothers of Greek myth\u003c/a>. Meteors may be seen almost anywhere in the sky, but if you lie down on a blanket and lock your gaze onto Gemini above, you’ll maximize the number of falling stars you can catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the waning gibbous moon, which is a not-quite-full moon diminishing toward the third-quarter phase, will rise around 10 p.m. on Tuesday evening and remain in the sky until well after dawn. Still, the Geminids shower tends to produce bright meteors that will be visible despite interference from moonlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where can you find the darkest skies?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The best place to watch a meteor shower is where skies are darkest, away from urban lights. If you live in the city, light pollution can be difficult to avoid, and driving miles from home in the middle of the night can be an undertaking of planning and willpower. But the rewards are well worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might see a meteor or two even from a city dwelling, but the Bay Area has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/quest/155/dark-secrets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">numerous places you can reach in less than half an hour that provide some protection from city lights\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980930\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1707px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980930 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Bright dots scattered across the night sky, blue, orange and red sunset and a glowing orange round buildings. \" width=\"1707\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-scaled.jpg 1707w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/01_domes-1920x2880.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1707px) 100vw, 1707px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image of the telescope domes at Chabot Space and Science Center under the clear night sky. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space and Science Center/Conrad Jung)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, Henry Coe State Park is a prime spot. Along the peninsula are dark niches bordering the coastal mountains. North of the bay, in Sonoma and Napa counties, are wide spans of dark country roads to choose from. In the East Bay hills are some good pullouts, from the Tilden Park region all the way south to Sunol. Mount Diablo offers some good spots, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, you know your home ground best and probably can think of some good spots. Be wise, be safe and dress for the cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is a meteor shower?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/meteors-and-meteorites/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=id+asc&search=&condition_1=meteor_shower%3Abody_type\">meteor\u003c/a> is a small bit of space rock or metal, typically no bigger than a pebble, that burns up when it enters Earth’s atmosphere traveling at speeds of many miles per second. You’d get pretty hot, too, going that fast through the atmosphere — ask any astronaut who has been to space and returned home in a fiery reentry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980931\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980931 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"Bright lights across the sky, blue and yellow lines. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luminous and colorful streaks left behind by shooting stars of the Leonids meteor shower, which takes place annually in November. Color in meteors comes from different composition of the dust grains burning up. Some are composed of stone, others of metal. \u003ccite>(Chabot Space and Science Center/Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors\">meteor shower\u003c/a> happens when Earth passes through a cloud of dust left behind by the passage of a comet. When Earth slams into the dust cloud, moving along its orbit around the sun at 18 miles per second, its sky becomes filled with the incinerating specks: meteors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteor showers are best viewed in the early morning hours because the viewer is on the side of the Earth moving into the dust. Think of a car speeding along a freeway and driving through a cloud of flying insects: Bug streaks only appear on the windshield and not the rear window.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where did the Geminids shower come from?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Geminids meteor shower is unusual for another reason. While most showers come from trails of dust left behind by comets that passed through the inner solar system, the Geminids originate from what astronomers call a “rock comet” named \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/phaethon.html\">3200 Phaeton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/phaeton-asteroid-2017.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radio telescope image of 3200 Phaeton, the ‘rock comet’ that is the source of dust that produces the Geminids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Arecibo Observatory/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike typical comets that are made mostly of frozen water and other volatile materials, Phaeton is more like an asteroid, composed of rock and dust and probably some ice as well. When it passes close to the sun, Phaeton heats up, and some of the ice it contains vaporizes, blowing off into space and carrying dust with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>For your added viewing enjoyment\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As long as you’re up so early waiting to see meteors, take the time to look around at some of the sky’s other wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the moon is up there. Enough said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The planet Mars shines high in the sky to the west of Gemini. To locate this rosy celestial gem, look for a bright orange dot shining steadily, without flickering like stars do. Stars flicker because they are distant enough to be simple delicate points of light, strongly affected by turbulence in Earth’s atmosphere, like candles blowing in the wind. Planets, however, are much closer and appear in the sky as disks, much less influenced by atmospheric refraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you can’t miss the complex of bright stars that form Orion and his famous belt of three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spanning the sky to the south of Gemini is the asterism called the Winter Triangle, formed by the bright orange star Betelgeuse in Orion, the golden-white Procyon, and the brightest star of the night sky, the rainbow sparkler Sirius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay warm and enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Report: Truck Makers Lobby to Weaken US and California Climate Policies",
"headTitle": "Report: Truck Makers Lobby to Weaken US and California Climate Policies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Truck manufacturers and an industry trade group \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/report/US-Heavy-Duty-Transport-Climate-Change-20434\">privately lobbied to weaken U.S. climate policies while publicly promoting zero-emissions trucks\u003c/a>, according to a new report from a think tank that tracks corporate influence on climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate watchdog \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/\">InfluenceMap\u003c/a> found that trade group \u003ca href=\"http://www.truckandenginemanufacturers.org/\">the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association\u003c/a> (EMA) and companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.volvotrucks.us/\">Volvo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.daimlertruck.com/en/\">Daimler Truck\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.navistar.com/\">Volkswagen (Navistar)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.paccar.com/\">PACCAR\u003c/a> opposed climate policy on the federal and state levels while publicly promoting zero-emissions fleets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, truck manufacturers lobbied against the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-seeks-input-phase-3-greenhouse-gas-standard-rulemaking-heavy-duty-engines-and\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s requirements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from heavy-duty truck models. The agency started phasing in new compliance and emissions standards in 2011. It’s now developing new greenhouse gas requirements for heavy-duty engines and trucks that would be applied to model year 2030 trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the state level, the EMA led a lobbying campaign in several states to oppose the adoption of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/advanced-clean-trucks-fact-sheet\">Advanced Clean Trucks rule\u003c/a> (ACT), which originated in California. The rule gradually increases the percentage of electric truck sales over the coming years. California, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Oregon, Vermont and Washington have adopted the ACT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transportation sector makes up \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions\">27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>. Of that percentage, medium- and heavy-duty trucks — everything from delivery vans to big rigs — make up 26%, according to an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, the U.S. signed a nonbinding global agreement committing to 100% new zero-emission medium- and heavy-duty sales by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap found that while manufacturers privately oppose ambitious climate rules, they publicly promote zero-emissions fleets. The organization’s report notes that Ford Motor and General Motors disclosed “less on climate policy than the other EMA truck makers analyzed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings showed that Ford and GM did not join an EMA lawsuit against the California Air Resources Board that would delay emissions from heavy-duty trucks. The two companies were the only ones analyzed in the report that did not join \u003ca href=\"https://www.pzevf.org/\">Partners for a Zero Emission Vehicle Future\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of truck manufacturers, retailers and trucking associations that opposes what it calls “a patchwork” of state regulations for getting to zero emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The extent of lobbying\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap analyst Kalina Dmitriew wrote \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/report/US-Heavy-Duty-Transport-Climate-Change-20434\">the report\u003c/a> based in part on previously unseen lobbying documents, including private emails and letters received through 33 public records requests across 11 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dmitriew says she knew lobbying was taking place but the “sheer scale” and the extent of it was surprising. She says such an endeavor “really appears to be a strategic and coordinated effort across multiple U.S. states.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap’s report identified the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association as spearheading lobbying efforts, especially on ACT rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, EMA President Jed Mandel wrote that his group is “committed to a zero-emissions future for the U.S. trucking industry, which is why manufacturers are investing billions of dollars, developing groundbreaking zero-emission technologies and commercial vehicles, and working to ensure that federal and state regulations are workable and effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Truck manufacturers are responding to regulatory demands. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/regulations-greenhouse-gas-emissions-commercial-trucks\">Federal policy\u003c/a> requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from diesel vehicles. States that have adopted the ACT rule require manufacturers to build zero-emissions trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricio Portillo, senior advocate at the Natural Resources Defense Council, says the report shows that some truck manufacturers can’t be trusted. “The hypocrisy is frankly pretty outrageous,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s unfortunate about this is that state and federal policymakers really look to (truck manufacturers) as valued stakeholders with important input,” Portillo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maine and Colorado have delayed adopting versions of California’s ACT rule, and Portillo believes lobbying from truck manufacturers played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than spending those millions to oppose clean truck rules, they should be investing [in] them,” Portillo says. “Build the manufacturing and supply chains that are actually needed to get these vehicles to market into fleets and into these states that want to see the big significant benefits that can accrue from this rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portillo says the regulations are not just good for the climate, but for local air quality. Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, he says, pass more frequently through lower-income communities and communities of color, generating pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Ramorino is president of Roadstar Trucking in Hayward, and he wants to add electric trucks to his fleet of about 25 vehicles. He thinks the new regulations at the federal and state levels are challenging for truck makers to address at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have got to meet the challenge,” Ramorino says, yet “they’ve got to remain profitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlos Morales, who owns and operates a tractor-trailer in Richmond, stricter standards in the state could force him to leave the industry he’s been a part of since 2003. Over the years Morales has upgraded his vehicle and bought new ones to meet changing emissions requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This may be my last truck,” he says in Spanish. “The laws are very strict and really impact us.” Morales says he’s concerned he won’t be able to buy an electric vehicle when the time comes.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Truck+makers+lobby+to+weaken+U.S.+climate+policies%2C+report+finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Truck manufacturers and an industry trade group \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/report/US-Heavy-Duty-Transport-Climate-Change-20434\">privately lobbied to weaken U.S. climate policies while publicly promoting zero-emissions trucks\u003c/a>, according to a new report from a think tank that tracks corporate influence on climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate watchdog \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/\">InfluenceMap\u003c/a> found that trade group \u003ca href=\"http://www.truckandenginemanufacturers.org/\">the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association\u003c/a> (EMA) and companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.volvotrucks.us/\">Volvo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.daimlertruck.com/en/\">Daimler Truck\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.navistar.com/\">Volkswagen (Navistar)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.paccar.com/\">PACCAR\u003c/a> opposed climate policy on the federal and state levels while publicly promoting zero-emissions fleets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, truck manufacturers lobbied against the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-seeks-input-phase-3-greenhouse-gas-standard-rulemaking-heavy-duty-engines-and\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s requirements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from heavy-duty truck models. The agency started phasing in new compliance and emissions standards in 2011. It’s now developing new greenhouse gas requirements for heavy-duty engines and trucks that would be applied to model year 2030 trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the state level, the EMA led a lobbying campaign in several states to oppose the adoption of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/advanced-clean-trucks-fact-sheet\">Advanced Clean Trucks rule\u003c/a> (ACT), which originated in California. The rule gradually increases the percentage of electric truck sales over the coming years. California, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Oregon, Vermont and Washington have adopted the ACT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transportation sector makes up \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions\">27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>. Of that percentage, medium- and heavy-duty trucks — everything from delivery vans to big rigs — make up 26%, according to an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, the U.S. signed a nonbinding global agreement committing to 100% new zero-emission medium- and heavy-duty sales by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap found that while manufacturers privately oppose ambitious climate rules, they publicly promote zero-emissions fleets. The organization’s report notes that Ford Motor and General Motors disclosed “less on climate policy than the other EMA truck makers analyzed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings showed that Ford and GM did not join an EMA lawsuit against the California Air Resources Board that would delay emissions from heavy-duty trucks. The two companies were the only ones analyzed in the report that did not join \u003ca href=\"https://www.pzevf.org/\">Partners for a Zero Emission Vehicle Future\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of truck manufacturers, retailers and trucking associations that opposes what it calls “a patchwork” of state regulations for getting to zero emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The extent of lobbying\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap analyst Kalina Dmitriew wrote \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/report/US-Heavy-Duty-Transport-Climate-Change-20434\">the report\u003c/a> based in part on previously unseen lobbying documents, including private emails and letters received through 33 public records requests across 11 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dmitriew says she knew lobbying was taking place but the “sheer scale” and the extent of it was surprising. She says such an endeavor “really appears to be a strategic and coordinated effort across multiple U.S. states.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap’s report identified the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association as spearheading lobbying efforts, especially on ACT rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, EMA President Jed Mandel wrote that his group is “committed to a zero-emissions future for the U.S. trucking industry, which is why manufacturers are investing billions of dollars, developing groundbreaking zero-emission technologies and commercial vehicles, and working to ensure that federal and state regulations are workable and effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Truck manufacturers are responding to regulatory demands. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/regulations-greenhouse-gas-emissions-commercial-trucks\">Federal policy\u003c/a> requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from diesel vehicles. States that have adopted the ACT rule require manufacturers to build zero-emissions trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricio Portillo, senior advocate at the Natural Resources Defense Council, says the report shows that some truck manufacturers can’t be trusted. “The hypocrisy is frankly pretty outrageous,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s unfortunate about this is that state and federal policymakers really look to (truck manufacturers) as valued stakeholders with important input,” Portillo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maine and Colorado have delayed adopting versions of California’s ACT rule, and Portillo believes lobbying from truck manufacturers played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than spending those millions to oppose clean truck rules, they should be investing [in] them,” Portillo says. “Build the manufacturing and supply chains that are actually needed to get these vehicles to market into fleets and into these states that want to see the big significant benefits that can accrue from this rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portillo says the regulations are not just good for the climate, but for local air quality. Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, he says, pass more frequently through lower-income communities and communities of color, generating pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Ramorino is president of Roadstar Trucking in Hayward, and he wants to add electric trucks to his fleet of about 25 vehicles. He thinks the new regulations at the federal and state levels are challenging for truck makers to address at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have got to meet the challenge,” Ramorino says, yet “they’ve got to remain profitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlos Morales, who owns and operates a tractor-trailer in Richmond, stricter standards in the state could force him to leave the industry he’s been a part of since 2003. Over the years Morales has upgraded his vehicle and bought new ones to meet changing emissions requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This may be my last truck,” he says in Spanish. “The laws are very strict and really impact us.” Morales says he’s concerned he won’t be able to buy an electric vehicle when the time comes.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Truck+makers+lobby+to+weaken+U.S.+climate+policies%2C+report+finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management finalized the sale of offshore wind leases along California’s coastline Wednesday, with the combined bids totaling $757.1 million, which the agency says well exceeds the first lease sales that were held in the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of the Interior’s auction lasted for more than 30 rounds over the course of two days, as developers bid aggressively for five lease areas totaling more than 500 square miles both northwest of Morro Bay and off the coast of Humboldt County.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Gov. Gavin Newsom\"]‘Together with leadership from the Biden-Harris Administration, we’re entering a new era of climate action and solutions that give our planet a new lease on life.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department Secretary Deb Haaland said in a statement that the aggressive bidding is a signal of industry momentum around American offshore wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A sustainable, clean energy future is within our grasp and the Interior Department is doing everything we can to ensure that American communities nationwide benefit,” Haaland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The auction is a crucial step toward a new source of clean power for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government estimates that floating turbines that harness energy from powerful winds could power more than 1.5 million homes, and development of these turbines could create tons of new jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tens of thousands of jobs from construction phase to operation and maintenance and supply chain,” Jeff Hunerlach, a district representative with Operating Engineers Local 3 in Humboldt County, told KQED in an interview. “It’s such a historical day. The work starts now. Now, we know who the companies are. We know where our energy is to zero in on, making sure that we put Californians to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry analysts say the winning developers are well-known companies in the fledgling offshore wind industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980905\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1496px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines.png\" alt=\"Map of California coastline showing parcels leased for wind turbines\" width=\"1496\" height=\"1342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines.png 1496w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-800x718.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-1020x915.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-160x144.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-768x689.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1496px) 100vw, 1496px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal government auctioned off leases for wind production in 583 square miles of deep ocean waters, located about 20 miles offshore of Humboldt County and Morro Bay. Combined, the five lease zones have the potential to produce more than 4.5 gigawatts, enough to power roughly 1.5 million homes. \u003ccite>(Associated Press, using data from the US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These are established players, the developers that the leases are in the hands of,” said Stephanie McClellan, executive director of the offshore wind nonprofit Turn Forward, in an interview with KQED. “They’ve already got leases on the East Coast and these leases are in good hands. California West Coast offshore wind is off to the races.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom described the wind lease sale as a “critical component” of the state hitting its goal of 90% clean energy by 2035. “Together with leadership from the Biden-Harris Administration, we’re entering a new era of climate action and solutions that give our planet a new lease on life,” Newsom said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But commercial fishers have urged federal and state regulatory agencies to slow down the process, fearing impacts to their business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fishermen are not opposed to renewable energy,” Ken Bates, president of the California Fishermen’s Resiliency Association, told KQED in an interview. “Fishermen see what’s going on in the ocean. We see warm-water events, species shift, all of those things. Fishermen are opposed to losing the very limited fishing grounds in California. That’s our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers must now submit design, construction and operation plans to California and to the federal government for review and permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate Central’s John Upton contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department Secretary Deb Haaland said in a statement that the aggressive bidding is a signal of industry momentum around American offshore wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A sustainable, clean energy future is within our grasp and the Interior Department is doing everything we can to ensure that American communities nationwide benefit,” Haaland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The auction is a crucial step toward a new source of clean power for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government estimates that floating turbines that harness energy from powerful winds could power more than 1.5 million homes, and development of these turbines could create tons of new jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tens of thousands of jobs from construction phase to operation and maintenance and supply chain,” Jeff Hunerlach, a district representative with Operating Engineers Local 3 in Humboldt County, told KQED in an interview. “It’s such a historical day. The work starts now. Now, we know who the companies are. We know where our energy is to zero in on, making sure that we put Californians to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry analysts say the winning developers are well-known companies in the fledgling offshore wind industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980905\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1496px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines.png\" alt=\"Map of California coastline showing parcels leased for wind turbines\" width=\"1496\" height=\"1342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines.png 1496w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-800x718.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-1020x915.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-160x144.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-768x689.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1496px) 100vw, 1496px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal government auctioned off leases for wind production in 583 square miles of deep ocean waters, located about 20 miles offshore of Humboldt County and Morro Bay. Combined, the five lease zones have the potential to produce more than 4.5 gigawatts, enough to power roughly 1.5 million homes. \u003ccite>(Associated Press, using data from the US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These are established players, the developers that the leases are in the hands of,” said Stephanie McClellan, executive director of the offshore wind nonprofit Turn Forward, in an interview with KQED. “They’ve already got leases on the East Coast and these leases are in good hands. California West Coast offshore wind is off to the races.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom described the wind lease sale as a “critical component” of the state hitting its goal of 90% clean energy by 2035. “Together with leadership from the Biden-Harris Administration, we’re entering a new era of climate action and solutions that give our planet a new lease on life,” Newsom said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But commercial fishers have urged federal and state regulatory agencies to slow down the process, fearing impacts to their business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fishermen are not opposed to renewable energy,” Ken Bates, president of the California Fishermen’s Resiliency Association, told KQED in an interview. “Fishermen see what’s going on in the ocean. We see warm-water events, species shift, all of those things. Fishermen are opposed to losing the very limited fishing grounds in California. That’s our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers must now submit design, construction and operation plans to California and to the federal government for review and permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate Central’s John Upton contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Three Tribal communities in Alaska and Washington that have been severely impacted by the effects of climate change on their homes are getting $75 million from the Biden administration to help relocate to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Quinault Indian Nation, located on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington; the Newtok Village, located on the Ninglick River in Alaska; and the Native Village of Napakiak, located on Alaska’s Kuskokwim River will each receive $25 million, \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-makes-135-million-commitment-support-relocation-tribal\">the Interior Department announced on Wednesday. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to those funds, FEMA is also awarding approximately $17.7 million to help these three communities buy, demolish and build new infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three tribes are just part of a growing number of communities in the U.S. that are facing a ticking clock as the effects of climate change pose serious risk to their homes. These tribes are already well into the expensive process of moving elsewhere, often leaving areas their families have called home for centuries. Funding has been a major obstacle in getting this done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The full cost of moving the Quinault Indian Nation’s two villages about a mile uphill from its spot at the junction of the Quinault River and the Pacific Ocean is around $100 million, said Guy Capoeman, president of The Quinault Indian Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe has more than 3,000 members, “and over half of them live in these villages,” Capoeman told NPR. “Getting them up up on the hill is critical for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new funds will go towards moving the community’s most critical buildings. Down the line, Quinault’s plan is to develop new homes and a school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980885\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980885\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-800x384.jpg\" alt=\"In this photo taken May 28, 2014, houses in the village of Taholah, on the Quinault Indian Reservation on the Pacific are shown at right. Repairs were made to the storm-damaged seawall that protects the village back in 2014, but continued erosion is forcing the community to move elsewhere.\" width=\"800\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-800x384.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-1020x489.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-768x368.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-1536x736.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this photo taken May 28, 2014, houses in the village of Taholah, on the Quinault Indian Reservation on the Pacific are shown at right. Repairs were made to the storm-damaged seawall that protects the village back in 2014, but continued erosion is forcing the community to move elsewhere. \u003ccite>(Doug Esser/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every bit of funding helps in this massive endeavor, Capoeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community started their process more than 12 years ago, even before Capoeman became the nation’s president, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just picked it up as I came on board and worked with our council, our lobbyist and other people and getting the message out that this is a need. We’re here at ground zero of the very climate change everybody’s talking about,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe is extremely vulnerable to rising sea levels, flooding, potential tsunamis and other storm surges. Capoeman noted the community is also at particular risk of a potentially big earthquake as the village sits right along the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/oem/hazardsprep/pages/cascadia-subduction-zone.aspx\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a>. That fault line runs for hundreds of miles off the coast of the Pacific Northwest and has been building up pressure for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the Newtok Village\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/07/1127400863/residents-in-an-alaska-village-try-to-outrun-the-effects-of-climate-change\"> experienced a typhoon\u003c/a> that knocked out 40 feet of land between the village and the Ninglick River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1980883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"This May 24, 2006, file photo shows the village of Newtok, Alaska, where the eroding bank along the Ninglick River has long been a problem for the village, 480 miles west of Anchorage.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1536x1151.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-2048x1534.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The village is suffering from serious coastal erosion from storms, just like the one earlier this year, and degrading permafrost, according to the Interior Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the current rate of erosion of approximately 70 feet per year, the river is expected to threaten structures within two years and the village’s critical infrastructure within four years,” the department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napakiak is dealing with such serious erosion that its school, fuel farm, water supply well, airport, homes and other critical infrastructure are at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ongoing erosion is estimated to be 25-50 feet per year. Most of the current critical infrastructure is expected to be destroyed by 2030,” the Interior Department said in a news release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The village has already established a 50-year, $200 million plan for managing relocation. \u003ca href=\"https://alaskapublic.org/2021/06/02/napakiak-develops-first-of-its-kind-50-year-plan-for-erosion-response/\">Alaska Public Media reported\u003c/a> last year that, in the next 10 years, “Napakiak will have to build the new school and move 38 homes, the store, the multi-purpose building, the water plant, and other structures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the three tribes receiving $25 million, eight additional communities will also receive $5 million, the Interior Department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Point Lay (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Huslia Village (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Fort Yukon (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Nelson Lagoon (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Havasupai Tribe (in Arizona)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Yurok Tribe (in California)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Chitimacha Tribe (in Louisiana)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Passamaquoddy Indian Tribe (in Maine)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Undergoing such a transformative move upends many of these communities’ ties to tradition, Capoeman said. For example, the Quinault have lived by the water for centuries in order to fish and gather clams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lived off the land and resources for thousands and thousands of years. We can see the changes. These tides that are coming in are not normal,” he said. “To take ourselves away from that is not traditional, but we have to save ourselves. We realize that it’s the key to our very own survival at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+tribes+dealing+with+the+toll+of+climate+change+get+%2475+million+to+relocate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Biden administration gave $75 million in aid to the three communities in Alaska and Washington. Eight other tribal communities received an additional $40 million.",
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"title": "3 Tribes Dealing With the Toll of Climate Change Get $75 Million to Relocate | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three Tribal communities in Alaska and Washington that have been severely impacted by the effects of climate change on their homes are getting $75 million from the Biden administration to help relocate to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Quinault Indian Nation, located on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington; the Newtok Village, located on the Ninglick River in Alaska; and the Native Village of Napakiak, located on Alaska’s Kuskokwim River will each receive $25 million, \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-makes-135-million-commitment-support-relocation-tribal\">the Interior Department announced on Wednesday. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to those funds, FEMA is also awarding approximately $17.7 million to help these three communities buy, demolish and build new infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three tribes are just part of a growing number of communities in the U.S. that are facing a ticking clock as the effects of climate change pose serious risk to their homes. These tribes are already well into the expensive process of moving elsewhere, often leaving areas their families have called home for centuries. Funding has been a major obstacle in getting this done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The full cost of moving the Quinault Indian Nation’s two villages about a mile uphill from its spot at the junction of the Quinault River and the Pacific Ocean is around $100 million, said Guy Capoeman, president of The Quinault Indian Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe has more than 3,000 members, “and over half of them live in these villages,” Capoeman told NPR. “Getting them up up on the hill is critical for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new funds will go towards moving the community’s most critical buildings. Down the line, Quinault’s plan is to develop new homes and a school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980885\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980885\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-800x384.jpg\" alt=\"In this photo taken May 28, 2014, houses in the village of Taholah, on the Quinault Indian Reservation on the Pacific are shown at right. Repairs were made to the storm-damaged seawall that protects the village back in 2014, but continued erosion is forcing the community to move elsewhere.\" width=\"800\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-800x384.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-1020x489.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-768x368.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-1536x736.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this photo taken May 28, 2014, houses in the village of Taholah, on the Quinault Indian Reservation on the Pacific are shown at right. Repairs were made to the storm-damaged seawall that protects the village back in 2014, but continued erosion is forcing the community to move elsewhere. \u003ccite>(Doug Esser/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every bit of funding helps in this massive endeavor, Capoeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community started their process more than 12 years ago, even before Capoeman became the nation’s president, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just picked it up as I came on board and worked with our council, our lobbyist and other people and getting the message out that this is a need. We’re here at ground zero of the very climate change everybody’s talking about,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe is extremely vulnerable to rising sea levels, flooding, potential tsunamis and other storm surges. Capoeman noted the community is also at particular risk of a potentially big earthquake as the village sits right along the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/oem/hazardsprep/pages/cascadia-subduction-zone.aspx\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a>. That fault line runs for hundreds of miles off the coast of the Pacific Northwest and has been building up pressure for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the Newtok Village\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/07/1127400863/residents-in-an-alaska-village-try-to-outrun-the-effects-of-climate-change\"> experienced a typhoon\u003c/a> that knocked out 40 feet of land between the village and the Ninglick River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1980883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"This May 24, 2006, file photo shows the village of Newtok, Alaska, where the eroding bank along the Ninglick River has long been a problem for the village, 480 miles west of Anchorage.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1536x1151.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-2048x1534.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The village is suffering from serious coastal erosion from storms, just like the one earlier this year, and degrading permafrost, according to the Interior Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the current rate of erosion of approximately 70 feet per year, the river is expected to threaten structures within two years and the village’s critical infrastructure within four years,” the department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napakiak is dealing with such serious erosion that its school, fuel farm, water supply well, airport, homes and other critical infrastructure are at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ongoing erosion is estimated to be 25-50 feet per year. Most of the current critical infrastructure is expected to be destroyed by 2030,” the Interior Department said in a news release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The village has already established a 50-year, $200 million plan for managing relocation. \u003ca href=\"https://alaskapublic.org/2021/06/02/napakiak-develops-first-of-its-kind-50-year-plan-for-erosion-response/\">Alaska Public Media reported\u003c/a> last year that, in the next 10 years, “Napakiak will have to build the new school and move 38 homes, the store, the multi-purpose building, the water plant, and other structures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the three tribes receiving $25 million, eight additional communities will also receive $5 million, the Interior Department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Point Lay (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Huslia Village (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Fort Yukon (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Nelson Lagoon (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Havasupai Tribe (in Arizona)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Yurok Tribe (in California)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Chitimacha Tribe (in Louisiana)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Passamaquoddy Indian Tribe (in Maine)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Undergoing such a transformative move upends many of these communities’ ties to tradition, Capoeman said. For example, the Quinault have lived by the water for centuries in order to fish and gather clams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lived off the land and resources for thousands and thousands of years. We can see the changes. These tides that are coming in are not normal,” he said. “To take ourselves away from that is not traditional, but we have to save ourselves. We realize that it’s the key to our very own survival at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+tribes+dealing+with+the+toll+of+climate+change+get+%2475+million+to+relocate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "This Thanksgiving, Let Science Help You Roast a Tastier Turkey",
"headTitle": "This Thanksgiving, Let Science Help You Roast a Tastier Turkey | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>I’ve got a kitchen confession: I don’t do Thanksgiving turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not because of dietary restrictions, although I do try to limit my meat consumption. It’s more a matter of soul-crushing disappointment every time it turns out dry and flavorless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s the point of getting up super-early and spending hours laboring and stressing in the kitchen if you’re just going to end up with a bland bird? I don’t need that kind of holiday heartache.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But bad turkeys are a problem that science can actually solve. That’s why this year I’ve decided to tackle the turkey tradition once again — this time, with the help of two cookbook authors well known for demystifying the science behind good food: \u003ca href=\"https://abrowntable.com/\">Nik Sharma\u003c/a>, a trained molecular biologist and the author of \u003cem>The Flavor Equation\u003c/em>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kenjilopezalt.com/\">Kenji López-Alt\u003c/a>, a \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em> food columnist and author of \u003cem>The Food Lab.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As López-Alt explains, the fundamental trouble with turkey is rooted in its anatomy. You’ve got two different types of meat that need to hit two different internal temperatures. The white breast meat needs to reach 150 degrees Fahrenheit, and the dark leg and thigh meat should hit at least 165 degrees — and ideally, 175 or so. So by the time the legs hit the right temperature, your breast is overcooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense when you think about how turkeys use their bodies when they’re alive. The white meat is made up of fast-twitch muscles — these aren’t used often but are activated in short bursts. “Those types of muscles are generally low in connective tissue, low in fat and very strong. And what that means is that it’s relatively easy to overcook them,” López-Alt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the dark meat is made up of slow-twitch muscle fibers that the turkey is constantly using when walking around or standing, so the dark meat has a lot of connective tissue — which means you have to cook it at a higher temperature to break it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how to solve this problem rooted in bird biology? Science to the rescue! Read on.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Understand the geometry of your meat, and ditch your roasting pan\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“It would be difficult to design a worse tool for roasting a turkey than a roasting pan because you’re taking a problem that already exists and making it even worse,” López-Alt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a roasting pan, the high sides shield the bottom of the turkey — the legs and thighs — from heat, meaning they take longer to cook to temperature. Meanwhile, the breast sticks up over the top of the pan, which means it gets the bulk of the heat and dries out more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one simple hack for roasting whole birds is to choose a different kind of pan — a low-rimmed baking sheet with the bird propped on a V-shaped rack. Even better, place the baking sheet on a heated pizza stone. The heat will radiate up through the bottom of the sheet tray and help the thighs and drumsticks cook faster. (Here’s a \u003ca href=\"https://www.seriouseats.com/best-way-to-roast-turkey-baking-stone-steel-no-roasting-pan-crisp-skin-juicy-meat\">how-to guide\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>To really solve this dilemma, bring out the poultry shears\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Sharma and López-Alt agree that the best way to fix this white meat-dark meat temperature conundrum is to ditch the idea of serving a whole turkey and chop up your bird instead. While it may sound sacrilegious to those who cling to a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Want#/media/File:%22Freedom_From_Want%22_-_NARA_-_513539.jpg\">Norman Rockwell-vision of a Thanksgiving feast\u003c/a>, it’s actually the key to a better bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980868\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"To spatchcock your turkey, you need to remove the backbone and flatten the bird.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To spatchcock your turkey, you need to remove the backbone and flatten the bird. \u003ccite>(Derek Campanile/Dad With A Pan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few ways to go about this: If you’ve got the skills and tools, you can cut your turkey yourself using a technique called spatchcocking — that’s where you remove the backbone so the bird lays flat. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.seriouseats.com/how-to-spatchcock-cook-turkey-thanksgiving-fast-easy-way-spatchcocked\">Here’s a helpful how-to from López-Alt.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, if you want to skip the hassle, just ask the butcher to spatchcock the bird for you when you buy it. Sharma notes you can also just buy the turkey cut up in parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole goal, really, is to get all the turkey parts to lay flat, so the breast and turkey legs and thighs all get the same amount of heat at the same time. The thighs and legs are relatively thin compared with the bulky breast, so they will cook faster. Which is what you want, because that dark meat is going to hit 175 degrees or so just as the breast is getting up to 150 degrees. “So it works out perfectly,” López-Alt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hack the temperature rules for a juicier bird\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For food safety, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends cooking turkey to an internal temperature of 165 degrees. But at that temperature, López-Alt notes, breast meat will dry out. “Food safety is actually about temperature \u003cem>and \u003c/em>time,” he explains. While you’ll kill a bunch of bacteria instantaneously if you cook your turkey to 165 degrees, you can wipe out the equivalent amount of bacteria a little more slowly at 150 degrees — as long as your turkey breast \u003ca href=\"https://www.seriouseats.com/how-to-take-the-temperature-of-your-turkey-video\">remains at that temperature for at least 3.7 minutes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just make sure to let the bird rest before serving it. And make sure to use a food thermometer — don’t rely on just a minutes-per-pound chart, López-Alt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wet or dry, make time to brine\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We’ve been focusing on better roasting tips, but of course, you want to brine your bird for maximum tenderness and flavor — something you’ve likely heard many times. “Salt is the most important thing in a brine because that’s what’s adding flavor. It’s what’s helping build moisture inside,” says Sharma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharma explains that normally during cooking, some of the proteins in meat fibers tighten up so that they end up squeezing the juices out of the turkey — like how water gets squeezed out of a sponge. But when you add salt, it loosens up the meat proteins so they hold on to more moisture and your bird stays juicier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional brines are wet — they involve soaking your meat in a saltwater bath. But López-Alt says this can lead to a bird that, while juicier, is also watery, which can dampen the flavor. He prefers a dry brine, where you rub kosher salt and perhaps herbs and spices on the bird and let it sit in the fridge for a night or two before cooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too lazy to brine? Buy a kosher turkey — these come pre-salted, so they’re essentially already brined.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Even better, try a fermented dairy brine\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you really want to give your turkey a science-based boost this year, Sharma says that \u003ca href=\"https://www.seriouseats.com/the-science-of-yogurt-marinades\">based on his kitchen experiments\u003c/a>, one brine rules them all: fermented dairy. Think plain yogurt, buttermilk or kefir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key here is the lactic acid in these products. Sharma notes that animal muscles synthesize lactic acid on a regular basis, so their cells have evolved mechanisms to regulate how much of this acid they contain. He thinks that is why marinating in lactic acid tends to have a gentler effect on meat — leaving it tender but not mushy. What’s more, dairy is also rich in phosphates, and Sharma says these are even better than table salt at promoting water-binding in meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980869\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Spatchcocked turkey, roasted to the right temperature, results in properly cooked thighs and tender breasts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spatchcocked turkey, roasted to the right temperature, results in properly cooked thighs and tender breasts. \u003ccite>(Derek Campanile/Dad With A Pan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sharma, who moved to the U.S. from Mumbai, India, notes that dairy-based marinades are common in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking. “I find that fascinating historically,” he says. “You see that wisdom without the scientific knowledge available today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to give it a try? Sharma recommends \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodfood.com.au/recipes/how-to/samin-nostrats-buttermilkbrined-roast-turkey-20201125-h1sf4d\">this recipe for buttermilk-brined turkey\u003c/a> from cookbook author Samin Nosrat. “It’s pretty fantastic,” he says. (You can also try \u003ca href=\"https://niksharma.bulletin.com/1024814461690942\">Sharma’s golden garlic roast turkey recipe\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonus: If you cut up your bird, it’s much easier to brine, wet or dry, because you can just put the meat in plastic bags in your refrigerator, instead of having to clear an entire shelf for a big, whole bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Remember: It’s not really about the turkey\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If your turkey still turns out a bit subpar, it’s OK. Really. As López-Alt said to me, holiday cooking can be super-stressful, so don’t lose sight of what’s important:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as the turkey has got people around the table, then it’s done its job no matter how dry it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Derek Campanile of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://dadwithapan.com/\">\u003cem>Dad With A Pan\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> contributed photos for this report. Find his full write-up of how he makes spatchcocked turkey\u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://dadwithapan.com/spatchcock-turkey-fresh-herb-rub/\">\u003cem> here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Thanksgiving%2C+let+science+help+you+roast+a+tastier+turkey&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cooking your bird to a safe 165 F often just results in a dry, boring plate of meat. Luckily, food scientists have studied this problem. Learn their techniques to roast your tastiest bird yet. ",
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"description": "Cooking your bird to a safe 165 F often just results in a dry, boring plate of meat. Luckily, food scientists have studied this problem. Learn their techniques to roast your tastiest bird yet. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I’ve got a kitchen confession: I don’t do Thanksgiving turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not because of dietary restrictions, although I do try to limit my meat consumption. It’s more a matter of soul-crushing disappointment every time it turns out dry and flavorless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s the point of getting up super-early and spending hours laboring and stressing in the kitchen if you’re just going to end up with a bland bird? I don’t need that kind of holiday heartache.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But bad turkeys are a problem that science can actually solve. That’s why this year I’ve decided to tackle the turkey tradition once again — this time, with the help of two cookbook authors well known for demystifying the science behind good food: \u003ca href=\"https://abrowntable.com/\">Nik Sharma\u003c/a>, a trained molecular biologist and the author of \u003cem>The Flavor Equation\u003c/em>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kenjilopezalt.com/\">Kenji López-Alt\u003c/a>, a \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em> food columnist and author of \u003cem>The Food Lab.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As López-Alt explains, the fundamental trouble with turkey is rooted in its anatomy. You’ve got two different types of meat that need to hit two different internal temperatures. The white breast meat needs to reach 150 degrees Fahrenheit, and the dark leg and thigh meat should hit at least 165 degrees — and ideally, 175 or so. So by the time the legs hit the right temperature, your breast is overcooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense when you think about how turkeys use their bodies when they’re alive. The white meat is made up of fast-twitch muscles — these aren’t used often but are activated in short bursts. “Those types of muscles are generally low in connective tissue, low in fat and very strong. And what that means is that it’s relatively easy to overcook them,” López-Alt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the dark meat is made up of slow-twitch muscle fibers that the turkey is constantly using when walking around or standing, so the dark meat has a lot of connective tissue — which means you have to cook it at a higher temperature to break it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how to solve this problem rooted in bird biology? Science to the rescue! Read on.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Understand the geometry of your meat, and ditch your roasting pan\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“It would be difficult to design a worse tool for roasting a turkey than a roasting pan because you’re taking a problem that already exists and making it even worse,” López-Alt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a roasting pan, the high sides shield the bottom of the turkey — the legs and thighs — from heat, meaning they take longer to cook to temperature. Meanwhile, the breast sticks up over the top of the pan, which means it gets the bulk of the heat and dries out more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one simple hack for roasting whole birds is to choose a different kind of pan — a low-rimmed baking sheet with the bird propped on a V-shaped rack. Even better, place the baking sheet on a heated pizza stone. The heat will radiate up through the bottom of the sheet tray and help the thighs and drumsticks cook faster. (Here’s a \u003ca href=\"https://www.seriouseats.com/best-way-to-roast-turkey-baking-stone-steel-no-roasting-pan-crisp-skin-juicy-meat\">how-to guide\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>To really solve this dilemma, bring out the poultry shears\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Sharma and López-Alt agree that the best way to fix this white meat-dark meat temperature conundrum is to ditch the idea of serving a whole turkey and chop up your bird instead. While it may sound sacrilegious to those who cling to a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Want#/media/File:%22Freedom_From_Want%22_-_NARA_-_513539.jpg\">Norman Rockwell-vision of a Thanksgiving feast\u003c/a>, it’s actually the key to a better bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980868\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"To spatchcock your turkey, you need to remove the backbone and flatten the bird.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-1-3bd13dfcf17cd893582ef1a07d99c9bdd6b1f94d.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To spatchcock your turkey, you need to remove the backbone and flatten the bird. \u003ccite>(Derek Campanile/Dad With A Pan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few ways to go about this: If you’ve got the skills and tools, you can cut your turkey yourself using a technique called spatchcocking — that’s where you remove the backbone so the bird lays flat. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.seriouseats.com/how-to-spatchcock-cook-turkey-thanksgiving-fast-easy-way-spatchcocked\">Here’s a helpful how-to from López-Alt.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, if you want to skip the hassle, just ask the butcher to spatchcock the bird for you when you buy it. Sharma notes you can also just buy the turkey cut up in parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole goal, really, is to get all the turkey parts to lay flat, so the breast and turkey legs and thighs all get the same amount of heat at the same time. The thighs and legs are relatively thin compared with the bulky breast, so they will cook faster. Which is what you want, because that dark meat is going to hit 175 degrees or so just as the breast is getting up to 150 degrees. “So it works out perfectly,” López-Alt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hack the temperature rules for a juicier bird\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For food safety, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends cooking turkey to an internal temperature of 165 degrees. But at that temperature, López-Alt notes, breast meat will dry out. “Food safety is actually about temperature \u003cem>and \u003c/em>time,” he explains. While you’ll kill a bunch of bacteria instantaneously if you cook your turkey to 165 degrees, you can wipe out the equivalent amount of bacteria a little more slowly at 150 degrees — as long as your turkey breast \u003ca href=\"https://www.seriouseats.com/how-to-take-the-temperature-of-your-turkey-video\">remains at that temperature for at least 3.7 minutes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just make sure to let the bird rest before serving it. And make sure to use a food thermometer — don’t rely on just a minutes-per-pound chart, López-Alt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wet or dry, make time to brine\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We’ve been focusing on better roasting tips, but of course, you want to brine your bird for maximum tenderness and flavor — something you’ve likely heard many times. “Salt is the most important thing in a brine because that’s what’s adding flavor. It’s what’s helping build moisture inside,” says Sharma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharma explains that normally during cooking, some of the proteins in meat fibers tighten up so that they end up squeezing the juices out of the turkey — like how water gets squeezed out of a sponge. But when you add salt, it loosens up the meat proteins so they hold on to more moisture and your bird stays juicier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional brines are wet — they involve soaking your meat in a saltwater bath. But López-Alt says this can lead to a bird that, while juicier, is also watery, which can dampen the flavor. He prefers a dry brine, where you rub kosher salt and perhaps herbs and spices on the bird and let it sit in the fridge for a night or two before cooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too lazy to brine? Buy a kosher turkey — these come pre-salted, so they’re essentially already brined.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Even better, try a fermented dairy brine\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you really want to give your turkey a science-based boost this year, Sharma says that \u003ca href=\"https://www.seriouseats.com/the-science-of-yogurt-marinades\">based on his kitchen experiments\u003c/a>, one brine rules them all: fermented dairy. Think plain yogurt, buttermilk or kefir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key here is the lactic acid in these products. Sharma notes that animal muscles synthesize lactic acid on a regular basis, so their cells have evolved mechanisms to regulate how much of this acid they contain. He thinks that is why marinating in lactic acid tends to have a gentler effect on meat — leaving it tender but not mushy. What’s more, dairy is also rich in phosphates, and Sharma says these are even better than table salt at promoting water-binding in meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980869\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Spatchcocked turkey, roasted to the right temperature, results in properly cooked thighs and tender breasts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/11/splatchcock-turkey-5_vert-d24d74599ea4972fcf44112c40221e72c4f43786.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spatchcocked turkey, roasted to the right temperature, results in properly cooked thighs and tender breasts. \u003ccite>(Derek Campanile/Dad With A Pan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sharma, who moved to the U.S. from Mumbai, India, notes that dairy-based marinades are common in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking. “I find that fascinating historically,” he says. “You see that wisdom without the scientific knowledge available today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to give it a try? Sharma recommends \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodfood.com.au/recipes/how-to/samin-nostrats-buttermilkbrined-roast-turkey-20201125-h1sf4d\">this recipe for buttermilk-brined turkey\u003c/a> from cookbook author Samin Nosrat. “It’s pretty fantastic,” he says. (You can also try \u003ca href=\"https://niksharma.bulletin.com/1024814461690942\">Sharma’s golden garlic roast turkey recipe\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonus: If you cut up your bird, it’s much easier to brine, wet or dry, because you can just put the meat in plastic bags in your refrigerator, instead of having to clear an entire shelf for a big, whole bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Remember: It’s not really about the turkey\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If your turkey still turns out a bit subpar, it’s OK. Really. As López-Alt said to me, holiday cooking can be super-stressful, so don’t lose sight of what’s important:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as the turkey has got people around the table, then it’s done its job no matter how dry it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Derek Campanile of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://dadwithapan.com/\">\u003cem>Dad With A Pan\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> contributed photos for this report. Find his full write-up of how he makes spatchcocked turkey\u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://dadwithapan.com/spatchcock-turkey-fresh-herb-rub/\">\u003cem> here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Thanksgiving%2C+let+science+help+you+roast+a+tastier+turkey&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem> Oblique streaktail hoverflies zip from bloom to bloom wearing a wasp costume to avoid getting eaten. But it’s all show – they don’t even have stingers! Their fierce maggots, on the other hand, devour hundreds of insect pests. As they gorge, they help keep orange trees safe from disease.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>What hovers like a tiny helicopter and flies backwards?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Has the flashy backside of a wasp … the huge eyes of a fly … and spawns murderous maggots?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet the hoverflies, also known as “flower flies,” or syrphids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 6,000 species, each with its own style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bold stripes or plump fuzzy bodies make them look like wasps or bees. But it’s just a ruse. This protective disguise tricks predators into thinking they might get a face full of stinger if they try to eat the hoverflies. This bluff is called Batesian mimicry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one with the intricate pattern on her back is an oblique streaktail. Right now, she’s on a mission in this Southern California flower patch, fueling up on the pollen that will help her grow her eggs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She loves this fragrant alyssum and pollinates it as she darts from bloom to bloom. See how precisely she lands?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her wraparound eyes catch the faintest motion … just in time for her to escape this hungry crab spider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After filling up on pollen, she uses her stubby, but powerful, antennae to smell for the perfect spot for her eggs … an orange tree under attack by these yellow insects with curlicue poop: Asian citrus psyllids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hoverfly lays her eggs next to them. When maggots hatch out of the eggs, they’ll have plenty of those psyllids nearby to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\nLearn \u003ca href=\"https://www2.ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/syrphids/\">how to tell hoverflies apart from the bees and wasps they mimic\u003c/a>, and what other garden pests their maggots feed on, from the UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program.\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orange growers despise Asian citrus psyllids, which spread a destructive bacterium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of these juicy beauties, trees suffering from this “citrus greening” make green, bitter fruit … and eventually die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, scientist \u003ca href=\"https://biocontrol.ucr.edu/nic-irvin\">Nic Irvin\u003c/a>, at the University of California, Riverside, has planted alyssum in orange groves to attract oblique streaktails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their maggots hunt for psyllids on the orange trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the psyllids have a security detail: Argentine ants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They feed on the psyllids’ poop. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In exchange, the ants try to keep the maggots away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this big one has the upper hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It digs its mouthparts in and injects some venom. It even sucks out a little taste, to see if it might want to eat the ant. Nope. It’s really after the psyllids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each maggot will devour more than 400 in the week before it turns into a pupa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that gluttony means more oranges for you and me.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Did the World Make Progress on Climate Change? Here's What Was Decided at Global Talks",
"headTitle": "Did the World Make Progress on Climate Change? Here’s What Was Decided at Global Talks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Contentious climate negotiations ended in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, as negotiators from around the world finalized a modest deal to help control global warming and pay for the costs of a hotter Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep-seated tensions flared between richer countries that have prospered by burning fossil fuels, and developing ones, which are bearing the brunt of climate-driven disasters. But in a historic move, countries agreed to establish a fund to support poorer countries already hit hardest by the impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement at the close of the meeting, Lia Nicholson of the island nation of Antigua and Barbuda said the new fund “must be the lifeboat that we need it to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The negotiations went nearly two days past their scheduled deadline – into “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/zaheer_fakir/status/1593907569281695746?s=20&t=-i5_AHiYvzMHkzmta-RNWA\">hostage phase\u003c/a>,” as one South African delegate put it. Countries struggled to compromise on a plan that would reduce global dependence on fossil fuels, while helping vulnerable countries pay for the damage caused by worsening sea level rise, storms, droughts, heat waves and other climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final deal, announced Sunday morning in Egypt, reiterates the goal set by the 2015 Paris climate agreement to keep overall global warming from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius (about 2.8 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to pre-industrial era of the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is unclear how that goal will be achieved, because negotiators could not agree that fossil fuels must be phased out. The vast majority of planet-warming pollution comes from humans’ use of oil, gas and coal, and most remaining fossil fuel deposits must remain untapped in order to rein in global warming, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03821-8\">scientists have determined.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call for reduced CO2 emissions,” said Zambia’s environment minister Collins Nzovu after the meeting ended. “That’s a basic issue. Right now, as it is, we will not reach 1.5 [degrees Celsius]. We are off the map completely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what was and wasn’t decided at COP27, and what it means for humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>World leaders did not agree to phase down fossil fuels\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many nations arrived at the talks with the hope of keeping “1.5 degrees alive.” The world is on a path to hit almost double that level of warming by the end of the century. Beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.8 degrees Fahrenheit), storms, heat waves and other climate impacts \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">become much more destructive\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the COP27 talks got underway, a broad coalition of countries began calling for the phase-down of all fossil fuels. Small island nationals joined European countries in pushing for that language to be included in a final agreement. So did India, a country that had pushed back against the idea of phasing out coal at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">last year’s COP26 talks in Glasgow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a last minute push, the Egyptian delegation, which brokered the final deal as hosts of the conference, did not put phasing down fossil fuels in the final text. Instead, the final agreement encourages “efforts towards the phasedown of unabated coal power and phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil-producing countries like Saudi Arabia have long pushed back against efforts to curb fossil fuels. At these talks, the country announced that it continues to see a future of oil production, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/19/false-solutions-scepticism-over-saudi-carbon-capture-plan\">will invest in new efforts to capture emissions\u003c/a> and prevent them from reaching the atmosphere, known as carbon capture and sequestration. Climate activists say this new shift is simply a way to prop up fossil fuels with a technology that will not scale up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New calls to accelerate deployment of renewable energy were very welcome,” said Ani Dasgupta, president of the World Resources Institute, in a statement. “But it is mind boggling that countries did not muster the courage to call for phasing down fossil fuels, which are the biggest driver of climate change. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980856\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Methane is an incredibly potent greenhouse gas that is currently released in huge quantities by oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture. Global greenhouse gas emissions are still rising.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8.jpg 911w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Methane is an incredibly potent greenhouse gas that is currently released in huge quantities by oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture. Global greenhouse gas emissions are still rising. \u003ccite>(Matthew Brown/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Richer nations agree to create a fund to pay developing countries for climate damages\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Developing countries arrived with a key demand at these talks: wealthier countries must \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">compensate them for the rising costs of floods, storms and other climate impacts\u003c/a>. Now, they’ve agreed to start setting up a fund to do just that for the most vulnerable countries, including island nations struggling for survival as sea levels rise, and low-income countries grappling with deadly droughts, floods and heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The richest and most-powerful 20 countries produce \u003ca href=\"https://climateanalytics.org/publications/2021/closing-the-gap-the-impact-of-g20-climate-commitments-on-limiting-temperature-rise-to-15c/\">about 80% of the world’s emissions\u003c/a> every year. Low-income countries produce relatively little heat-trapping pollution. But the toll of climate change is already devastating many of them, economically and culturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve already seen islands disappearing,” said Kathy Jetn̄il-Kijiner, Climate Envoy for the Marshall Islands. “These climate impacts are happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other representatives from smaller countries came to the conference demanding the creation of a new fund, housed under the United Nations, that would pay developing countries for the “loss and damage” they’re already suffering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the planet is burning up, we are burning up on the front line,” said Sherry Rehman, climate change minister for Pakistan. “We are the ground-zero of that climate change. So while we are seeing that burn, we are not contributing to that burn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As talks progressed, stark fault lines emerged over which countries should pay for the damages, and which countries would be eligible to receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is the largest historical contributor to climate change by a large margin. Today, China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions. But Chinese representatives at COP27 said, while the country is open to voluntarily contributing to loss and damage, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/china-willing-contribute-climate-compensation-mechanism-chinese-climate-envoy-2022-11-09/\">it should only be an obligation\u003c/a> for historically wealthier countries like the U.S. and European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several European countries pushed back, wanting to see a new loss and damage fund with a “broad contributor base,” given that China and India are expected to increase their emissions until the end of the decade as their economies grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fund that didn’t draw money from current high-emitters was “unacceptable,” said European Commission executive Vice-President Frans Timmermans, earlier in the week. “I think everybody should be brought into the system on the basis of where they are today. And those countries who have the facility to support the most vulnerable should do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions also rose over whether all developing countries should be eligible to receive funds, or just the most vulnerable, like small islands and African nations. Under the United Nations framework, India and China are \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2022_ANNEX.pdf\">still considered developing countries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. said little on the issue for most of the negotiations, a silence that was deafening for many developing countries. Before the talks, Biden Administration officials said they wanted to explore using existing networks for humanitarian aid, instead of creating a new dedicated fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one can deny the scale of loss and damage we see around the globe,” U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres said in Egypt. “The world is burning and drowning before our eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final COP27 agreement sets up a timeline for countries to work out the details of a new fund over the next year. Chile’s Environment Minister Maisi Rojas, who helped lead the group of negotiators who created the fund, called the agreement “historic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she had mixed feelings about the meeting overall. “Remember, we are talking about loss and damage because we failed to reduce emissions,” she said after the marathon talks concluded early Sunday morning. “So it’s not really a reason to celebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly-created fund does not specify which countries will be required to contribute, though it mentions “expanding” the sources of funding, a nod to Europe’s demand that other countries contribute as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the deal also does not set a firm timeline for when the money must arrive. Many wealthy countries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1136817427/low-income-countries-want-more-money-for-climate-damage-theyre-unlikely-to-get-i\">including the U.S.\u003c/a>, have failed to follow through on billions of dollars of previously promised climate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s worth noting that we have the fund, but we need money to make it worthwhile,” said Mohamed Adow, executive director of Power Shift Africa, a policy and advocacy group working on climate action in Africa. “What we have is an empty bucket. Now we need to fill it so that support can flow to the most impacted people who are suffering right now at the hands of the climate crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980857\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980857 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Demonstrators participate in a sit-in calling for reparations for loss and damage at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators participate in a sit-in calling for reparations for loss and damage at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit. \u003ccite>(Peter Dejong/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Money promised years earlier is still missing for developing nations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Wealthier countries said in 2009 that they would provide developing nations with $100 billion a year in financing by 2020 to help them limit their own greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to impacts like more extreme floods and worsening drought. The arrangement, called climate financing, is rooted in the fact that industrialized countries such as the United States have emitted most of the pollution heating the Earth, while poorer nations are bearing disproportionate harm caused by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those promises, the latest tally by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development shows developing countries received just $83.3 billion in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/06/1133532209/money-will-likely-be-the-central-tension-in-the-u-n-s-cop27-climate-negotiations\">shortfall in promised climate funding\u003c/a> for low-income nations is a “serious concern,” participants at this year’s meeting said, and they urged industrialized countries to make good on their long standing commitments. The final agreement did not say when those commitments should be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if wealthy nations come through on their pledges, it’ll still be far short of what developing countries actually need to respond to climate change. To meet the climate goals they’ve set so far, developing countries will require at least $5.8 trillion up to 2030, according to the final agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How are we going to make this transition?” said Colombia Environment Minister Susana Muhamad at the conference. “Especially for oil producing and coal exporting countries like ours, that conversation isn’t even on the table and without that conversation we’re probably not going to phase out fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of money for developing countries was one of the central issues at this year’s climate talks. Wealthier countries’ failure to deliver promised funding has added to pressure that developing countries are facing from inflation and heavy debt burdens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final agreement struck in Egypt says developing countries need “accelerated financial support” from wealthier nations. It calls for reforms at development banks like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund so that developing countries can get more climate funding without adding to their debts. And it says development banks, which were set up to give financial and technical aid to poorer countries, should \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134865038/investors-have-trillions-to-fight-climate-change-developing-nations-get-little-o\">do more to encourage private investment\u003c/a> in low-income nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, the world needs to invest at least $4 trillion every year to create a low-carbon global economy, the final agreement says. Raising that sort of money will require a “transformation” of the entire financial system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980858\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478.jpg 909w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homes are surrounded by floodwaters in Sohbat Pur city, a district of Pakistan’s southwestern Baluchistan province this summer. It is likely that climate change helped drive deadly floods in Pakistan, according to a recent scientific analysis. \u003ccite>(Zahid Hussain/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Don’t forget: climate emissions are still rising too fast\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At the summit, both developing countries and the European Union pushed nations to have their emissions peak by 2025. That’s faster than China and India’s plans, which would allow emissions to rise through the end of the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, few countries submitted new plans to reduce their emissions and the final agreement didn’t impose any firm deadlines for new commitments, though it reiterated the importance of the 1.5 degree goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations will be leaving Egypt knowing that goal is still not in reach. In a best case scenario, emissions are only expected to fall around 10% by 2030, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022\">report from the United Nations Environment Programme\u003c/a>. To keep warming to the crucial threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius, emissions would need to fall 45% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, countries aren’t keeping the promises that they’ve made so far. If emissions stay on their current course, they’ll rise around 7% compared to 2020 levels, instead of falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>There are some small bright spots\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Going into this meeting, there were reasons to think that some of the basic agreements of the past – for example, limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius – might be on shaky ground. That’s because the global economy is fragile. Russia invaded Ukraine and the relationship between the two largest emitters of fossil fuels, the U.S. and China, has been strained – though there are indications that relations \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/14/1136459450/biden-xi-meeting\">may be improving\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been a very difficult year with the energy crisis,” said U.N. Climate Chief Simon Steele after the meeting wrapped up, referring to fuel shortages caused by Russia’s invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, that global context did not completely derail the talks. While the final deal does not do enough to avoid catastrophic warming – and falls far short of what many climate advocates had hoped to see – countries didn’t go back on previous promises either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there were a handful of smaller announcements at COP27 that could help control greenhouse gas emissions and protect people from severe weather. One hundred and fifty countries have now signed a pledge to reduce methane pollution. Methane is a very potent greenhouse gas, which means it traps a lot of heat in the atmosphere, and it’s emitted mostly from oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a new plan to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1134756354/u-n-plan-would-help-warn-people-in-vulnerable-countries-about-climate-threats\">beef up weather forecasts\u003c/a> and disaster warnings in places that don’t have robust national weather services. And on the money front, there are concrete pledges to spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.state.gov/special-presidential-envoy-for-climate-and-treasury-secretary-support-the-launch-of-the-just-energy-transition-partnership-jetp-in-indonesia/\">billions of dollars\u003c/a> on clean energy in rapidly growing countries including Indonesia, Vietnam and Senegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Did+the+world+make+progress+on+climate+change%3F+Here%27s+what+was+decided+at+global+talks&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Contentious climate negotiations ended in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, as negotiators from around the world finalized a modest deal to help control global warming and pay for the costs of a hotter Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep-seated tensions flared between richer countries that have prospered by burning fossil fuels, and developing ones, which are bearing the brunt of climate-driven disasters. But in a historic move, countries agreed to establish a fund to support poorer countries already hit hardest by the impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement at the close of the meeting, Lia Nicholson of the island nation of Antigua and Barbuda said the new fund “must be the lifeboat that we need it to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The negotiations went nearly two days past their scheduled deadline – into “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/zaheer_fakir/status/1593907569281695746?s=20&t=-i5_AHiYvzMHkzmta-RNWA\">hostage phase\u003c/a>,” as one South African delegate put it. Countries struggled to compromise on a plan that would reduce global dependence on fossil fuels, while helping vulnerable countries pay for the damage caused by worsening sea level rise, storms, droughts, heat waves and other climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final deal, announced Sunday morning in Egypt, reiterates the goal set by the 2015 Paris climate agreement to keep overall global warming from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius (about 2.8 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to pre-industrial era of the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is unclear how that goal will be achieved, because negotiators could not agree that fossil fuels must be phased out. The vast majority of planet-warming pollution comes from humans’ use of oil, gas and coal, and most remaining fossil fuel deposits must remain untapped in order to rein in global warming, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03821-8\">scientists have determined.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call for reduced CO2 emissions,” said Zambia’s environment minister Collins Nzovu after the meeting ended. “That’s a basic issue. Right now, as it is, we will not reach 1.5 [degrees Celsius]. We are off the map completely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what was and wasn’t decided at COP27, and what it means for humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>World leaders did not agree to phase down fossil fuels\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many nations arrived at the talks with the hope of keeping “1.5 degrees alive.” The world is on a path to hit almost double that level of warming by the end of the century. Beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.8 degrees Fahrenheit), storms, heat waves and other climate impacts \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">become much more destructive\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the COP27 talks got underway, a broad coalition of countries began calling for the phase-down of all fossil fuels. Small island nationals joined European countries in pushing for that language to be included in a final agreement. So did India, a country that had pushed back against the idea of phasing out coal at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">last year’s COP26 talks in Glasgow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a last minute push, the Egyptian delegation, which brokered the final deal as hosts of the conference, did not put phasing down fossil fuels in the final text. Instead, the final agreement encourages “efforts towards the phasedown of unabated coal power and phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil-producing countries like Saudi Arabia have long pushed back against efforts to curb fossil fuels. At these talks, the country announced that it continues to see a future of oil production, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/19/false-solutions-scepticism-over-saudi-carbon-capture-plan\">will invest in new efforts to capture emissions\u003c/a> and prevent them from reaching the atmosphere, known as carbon capture and sequestration. Climate activists say this new shift is simply a way to prop up fossil fuels with a technology that will not scale up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New calls to accelerate deployment of renewable energy were very welcome,” said Ani Dasgupta, president of the World Resources Institute, in a statement. “But it is mind boggling that countries did not muster the courage to call for phasing down fossil fuels, which are the biggest driver of climate change. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980856\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Methane is an incredibly potent greenhouse gas that is currently released in huge quantities by oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture. Global greenhouse gas emissions are still rising.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8.jpg 911w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Methane is an incredibly potent greenhouse gas that is currently released in huge quantities by oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture. Global greenhouse gas emissions are still rising. \u003ccite>(Matthew Brown/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Richer nations agree to create a fund to pay developing countries for climate damages\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Developing countries arrived with a key demand at these talks: wealthier countries must \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">compensate them for the rising costs of floods, storms and other climate impacts\u003c/a>. Now, they’ve agreed to start setting up a fund to do just that for the most vulnerable countries, including island nations struggling for survival as sea levels rise, and low-income countries grappling with deadly droughts, floods and heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The richest and most-powerful 20 countries produce \u003ca href=\"https://climateanalytics.org/publications/2021/closing-the-gap-the-impact-of-g20-climate-commitments-on-limiting-temperature-rise-to-15c/\">about 80% of the world’s emissions\u003c/a> every year. Low-income countries produce relatively little heat-trapping pollution. But the toll of climate change is already devastating many of them, economically and culturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve already seen islands disappearing,” said Kathy Jetn̄il-Kijiner, Climate Envoy for the Marshall Islands. “These climate impacts are happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other representatives from smaller countries came to the conference demanding the creation of a new fund, housed under the United Nations, that would pay developing countries for the “loss and damage” they’re already suffering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the planet is burning up, we are burning up on the front line,” said Sherry Rehman, climate change minister for Pakistan. “We are the ground-zero of that climate change. So while we are seeing that burn, we are not contributing to that burn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As talks progressed, stark fault lines emerged over which countries should pay for the damages, and which countries would be eligible to receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is the largest historical contributor to climate change by a large margin. Today, China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions. But Chinese representatives at COP27 said, while the country is open to voluntarily contributing to loss and damage, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/china-willing-contribute-climate-compensation-mechanism-chinese-climate-envoy-2022-11-09/\">it should only be an obligation\u003c/a> for historically wealthier countries like the U.S. and European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several European countries pushed back, wanting to see a new loss and damage fund with a “broad contributor base,” given that China and India are expected to increase their emissions until the end of the decade as their economies grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fund that didn’t draw money from current high-emitters was “unacceptable,” said European Commission executive Vice-President Frans Timmermans, earlier in the week. “I think everybody should be brought into the system on the basis of where they are today. And those countries who have the facility to support the most vulnerable should do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions also rose over whether all developing countries should be eligible to receive funds, or just the most vulnerable, like small islands and African nations. Under the United Nations framework, India and China are \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2022_ANNEX.pdf\">still considered developing countries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. said little on the issue for most of the negotiations, a silence that was deafening for many developing countries. Before the talks, Biden Administration officials said they wanted to explore using existing networks for humanitarian aid, instead of creating a new dedicated fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one can deny the scale of loss and damage we see around the globe,” U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres said in Egypt. “The world is burning and drowning before our eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final COP27 agreement sets up a timeline for countries to work out the details of a new fund over the next year. Chile’s Environment Minister Maisi Rojas, who helped lead the group of negotiators who created the fund, called the agreement “historic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she had mixed feelings about the meeting overall. “Remember, we are talking about loss and damage because we failed to reduce emissions,” she said after the marathon talks concluded early Sunday morning. “So it’s not really a reason to celebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly-created fund does not specify which countries will be required to contribute, though it mentions “expanding” the sources of funding, a nod to Europe’s demand that other countries contribute as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the deal also does not set a firm timeline for when the money must arrive. Many wealthy countries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1136817427/low-income-countries-want-more-money-for-climate-damage-theyre-unlikely-to-get-i\">including the U.S.\u003c/a>, have failed to follow through on billions of dollars of previously promised climate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s worth noting that we have the fund, but we need money to make it worthwhile,” said Mohamed Adow, executive director of Power Shift Africa, a policy and advocacy group working on climate action in Africa. “What we have is an empty bucket. Now we need to fill it so that support can flow to the most impacted people who are suffering right now at the hands of the climate crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980857\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980857 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Demonstrators participate in a sit-in calling for reparations for loss and damage at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators participate in a sit-in calling for reparations for loss and damage at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit. \u003ccite>(Peter Dejong/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Money promised years earlier is still missing for developing nations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Wealthier countries said in 2009 that they would provide developing nations with $100 billion a year in financing by 2020 to help them limit their own greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to impacts like more extreme floods and worsening drought. The arrangement, called climate financing, is rooted in the fact that industrialized countries such as the United States have emitted most of the pollution heating the Earth, while poorer nations are bearing disproportionate harm caused by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those promises, the latest tally by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development shows developing countries received just $83.3 billion in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/06/1133532209/money-will-likely-be-the-central-tension-in-the-u-n-s-cop27-climate-negotiations\">shortfall in promised climate funding\u003c/a> for low-income nations is a “serious concern,” participants at this year’s meeting said, and they urged industrialized countries to make good on their long standing commitments. The final agreement did not say when those commitments should be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if wealthy nations come through on their pledges, it’ll still be far short of what developing countries actually need to respond to climate change. To meet the climate goals they’ve set so far, developing countries will require at least $5.8 trillion up to 2030, according to the final agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How are we going to make this transition?” said Colombia Environment Minister Susana Muhamad at the conference. “Especially for oil producing and coal exporting countries like ours, that conversation isn’t even on the table and without that conversation we’re probably not going to phase out fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of money for developing countries was one of the central issues at this year’s climate talks. Wealthier countries’ failure to deliver promised funding has added to pressure that developing countries are facing from inflation and heavy debt burdens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final agreement struck in Egypt says developing countries need “accelerated financial support” from wealthier nations. It calls for reforms at development banks like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund so that developing countries can get more climate funding without adding to their debts. And it says development banks, which were set up to give financial and technical aid to poorer countries, should \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134865038/investors-have-trillions-to-fight-climate-change-developing-nations-get-little-o\">do more to encourage private investment\u003c/a> in low-income nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, the world needs to invest at least $4 trillion every year to create a low-carbon global economy, the final agreement says. Raising that sort of money will require a “transformation” of the entire financial system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980858\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478.jpg 909w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homes are surrounded by floodwaters in Sohbat Pur city, a district of Pakistan’s southwestern Baluchistan province this summer. It is likely that climate change helped drive deadly floods in Pakistan, according to a recent scientific analysis. \u003ccite>(Zahid Hussain/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Don’t forget: climate emissions are still rising too fast\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At the summit, both developing countries and the European Union pushed nations to have their emissions peak by 2025. That’s faster than China and India’s plans, which would allow emissions to rise through the end of the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, few countries submitted new plans to reduce their emissions and the final agreement didn’t impose any firm deadlines for new commitments, though it reiterated the importance of the 1.5 degree goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations will be leaving Egypt knowing that goal is still not in reach. In a best case scenario, emissions are only expected to fall around 10% by 2030, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022\">report from the United Nations Environment Programme\u003c/a>. To keep warming to the crucial threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius, emissions would need to fall 45% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, countries aren’t keeping the promises that they’ve made so far. If emissions stay on their current course, they’ll rise around 7% compared to 2020 levels, instead of falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>There are some small bright spots\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Going into this meeting, there were reasons to think that some of the basic agreements of the past – for example, limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius – might be on shaky ground. That’s because the global economy is fragile. Russia invaded Ukraine and the relationship between the two largest emitters of fossil fuels, the U.S. and China, has been strained – though there are indications that relations \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/14/1136459450/biden-xi-meeting\">may be improving\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been a very difficult year with the energy crisis,” said U.N. Climate Chief Simon Steele after the meeting wrapped up, referring to fuel shortages caused by Russia’s invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, that global context did not completely derail the talks. While the final deal does not do enough to avoid catastrophic warming – and falls far short of what many climate advocates had hoped to see – countries didn’t go back on previous promises either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there were a handful of smaller announcements at COP27 that could help control greenhouse gas emissions and protect people from severe weather. One hundred and fifty countries have now signed a pledge to reduce methane pollution. Methane is a very potent greenhouse gas, which means it traps a lot of heat in the atmosphere, and it’s emitted mostly from oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a new plan to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1134756354/u-n-plan-would-help-warn-people-in-vulnerable-countries-about-climate-threats\">beef up weather forecasts\u003c/a> and disaster warnings in places that don’t have robust national weather services. And on the money front, there are concrete pledges to spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.state.gov/special-presidential-envoy-for-climate-and-treasury-secretary-support-the-launch-of-the-just-energy-transition-partnership-jetp-in-indonesia/\">billions of dollars\u003c/a> on clean energy in rapidly growing countries including Indonesia, Vietnam and Senegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Did+the+world+make+progress+on+climate+change%3F+Here%27s+what+was+decided+at+global+talks&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Elizabeth Holmes, the former CEO of blood-testing startup Theranos once seen as a Silicon Valley star, was sentenced on Friday to more than 11 years in prison after being \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/03/1063973490/elizabeth-holmes-trial-verdict-guilty-theranos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">convicted\u003c/a> of fraud earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking back, there are so many things I would do differently if I had the chance. I regret my failings with every cell of my body,” Holmes told U.S. District Judge Edward Davila before he handed down the sentence in a federal courthouse in San Jose, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He directed Holmes to spend three years under supervised release after completing her sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutors asked for Holmes to serve 15 years behind bars, citing the whopping financial loss and the need to deter future fraudulent schemes in the tech industry. Her defense lawyers had sought home confinement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes, 38, who is pregnant with her second child, is expected to report to prison in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a jury convicted Holmes on four wire fraud-related counts for her role in deceiving investors about a supposedly groundbreaking technology that could scan for hundreds of conditions with just a few drops of blood. It is a feat laboratory scientists around the world for years have tried to accomplish, but Holmes, a Stanford dropout, claimed she had perfected it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She drummed up nearly $1 billion in investment based on the premise that her proprietary blood-testing devices would revolutionize health care, but prosecutors argued during the trial that Holmes fudged test results, flagrantly lied about the capabilities of her tests and tried to cover it up when whistleblowers and journalists began drew scrutiny to what was really going on at the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is nearly unheard of in Silicon Valley for an executive to face criminal prosecution in the wake of a business collapse. But legal experts said the egregiousness of Holmes’ crimes, and the fact that she was operating in the highly-regulated health care world, made the Theranos case exceptional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Holmes’ prosecution \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/25/1040442689/elizabeth-holmes-trial-why-her-not-other-ceos\">stirred debate\u003c/a> in tech circles about possible sexism, with some wondering why men who led tech startups that failed after unrealized promises have never faced criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There appears to be more scrutiny on high-flying tech startups now, however. The Justice Department is reportedly investigating the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/15/1136641651/ftx-bankruptcy-sam-bankman-fried-ftt-crypto-cryptocurrency-binance\">now-bankrupt FTX\u003c/a>, an exchange for trading crypto. Its recent implosion wiped out former CEO Sam Bankman-Fried’s wealth of $16 billion, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-10/ftx-latest-bankman-fried-shuts-down-trading-firm-alameda?sref=h2AwP2mF\">Bloomberg called\u003c/a> “one of history’s greatest-ever destructions of wealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal investigators are probing the unwinding of the company, with the specter of possible criminal charges being discussed among legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Elizabeth+Holmes+sentenced+to+11+years+in+prison+for+Theranos+fraud+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Elizabeth Holmes, the former CEO of blood-testing startup Theranos once seen as a Silicon Valley star, was sentenced on Friday to more than 11 years in prison after being \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/03/1063973490/elizabeth-holmes-trial-verdict-guilty-theranos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">convicted\u003c/a> of fraud earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking back, there are so many things I would do differently if I had the chance. I regret my failings with every cell of my body,” Holmes told U.S. District Judge Edward Davila before he handed down the sentence in a federal courthouse in San Jose, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He directed Holmes to spend three years under supervised release after completing her sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutors asked for Holmes to serve 15 years behind bars, citing the whopping financial loss and the need to deter future fraudulent schemes in the tech industry. Her defense lawyers had sought home confinement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes, 38, who is pregnant with her second child, is expected to report to prison in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a jury convicted Holmes on four wire fraud-related counts for her role in deceiving investors about a supposedly groundbreaking technology that could scan for hundreds of conditions with just a few drops of blood. It is a feat laboratory scientists around the world for years have tried to accomplish, but Holmes, a Stanford dropout, claimed she had perfected it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She drummed up nearly $1 billion in investment based on the premise that her proprietary blood-testing devices would revolutionize health care, but prosecutors argued during the trial that Holmes fudged test results, flagrantly lied about the capabilities of her tests and tried to cover it up when whistleblowers and journalists began drew scrutiny to what was really going on at the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is nearly unheard of in Silicon Valley for an executive to face criminal prosecution in the wake of a business collapse. But legal experts said the egregiousness of Holmes’ crimes, and the fact that she was operating in the highly-regulated health care world, made the Theranos case exceptional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Holmes’ prosecution \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/25/1040442689/elizabeth-holmes-trial-why-her-not-other-ceos\">stirred debate\u003c/a> in tech circles about possible sexism, with some wondering why men who led tech startups that failed after unrealized promises have never faced criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There appears to be more scrutiny on high-flying tech startups now, however. The Justice Department is reportedly investigating the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/15/1136641651/ftx-bankruptcy-sam-bankman-fried-ftt-crypto-cryptocurrency-binance\">now-bankrupt FTX\u003c/a>, an exchange for trading crypto. Its recent implosion wiped out former CEO Sam Bankman-Fried’s wealth of $16 billion, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-10/ftx-latest-bankman-fried-shuts-down-trading-firm-alameda?sref=h2AwP2mF\">Bloomberg called\u003c/a> “one of history’s greatest-ever destructions of wealth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal investigators are probing the unwinding of the company, with the specter of possible criminal charges being discussed among legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Elizabeth+Holmes+sentenced+to+11+years+in+prison+for+Theranos+fraud+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There was a moment a few years back when it seemed to Jessie Liu like the entire state of California was on fire. Mendocino, Shasta, Trinity, Lake and Santa Clara counties all endured the flames of the hellish wildfire season of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It hit us so suddenly and abruptly,” said Liu, a physician at \u003ca href=\"https://laclinica.org/\">La Clínica de La Raza\u003c/a>, a health care facility that serves lower-income, uninsured and underinsured patients in Oakland. “It’s shocking how quickly that’s become the norm. It’s something that we are now expecting. We were very fortunate this year to have a relatively light — knock on wood — wildfire season. But we can’t expect to be this fortunate here and in the years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu and her patients have not yet faced evacuation because of the fires, but she figures it’s a question of when, not if. And when that moment comes, Liu will have a new tool to help ease the abruptness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate experts at Harvard and officials with the nonprofit humanitarian relief agency Americares have prepared a first-of-its-kind series of open-source reference materials to help health care facilities successfully withstand a range of natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reference information, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americares.org/what-we-do/community-health/climate-resilient-health-clinics/\">Climate Resilience for Frontline Clinics Toolkit\u003c/a>, contains detailed guidance for health care administrators, physicians and patients on topics ranging from dealing with power outages to crafting social media posts to managing the treatment of patients with such ailments as kidney disease, diabetes and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information, which was largely compiled using survey data from clinic workers who were asked what they wish they knew about treating patients during natural disasters, is available as a series of downloadable PDFs at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americares.org/what-we-do/community-health/climate-resilient-health-clinics/\">toolkit website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first reference materials, which were released this summer, focused on helping facilities, doctors and their patients successfully navigate extreme heat events. Officials recently released guides focused on wildfires, and an informational module concerning hurricanes will soon be available to all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort, a collaboration of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/\">Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment\u003c/a> at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Harvard Global Health Institute, is specifically designed for use by free and charitable care health clinics. Biogen, the Massachusetts-based biotechnology company, has been a key sponsor of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In future years, the designers of the toolkit hope to expand availability of the resources so they can be used by health care facilities in lower-income countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designers of the toolkit said it occupies a unique position as a source of medical information that simultaneously provides resources both for those who work in hospitals and those who are treated in them. Policy manuals and communication plans are typically designed for health care administrators. Medical reference books are aimed at providers. And health care information pamphlets are usually reserved for patients. But with aspects of the toolkit designed for each of those audiences, its creators say it is distinctly able to serve all three of those groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want to make sure we get is a crucial interface between health care systems and patients that is, potentially, uniquely able to keep people safe,” said Aaron Bernstein, director of the Harvard climate center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernstein said that the information contained in the toolkit was designed with an eye toward anticipating potential issues and providing opportunities for planning and practical decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has serious medical problems and says, ‘You know, I really would like to evacuate. I just have no idea how I can do it. I don’t have a car or there’s nowhere for me to go,’” Bernstein said. “There’s a lot of folks who may not have thought as much about not only how they would and where they would evacuate to, but, again, critically, whether their medical conditions may make it so that it’s even more important for them to be proactive. And I think a provider can really underscore that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being proactive is a chief concern for providers like Jessie Liu. She said the open-source nature of the toolkit — which keeps it free, adaptable and easy to access — is vital given that many of the patients she serves have lower incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In particular for our populations who are at greater risk because of their lower socioeconomic status, greater percentage of outdoor laborers, by way of being Black, brown, Native and living in communities and neighborhoods that have historically been marginalized and under-resourced, we are wanting to be able to provide culturally appropriate and easily accessible resources,” Liu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the importance of providing that information goes beyond simply addressing medical concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are the bastions of health for our communities,” Liu said. “We’re at the front lines, and patients and communities come to us. They trust us. We have to … it’s our responsibility and our role to provide that information and that guidance, especially in these natural disasters that are known to have such great impacts on human health.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There was a moment a few years back when it seemed to Jessie Liu like the entire state of California was on fire. Mendocino, Shasta, Trinity, Lake and Santa Clara counties all endured the flames of the hellish wildfire season of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It hit us so suddenly and abruptly,” said Liu, a physician at \u003ca href=\"https://laclinica.org/\">La Clínica de La Raza\u003c/a>, a health care facility that serves lower-income, uninsured and underinsured patients in Oakland. “It’s shocking how quickly that’s become the norm. It’s something that we are now expecting. We were very fortunate this year to have a relatively light — knock on wood — wildfire season. But we can’t expect to be this fortunate here and in the years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu and her patients have not yet faced evacuation because of the fires, but she figures it’s a question of when, not if. And when that moment comes, Liu will have a new tool to help ease the abruptness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate experts at Harvard and officials with the nonprofit humanitarian relief agency Americares have prepared a first-of-its-kind series of open-source reference materials to help health care facilities successfully withstand a range of natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reference information, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americares.org/what-we-do/community-health/climate-resilient-health-clinics/\">Climate Resilience for Frontline Clinics Toolkit\u003c/a>, contains detailed guidance for health care administrators, physicians and patients on topics ranging from dealing with power outages to crafting social media posts to managing the treatment of patients with such ailments as kidney disease, diabetes and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information, which was largely compiled using survey data from clinic workers who were asked what they wish they knew about treating patients during natural disasters, is available as a series of downloadable PDFs at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americares.org/what-we-do/community-health/climate-resilient-health-clinics/\">toolkit website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first reference materials, which were released this summer, focused on helping facilities, doctors and their patients successfully navigate extreme heat events. Officials recently released guides focused on wildfires, and an informational module concerning hurricanes will soon be available to all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort, a collaboration of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/\">Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment\u003c/a> at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Harvard Global Health Institute, is specifically designed for use by free and charitable care health clinics. Biogen, the Massachusetts-based biotechnology company, has been a key sponsor of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In future years, the designers of the toolkit hope to expand availability of the resources so they can be used by health care facilities in lower-income countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designers of the toolkit said it occupies a unique position as a source of medical information that simultaneously provides resources both for those who work in hospitals and those who are treated in them. Policy manuals and communication plans are typically designed for health care administrators. Medical reference books are aimed at providers. And health care information pamphlets are usually reserved for patients. But with aspects of the toolkit designed for each of those audiences, its creators say it is distinctly able to serve all three of those groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want to make sure we get is a crucial interface between health care systems and patients that is, potentially, uniquely able to keep people safe,” said Aaron Bernstein, director of the Harvard climate center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernstein said that the information contained in the toolkit was designed with an eye toward anticipating potential issues and providing opportunities for planning and practical decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has serious medical problems and says, ‘You know, I really would like to evacuate. I just have no idea how I can do it. I don’t have a car or there’s nowhere for me to go,’” Bernstein said. “There’s a lot of folks who may not have thought as much about not only how they would and where they would evacuate to, but, again, critically, whether their medical conditions may make it so that it’s even more important for them to be proactive. And I think a provider can really underscore that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being proactive is a chief concern for providers like Jessie Liu. She said the open-source nature of the toolkit — which keeps it free, adaptable and easy to access — is vital given that many of the patients she serves have lower incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In particular for our populations who are at greater risk because of their lower socioeconomic status, greater percentage of outdoor laborers, by way of being Black, brown, Native and living in communities and neighborhoods that have historically been marginalized and under-resourced, we are wanting to be able to provide culturally appropriate and easily accessible resources,” Liu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the importance of providing that information goes beyond simply addressing medical concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are the bastions of health for our communities,” Liu said. “We’re at the front lines, and patients and communities come to us. They trust us. We have to … it’s our responsibility and our role to provide that information and that guidance, especially in these natural disasters that are known to have such great impacts on human health.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Forging a More Diverse Generation of Firefighters in Marin County",
"headTitle": "Forging a More Diverse Generation of Firefighters in Marin County | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>All morning, Armando Jimenez and Jesus Chavez shoveled loads of brush into a wood chipper, the sharp smell of bay trees wafting around a playground, parking lot and baseball field in San Anselmo’s Memorial Park. If a fire were to approach, it would approach from a steep, wooded hill that was, until this morning, covered in eucalyptus, acacia and other brush but now looks clean-shaven, cleared of small trees, branches and twigs — all good fuel for a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to the work of Jimenez and Chavez, if a spark were to hit this hillside and start a fire, it is now much less likely to climb up the brush like a ladder and start a crown fire in the tops of the big trees, threatening nearby homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jimenez and Chavez, and the other members of their crew, are part of the first cohort of \u003ca href=\"https://www.firefoundry.org/\">Fire Foundry\u003c/a>, a job-training program seeking to change the way firefighters are recruited in Marin County — one of California’s richest counties, \u003ca href=\"https://belonging.berkeley.edu/most-segregated-and-integrated-cities-sf-bay-area\">yet also one of its most segregated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980770\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980770\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"A man in a yellow hard hat wrestles with a large pile of twigs and brush.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Foundry student Jesus Chavez clears brush for a wildfire hazard mitigation project near the Marin County Fire Department in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The program offers full-time employment (mostly clearing vegetation and other fuels work to protect against future fires), temporary housing at the fire station, assistance with food, mental health support, tutoring, free uniforms and boots, free tuition at the College of Marin and training in using emerging fire technology, like remote sensing programs and predictive services. The goal is to get more people of color and women into the Marin County Fire Department and the field at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying his hard hat aside, Jimenez sits down at a wood picnic table. “I really want to see more minorities in the fire service,” he said. “That’s the major thing [that] made me want to join.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 21-year-old was born and raised in Mexico and came to the U.S. in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both in Marin County and nationwide, fire department diversity is dismal. Of the county’s 80 full-time firefighters, nearly 83% are white men. Approximately 7.5% are white women, an equal percentage are Latino, and Asian firefighters account for just 2%. None of the department’s full-time firefighters are African American. In the county, 3% of the population is Black, 16% Latino and 6% Asian. Slightly more than half the population is female. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2019, 96% of U.S. career firefighters were men and 82% were white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The feeder programs that funnel people into fire academies are largely the same. That’s despite a \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/FirstResponders_Full_Report.pdf\"> body of research literature (PDF)\u003c/a> suggesting that communities are better served if first responders look like the community they’re serving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to break that mold,” said Marin County Fire Chief Jason Weber, who initiated the idea for Fire Foundry, which helps trainees build the skills for long-term, well-paying jobs. “We’re trying to break systemic cycles of poverty, generational poverty, and that has to do with the importance of a sustainable wage career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality of climate change, said Rhea Suh, current president of the Marin Community Foundation, is that the adaptation and mitigation it’ll require will incur phenomenal costs. There’s an opportunity, she said, for governments and organizations to connect middle-class, union jobs — firefighters, pipe fitters, track workers — with people who need them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the fires are coming. We know sea level rise is happening. Why can’t we really think about the pipeline for these positions?” she said. “These can be the great jobs of the next century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980782\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980782 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg\" alt=\"Several men in grey shirts and yellow hard hats circle around a man leaning on a chainsaw. \" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Field Supervisor Darrell Galli leads a training lesson for the Fire Foundry team in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Forged by many hands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It was during the turbulent times of 2020 — COVID-19, a presidential election, the worst wildfire year in recorded history, and a summer of racial reckoning that followed a white Minneapolis police officer killing George Floyd, a Black man — that discussions about Fire Foundry gained speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took cooperation from a suite of partners to form the program. Those partners included Conservation Corps North Bay, College of Marin, Marin County, the Marin Wildfire Prevention Authority and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a moment of momentum. All of these groups came together to build something,” said Sofia Martinez, equity analyst with Marin County, one of the co-founders of the program. “People are calling for representation in all sectors of life. Especially when it comes to emergency medical response or disaster response in general, they want to see people out in the field and they want to be interacting with people that understand their lived experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>College of Marin, Stanford University and UC Berkeley also are partners in Fire Foundry. Martinez said the program benefits from their researchers who are “passionate about changing the way things have historically been done,” and from proximity to Sonoma and Napa counties, where the destructive Glass, Kincade and Tubbs fires burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sukh Singh is lab manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://disasterlab.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UC Berkeley Disaster Lab\u003c/a>, which seeks to use technology and innovation to address the problems facing humankind. He heard about the idea for the program in early 2021 and was part of the development team, designing marketing and communications materials and helping with recruitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I immigrated from India,” Singh said. “I had never thought about becoming a firefighter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was surprised to learn firefighters can make good money, especially for those who also administer emergency medical aid, and thinks that if more people knew, they might be drawn to the profession. Depending on the city or county, starting salaries for a firefighter paramedic can range from $80,000 to $140,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that could have made the job more interesting to him growing up, Singh said. “And it would have been one of the things [that] could have convinced my family,” Singh said, “because we were very low-income growing up — that this could be a valid and important career field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980775\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980775\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Foundry student Jesus Flores (left) puts his arm around fellow student Luis Alducin during a break from their work on a wildfire hazard mitigation project near the Marin County Fire Department in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Successes and loss\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fire Foundry is in its infancy and is untested. This year the program was not able to retain the full roster of female recruits. Seven started the program and two remain: One is now in the Santa Rosa Junior College Firefighter Academy. The other took a job doing defensible space inspections in the Marin County Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide 96% of career firefighters are men, so increasing the ranks of women is a high priority for Fire Foundry. Architects of the program are planning to make some changes for next year: more flexibility in schedules, earlier and more frequent mentoring and more tailoring to individuals’ specific needs. Weber hopes that changes will help with retention and that the program catches on around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers and supporters within the county are heartened by the wraparound approach Fire Foundry offers compared to other training programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know the [conservation] world really well,” said Suh, of the Marin Community Foundation, “and it is and always has been dominated by white men.” She formerly led diversity programs at the Department of the Interior, nominated by former President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am fascinated that there are people on the ground like the Marin fire chief who’s saying to himself, without any kind of outside pressure, ‘We have to figure out a sustainable way to maintain our pipeline and […] if we are going to attract more people of color, more women, we need to have a different attitude and posture.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Chief Weber hopes the model for the program gains ground. They tried to build it using mostly existing funds and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to create something new that can be either reproduced or recreated across the state,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the wood picnic table, Jesus Chavez, 23, said school was a struggle for him in the past. Now, he’s back in classes learning to be an EMT. “I have to face it. It’s something that I want to do — to become a better person for myself,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a kid he wanted to join the fire service, but didn’t know how to get in. He applied for Fire Foundry after seeing an Instagram ad. He fell in love with the hard work outside, alongside other firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get down and dirty,” he said. “I like that. Everyone’s close, like a whole family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>All morning, Armando Jimenez and Jesus Chavez shoveled loads of brush into a wood chipper, the sharp smell of bay trees wafting around a playground, parking lot and baseball field in San Anselmo’s Memorial Park. If a fire were to approach, it would approach from a steep, wooded hill that was, until this morning, covered in eucalyptus, acacia and other brush but now looks clean-shaven, cleared of small trees, branches and twigs — all good fuel for a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to the work of Jimenez and Chavez, if a spark were to hit this hillside and start a fire, it is now much less likely to climb up the brush like a ladder and start a crown fire in the tops of the big trees, threatening nearby homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jimenez and Chavez, and the other members of their crew, are part of the first cohort of \u003ca href=\"https://www.firefoundry.org/\">Fire Foundry\u003c/a>, a job-training program seeking to change the way firefighters are recruited in Marin County — one of California’s richest counties, \u003ca href=\"https://belonging.berkeley.edu/most-segregated-and-integrated-cities-sf-bay-area\">yet also one of its most segregated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980770\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980770\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"A man in a yellow hard hat wrestles with a large pile of twigs and brush.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58654_035_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Foundry student Jesus Chavez clears brush for a wildfire hazard mitigation project near the Marin County Fire Department in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The program offers full-time employment (mostly clearing vegetation and other fuels work to protect against future fires), temporary housing at the fire station, assistance with food, mental health support, tutoring, free uniforms and boots, free tuition at the College of Marin and training in using emerging fire technology, like remote sensing programs and predictive services. The goal is to get more people of color and women into the Marin County Fire Department and the field at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying his hard hat aside, Jimenez sits down at a wood picnic table. “I really want to see more minorities in the fire service,” he said. “That’s the major thing [that] made me want to join.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 21-year-old was born and raised in Mexico and came to the U.S. in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both in Marin County and nationwide, fire department diversity is dismal. Of the county’s 80 full-time firefighters, nearly 83% are white men. Approximately 7.5% are white women, an equal percentage are Latino, and Asian firefighters account for just 2%. None of the department’s full-time firefighters are African American. In the county, 3% of the population is Black, 16% Latino and 6% Asian. Slightly more than half the population is female. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2019, 96% of U.S. career firefighters were men and 82% were white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The feeder programs that funnel people into fire academies are largely the same. That’s despite a \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/FirstResponders_Full_Report.pdf\"> body of research literature (PDF)\u003c/a> suggesting that communities are better served if first responders look like the community they’re serving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to break that mold,” said Marin County Fire Chief Jason Weber, who initiated the idea for Fire Foundry, which helps trainees build the skills for long-term, well-paying jobs. “We’re trying to break systemic cycles of poverty, generational poverty, and that has to do with the importance of a sustainable wage career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality of climate change, said Rhea Suh, current president of the Marin Community Foundation, is that the adaptation and mitigation it’ll require will incur phenomenal costs. There’s an opportunity, she said, for governments and organizations to connect middle-class, union jobs — firefighters, pipe fitters, track workers — with people who need them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the fires are coming. We know sea level rise is happening. Why can’t we really think about the pipeline for these positions?” she said. “These can be the great jobs of the next century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980782\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980782 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg\" alt=\"Several men in grey shirts and yellow hard hats circle around a man leaning on a chainsaw. \" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58639_021_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Field Supervisor Darrell Galli leads a training lesson for the Fire Foundry team in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Forged by many hands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It was during the turbulent times of 2020 — COVID-19, a presidential election, the worst wildfire year in recorded history, and a summer of racial reckoning that followed a white Minneapolis police officer killing George Floyd, a Black man — that discussions about Fire Foundry gained speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took cooperation from a suite of partners to form the program. Those partners included Conservation Corps North Bay, College of Marin, Marin County, the Marin Wildfire Prevention Authority and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a moment of momentum. All of these groups came together to build something,” said Sofia Martinez, equity analyst with Marin County, one of the co-founders of the program. “People are calling for representation in all sectors of life. Especially when it comes to emergency medical response or disaster response in general, they want to see people out in the field and they want to be interacting with people that understand their lived experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>College of Marin, Stanford University and UC Berkeley also are partners in Fire Foundry. Martinez said the program benefits from their researchers who are “passionate about changing the way things have historically been done,” and from proximity to Sonoma and Napa counties, where the destructive Glass, Kincade and Tubbs fires burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sukh Singh is lab manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://disasterlab.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UC Berkeley Disaster Lab\u003c/a>, which seeks to use technology and innovation to address the problems facing humankind. He heard about the idea for the program in early 2021 and was part of the development team, designing marketing and communications materials and helping with recruitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I immigrated from India,” Singh said. “I had never thought about becoming a firefighter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was surprised to learn firefighters can make good money, especially for those who also administer emergency medical aid, and thinks that if more people knew, they might be drawn to the profession. Depending on the city or county, starting salaries for a firefighter paramedic can range from $80,000 to $140,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that could have made the job more interesting to him growing up, Singh said. “And it would have been one of the things [that] could have convinced my family,” Singh said, “because we were very low-income growing up — that this could be a valid and important career field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980775\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980775\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi.jpeg 540w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/RS58656_037_KQED_FireFoundryMarin_09152022-sfi-160x107.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire Foundry student Jesus Flores (left) puts his arm around fellow student Luis Alducin during a break from their work on a wildfire hazard mitigation project near the Marin County Fire Department in Woodacre on Sept. 15, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Successes and loss\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fire Foundry is in its infancy and is untested. This year the program was not able to retain the full roster of female recruits. Seven started the program and two remain: One is now in the Santa Rosa Junior College Firefighter Academy. The other took a job doing defensible space inspections in the Marin County Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide 96% of career firefighters are men, so increasing the ranks of women is a high priority for Fire Foundry. Architects of the program are planning to make some changes for next year: more flexibility in schedules, earlier and more frequent mentoring and more tailoring to individuals’ specific needs. Weber hopes that changes will help with retention and that the program catches on around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers and supporters within the county are heartened by the wraparound approach Fire Foundry offers compared to other training programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know the [conservation] world really well,” said Suh, of the Marin Community Foundation, “and it is and always has been dominated by white men.” She formerly led diversity programs at the Department of the Interior, nominated by former President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am fascinated that there are people on the ground like the Marin fire chief who’s saying to himself, without any kind of outside pressure, ‘We have to figure out a sustainable way to maintain our pipeline and […] if we are going to attract more people of color, more women, we need to have a different attitude and posture.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Chief Weber hopes the model for the program gains ground. They tried to build it using mostly existing funds and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to create something new that can be either reproduced or recreated across the state,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the wood picnic table, Jesus Chavez, 23, said school was a struggle for him in the past. Now, he’s back in classes learning to be an EMT. “I have to face it. It’s something that I want to do — to become a better person for myself,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a kid he wanted to join the fire service, but didn’t know how to get in. He applied for Fire Foundry after seeing an Instagram ad. He fell in love with the hard work outside, alongside other firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They get down and dirty,” he said. “I like that. Everyone’s close, like a whole family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Releases Sweeping New Climate Action Plan to Reach Carbon Neutrality",
"headTitle": "California Releases Sweeping New Climate Action Plan to Reach Carbon Neutrality | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California air regulators on Wednesday released a final draft of the state’s new climate blueprint, charting an ambitious path to dramatically reduce planet-warming gas emissions over the next two decades.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Gov. Gavin Newsom\"]‘It’s the most ambitious set of climate goals of any jurisdiction in the world, and it’ll spur an economic transformation akin to the industrial revolution.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would siphon down the state’s use of fossil fuels almost entirely and paints a not-too-distant picture of what Gov. Gavin Newsom said is a “pollution-free future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most ambitious set of climate goals of any jurisdiction in the world, and if adopted, it’ll spur an economic transformation akin to the industrial revolution,” Newsom said in a statement emailed to reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His administration is billing it as the world’s first “achievable roadmap to implement carbon neutrality,” from a major economy. But nothing in this document will be easy for California. Nor is it guaranteed to succeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, drafted by the state Air Resources Board, calls for slashing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by 48% by the year 2030 and 85% by 2045 (so far, the state has cut its carbon pollution by just 3% — and recent research from a UCLA-led \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749122011022#:~:text=In%20this%20short%20communication%2C%20we,GHG)%20emission%20reductions%20since%202003.\">study suggests those gains might have been wiped out by the firestorms of 2020\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would need to add tens of millions of electric cars to its roads and be using a tenth of the liquid petroleum, gas and diesel it uses today in a little more than two decades.[aside postID=\"news_11930288,science_1980725\" label=\"Related Posts\"]State officials said the backbone of the transition is a “clean, affordable and reliable grid,” and the policy framework includes a commitment to build no new gas plants. Instead, the state will meet the increased demand for electricity with renewable energy. To do that, California will need to build more wind and solar at a highly expedited rate, quadrupling its current capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the lights on, California will need to double its existing electricity generation capacity. The state narrowly avoided rolling blackouts this year after electricity demand nearly surpassed supply during a heat wave that baked the state for 10 days in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren Sanchez, the governor’s climate adviser, acknowledged on a call with reporters that “this plan will indeed be very difficult to achieve because of the scale of the task and the speed with which it needs to be delivered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she said, “the governor will not take failure as an option, and neither should any of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A more aggressive plan\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The state’s powerful air board circulated a preliminary draft of the plan early in the year with the goal of 40% emissions reductions by 2030, but Gov. Newsom asked the agency to be more aggressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the board hashed out the details over the course of months, California passed regulations to phase out the sale of new gasoline-powered cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Newsom signed a series of aggressive climate bills into law setting new targets for clean energy and carbon sequestration on natural and working lands, establishing new rules on existing oil wells near neighborhoods and schools and expanding carbon capture and removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest draft incorporates these new efforts and others on offshore wind, clean fuels and climate-friendly housing construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But advocates and environmentalists want the state to move even faster, and have pressed for more aggressive targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellie Cohen, CEO of policy nonprofit The Climate Center, and UC Berkeley professor Dan Kammen \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/commentary/2022/11/california-climate-air-resources-board-scoping-plan/\">argued in an opinion piece\u003c/a> last week for California’s target to be “at least 55% below 1990 levels by 2030.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also criticized the state for what they said is “gambling on carbon capture and storage, a failed and expensive technology that perpetuates pollution in frontline communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached by email on his way back from the COP27 climate summit in Egypt, Kammen said that the state’s latest version still relies too much on these technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘The harsh grip of petroleum’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2006, Republican Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed AB 32, the Global Warming Solutions Act, into law, which mandated that the state produce a climate change road map every five years. The air board released the first plan in 2008, and this is its third update.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Board Chair Liane Randolph told reporters that this update “is far and away the most important and the one with the most ambitious targets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take action to reduce the worst impacts of a changing climate,” Randolph said. “And there is only one way to do that: Break forever our dependance on fossil fuels, the harsh grip of petroleum, and move as fast as we can to a clean energy economy. And that’s what this plan does. It delivers a massive reduction of climate-warming pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state estimates it would cut air pollution by 71% and save Californians $200 billion in health costs due to pollution, while creating 4 million new jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would siphon down the state’s use of fossil fuels almost entirely and paints a not-too-distant picture of what Gov. Gavin Newsom said is a “pollution-free future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most ambitious set of climate goals of any jurisdiction in the world, and if adopted, it’ll spur an economic transformation akin to the industrial revolution,” Newsom said in a statement emailed to reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His administration is billing it as the world’s first “achievable roadmap to implement carbon neutrality,” from a major economy. But nothing in this document will be easy for California. Nor is it guaranteed to succeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, drafted by the state Air Resources Board, calls for slashing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by 48% by the year 2030 and 85% by 2045 (so far, the state has cut its carbon pollution by just 3% — and recent research from a UCLA-led \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749122011022#:~:text=In%20this%20short%20communication%2C%20we,GHG)%20emission%20reductions%20since%202003.\">study suggests those gains might have been wiped out by the firestorms of 2020\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would need to add tens of millions of electric cars to its roads and be using a tenth of the liquid petroleum, gas and diesel it uses today in a little more than two decades.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
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